L AT I N A M E R I C A - A F R I C A - A S I A - M E D I T E R R A N E A N - D O M T O M
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contents
Contents
Introduction
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About us
Editorial
Highlights of the year
The IRD around the world
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Research, applications, training and communication
■ Understanding and managing
the global environment
■ Fostering sustainable use of living resources
■ Humanly viable development strategies
■ Expertise and consulting
■ Support and training
■ Information and communication
Resources and management
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Financial resources
Human resources
Information systems
Evaluation
Professional conduct and ethics
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48
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51
52
Appendices
Partnerships: an outward-looking organisation
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In countries of the South
In the French tropical dependencies
In mainland France
In Northern countries
and with multilateral organisations
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43
■ Board of Trustees
■ Scientific council and commissions
■ Consultative committee on professional conduct
and ethics
■ General structure of the IRD
■ IRD centres around the world
■ Research units and service units
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about us
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About us
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the IRD, a research institute
to benefit development
Originally founded in 1944, the Institut
de recherche pour le développement is a
French public sector science and technology
research establishment, reporting to the
French ministries responsible for research
and for development co-operation.
Working throughout the tropics, the IRD
centres its research programmes on the
relationship between humans and their
environment in the countries of the South.
We aim to be instrumental in those countries’ development, and our three basic
missions are research, consultancy and
training.
active international
development co-operation
All IRD activities are carried out in collaboration with universities, grandes écoles
and private and public research establishments in France and developing countries. We are involved in a large number
of European and international scientific
programmes, and we undertake our
research in close co-operation with partner countries.
193.6 MILLION EURO
TOTAL BUDGET
2,098 EMPLOYEES
992
STAFF OUTSIDE
MAINLAND FRANCE
97 RESEARCH AND SERVICE UNITS
400
DOCTORAL STUDENTS
325
MORE THAN
2
3
27.6%
FELLOWSHIPS
400 PUBLICATIONS
of the operating and investment budget
comes from IRD revenues
(research agreements and other earnings)
including
767
787
544
researchers
senior and intermediate non-research staff
local and other staff
including
740
in the 39 countries where the IRD operates
including 17 joint units with other French research bodies
or universities
supervised by IRD researchers and including 58% from countries
of the South
granted to individuals and teams from the South including
doctoral fellowships
short-term scientific exchanges
in-service training fellowships
181
95
47
available in the IRD catalogue
figures
figures
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© IRD/O. Dargouge
editorial
Editorial
No doubt as a consequence, the IRD’s image improved
markedly, our self-image included. This is the result of
constant effort by the whole community of “Irdians” to
make their work known to their peers, and also to society via the general-interest media. This aspect of our
efforts improves not only the Institute’s image but also
the image of science itself, a necessary advance if we are
to avoid polemics in which fear prevails over reason.
While we may not yet be as pro-active as one of our
trustees would wish, we now work systematically
through partnerships. This approach, which has become
essential in research, is especially indispensable for development research. Partnerships with the South, of course
– stronger, continually reviewed and if need be
redesigned so that supply and demand can work
together to produce ambitious projects in line with our
status as a State-funded body and our missions of
research, training and consultancy at the service of
development.
Partnerships with the North as well, especially in Europe,
whether bilaterally or through the European Union.
More effort is still needed in this regard: European
research for development has yet to be constructed. As
to partnerships in France, with colleagues in other
research bodies and universities, where development is
concerned we should fulfil a federating role for the
whole public research community, as we did in the runup to the Johannesburg Summit.
And lastly there are the multiple partnerships. These
should foster South-South co-operation, giving the
South its rightful place in the globalisation of research so
that we do not have to choose between collaboration
with developing countries and collaboration with emerging countries.
The wide range of disciplines represented in the IRD and
our presence on three continents as well as the French
overseas dependencies are major assets for handling all
these types of partnership. However, the current geographical pattern of our operations is destined to change.
The priority on the Euro-Mediterranean-Africa grouping
is necessary for historical, cultural, political and economic reasons. But change will be slow. It began in 2002
with the re-establishment of institutional relations with
Morocco. Algeria and perhaps a Portuguese-speaking
African country will be next, to give our relations with
Africa a continent-wide dimension and match it to the
spirit of NEPAD. However, asserting this priority does not
mean withdrawing from other parts of the world, provided we can more efficiently use and combine the
resources we have at our disposal, i.e. expatriation, longand short-term missions. With partnerships based on
trust and respect at the service of ambitious scientific
projects, the IRD will be able to serve its cause, the most
important cause of the 21st century: development.
Jean-François Girard
Chairman
Serge Calabre
Director General
© IRD/J. Louarn
W
hile the global background had its share
of tumult – in the Middle East, in Côte
d’Ivoire – at the IRD the year 2002 was a
steadily busy and forward-looking time.
The research system was in place with its
97 units including 17 joint research units
and several new ones. Judged by the number of publications, the Institute’s activity is well on a par with
that of other institutions. Many of our results attracted
attention, and this report gives a faithful account.
Modernisation of our administration through the service
project continued. The first stages of setting up the information system master plan met their target for the year.
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highlights
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Highlights of the year
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World Summit on Sustainable
Development, Johannesburg
new UNESCO Chair in agricultural
biotechnology and environmental sciences to
foster sustainable development
On behalf of the French Ministry of Research, the IRD was
heavily involved in preparing for this summit, co-ordinating the participation of French research bodies. We have
published a summary of these papers, entitled Développement durable?
At the initiative of the federative research institute for agroindustrial biotechnology research in Marseille, of which the
IRD is a founder-member, the new Chair has the University
of Provence, INRA and the IRD as partners.
Onchocerciasis used to be the second most common infectious cause of blindness in the world and a major public
health problem in 36 African countries. Now the OCP,
launched in 1974, has achieved its goal: infection has been
virtually eradicated from the 11 countries in the programme, 300,000 cases of blindness have been prevented,
and 11 million children born in this area since the programme began have escaped the risk. It will now be possible to prevent this health hazard in all the countries
affected. For the IRD, this is the crowning success of nearly
50 years’ research on the disease.
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Challenge Programme on Water and Food
© IRD/E. Deliry Antheaume
Onchocerciasis Control Programme (OCP):
success of 28 years’ work in West Africa
World summit on sustainable development,
Johannesburg
agronomic research centre opens
in Martinique
IRD chairs committee on co-operation for
French tropical dependencies (C3I)
The PRAM (Pôle de recherche agronomique de la
Martinique) comprises teams from the National Institute
for Agricultural Research (INRA), the agriculture and environment engineering research institute CEMAGREF, the
French Agricultural Research Centre for International
Development (CIRAD) and the IRD.
The C3I agreement established consultation and co-operation procedures among four institutions – CIRAD, IRD, INRA
and IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation of
the Sea) – for development research activities in the French
tropical dependencies. The IRD is chairing the C3I committee
for one year.
The Challenge Programmes of the Consultative Group on
International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) are intended to
address major global development issues. The IRD represents
Europe on the steering committee of the first Challenge
Programme, “Water and Food”.
Tandetron particle accelerator
The French scientific community has acquired a new type of
particle accelerator, a Tandetron, installed at Saclay, outside
Paris. The IRD is contributing financially to this investment. ■
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the world
The IRD around the world
For mainland France,
see page 42
Staff
200
IRD centres and offices
60
30
1
local staff
tenured
staff
Other postings
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© IRD/M. Grouzis
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Research, applications, training and communication
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RESEARCH
Understanding and managing the global environment
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Fostering sustainable use of living resources
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Humanly viable development strategies
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E X P E R T I S E A N D C O N S U LT I N G
Fruitful collaboration
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SUPPORT AND TRAINING
Preparing for the future - together
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I N F O R M AT I O N A N D C O M M U N I C AT I O N
Scientific information and science in society
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© IRD/J.-Ph. Eissen
research
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environment
Understanding and managing the global environment
The department’s research themes are also
changing. They now require multidisciplinary
approaches. To develop new methods and techniques, the DME teams collaborate with other
teams in the French scientific community. They
also form partnerships with universities in the
South, wherever research is active and co-operation and training lead to the emergence of
centres of excellence.
The department’s main research themes are as
follows:
- Continental water. Demand for continental
water has been growing in many tropical
regions, while climate change and the impact of
human activities cause drought, floods and soil
erosion due to runoff.
- Soils. Here the aim is to improve understanding of the processes involved in physical weathering (erosion) and chemical weathering (dissolution, salinisation and alkalinisation), which are
particularly active in the intertropical zone.
- Sustainable management of mineral and
energy resources. To address this question, IRD
scientists study the dynamics of soil and subsoil.
They take a similar approach to research on
natural hazards such as earthquakes and volcanic events.
The top three priority research themes at present are
Research in the Earth and
- Forecasting the impact of climate variations
like those caused by El Niño. This requires a
more thorough knowledge of past climates – a
relatively new branch of science. Data on
ancient climates can also be extracted from glaciers, sediments and corals – they are our “natural archives”.
impact of climate and human activities on
water resources
Analysing the functioning of catchment basins
and integrating these processes into predictive
mathematical models will help to improve
resource management.
is designed to deepen under-
functioning of marine and continental
aquatic ecosystems
This too is aimed at promoting the emergence
of sustainable management. Decision-making
aids will be developed on the basis of predictive
models that take into account environmental,
social and economic parameters.
bedrock to atmosphere, taking
- Management of coastal zones. This is
becoming an increasingly complicated task,
owing to the impact of climate change and
human activities. In this research field the IRD is
collaborating with several institutes, particularly
in French Guiana, New Caledonia and Reunion
Island.
- The intertropical zone of the oceans is now
known to be the engine that drives the world’s
climate. The IRD has made this subject one if its
specialities, and is working in partnership with
the French National Centre for Scientific
Research (CNRS), the French Space Agency
(CNES) and leading universities in major research
units: the climatology and dynamic oceanography laboratory LODYC in Paris, and LEGOS, the
space-based oceanography and geophysics laboratory in Toulouse.
new priorities
At the heart of the department’s new priorities
is the drive to understand the role of the climate
in Southern countries. The focus is on exploiting
satellite sensor data coupled with ground data
and setting up operational monitoring systems, as
with the Mercator project (www.mercator.com.fr).
Environment department (DME)
standing of environmental
phenomena and assess the
resources and hazards of our
planet’s geobiosphere, from
into consideration the influence
of living things, including
humans, on environmental
change.
dynamics and uses of terrestrial environments
Scientists are trying to understand both natural
environments and those affected by human
activity, and to forecast the related hazards. This
implies analysing geological phenomena and
interactions between soils, vegetation and climate in space and time.
It is essential to co-ordinate research through
networks such as the Long Term Ecological
Monitoring Observatories Network (ROSELT),
which monitors desertification in Africa. ■
© IRD-APFT/S. Carrière
F
RENCH RESEARCH is based on a network of
public research institutes and higher
education facilities. Graduate schools,
where teams are formed according to
speciality, are now an essential component in the national system for training
scientists in research. The IRD has adapted to
this characteristic by creating several environmental research units based on collaboration
between graduate schools and the IRD’s Earth
and Environment department.
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Water resources and glacial hazards in the Andes
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T
HERE ARE FEW TROPICAL GLACIERS left in the
world; those that remain are in East
Africa, Indonesia and Latin America. They
are an essential source of water for
nearby populations and are also of interest to science because of the natural
record of past climate changes they contain.
terrain of the White Cordillera is the focus of joint research by
scientists from the IRD and Peru’s National Institute of Natural
Resources (INRENA: see box), which has records of the glacier’s
retreat going right back to 1932.
Glacial lagoon, Peru
The scientific principle is to analyse current processes to establish a mathematical model, then check the model’s validity by
historical reconstitutions before using it to make forecasts.
Most of the glaciers in Latin America are in the
Andes: in Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru. These
tropical glaciers are especially sensitive to climatic
variation and in particular to El Niño. They have been
shrinking fast over the past thirty years.
© IRD/P. Wagnon
Since 1991, a team of IRD glaciologists and hydrologists, along with their South American and European
partners, have been studying the dynamics of ice and
water in the tropical Andes and their relations with
climate variations.
climate change: economic and social
implications
Research begun in Bolivia has been extended to Peru
and Ecuador, first under the tropical snow and ice
(NGT) programme and then by the IRD’s “GREAT ICE”
research unit (the acronym comes from “Glaciers,
Ressources en Eau des Andes Tropicales – Indicateurs
Climatiques et Environnement”). Run in close cooperation with the IRD’s partners in the three countries concerned, the research is designed to answer
questions that are vital to the partners: Can we
estimate the water resource these glaciers represent, and the variability of that resource? How can
we avoid the consequences of climate change and
the risk of glacier accidents? In Peru especially,
these questions have direct economic and social
implications. Therefore, the IRD team has taken
up residence in Peru’s National Meteorology and
Hydrology Department (SENAMHI), which has an
outstanding hydrometeorological database
built up since 1953. Moreover the exceptional
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Ice core from the volcano Chimborazo, Ecuador
ineluctable reversal
Analysis of Peru’s outstanding historical data series has enabled
the scientists to establish a clear relationship over the past fifty
years between the water resource and the percentage of ice
cover. They have also found a clear correlation between atmospheric temperature trends above the White Cordillera and
water resource trends in catchment basins with a high proportion of glacial input, on both intra- and inter-annual timescales.
On a much larger timescale, links between climate variations
and the characteristics recorded in tropical glaciers can be discovered from ice cores; IRD scientists have been drilling such
cores in the glaciers since 1997.
In the short term, these
links, crossed with predictive
models of climate change,
will improve our ability to
predict water resource
trends. At present the
resource is actually increasing as a result of deglaciation – but how long will that
continue, and on what
scale? Inevitably, a moment
will come when water
becomes scarcer because
the glaciers are too small to
fulfil their regulating role - but when? IRD researchers are
seeking precise answers to these questions. ■
Contact: Bernard Pouyaud
pouyaud@amauta.rcp.net.pe
Pierre Ribstein
ribstein@msem.univ-montp2.fr
© IRD/M.-N. Favier
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A PARTNER ’ S VIEWPOINT
Marco Zapata, director of the Glaciogy and Water Resources
Unit (UGRH) of Peru’s National Natural Resources Institute (INRENA)
R
ELATIONS between the UGRH and
ORSTOM – as it then was – date
from 1982. But it was in 2001
that INRENA and the renamed
IRD signed a co-operation agreement to
study changes in the Peruvian glaciers
and climate.
The IRD gives us invaluable help in key
fields: equipment and instrumentation,
techniques (e.g. monitoring glacial
flow, inspecting dangerous sites), staff
training, and financing international
scientific and technical exchange trips.
We are very grateful to the IRD and
especially to the GREAT ICE unit, whose
work is helping enormously to reactivate and develop research into Peruvian glaciers. ■
research
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© IRD/L. Charpy
Marine
cyanobacteria fix
atmospheric
nitrogen
bloom or accumulation?
The Cyano research unit and the IRD climatology and dynamic
oceanography laboratory LODYC, together with the oceanography and biochemistry laboratory LOB (see box), have initiated
a research programme on diazotrophy in the waters of New
Caledonia, an area where dense Trichodesmium biomass is
often observed. The programme, entitled Diapazon, is funded
by the IRD and the national programme on biogeochemical
processes in oceans and flows (PROOF). In 2001 and 2002,
seven measurement surveys were conducted in the Loyalty
Islands channel, with the IRD’s oceanographic vessel Alis: the
abundance of Trichodesmium, rates of nitrogen fixation and
phosphorus and carbon assimilation were quantified, as were
the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus and iron in the water. The
areas where phytoplankton was abundant were located from
satellite images.
Sampling cyanobacteria, New Caledonia
Major Trichodesmium concentrations were observed during
only two of the surveys, so it was possible to compare the
intensity of diazotrophy with the amount of Trichodesmium
biomass. But the cause of these concentrations has yet to be
found: it may be either multiplication (“bloom”) or accumulation due to physical processes. We also need to monitor biomass over time and space and identify the environmental
parameters involved. The Cyano unit conducts regular checks
of the various parameters in the New Caledonia lagoon as part
of the national programme on coastal environments (PNEC).
programmed cell death
The study of processes connected with the growth and fate of
Trichodesmium began in late 2002 at the IRD centre in
Nouméa, where French, Israeli and American scientists met for
a workshop. They have shown that under biological stress
these organisms undergo a process of programmed death,
releasing dissolved chemical compounds. Another workshop is
planned for 2004.
Meanwhile, we can already draw the following conclusions:
Trichodesmium are constantly to be observed in the waters of
New Caledonia, along with a low rate of diazotrophy which is
probably due to Trichodesmium, but possibly also to other
cyanobacteria. Phosphorus, which is particularly scarce, seems
to be one of the main factors controlling the process.. ■
Contact: Loïc Charpy
lcharpy@com.univ-mrs.fr
A PARTNER ’ S VIEWPOINT
Patrick Raimbault, head of the Oceanography and Biochemistry
Laboratory (LOB), Marseille
L
can be used equally well in the ocean
or the lagoon. The LOB is closely
involved in this research partnership: a
doctoral thesis is under way in our laboratory on the role of phosphorus in limiting the production of Trichodesmium
and phytoplankton in general. Two of
our scientists took part in all the
Diapalis measurement surveys in 2002.
Numerous scientific articles are being
written, jointly signed by the IRD and LOB
scientists. ■
OB is a joint research unit (UMR
6535) of the CNRS within the
Marseille Oceanography Centre.
Our research field concerns the
biogeochemical cycles of the elements
that go to make up living things in
marine environments: carbon, nitrogen,
phosphorus and silicon. It is under the
Diapazon programme in New Caledonia
that we have focused on diazotrophy.
We have developed a method for measuring the rate of nitrogen fixation that
© IRD/L. Charpy
N
ITROGEN is regarded as the main chemical element
whose scarcity limits the production of organic matter in the oceans. In the intertropical zone, this primary biomass production is mainly the work of
cyanobacteria. Some cyanobacteria are able to fix
atmospheric nitrogen dissolved in seawater – a
process known as diazotrophy – so overcoming at least a part
of the nitrogen limitation. One nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium,
called Trichodesmium, is found in large numbers in waters that
are very poor in nutrient salts. The international scientific community is looking into the possible causes of these local proliferations of Trichodesmium and the contribution these organisms make to the carbon and nitrogen cycles in the oceans.
Trichodesmium
filamentous bacteria
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The African monsoon
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ROM THE END of the 1960s to the mid-1990s,
West Africa suffered a drought of
unequalled intensity, duration and geographical extent. This unexplained phenomenon raises crucial questions for sustainable development in the region, especially as regards the impact of the drought on land
degradation, food security and water resources.
F
West African rainfall patterns are governed by a
monsoon system. To improve forecasting of variations in this system, a major international research
programme on the African monsoon (AMMA) has
been set up, led by French research bodies and with
the close collaboration of African institutions. The scientific
purpose of the research is to improve understanding of the
mechanisms that govern monsoon variability and to characterise the impact of this variability on water resources, food
security and health. The work involves comparing observations, analysing data, making mathematical models and
designing aids for decision-making at various levels.
The project should produce general long-term climate change
scenarios and also improve seasonal forecasting capability,
which is essential for anticipating food crises. ■
Contact: Thierry Lebel
thierry.lebel@hmg.inpg.fr
A PARTNER ’ S VIEWPOINT
Abel Afouda, professor of
mathematics at Cotonou
University, Benin
Sandstorm,
Burkina Faso
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© IRD/F. Sodter
O
UR PARTNERSHIP with the Institute
began more than forty years
ago, but a new impetus for cooperation was launched in 1996
with the AMMA-CATCH programme on
coupling the tropical atmosphere to the
hydrologic cycle.
A team of researchers from the
Grenoble-based Laboratory for the
Study of Transfers in Hydrology and
Environment (LTHE), came to work in
Benin, and this has produced behavioural changes in our research structures: a young AMMA-Benin team is
now being formed, incorporating
researchers from the science and tech-
nology faculty, the agricultural science
faculty and the arts faculty.
In this way our co-operation with the IRD
has enabled us to break out of the usual
compartmentalisation between research
fields and institutions. And the skills of
our young team have been consolidated
by the many-faceted support the IRD
gives us.
The need to anchor our young team in a
teaching and research institution led to
the creation of an Applied Hydrodynamics and Modelling Laboratory and the
introduction of a Masters in Water and
Environmental Sciences. Looking to the
future, this partnership with the IRD
strengthens local research capacity,
helps to keep young scientists in the
country and increases direct economic
spin-off from research results. ■
research
Snow: a water
reserve for
the Middle East?
© IRD/J.-O. Job
A PARTNER ’ S VIEWPOINT
Wajdi Najem, dean of the Engineering faculty, Saint-Joseph
University, Beirut, Lebanon:
T
A
LTHOUGH THE MEDITERRANEAN climate is hot, the
Mediterranean sea is surrounded by mountains,
and snow is part of its landscape and culture. In the
past, it has even been part of its trade: Fernand
Braudel reports that in 1578 Mehmet Pasha earned
up to 80,000 sequins a year trading in snow.
Things have changed since then: now, as the twenty-first century gets under way, the main preoccupation of Middle Eastern
governments is to make sure they will have enough water in
future to supply their fast-growing populations.
Estimates of water resources in Lebanon have so far been unreliable; none of them account with any precision for the input
of mountain snow cover, for want of tools to quantify that
potential. Now, in collaborative research that began in 1999,
scientists from the IRD and Saint-Joseph University in Beirut
have examined the physical characteristics of the snow – its
porosity and water content – and shown that, volume for volume, more water is immobilised in the snow in the
Mediterranean coastal zone than in the snow on the mountains of continental Europe.
There are two reasons for this. In the first place, clouds have a
long way to travel along the Mediterranean, gathering moisture as they go, before they reach the coast of Lebanon.
© IRD/J.-O. Job
Transhumance in the Lebanese mountains (7,800 ft) in early summer
Installing a wind
measurement
station at 8,070 ft
(Mount Lebanon)
Secondly, because Mount Lebanon is both close to the coast
and steep, the clouds cool very rapidly. The combined result is
that the snow produced here has twice the water content as
the same volume of snow falling at the same altitude on the
Alps, for example.
As the predominant winds are south-westerly, the snow accumulates mainly in deep talwegs on north-eastern faces, sheltered from the sun. There, the snow can be as much as six
metres deep at an altitude where the average depth is two
metres. This snow persists, repeatedly thawing and freezing
HE IRD has been with us since
1998, when the Regional
Water and Environment Centre
(CREEN), which I direct, launched
a research programme on snow hydrology in the Mediterranean in partnership
with it. The first results of this research
were presented at an international seminar on Mediterranean snow hydrology
that we held in Beirut in December 2002.
Jean-Olivier Job, who is our scientific
partner from IRD for this project and
deputy director of CREEN, is also working
with us on modelling the annual thaw
and the re-emergence of snowmelt in
springs in limestone karst country. Avignon University is also collaborating in
this research. We are also working with
other IRD teams on conceptual modelling
of runoff in small Mediterranean catchments, on rainfall variability in the
Mediterranean, on the use of remote
sensing and radar imagery to study
moisture distribution in soils, and in the
World Meteorological Organisation’s
MEDHYCOS monitoring network. ■
where it lies, and can be seen lying in zebra stripes on the
mountainsides until early summer. Melting, it feeds springs
that flow into small catchment basins and supply Lebanon’s
high value-added mountain tree crops.
The results of this preliminary research, and studies conducted in
other Mediterranean countries, were discussed at a first international seminar on Mediterranean snow hydrology held in Beirut
in December 2002, attended by more than sixty researchers from
eight countries. ■
Contact: Jean-Olivier Job
jojob@usj.edu.lb
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© IRD-APFT/S. Carrière
recherche
research
living resources
Fostering sustainable use of living resources
The IRD’s partners in these joint units are Paris
VI, Paris VII, Paris XII, Versailles-Saint-Quentin
and Perpignan Universities, the National
Agronomy School in Montpellier (ENSAM), the
CNRS, the National Institute for Agricultural
Research (INRA) and the French Agricultural
Research Centre for International Development
(CIRAD). Six of these units were favourably reevaluated in 2002; the other two were only
recently set up.
training research teams from
the South
The department is building and diversifying its
partnerships in the South. All the research
teams work with scientists from the host country. With assistance from the Support and
Training Department (DSF), special emphasis is
placed on training young researchers and helping new teams to become autonomous.
In 2002, 46 doctoral students from Southern
countries were supervised and seven new
“young IRD partner teams” were set up, linked
to the Living Resources Department. These
include a team in Senegal researching microbial
symbiosis and a team in Burkina-Faso working
on the biology of cultivated soils.
Support for local research facilities has also
been increased. In Ecuador, for example, the
Catholic Pontifical University received equipment for its plant genetics and entomovirology
laboratories (working on controlling the
Guatemala moth) and training in leading-edge
techniques (molecular biology, virology) delivered by researchers from the department.
The department co-operates actively with international agricultural research centres. For example, a major programme on rice genomics is
under way at the International Centre for
Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) in Colombia, in partnership with CIRAD, the CNRS and INRA. Joint
studies are being conducted in Kenya on plantinsect relationships and in South-East Asia on
erosion in cultivated soils.
In the context of the alarming decline in marine
resources, researchers have been focusing on
tuna ecosystems, industrial fishing of small
pelagic fish (anchovies, sardines, etc.) and subsistence fishing in coastal zones and coral reefs.
In addition, three units from the department are
studying trophic balance in fresh and brackish
water in Africa and South America, in relation
to the spread of aquaculture.
Several programmes reached their term in
2002. Together with the International Rice
Research Institute (IRRI), CIRAD and Vietnam’s
National Agronomical Sciences Institute, one
unit of the department had been working for
many years on mountain farming systems. A
Vietnamese team trained during the programme will now carry on this work.
In Madagascar, a study of ecological changes
linked to the conversion of forest areas into
grazing land concluded with a dissemination
seminar at which a summary report was distributed. A new programme, supported by the
Living Resources Department, will be conducted
mainly by Malagasy partners concerned by the
future of the upland forests, which are in great
danger from clearance for farmland. ■
In 2002 eight new research units
were set up, taking the staff
of the Living Resources
Department (DRV) to almost
375 researchers, engineers and
technicians working in 37 units,
reflecting the dynamism
of this research component.
Seeking complementarity,
the teams work closely with
partners from research organisations in both North and South.
© IRD-APFT/S. Carrière
R
esearch at the Living Resources
Department covers four main areas:
- agricultural and microbial biodiversity,
- animal and plant communities,
- terrestrial ecosystems and resources,
- aquatic ecology and fisheries science.
The department has a strong policy of national
partnerships. Teams are involved in eight joint
research units on the following themes: cultivated tropical plants (genetics, genomics, symbiosis and physiology), terrestrial ecology (soil
biology, pests, tropical forests), marine biodiversity, and links between ecological economy,
development and governance.
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Managing biodiversity in tropical rainforests
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T
ROPICAL RAINFORESTS are home to numerous
tree species. What biological processes are
at work in the spatial organisation of this
diversity, and how can these processes be
integrated into forest management? IRD
scientists studying this subject have for the
first time validated an “intermediate disturbance”
hypothesis for these ecosystems: natural treefall creates gaps in the forest canopy, locally modifying such
environmental conditions as sunlight, humidity, etc.;
the spatial variability of these disturbances has a
direct influence on species distribution. This hypothesis was tested and validated by a study of 17,000 trees
in French Guiana.
© IRD/M. Hoff
opportunities for different species to seed) on small undisturbed plots and others subjected to different types of logging. Now the researchers hope to study larger areas such as
entire forests or regions in order to assess the usefulness of
their conclusions for forest management and biodiversity
preservation. Other factors to be taken into account are population history, geology, soils, climate, the architecture of the
trees and its connection with their physiology.
integrating the impact of logging
The IRD team has shown the importance of diversity
in the surrounding environment (and consequently
A programme to study several square kilometres of forest is
just starting up in French Guiana, in co-operation with scientists from INRA (National Institute for Agricultural Research),
CIRAD (French Agricultural Research Centre for International
Development) and ENGREF (French Institute of Forestry,
Agricultural and Environmental Engineering). ■
Contact: Daniel Sabatier
sabatier@mpl.ird.fr
Amazonian forest in French Guiana
A PARTNER ’ S VIEWPOINT
Sylvie Gourlet-Fleury, researcher at
I
N ITS WORK
on tropical rainforests,
Annona prevostiae,
a newly described
tree species
in the forest
of French Guiana
16
17
© IRD/D. Sabatier
CIRAD -Forestry focused for many
years on timber production and its
sustainability, but changes in the very
notions of management and sustainable
development have recently led us to consider many other aspects as well.
Ecological concerns such as changes in
genetic, floristic and functional diversity,
and the consequent practical problems
faced by forest managers, have become
CIRAD-Forestry
the centre of our concerns. As a result,
we now need a better understanding of
the ecological system and the functional
roles of different aspects of diversity.
So since 1999 we have been working
more closely with the IRD on the themes
of functional and species diversity. True
synergies – vital in this field – have
developed between CIRAD -Forestry and
the IRD , based on our highly complementary skills and approaches. ■
research
new instruments
What exactly is a school? How is it organised and what roles
does it play? To observe individual dynamics, group structures
and relationships between the two, the UR061 research unit
designed or adapted a number of new 3D acoustical, electronic
marking and video instruments in 2002. Researchers then used
these instruments to observe and analyse how various species
of horse mackerel (carangids) and tuna aggregate and move
about, to assess school duration and relationships between
individuals, and to test theories such as the “meeting point”
hypothesis – according to which schools regroup more quickly
around a floating object.
A number of new conclusions were reached: schools are complex, heterogeneous structures with dense cores and empty
spaces. They are the result of contradictory behavioural constraints – group polarisation and a fixed distance between individuals in the group on the one hand, and the inability to stay
together when the group becomes too large on the other.
Pelagics fish schools have many predators
T
HE PURPOSE OF FISHERY SCIENCE,
or halieutics, is to achieve
better management of the species fished. Recent
research has shown that to understand the behavioural
dynamics of a species, it must be studied in its own
ecosystem (eco-ethology). In the case of pelagic fish,
i.e. fish living in the open sea, the school seems to act
as an interface between the individual fish and its environment.
Schools play an important part in relationships between species
(particularly between predators and prey), in adaptation to the
environment and in the efficiency and impact of fishing – all reasons for further research in this area.
a contribution to adaptation
The similarities and differences between large and small pelagic
fish – Clupeidae (sardines, anchovies etc.), Carangidae, tuna –
were analysed at a seminar the research unit organised in
Hawaii, in October 2002. This comparison showed that different
species have comparable attraction mechanisms but their exact
behaviours differ. Various motivations specific to each species
lead to differences in the duration and organisation of schools.
A PARTNER ’ S VIEWPOINT
Mr. Renato Guevara, scientific director of
T
40 years of statistics) available to the IRD.
In 2002, our institute and the IRD
worked together in many ways: data
analysis, group training sessions,
management of a higher education
programme (Magister) and participation in workshops, international conferences and scientific publications. In
addition, the IRD is helping us study the
Humboldt marine system as part of the
World Bank’s “Large Marine Ecosystems” programme.
We are particularly pleased to co-operate with the IRD because its organisation suits our requirements and we
truly need Northern scientists on our
research teams. ■
HE P ERUVIAN GOVERNMENT has
mandated IMARPE to carry out
research to manage the country’s marine ecosystem, which
furnishes between 15% and 30% of
the world’s fish production. We primarily assess abundance, and have
developed real-time management
methods for the main stocks.
Yet many questions remain unanswered. For example, how do variations in climate affect fish populations’
behaviours? To answer this and other
questions, we are working with IRD
research unit 061 and regional partners, and have made our fish database
(one of the world’s largest, with
This comparative approach is particularly useful in understanding how schools help pelagic fish adapt, whether they be predators like tuna or prey like anchovies. ■
Contact: François Gerlotto
fgerlotto@ifop.cl
IMARPE,
Peru’s National Oceanographic Institute
One way to escape
predators is to merge
with the crowd
© IRD/F. Gerlotto
©IRD/A. Bertrand
A model based on these conclusions was presented in June
2002 at a symposium organised by the UR061 unit under the
auspices of the International Council for the Exploration of the
Seas (ICES). The symposium, entitled “Acoustics applied to
aquatic ecosystems”, drew 320 participants from 40 countries.
The model can be used for work on relationships between
species and the impact of these relationships on the dynamics
of each species, and in particular to test hypotheses on the
“trapping” of minority species in schools of dominant species.
Fish schools:
individual dynamics
and group structure
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Agriculture and erosion in the mountains of Laos
■
I
N LAOS, 80% of rural families practice itinerant
slash-and-burn farming. This was a productive
method when land was allowed to lie fallow for
long periods, but now that fallow periods have
been reduced to two or three years, crops are
being invaded by weeds. This has significantly
increased the time spent working in the fields
(210 days per hectare each year). The increase in
labour leads to another unsuspected problem: in the
highlands, the more the soil is tilled, the greater the
erosion from runoff. Studies by the IRD, NAFRI (Laos’
National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute)
and the IWMI (International Water Management
Institute) on small catchments in northern Laos have
shown that short-rotation slash-and-burn agriculture
leads to the erosion of nearly 6 tons of soil per
hectare per year.
Field strips (290 m long)
on a 70% slope,
northern Laos
Their conclusions are clear:
- when land has lain fallow for over eight years, weeds are easily controlled with a single hoeing;
- for fallow periods of five to eight years, the land must be
hoed twice;
- for fallow periods of less than five years, weeds appear so quickly
after burning that fields must also be hoed before sowing;
© IRD/Ch. Valentin
■
- and for fallow periods of under three years, a third weeding
is required, i.e., the land must be tilled four times in all.
Among the new techniques tested, sowing
under vegetation cover
(tested in co-operation
with CIRAD, the French agricultural research centre for international development) seems viable because it eliminates
tillage erosion and considerably reduces water erosion (from
6 tons/ha/year to less than 1 ton/ha/year). ■
Contact: Christian Valentin
valentinird@laopdr.com
A PARTNER ’ S VIEWPOINT
runoff erosion and tillage erosion
IRD researchers and their partners have retraced
the farming history of a 64-hectare catchment
from 1964 to the present.
18
19
Anolath Phantahvong,
director of the Soil Survey
and Land Classification Centre
(SSLCC), Laos
© IRD
A type of erosion that has long been neglected is
tillage erosion, i.e. the loss of soil clods as a direct
combined result of slope and tillage. This type of soil
loss increases exponentially with slope: from 1.8 tons
per hectare per year for a 30% slope to 21.3 tons
per hectare per year for a 100% slope. Other factors
also influence the amount of soil lost to this type of
erosion: vegetation cover, number of times the land
is tilled, depth reached by the implement, percentage of land area cultivated, etc. These variables in
turn depend on the density and type of weeds
infesting the crops.
Taking samples in a mountain rice field, northern Laos
one solution: sowing under vegetation cover
Researchers have used field experiments to establish a mathematical model of the increase in erosion as a function of fallow times. The model shows that the reduction in fallow times
in the past thirty years has led to a 1300% increase in tillage
erosion. The increased erosion has in turn impacted on soil fertility, which now varies much more from place to place, resulting in much greater variability in crop cover and yield.
M
with the IRD
was in 1998, at a meeting of
the Soil Erosion Management Consortium in Hanoi,
where I met Christian Valentin.
Christian and two of his colleagues at
the IRD helped us select a catchment to
study how changes in land use have
affected erosion, and trained our staff to
set up the hydrological apparatus, take
field measurements and analyse data.
Y FIRST CONTACT
In 2001, this partnership was
enhanced with the arrival of four IRD
colleagues at our centre. Six people
from the IRD now work with us on the
MSEC programme in Laos. They devote
a great deal of time to training our staff
and Laotian students, and so contribute
to our long-term research capability.
They also work with farmers in the
highlands, testing crop systems that
could reduce erosion while increasing
farm incomes. Last but not least, they
are helping us to develop forecasting
tools for the Ministry of Agriculture and
Forests and to strengthen our regional
soil conservation research network. ■
research
T
HE CENTRE for Economics and Ethics relating to the
Environment and Development, a joint research unit
(UMR C3ED) run by the IRD and Versailles SaintQuentin University, has been involved since 2001 in
a research programme on sustainable development
in Madagascar.
Biodiversity
in Madagascar:
costs and benefits
The programme was designed in response to a major concern
of environmental policymakers in Madagascar: to develop sustainable alternatives to the current overexploitation of living
resources so as to rapidly pull the country out of poverty.
Run mainly by researchers in development and environmental
economics, the programme focuses on social issues (vulnerability assessment, governance studies, etc.) and environmental
issues (sustainable resource management, implementation of
environmental policies, etc.).
© IRD/Ch. Lévêque
economic value of biodiversity
These issues all relate to a key question in environmental
economics: how can we estimate the economic value of
biodiversity?
Applying the principles of cost-benefit analysis, the IRD
researchers and their partners have developed an original
methodology that integrates three types of data:
- opportunity cost, which measures the effects on income of a
physical change to the environment,
- analysis of actors’ strategies, which assesses how economic
agents make decisions according to their social and economic
environment and their perceptions of the future and the environment,
- sector studies, which analyse the operation, prices, volumes,
opportunities and restrictions of different commodity chains.
Traditional fishing in Madagascar
Using this method, researchers have been able to test the
capacity of ecotourism as an alternative to coastal fishing of
overexploited marine species, and marketing of medicinal
plants to preserve the south-western forests of Madagascar.
The results show clearly that these alternatives are not economically viable.
protected areas
Madagascar:
the forest
provides building timber and
charcoal
© IRD/B. Moizo
The destruction of forest and maize cultivation on land cleared
by slash-and-burn generate much higher income than medicinal plants. Even though the potential for economic value
seems high, the way the sector is structured would only bring
very small and unreliable economic benefits for local people.
Similarly, income from coastal ecotourism, at around 40 euros
a month for low-skilled jobs, is not high enough to encourage
a shift away from traditional fishing.
Since these findings, research has been redirected to protected
area projects and to pursuing sustainable management of the
resources concerned.
A PARTNER ’ S VIEWPOINT
Professor Jeannot Ramiaramanana, director of the Centre
for Economics and Ethics relating to the Environment and
Development in Madagascar, Antananarivo University
T
HE C3EDM , which was started
only two years ago, is fast
becoming a key contributor to
methodological and conceptual
thinking on the implementation of sustainable development in Madagascar.
One of our teams has been granted the
status of young IRD partner team. We
also intend to prepare new teachers by
providing support for student training.
Thanks to these young people, the future
of the laboratory is extremely promising.
Our originality and strength is the endur-
ing partnership between our university,
Versailles Saint-Quentin University and
the IRD , founded on a tripartite agreement. The C3EDM is forging more and
more scientific links through the researchers and teachers from the UMR C3ED .
Two post-graduate students started doctoral theses in our laboratory in 2002,
one of them with funding from the IRD .
In addition, many of the theses by our
Masters students in local development
and project management are supervised
by researchers from the UMR C3ED. ■
All these research activities are conducted through the partnership between the IRD, Versailles Saint-Quentin University
and Antananarivo University. The partnership was given concrete form with the launch of the Centre for Economics and
Ethics relating to the Environment and Development in
Madagascar (C3EDM), which now has 23 members. ■
Contact: Philippe Méral
pmeral@ird.mg
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© IRD/K. Simondon
■
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20
21
recherche
research
development
Humanly viable development strategies
Researchers in the department also tendered on
calls for proposals from French organisations
such as the French Biodiversity Institute and European bodies such as the Euro-Mediterranean
Partnership programme MEDA (local water management). They also established new co-operation agreements with French partners (armed
forces health service) and international partners
(Sun Yatsen University of Canton, China). Five
research units partner “Young IRD partner
teams” in Southern countries, and two interdepartmental thematic projects began: “Climate
change and health” and “Social, economic and
environmental effects of Protected Areas”.
humanities and social sciences
What is the impact of globalisation on Southern
countries, in terms of population dynamics, territorial recomposition, economic configurations,
distribution of income, knowledge and power,
relationships with the environment and redefinition of identities? These are the questions that
structure the work of the department’s 17
humanities and social sciences research units.
They are also questions that achieved a high
public profile in 2002 with the Johannesburg
summit; the collective volume Développement
durable?, co-ordinated by the IRD and published
on that occasion, reached a wide readership.
Among the year’s highlights were the
French/South African Scientific Conference on
Territorial Innovation, the joint symposium by
the IRD and the French University Institute for
Development Studies on “Development through
knowledge”, and the joint symposium between
the IRD and the International Association of
French-speaking Demographers on “Children
today”.
health
Most of the programmes conducted by the 16
health research units concern nutrition or infectious diseases that are major public health problems in Southern countries: malaria, AIDS,
African and American trypanosomiasis, tuberculosis and arbovirus diseases.
Some of the work is basic research (e.g. understanding transmission mechanisms), some is
more applied (e.g. therapeutic drugs, vaccines,
vector control), but all aims to improve disease
control. The accent is increasingly on demographic, socio-anthropological and economic
aspects of health issues, in line with the trend
among major international organisations, the
World Health Organisation (WHO) in particular.
In this connection, in 2002 IRD teams were
active participants in the European and
Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership
programme and major scientific conferences
such as the 14th International AIDS Conference,
the 3rd MIM (Multilateral Initiative on Malaria)
PanAfrican Conference, and the official closure
of the successful WHO onchocerciasis control
programme in West Africa.
Among the year’s outstanding scientific results
were the Senegalese initiative on access to antiretroviral drugs, in collaboration with the IRD
research unit on “Medical management of AIDS
in Africa”, and the confirmation by the research
unit on “Genetics of infectious diseases” of the
clonal model in the development of most protozoan parasites in humans.
The department was instrumental in setting
up the Epidemiology and Development network, a vehicle for multidisciplinary research
and discussion. ■
© IRD-APFT/S. Carrière
T
HE DEPARTMENT has adopted an unreservedly inter-disciplinary approach
and supports the trend towards
larger, more open research units, as
evidenced by the creation of three
new joint research units – one on HIV
and AIDS in Southern countries (with Montpellier University), one on the pharmacology of
natural substances and redox pharmacophores
(with Toulouse III University), and a Population
and Environment laboratory (with Aix-Marseille
I University). Along the same lines, in 2002 the
“Development and international integration”
partnership (GIS DIAL) became a GIP (partnership
of economic interest) and the Centre for Population and Development (GIS CEPED) was radically reshaped.
The purpose of the Societies
and Health department is to
analyse the human and social
aspects of development scientifically. This work involves a wide
range of disciplines, from
biology and epidemiology to
economics, anthropology and
geography. It focuses on phenomena of major importance
to countries of the South, such
as recent changes in employment, land tenure systems, the
mega-cities and the emergence
of hitherto unknown viral
diseases. This research helps
decision makers identify
progressive, humanly viable
strategies.
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■
Combating mother-to-baby transmission of HIV
■
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E
VERY DAY more than 2,000 children are
infected by the Aids virus (HIV). Without
preventive measures, 30 to 45% of babies
born to mothers carrying the virus are
infected. And yet, more than two thirds of
transmissions to the child can be prevented
by administering the long-established antiretroviral
drug AZT to the mother during the last months of
pregnancy and to the baby during its first weeks of
life. But the treatment is available to few women in
Africa, Latin America and Asia, the regions where
95% of infections in unweaned infants occur. The
critical state of the health systems and uncertain economic and hygiene conditions in these countries
make it difficult to apply the preventive measures and
treatments discovered and used in industrialised
countries.
international scientific consortium
It has already conducted two of the largest clinical trials so far
for prevention of mother-to-infant transmission of HIV: the
PHPT-1 trial assessed different durations of AZT treatment, while
PHPT-2 has demonstrated the benefit of adding to the standard
treatment a dose of another antiretroviral drug, nevirapine.
This brings the rate of infant infection down from 25% without treatment to about 2%. More than 4,500 HIV-positive
pregnant women have taken part in the trials. As the health
ministry is one of the partners in the consortium, the results
were immediately applied as part of national health policy. This
has had a direct impact on the number of infant AIDS cases,
which has considerably diminished in the last three years. ■
The IRD team is working mainly in Southeast Asia. In Thailand,
an original research system has been set up: the State has
asked various partner institutions to form a consortium. The
University of Chiang Mai represents all the Thai institutions
(the ministry of Health, the army and the Universities of
Chiang Mai, Mahidol and Khon Kaen) while the IRD in
Bangkok fulfils that role for the French and American partner
institutions.
In five years, the consortium has created a clinical research network involving 40 hospitals throughout the country, a co-ordination centre for clinical trials and an HIV virology and
immunology laboratory .
Contact: Marc Lallemant
marc@phpt.org
A PARTNER ’ S VIEWPOINT
facilitating access to treatment
The aim of IRD research unit 054, whose work focuses
on mother and infant health, is to facilitate access to
preventive and curative AIDS treatments. The team
includes biologists, epidemiologists, clinicians and
public health practitioners working together to
assess methods for preventing the transmission of
the virus to the infant and treating those suffering
from the disease.
Dr. Vallop Thaineua, Permanent Secretary for Health,
Ministry of Health, Thailand
I
© IRD/S. Carrière
To improve existing strategies and devise new ones,
the IRD researchers are studying the factors that
determine an individual’s susceptibility to infection,
the progression of the disease and response to
treatment. By analysing what conditions are
required for incorporating these strategies into
existing health systems, the team can verify the
relevance of the methods proposed and adjust
them so that they are of most benefit to those
who need them.
In Thailand, preventive treatment against HIV
transmission from mother to baby is bearing fruit
22
23
N 1997, when I launched the pilot programme for prevention of mother-toinfant transmission of HIV in the north
of the country, Marc Lallemant’s team
were starting a large-scale clinical prevention trial to optimise the use of AZT .
Our two approaches complemented each
other very well, and we decided to collaborate.
Alongside the clinical trial, we set up the
intervention logistics and trained staff so
as to put the results into practice immediately. Since the start of our national
prevention programme in 1999, there
has been a spectacular drop in the number of children with AIDS . These research
results are also relevant for countries
that are even harder hit by the epidemic
but where such complex clinical and
operational research would not have
been possible. It also concerns the industrialised countries, where prevention can
still be improved. This close international
collaboration between researchers and
practitioners shows that the development is not a one-way process. ■
research
© IRD/V. Jamonneau
African human
trypanosomiasis:
a neglected disease
A PARTNER ’ S VIEWPOINT
Flobert Njiokou, lecturer at the University of Yaoundé I,
Cameroon
Screening for sleeping sickness in a Benin village
Like all vector-borne diseases, understanding epidemic situations is complicated by the fact that three agents are involved:
the parasite (the trypanosome), the vector (glossina, or tsetse
fly) and the host (humans and the animal reservoir of infection).
Climatic, environmental, economic, social and political factors
must also be taken into account in combating the disease.
genetic variability
IRD researches and their partners have developed an original
approach combining conventional field methods and molecular biology techniques. Molecular biology has proved particularly useful for detecting the parasite’s stage of development in
humans, information that is crucial for effective treatment.
Molecular markers have been developed to learn about genetic
variability in both trypanosomes and glossina. They have also
revealed the probable role of the animal reservoir in the maintenance and periodic resurgence of the disease. And they have
I
shown the existence of genetically distinct populations within
the same species of glossina, suggesting that there may be differences in vector capacity.
This last aspect is being studied in greater depth in France, at
the IRD-CIRAD insectarium in Baillarguet (CIRAD: French
Agricultural Research Centre for International Development).
The study of five species and sub-species of glossina has confirmed hypotheses that some of these have affinities with particular strains of trypanosome.
control rather than eradication
Researchers have been taking a global approach to the problem in two transmission areas studied in parallel, in Cameroon
and Côte d’Ivoire. Biological data and physical and human
geography information were gathered and superimposed in a
geographical information system: identified cases, genetics
and rate of infection in glossina, characterisation of the parasites in humans and in the animal reservoir for the biological
data; types of housing, places of activity, water sources, journeys, location of glossina traps for the geographical data. In
this way the researchers pin-pointed places where people were
exposed to the danger and it was possible to set up appropriate, targeted operations.
Many points have yet to be elucidated: sites and modes of
transmission, maintenance of the pool and periodic resurgence,
animals do harbour trypanosomes that
are potentially pathogenic for humans.
This work should lead to a better understanding of how the disease is maintained at endemic level in Cameroon.
The results have been presented orally
at international scientific conferences
and publication is now under way.
A “Young IRD partner team” has been
formed, giving us the opportunity to continue our collaboration with the IRD and
pursue our research into sleeping
sickness. ■
individual susceptibility, treatment failure. Further research is
essential if control of sleeping sickness (rather than eradication)
is to be achieved. ■
Contact: Gérard Cuny
Gerard.Cuny@mpl.ird.fr
© IRD/Ch. Bellec
A
FRICAN HUMAN TRYPANOSOMIASIS, or sleeping sickness, is
making a major come-back. In sub-Saharan Africa,
sixty million people are at risk from the disease. The
serious nature of this disease, its renewed upsurge, the
difficulty of administering treatment and the reticence
of the international community to provide long-term
assistance for monitoring in endemic situations, combine to
make sleeping sickness one of the world’s “orphan diseases”.
HAVE BEEN TAKING PART in research on
African human trypanosomiasis at
the Organization for the Control of
Endemic Diseases in Central Africa
(OCEAC), in collaboration with the IRD,
since 1996. The collaboration has
involved several training courses and
scientific exchanges, and has led to the
transfer to Yaoundé of numerous techniques. This has enabled OCEAC to conduct a number of projects, particularly
the “animal reservoir” work strand
which has recently revealed that wild
Tsetse fly trap
<
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Ancient civilisations in tropical regions:
a history yet to be written
■
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ANY TROPICAL REGIONS are regarded as
inhospitable areas whose natural conditions inevitably condemn them to
chronic underdevelopment. But longterm study of pre-European occupation of a number of tropical regions
suggest that this is not entirely true. The IRD’s
research unit 092 studies the socio-cultural developments of the last few thousand years in various parts
of the world, the processes that enabled complex
societies to emerge and the reasons for how they
developed and the ruptures they underwent. In
Ecuador, this research is conducted in collaboration
with the National Heritage Institute and the Central
Bank of Ecuador.
One study area lies on the coast in the far north of
the country, in the province of Esmeraldas. This is
mangrove country – reputed to be a difficult and
unrewarding land type. And yet in the first centuries
AD, this region was home to complex societies and
considerable cultural development spreading across
today’s border with Colombia. The research focuses
on agriculture and the socio-economic systems that
enabled the emergence of such societies in an environment that at first sight seems so inhospitable.
South of the Rio Santiago, prospecting has revealed
vestiges of huge field engineering systems with
drainage by canals and ridges to optimise faming
on this swampy land. Some of these ancient earthworks have been experimentally brought back
into cultivation to confirm the discoveries.
ancient settlements in the Amazon
The second study area in Ecuador is the
Amazonian foothills in the southern tip of the
25
Rio Chinchipe basin,
Ecuador
these receptacles in uncertain, the discovery attests to the
presence of ideological elements from the first great Andean
civilisation in a tropical environment where until now their
presence had been disputed. ■
Contacts: Jean Guffroy
Jean.Guffroy@orleans.ird.fr
Francisco Valdez
valdird@ecnet.ec
© IRD/J. Guffroy, L. Billault, F. Valdez
M
field engineering in mangrove areas
24
country, in Zamora-Chinchipe province. Data gathered since
1999 date the settlement of the first proto-Jivaro groups
towards the end of the first millennium AD. The extent of the
land development work and the density of the sites in the
upper Chinchipe river basin are evidence of considerable
development and relatively dense settlement in the last centuries before the Spanish conquest.
© IRD/F. Valdez
■
A PARTNER ’ S VIEWPOINT
Monica Bolaños, Ecuador
Bowl discovered in southern Ecuador, and reconstitution of one of its two figures by mirror effect
But above all, research has revealed evidence of development
at a much earlier date: the oldest vestiges recorded – monumental structures discovered at the La Florida site – apparently
date from about 2450 BC. At the same site, roadworks
brought to light some ten finely-polished stone receptacles.
One of the bowls is particularly remarkable for the iconographic quality of the engravings: zoomorphs (feline heads,
condors, a snake) make up the profiles of two monstrous figures. These representations are found in the Cupisnique and
Chavin traditions, which flourished towards the end of the late
second millennium BC several hundred kilometres from there,
on the coast and in the Peruvian Andes. Although the date of
National Institute of Cultural
Heritage
I
N 1999 WHEN THE PARTNERSHIP was
envisaged, we were already familiar
with the work of IRD researchers.
Our institute is very pleased with the
co-operation, which meets our need for
technical and scientific assistance.
These programmes also enable us to
work in regions that are still little
known, where our institute had not
hitherto had an effective presence. The
partnership has enabled the archaeology department, whose main activity
is salvage operations, to take part in
more academic work. The strategy
and logistics the IRD introduced have
brought us into multidisciplinary
research using high-technology analysis tools, for example to study preColumbian metallurgy. And finally,
thanks to our collaboration with the
IRD, we have organised two major conferences on current research problems. Our institute means to make a
bigger financial contribution to the
programmes under way, for the excavations scheduled for fall 2003 in the
Amazon; the importance of this work
merits the extra effort. ■
research
Little-known living
languages
© IRD/J.-F. Molez
T
HERE HAS BEEN LITTLE RESEARCH to date into the indigenous language systems of America, and some remain
completely unknown. The situation in French Guiana,
where much still remains to be learned, is one of
multilingualism and contacts between languages of
vastly different origins and types.
The research programme on languages in Guiana aims to study
these language systems and associated language practices,
taking their social context into account.
Under the programme in 2002, grammars were produced for
two languages: palikur, an Amerindian language, and nenge,
a Creole-Marron language. In addition to that tangible outcome, the research into Amazonian languages (which display
some unusual morpho-syntactical features) and Creole languages has produced interesting data for a general theory of
language which challenges some dominant models.
The Wâyapi are one of French Guiana’s many Amerindian ethnic groups
applications for society
The research programme also has applications for teaching in
multilingual environments, which are being developed with
partner education facilities (teacher training college, AntillesGuyane University) and the education authority in Guiana. An
education research team was set up for this purpose.
Hmong assistant teachers employed by the education authority, whose role is to introduce their native languages into local
schools. Researchers from CELIA also assist Amerindian and
Businenge associations with language promotion (writers’
workshops, publications in the languages, etc.). ■
Demand in relation to these languages is growing and increasingly varied. CELIA takes part in such activities as training
bilingual cultural mediators – Amerindian, Businenge and
Contact: Jon Landaburu
jlandabu@vjf.cnrs.fr
A PARTNER ’ S VIEWPOINT
Jean-Paul Fereira, bilingual cultural mediator, Working Group on Kali’na Language and Culture
Awala-Yalimapo, Guiana
OR ALMOST TEN YEARS NOW, the CELIA team
has worked closely with associations
and members of the community on
Kali’na culture and language.
This co-operation has taken the form of training sessions and workshops, which in 1997
led to a proposed transcription for the Kali’na
F
language, validated officially by the customary chieftains in the different areas where the
Kali’na community lives. Five years ago, as
part of a programme to introduce the regional
languages and cultures of Guiana jointly run
by the Guiana education authority and CELIA,
an experiment to introduce Kali’na language
(GTLCK),
and culture was launched in a school in
Awala-Yalimapo municipality.
In my view, this fruitful co-operation with
CELIA must continue into the long term so that
the research can generate more tangible outcomes and immediate applications for the
benefit of the communities concerned. ■
© IRD/Ch. Taverne
The programme is run by the Centre for Studies of Indigenous
Languages of America (CELIA), a joint research unit made up of
researchers from the CNRS, the IRD, Paris VII University and the
French National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilisations (INALCO).
Kali’na language workshop
at the IRD centre in Cayenne
<
>
Fruitful
■
Fruitful collaboration
■
Transition and consolidation best describe 2002
for the Expertise and
Consulting department
(DEV, département expertise et valorisation).
The department is now
engaged in strategic thinking about IRD policy
on knowledge transfer
and consulting.
D
uring the year, the department continued to fulfil its usual missions. On
the industrial property front, the
patent portfolio was monitored more
pro-actively, with a focus on particular patent families. As part of this
new approach, 2,000 laboratory notebooks
were distributed to meet the needs of scientific
staff for good practice and legal evidence of priority. The consultancy procedure is now well
established and is producing some valuable
partnerships. Co-operative agreements with the
private sector were signed, in specialities such
as cosmetics and mining. The quality procedure
initiated in 2001 is now used throughout the
IRD, including the definition of priorities and a
multi-year scalability plan. The first laboratory
received its ISO 9002 quality certification. Four
new collegial expertise reviews were launched.
seeding innovation: aid for business
start-ups
In 2002, IRD staff submitted three applications
to the French research ministry’s national competition for innovative technology enterprises.
Jean Waikedre’s project, selected by the
national jury, is to produce natural essences in
Loyalty Islands province, New Caledonia; it has
been accepted by a public incubator in mainland France, Ile-de-France Innovation. Meanwhile Sylvain Gilles’s project for a tropical fishfarming design engineering office has been
accepted by Languedoc Roussillon Incubateur.
With support from Anvar, the French innovation agency, these two innovative enterprise
creation projects are benefiting from a range of
26
27
partnerships: incubators, researchers and engineers from other establishments, and local
partners in New Caledonia (Loyalty Islands
province) and Senegal (Ministry of Agriculture
and Fisheries).
With support from the IRD, Andilab in Bolivia
produces Chagas disease diagnosis kits. It has
received the special prize from the jury of the
Altran Foundation for technical innovation.
Born of a French-Bolivian project, this start-up is
now operating with scientists from the La Paz
pharmacy faculty.
© IRD/M.-N. Favier
■
research quality
The research quality approach was initiated by
the French ministry of research and encouraged
by the standards authority Afnor. Its aim is to
raise scientists’ credibility and reputation with
the users of research and improve the organisation of scientific work, optimising resources to
meet the missions and objectives assigned to it.
The new approach operates by encouragement
and participation; it involves training and support for teams, help in certifying and standardising structures, and awareness campaigns
among staff. The research quality approach is
also an official part of the IRD’s modernisation
and administrative simplification plan. In
Montpellier, the pest control laboratory of the
“Characterisation and control of vector populations” research unit, a member of the WHO network, has received ISO 9002 quality certification.
laboratory notebooks
The laboratory notebook is legally valid evidence
for earliest personal ownership of intellectual
The Andilab laboratory receives
an Altran innovation award
property in France, and for date of invention in
the United States (since 1996, whatever the language and location). It proves that the three
defining features of an invention are all present:
- date of conception of the invention (definition
of the technical problem and specific means of
solving it);
- reduction to practice of the invention (transition from intellectual conception to the practical
phase of inventive activity);
- diligence in achieving reduction to practice
(the inventor’s continuous intention to complete the inventive activity).
The notebook is also a log ensuring traceability
of research, and therefore a useful component
of a quality approach. As an example of good
laboratory practice, it is evidence of the quality
of the scientific work done. The notebook’s legal
expertise
collaboration
value depends on the care with which it is kept.
Each numbered page must contain a certain
amount of information and the notebook must
be kept by a single researcher according to
quite precise rules. The laboratory notebook
remains the property of the IRD; it must be
archived in the unit for which the researcher
works, although its author may make a copy of
it at any time.
concerned. In 2002, the IRD set up a committee
to monitor this work. Four expertise reviews
were launched: scientific diasporas from countries of the South and the benefit these countries could draw from them; optimisation of
dengue fever control in French Guiana and the
French Antilles; prospects for organic farming
in Martinique; and trachoma control strategies
in West Africa. The groups of experts studying
the first two completed their work at the end
of the year. ■
valid patent families. These new operations have
not changed the structure of the system, which
mainly involves life sciences and their applications to health, cosmetics and agro-industry.
The main applications this year were four new
research agreements, a marketing licence and
five amendments to licensing and know-how
contracts.
collegial expertise reviews
patents
With five new patents filed – three of them
wholly owned by the IRD – 2002 may be seen as
a fairly good year. Closer management of the
IRD’s patent portfolio has focused on 38 currently
L
Fish farm in
New Caledonia
LEISHMANIASIS :
FIRST DOG VACCINE
EISHMANIASIS is one of the diseases largely
ignored by countries in the North. However, it
affects 15 million people, 90% of them in
developing countries. Since the dog population is the main reservoir for the disease, the IRD and
its partner Bio Véto Tests (European leader in canine
leishmaniasis screening) ran trials of dog vaccination before testing humans. The trials received funding from the French innovation agency, Anvar. They
were directed by Jean-Loup Lemesre of the “Trypanosome pathogenics” unit, in co-operation with
the Lyon National Veterinary School and a network of
veterinary practitioners in the main endemic areas of
southern France. After the highly encouraging results
of the first two clinical phases, the third stage of
the study, assessing the efficacy of the trial vaccine
in endemic areas, was carried out on a very large
scale, with monitoring of clinical, biological,
immunological and parasitological parameters over
two years, covering two disease transmission cycles.
The results were very positive, and an application
has been filed for a veterinary marketing licence;
this is expected to be granted by the end of 2004.
At the same time, IRD scientists have begun research
on the human application of the vaccine.
Contact: Jean-Loup Lemesre
jean-loup.lemesre@mpl.ird.fr
© IRD/C. Lissalde
PATENT LICENCES :
AN EXAMPLE
IRD collegial expertise reports provide decisionmakers with a scientific analysis of the state of
knowledge on a given subject that has become a
public policy issue. The comprehensive conclusions of these analyses cover all the scientific fields
<
>
Preparing for
■
Preparing for the future – together
■
■
Local research teams
well integrated into the
international scientific
community are essential
for the development of
Southern countries.
The competencies developed in this way give
these countries the expert-
B
ESIDES ITS RESEARCH and consultancy
missions, the IRD places great importance on the long-term development
of research capability in Southern
research communities. The IRD’s
Support and Training department
identifies local potential and the conditions for
competencies to emerge and stabilise, defines
suitable forms of support and assists the IRD
research teams in this partnership process.
The department’s activities stem from two main
principles:
need for decision-making
- put the team rather than the individual at the
centre of the system, because it assembles competencies and ensures their continuity;
on vital issues.
- give the teams responsibility, allowing them to
ise and capacities they
THE CORUS
PROGRAMME :
T
CO - OPERATION FOR SCIENTIFIC
AND ACADEMIC RESEARCH
HE FOREIGN MINISTRY’S Scientific Academic and Research Division has
made the IRD responsible for running the CORUS programme’s executive secretariat. This programme targets
the countries in France’s “priority solidarity
zone”*, its aim being to promote the emergence of centres of scientific excellence
possessing research and consulting capabilities that are useful for development.
The Support and Training department
organised a call for proposals in which
each project must involve at least one team
from the South and one from the North, and
also include a strong training component.
The operation has been a great success:
193 applications came in from more than
thirty countries, and 51 projects were
selected.
* The “priority solidarity zone” includes 53 countries. The
list can be found on the French foreign ministry’s website: www.cooperation.gouv.fr/solidarité/fsp/zone.html
become independent and concentrate on their
own themes rather than changing to a new subject on each international call for proposals.
Research quality is something that is built up over
time, as is the researchers’ capacity to provide
consulting services for development purposes.
Southern countries’ needs with regard to scientific partnerships vary, so IRD support takes a variety of forms: support for teams, individual support with various financing mechanisms, and
institutional support, which means supporting
research within Southern scientific structures and
assisting with training, applications and dissemination of results. As the team is at the centre of
our approach, individual and institutional support
are provided according to the potential for local
application in a group or education stream.
S UPPORT
AND TRAINING
29
promoting the work of young
Southern PhDs
Scientific competency cannot be fully utilised
unless it is recognised. Aware that the work of
Southern researchers often does not find sufficient outlets for promotion and application, the
Support and Training department has introduced a new subsidy that enables young PhDs
who have received a fellowship from the
department to promote their work by delivering
papers at conferences or having their theses
translated or re-written for publication.
FIGURES FOR
2002
Number of individual support grants
Doctoral thesis
In-service training
Scientific exchange
323
181
47
95
Support for teams (number of operations)
129
36
AIRE développement
Foreign Research Investment Agency (c. 27,000 € per team per year)
52
Programme financed by the French foreign ministry under IRD executive secretariat (c.19,000 € /per team per year)
Young IRD partner team (c. 20,000 € /per team per year)
13
Call for applications to “social sciences in Africa”
28
Programme financed by the French foreign ministry, run by CODESRIA and the IRD (c.27,000 € /per team per year)
CORUS
Institutional support (160,000 € in 2002)
Training courses
Teams and centres
Seminars and worshops
28
This system follows clearly defined, transparent
procedures based mainly on calls for proposals,
evaluation and rigorous monitoring.
15
2
4
9
training
the future
the “Young IRD partner teams”
In 2002 a new form of support for research
teams was launched on an experimental basis:
the “jeunes équipes associées IRD”. Scientific
partnership with an IRD research unit helps to
strengthen local competencies, provided it is so
designed as to increase Southern researchers’
independence. Taking part in a joint research
programme enables young scientists to take a
comparative approach, access new methods
and technologies and build up experience
through a funded programme whose results are
then promoted internationally.
THE “MICROBIAL SYMBIOSIS”
YOUNG PARTNER TEAM
IN DAKAR, SENEGAL
T
“B ENEFITS
© IRD/A. Rival
The call for young partner team proposals for
two- or three-year contracts has been very well
received by the Institute’s partners and research
units. Twenty-five applications were received:
nineteen from sub-Saharan Africa, two from
the Maghreb, three from Latin America and one
from Vietnam. The evaluation committee
approved thirteen.
Laboratory training
ON BOTH SIDES ”
The “microbial symbiosis” team in Dakar is partnered with the IRD’s “tropical and Mediterranean symbioses” research unit.
Unit head Bernard Dreyfus reports:
T
HE PARTNERSHIP with the young Dakar team is
valuable from several standpoints. It brings
together partners from several Senegalese
institutions around a joint scientific project
that is validated by rigorous assessment. This way we
are working with a sound and sufficiently large scientific team. The partnership has greatly helped bilateral
exchanges among researchers, resulting in highquality joint publications.
For the Senegalese institutions, Dakar University particularly, the team provides a hard core that can
accommodate young lecturer-researchers under
excellent scientific conditions – an attractive opening
for students trained abroad. This has already led to
several recruitments, helping to limit the brain drain.
Collaboration with the Dakar team has also enabled
our unit to submit a project to the Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie, and several to the European
Union. So there are clear benefits on both sides.
Lastly, the “young IRD partner teams” are a way of
ensuring that research for development continues.
We have all too often seen African partner laboratories collapse because they had not sufficiently united
their researchers as a team or prepared for taking
over the work. This kind of partnership is equally
essential for IRD teams, who need strong scientific
partners. ■
HE FIVE RESEARCHERS in this team
are from the plant biology laboratory at Cheikh Anta Diop University in Dakar and the Senegalese Agricultural Research Institute.
Their programme concerns rhizobia and
the mycorrhiza of five species of legume.
It covers isolation, molecular characterisation, production of inocula and
inoculation in the field, with isotopic
measurement of nitrogen-fixing activity.
The team is now a competency hub
that should make a name for itself at
country and regional level. Its formation
meets the Senegalese government’s
desire to strengthen the human and
financial resources of the national food
and agriculture research system, fostering synergy between the country’s
various scientific institutions and partners. The team also has sufficient human
resources to supervise students, helping to meet the university’s plant biology training needs.
<
>
Preparing for
■
■
■
H ELPING S OUTHERN
RESEARCHERS BREAK OUT OF SCIENTIFIC ISOLATION
Assistant professor Khadija Lamrani is a researcher in a “young IRD partner team” at the Hassan II Institute of Agronomy and
Veterinary Medicine in Rabat, Morocco. She received an in-service training fellowship.
W
HEN I WAS MADE HEAD of the mycology laboratory in the biotechnology and food
microbiology department at the Hassan II
Institute of Agronomy and Veterinary
Medicine, I was the only researcher in the institute
working on filamentous fungi and their toxins and I
had no specific project.
I was approached by Prof. Ismaili-Alaoui, who is working at the Institute on value-added use of agricultural
by-products: he was looking for a mycology specialist
for a research programme on essential oils. Thanks to
joint Franco-Moroccan funding, I spent some time at
the Mycology and Fermentation in Solid Substrates
laboratory in Marseille, where Prof. Ismaili-Alaoui is
collaborating with IRD research unit 119.
I decided to extend my capacities by taking an advanced
doctorate based on that work. I worked mainly with
Dr. Roussos at the IRD, with whom I reoriented my
thesis to work on value-added use of olive by-products. I joined the research project being jointly conducted by the IRD unit and Prof. Ismaili-Alaoui’s team.
It was in that context that I was granted an IRD
in-service training fellowship which enabled me to
spend further spells working at the Marseille laboratory, learning new techniques and building up a collection of filamentous fungi of interest for bioconverting farm and food industry by-products.
With these encouraging results we obtained FrancoMoroccan funding for three years and earned the
title of “Young IRD partner team”. So now, as well as
advancing my competencies, I’m no longer working
alone: I’m working as a member of a fully-fledged
research team. ■
EXAMPLE :
A
© IRD/S. Roussos
31
The Support and Training department
makes every effort to develop synergy
with other scientific co-operation actors
and improve co-ordination between the
different forms of research support provided by France, Europe and international
bodies. It organises or takes part in projects to support scientific communities in
the South, mobilising partners in North
and South alike.
The IRD’s input in this connection cannot
be only financial: it also invests its capacities for research, organisation, facilitation,
monitoring and evaluation.
WORKSHOP IN BUÉA , CAMEROON ,
ON SCIENTIFIC EQUIPMENT IN WEST AFRICA
of the International Foundation for Science, a workshop on purchasing, use and maintenance of scientific
equipment in West Africa was held in Buéa,
Cameroon, in November 2002.
The workshop was well attended, with researchers,
technicians, engineers, suppliers, managers of
Southern institutions and scientific co-operation
agencies. The IRD had been asked to take part
because of its experience in equipment maintenance
and its competence in scientific capacity building for
30
partnership complementarity
T THE INITIATIVE
Olive press in a maasra,
traditional Moroccan
oil mill
Southern countries. The discussions laid down the
conditions for national and regional co-ordination of
equipment purchasing and maintenance initiatives,
based on broad consultation among the actors. Only
a coherent, large-scale policy can improve the scientific equipment at the disposal of Southern
researchers and optimise its use: it will mean pooling
resources, developing regional-level training, rigorously cataloguing resources and competencies, etc.
To succeed, Northern partners must avoid acting on
a case-by-case basis and take a concerted approach.
training
the future
evaluation: a core component
of scientific partnership
Working effectively to strengthen Southern
scientific communities implies being able to
clearly identify the competencies available and
the coherence of the projects proposed.
Rigorous procedures for ex ante and ex post
evaluation, and sometimes interim assessments, are an absolute necessity. For this work
the department calls on various evaluation
committees and a network of outside experts.
While the criteria of a project’s relevance and
coherence are the sine qua non, it is also
essential that there should be potential spinoff for the local scientific environment. For
individual support, that spin-off must meet a
need of the structure that person is working
for or may work for in future. Similarly, team
support is granted only if there are clear possibilities for integration into the local research
environment: providing training for the young,
Figure 1
local scientific collaboration, a project that
matches the local institution’s scientific programming, etc. ■
JURY
DAY IN THE
IRD economist
EVALUATION CRITERIA
FOR “ YOUNG IRD PARTNER
TEAMS ”
• The team itself: the quality of team leader and
members; consistency between the team’s
composition and its project; experience;
members’ participation in networks;
• the intrinsic quality of the scientific programme;
• prospects for the young team’s development
once the partnership has ended;
• the quality of the partnership with the IRD unit:
genuine partnership; complementary competencies; capacity to supervise young
researchers and doctoral students.
Breakdown of individual support grants in 2002
Figure 2
SUPPORT
AND
Catherine Aubertin is
a member of the department’s selection
committee
B
EFORE the jury day itself, we study the applications – a big task because there are so
many of them. As the requirements applicants have to meet are increasingly stringent, the projects submitted are better and better
designed, but the justifications put forward are often
inflated and we have to sort the excellent from the
less good.
Then come the meetings – absolute marathons, but
the discussions are cool and dispassionate. The
ground rules are clear and it’s rare for rapporteurs to
disagree. Above all, they respect the applicants
because they have studied the project.
Geographical breakdown of individual support in 2002
21
47
Asia
110
In-service training
Western Africa
95
Short scientific
exchange
181
Doctoral
Thesis
85
Latin America
and Caribbean
49
37
Maghreb
and Middle East
Central Africa
21
Eastern Africa and
Indian Ocean
TRAINING
DEPARTMENT
With a promising candidate whose application
doesn’t meet the criteria, we propose improvements
for a new application. Criticism is reserved for the
IRD units presenting the applications: we sometimes
spot over-indulgence, a need for additional staff,
lack of supervision. In fact, beyond the scientific
project itself, we assess our team’s capacity to
supervise the students and the reality of our cooperation with the Southern researchers concerned.
So examining these applications also means examining how the Institute is functioning.
At the same time the rapporteurs inform us about
trends in their disciplines, their knowledge of the
Southern teams and the IRD, and their experience in
the field. That sparks off some lively debates and
valuable exchanges of information – a significant
reward for the jury members. ■
<
>
scientific
■
Scientific information and science in society
■
■
The IRD has to provide its
researchers with highquality scientific information, increase the visibility
and readability of its work
for the national and international public and foster
debate between science
and society. These are the
missions of the Information and Communication
enhancing visibility
The main vehicle for publicising the institute’s
work is the periodical Sciences au Sud, which
has a print run of 15,000 and is distributed in
115 countries; it includes a summary supplement in English. In 2002 a special issue on
“Development and Environment” was widely
disseminated at the Johannesburg summit,
while special features on tropical forests, soil
science and integrated crop management were
issued for events organised by the Institute.
Raising media awareness of tropical research
issues through press releases (some thirty in
2002) and scientific newssheets (about twenty)
was represented at major events such as the
Johannesburg summit on sustainable development. Our twelve young peoples’ science clubs
(called “Jeunes, Recherche pour le développement”), are another way to raise public awareness of science and development issues. The
club in Quito, for example, studied potato
pests, while in Madagascar a hill was replanted
with endemic tree species.
produced more than 1,250 reports in the press
and on radio and TV. The Institute’s Website
(www.ird.fr) was refurbished and is now a
showcase presenting information about the
Institute in a lively way, hosting the sites of our
research units and centres abroad (we also provide them with advice for their websites).
To give science a higher public profile, the IRD is
increasingly present in public debate. Our
researchers gave more than a hundred lectures,
particularly at the Cité des Sciences et de
l’Industrie in Paris, during the national Science
Festival and in countries where the Institute has
a duty to report to its partners. In 2002 the IRD
giving researchers access
to scientific information
Useful and accessible scientific information and
dissemination of results are both essential for the
research process. The IRD must also help Southern science communities break out of their isolation and enable Southern partners to publish
their results. In 2002 we extended our database
offering. All IRD researchers now have access
online to Current Contents, CAB, Georef and
the Web of Science portal. We also extended
subscriptions to electronic journals and now
have access to more than 1,400 journals.
department.
© IRD/A. Brauman
disseminating results
Science morning in Dakar, run by students at Cheikh Anta Diop University
32
33
Continued exploitation of information in
unabridged form now provides access to over
60% of the abundant Orstom-IRD document
base under the Infothèque project, which also
includes 2,500 maps produced by the IRD and
currently being made available online.
In terms of book publishing, 27 new titles
joined a catalogue of 400 books in print. The
policy of subsidising publishing to help disseminate findings in counties where the IRD is working was strengthened, and sales improved.
information
<
information
I
BY IRD RESEARCHERS CITED IN THE
2002, 523 IRD publications in the natural sciences and life sciences were
listed in the Science Citation Index, and 609 in Institute of Scientific Information
(ISI) databases as a whole. For 2001 those figures were 518 and 595 respectively. A bibliometric study based on the SCI data confirms the trend observed
last year: an increasing number of publications, an increasing number of publications per head of research staff, and more collaborative publications.
In 2001-2002, the number of SCI publications per researcher was 0.86 (this figure
is close to 1 for publications listed in the ISI databases altogether). The “expected”
visibility estimated from journal impact factors is 2.2.
The proportion of publications jointly signed with Southern teams was 40% in
2001-2002, a significant increase from 30% in 1989-1991 and 33% in 1995-1997.
N
The Cartography Laboratory, the IRD’s map
resource centre, published a morphopedological map of the Republic of Guinea and an original collection of some fifty maps on the theme
of populations and sustainable development
(1950-2050); these too are available on the
Web. Now under way is a programme to catalogue and capitalise on aerial photographs of
Togo and Senegal.
Ten new titles were added to our audiovisual
output. Television broadcasts of IRD productions
such as the film Arbres increased public awareness of our work. Thirty-three films were selected
for festivals, and six won prizes.
S CIENCE C ITATION I NDEX ( SCI *)
The rate of collaboration with European researchers was 20% (up from 11% in
1989-1991 and 16% in 1995-1997). The rate of international collaboration was
62% (up from 47% in 1989-1991 and 56% in 1995-1997).
IRD researchers’ publications in humanities and social
sciences
Though not yet complete, the 2001-2002 data for humanities and social sciences
indicate publication of 64 books, 224 parts of books or papers published in conference proceedings, and more than 50 articles in journals analysed by Current
Contents and International Bibliography of Social Sciences.
* The calculations are based on the number of researchers working in the disciplines covered by the
SCI; they therefore exclude the social sciences.
The Indigo photo library, with more than
20,000 photos archived and captioned, can
now be consulted online at www.ird.fr/indigo.
developing a sense of belonging
As regards communication within the IRD, in
February 2002 the department launched an inhouse electronic newsletter, Recto-verso. We
also organised film screenings and debates at
the Paris head offices, Nouméa, Bondy and
other centres, to help develop a sense of
belonging and a more thorough knowledge of
the Institute. ■
In 2002 we provided institutional support for
some thirty symposia.
Science event in a
Bangkok school
© IRD/Ch. Hartmann
P UBLICATIONS
>
■
■
■
34
35
© IRD/J.-P. Gonzalez
<
Partnerships: an outward-looking organisation
■ In countries of the South
36
■ In the French tropical dependencies
39
■ In mainland France
41
■ In Northern countries and with multilateral
organisations
43
>
countries of
■
In countries of the South
■
sub-Saharan Africa
and Indian Ocean
The overall geographical
pattern of IRD activities
Political events in Madagascar in 2002 prevented IRD teams from travelling to research
sites outside the capital and hampered their
activities. Similarly in Côte d’Ivoire, IRD staff
working in Bouaké had to be evacuated.
outside France varied
little in 2002. Three
regional projects on water
were launched in
In Senegal, two agreements were signed in
July: one concerning emerging diseases, with
CIRAD (French Agricultural Research Centre for
International Development) and the Pasteur
Institute, and the other with the Institut
Fondamental d’Afrique Noire (IFAN). A consultative meeting with the IRD’s main partner in that
country, the Senegalese agricultural research
institute ISRA, discussed progress being made in
agronomy, hydrology, hydrobiology and fishery
science, and the reconstruction of the Bel-Air
centre in Dakar, including the installation of a
technical platform.
Mediterranean countries,
strengthening the priority
given to the EuroMediterranean-Africa axis.
On behalf of the French
Ministry of Research,
the IRD was heavily
involved in preparing for
the World Summit on
Sustainable Development
in Johannesburg and coordinated the contribution
In Cameroon, the 19th consultative meeting
evaluated and reorganised all the research
actions and projects in that country. At the
same time a consultative meeting was held with
the Organisation for Coordination in Control of
Endemic Diseases in Central Africa (OCEAC).
In South Africa, the IRD took part in the World
Summit on Sustainable Development held in
Johannesburg in September. We were mandated by the French Ministry of Research to
coordinate a presentation of the action of
French research bodies in this field, which took
the form of a publication. During the event, an
IRD mission met the leading actors in South
African research.
In Niger, research and teaching continued with
support from the French Embassy.
In Benin, the increasing momentum of hydrology research was reflected in the AMMA programme (African Monsoon Multidisciplinary
Analysis). Encouraging contacts
were made with public health
actors, on the problems of malaria
and trypanosomiasis.
of French research bodies.
Mediterranean
© IRD/E. Deliry Antheaume
In 2002, the priority given to the
Euro-Mediterranean-Africa axis was
confirmed. Programmes relating to
water are the core of IRD activity in
Morocco, Tunisia, Lebanon and
Syria. Three regional water programmes were launched with support from the European Union and
the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Meeting Jacques Chirac at the World
Summit on Sustainable Development
36
37
© IRD/M.-N. Favier
■
Inauguration of an ecology trail,
Mbour, Senegal
They are wide-ranging in terms of their regional
coverage, partners (IRD, CEMAGREF, CIRAD) and
multi-disciplinary nature. They cover all aspects
of water: environmental (climate change),
assessment of seasonal availability of water, and
social aspects such as distribution in urban areas
and community involvement in irrigation management. The programmes use a model of
complex systems that is also part of a doctoral
course given at Marrakesh.
Human and social issues also loom large in
Egypt, where archaeological, urban and economic research is being carried out as part of
the Barcelona Process or Euro-Mediterranean
Partnership.
partnerships
the South
Latin America
The IRD operates in eight countries in this
region. In 2002, work focused on the regional
aspect of our activities.
With 23 current projects, half of which involve
the Amazon basin, Brazil remains the IRD’s
main partner in the region. A new fisheries project has been set up in Nordeste region with the
Federal University of Pernambuco. Regional cooperation featured the 6th workshop of ECOLAB
(a scientific network for Amazonian coastal
ecosystems) held in September in Belém. A new
framework agreement with the Brazilian
Agricultural Research Corporation EMBRAPA was
signed on 1 October 2002. In November, the
French Embassy and the Brazilian National
Council for Scientific and Technological
Development (CNPq) held a meeting in Brasilia
for the main players in French-Brazilian scientific
and technological co-operation in order to
structure their exchanges more effectively.
In Chile, activities advanced in four areas: social
sciences, marine sciences, palaeoclimatology,
and Andean tectonics. In marine sciences, a
major regional programme of research into
marine resources is being developed with the
Catholic University of Valparaíso. The scientific
and technical co-operation agreement with
the Chilean National Commission for Scientific
and Technological Research (CONICYT) was
renewed for a further six years. Note that the
IRD representative office and the regional delegations of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs
and the CNRS now occupy the same premises.
In Mexico, the IRD’s second largest partner in
Latin America, co-operation was extended by
five new programmes: three in humanities and
social sciences, two in earth sciences and the
environment. A letter of intention was signed in
November with the Mexican National Council
of Science and Technology (CONACYT) to install
in France an “overseas Mexican laboratory” for
biotechnologies applied to agriculture and the
environment.
In Costa Rica, co-operation with the International Centre for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT) continued. The research into pests of tropical farming systems is now reaching completion.
Bolivia has the largest IRD centre in
the Andes. Of thirteen current projects, six concern health. An agreement was signed with the Juan
Misael Saracho Autonomous University in Tarija for a demographic programme. IRD staff did more teaching
work, particularly for the biological
and biomedical sciences master’s
degree at San Andrés University, with
support from the IRD Support and
Training department. There was also
an increase in the demand for consultancy work from Bolivian ministries.
In Colombia, research covers agricultural and microbial biodiversity, urban
dynamics and regional societies in
new situations with regard to identity and
migration. Two new projects have begun: on
rice with the International Centre for Tropical
Agriculture (CIAT), and on the microbial diversity
of thermal springs with the Pontifical Xavierian
University (PUJ).
In Ecuador, the IRD maintained its volume of
research with thirteen current programmes. An
international symposium on the Guatemala
moth (a major potato pest), was held in Quito,
jointly organised with the Catholic Pontifical
University of Ecuador (PUCE); this resulted in a
proposal for an international research project.
Publications were issued in the field of natural
hazards: two volcanic risk maps and a book on
the subject of “Challenges for the Quito metropolitan district”.
© IRD/C. Dejoux
In Morocco, new activities are being developed
in biotechnology for the environment, particularly depollution of vegetable oil refinery waste.
Oats harvest on
the Bolivian Altiplano
<
>
countries of the South
■
■
In Peru, earth sciences advanced with new
agreements with the commercial company
Perupetro and the geology, mining and metallurgy institute INGEMMET. Also in the earth
sciences, a hydrology project in the Amazon
basin opened in co-operation with the
national meteorology and hydrology service
SENAMHI. Meanwhile an agreement was signed
with the Centre for Research, Training, Assistance and Promotion (CICAP) for a study of the
state of agriculture in Chiclayo region. In May,
the framework agreement with the National
Council of Sciences and Technologies (CONCYTEC) was renewed for a further five years.
Training in research continues to play a significant part in IRD activity in Peru.
Asia
In Asia, 26 IRD research units were involved in
28 programmes with roughly forty postings and
T HE C HALLENGE P ROGRAM
T
ON
twenty missions in 2002. IRD scientists are at
work in China, India, Indonesia, Laos, Sri Lanka,
Thailand, and Vietnam.
The Societies and Health department operates in
all these countries and accounts for more than
half the IRD research staff in the region. Although
infectious disease is an important issue in
Thailand, in Southeast Asia as a whole ecosystems and terrestrial resources predominate, while
water and climate research is based in India.
In China, two IRD teams responded to the call
for “networked research” (P2R) proposals issued
by the Chinese programme for management of
social transformations (MOST) and the French
Ministries of Research and Foreign Affairs.
A letter of intention was signed between the
IRD and Sun Yatsen University in Gwangzhou in
June 2002, as was a co-operation agreement
involving Lyon III University. The research is
based at the Franco-Chinese Centre for the
Sociology of Industry and Technology.
W ATER
AND
O TAKE ADVANTAGE of the internationalisation of agricultural
research and meet donors’ expectations, the centres of
the Consultative Group on International Agricultural
Research (CGIAR) have launched a number of Challenge
Programmes. These CPs are designed to address global challenges in sectors that are part of the CGIAR’s core mission: production of global public goods, poverty reduction, food security.
They bring together the various players involved in international
centres, national structures in the South, research institutes in the
North, and non-governmental organisations.The first programme,
launched by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI),
38
39
In India, the joint committee of the FrancoIndian Water Research Unit (CEFIRSE) met in
October 2002. Also in October a mission was
sent out for the IRD-Jawaharlal Nehru University
study of Himalayan glacier hydrology and climatology. The study of micro-finance systems in
southeast India began in April 2002 with an
economist seconded from the French Institute
in Pondicherry.
In Indonesia, an agreement was signed in May
2002 with the research agency of the Ministry
of Fisheries & Maritime Affairs to continue the
work on biodiversity and catfish farming, which
began with European funding in 1996, under
the title Catfish Asia. ■
Handicraft in Thailand
F OOD
is on “Water and Food”. Water management is becoming increasingly difficult. In the 20th century, the world’s population increased
threefold and the use of potable water sixfold; some 80% of it is
used in agriculture. This presents a huge challenge: how to produce more food with less water in a manner that is both environmentally sustainable and socially acceptable.
The programme is structured by theme and by river basin:
- the five research themes are crop water productivity improvement, multiple use of upper catchments, aquatic ecosystems and
fisheries, integrated basin water management systems, and the
global and national food and water system;
- benchmark basins are areas where water resources are under
strain and incomes are low. Phase I addresses the Yellow River
basin, the Mekong, the Indo-Gangetic system, the Nile, Limpopo
and Volta in Africa, the Karkheh basin in Iran, São Francisco in
Brazil, and the Andean basins.
The initial budget for CP Water and Food is estimated at US$82
million, of which 75% is to be awarded by competitive grants, the
rest being spent on preparation, monitoring, reporting and extension work. The IRD is the only European research body in the managing consortium, which launched a call for concept notes in
December 2002.
© IRD/S. Carrière
■
partnerships
tropical dependencies
In the French tropical dependencies
on the South American continent
Because of its location, the IRD centre in French
Guiana is in a privileged position for intensive
cooperation with Brazil, Surinam and Guyana.
For example, the joint research unit CELIA is
involved in a number of partnerships working
on the management of multilingual situations
in schools and the difficulties pupils in French
Guiana have in learning French.
The IRD is also working with its C3I partners and
the other research institutes in Guiana to draw
up a research, training and applications proposal for the French Guiana university centre
(Pôle universitaire de Guyane, PUG).
in the Caribbean
The IRD Martinique-Caribbean centre has three
laboratories. The soil science laboratory and the
nematology laboratory work in close collaboration with partners at PRAM in Martinique (Pôle
de recherche agronomique de la Martinique),
while the third, the social sciences laboratory, is
partnered with Antilles-Guyane University.
The research units working in health and social
sciences (UR029 and UR093) are partnered with
La Réunion University and the regional health
and social affairs authority (DRASS).
dependencies in 2002.
the joint committee of the four
Since the redeployment of the IRD’s Reunion
Island centre in 2001, the teams on site have
been consolidated and have developed valuable
partnerships.
French research bodies for the
overseas dependencies (CIRAD,
IFREMER, INRA and the IRD).
The research units ACTIVE (UR061), CYANO
(UR099) and THETIS (UR109) work on fishery and
The purpose is to provide expert
marine environments with partners in the
island’s deep sea fishing industry, La Réunion
University, Toulouse University, ARVAM (Agence
pour la recherche et la valorisation marine), IFREMER (French Research Institute for Exploitation
of the Sea), CNES (National Centre for Space
Studies), the Indian Ocean Tuna Commission
(IOTC), NASA and the company CLS, producer of
Argos beacons.
advice for local authorities,
collaborate with universities
and other research bodies in
the dependencies and establish
partnerships with neighbouring
countries.
PRAM , THE M ARTINIQUE A GRICULTURAL R ESEARCH C ENTRE
NAUGURATED
© IRD/M.-N. Favier
I
in the French tropical overseas
The Institute chaired “C3I”,
in the Indian Ocean
on 18 October 2002, PRAM has researchers from four French government research bodies: the
agriculture and environment engineering research institute CEMAGREF, CIRAD (Agricultural Research Centre
for International Development), INRA (National Institute for Agricultural Research) and the IRD. Its research
programmes, some cross-cutting and others sectoral, focus on the following themes:
- crop diversification (pineapple, banana, fruit tree
- soil properties and structures,
farming, vegetables etc.),
- plant protection,
- animal production, animal health.
- agriculture and environment,
- socio-economic trends in the farming world,
The IRD was particularly active
On Réunion Island
<
>
tropical dependencies
■
■
in the Pacific
New Caledonia
The Nouméa centre is the IRD’s biggest establishment in the overseas dependencies. It has
13 research units and 5 service units working
in a number of disciplines. Research projects
include plant symbioses, tropical tuna and plant
biodiversity.
Partners include French institutions (e.g. University of New Caledonia, IFREMER, Pasteur Institute and CNRS) and institutions from elsewhere
in the region such as the Secretariat of the
Community of the Pacific, CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Australia), the Agence universitaire de la
Francophonie, the University of Hawaii and
Kyushu University.
Among recent research results, research unit
UR037 has developed applications in connection
with prospecting for nickel deposits. This
research also advances rehabilitation of mining
sites by revegetation.
Also involved in the revegetation work is
the IRD service unit ENBIOPAC (US001), which
altogether has five programmes under way
on biodiversity and terrestrial environment
in the tropical Pacific. Another concerns
natural terrestrial substances and traditional
knowledge.
The pharmaceutical chemistry of natural
marine substances is the focus of research
by a joint team of the IRD’s UR152 and the
University of New Caledonia, in partnership
with Pierre Fabre Laboratories. The team
particularly aims to find, among the many
substances produced by marine inverte-
40
41
brates, molecules that can be used against diseases such as malaria, dengue, cancer and diseases of the nervous system.
The Géosciences Azur joint research unit is conducting multidisciplinary research into movements of the Earth’s crust and their associated
hazards in Vanuatu, Futuna and New Caledonia.
Under the National Coastal Environments
Programme (PNEC), UR103 has conducted several surveys aboard the IRD’s oceanographic vessel Alis, studying the transport of terrestrial and
human particles, particularly in the lagoons of
Nouméa and Fiji. In Fiji, the work is conducted
in close co-operation with the University of the
South Pacific, under the aegis of the French
Embassy in Fiji.
Under the national climate dynamics research
programme PNEDC, UR065 is studying climate
variability while UR055 researches into palaeoclimates. Both teams are studying living corals
to discover more about interactions between
the climatic phenomenon known as El Niño
Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the region’s
environment.
The New Caledonia image processing laboratory LATICAL, a joint service unit between the IRD
(UR140) and the University of New Caledonia, is
developing environmental information systems
for sustainable development of water resources,
particularly in the Loyalty Islands.
On the archaeology side, UR092 is studying
ancient human settlements on volcanic islands
in the Western and Central Pacific.
The Nouméa centre also provides research
training for French and foreign students and
young researchers. Trainees join and work with
the teams. Their status depends on their prior
© IRD/A. S. Lepetit
■
qualifications: they may be interns, research
scholarship students, or doctoral or postdoctoral fellows.
French Polynesia
Work in French Polynesia involves the C3I co-operation committee and collaboration with other
research bodies. One example is the scientific and
logistical partnership with INSERM’s Gustave
Roussy Institute to study thyroid cancer.
The IRD’s oceanographic vessel Alis carried out
several missions in Polynesia in 2002. ■
Revegetation
in New Caledonia
partnerships
mainland France
Mainland France
joint research units
Over the years, IRD partnerships with other
French research bodies and higher education
establishments have become increasingly varied
and productive.
The most visible sign of this is the increasing
number of joint research units (UMRs). To date,
17 of the IRD’s 97 research units are UMRs. In
4 of them the IRD is the only research body,
in 13 at least one university is involved, and in
5 a grande école, either ENSAM or ENS.
federative research institutes
Federative Research Institutes (IFRs) are a new
form of structure launched in 2000. They comprise scientific teams and resources from various
research bodies and universities, initially in life
sciences. Since the scheme’s extension to cover
environmental issues, the IRD has been more
involved: we now work in ten IFRs, some thirty
IRD units being directly involved.
à disposition or délégation). In each case, the
IRD covers the expatriation costs for staff posted
outside France.
This year the IRD hosted 48 researchers and lecturer-researchers.
the IRD and higher education
The IRD fosters personal ties with higher education establishments. IRD researchers are heavily
involved in teaching undergraduate and postgraduate courses in universities, both for initial
and in-service training. Most IRD research units
are recognised as research training bodies and
work with doctoral schools. In 2002, 400 doctoral students were supervised by IRD researchers.
E NVIRONMENTAL
T
OBSERVATORIES
HE IRD continues the observational
mission it began fifty years ago.
In 2002, the Ministry of Research
launched the Environmental
Research Observatories (ORE) project, and
the IRD was deeply involved from the outset.
The French national co-ordinating committee for earth and environmental sciences,
which assesses research, has validated 27
ORE projects, of which 6 are headed by the
IRD and one is jointly run with INRA.
The seven observatories involve a significant
proportion of the IRD’s human resources:
75 researchers, engineers and technicians
from 14 units. A dozen French universities
and research centres and some 40 institutions in partner countries are involved. Sites
are located throughout the tropics, and priority themes are water resources, soil and
climate. These observatories are only a
beginning. The IRD’s association with other
French and international partners should
make it possible for some OREs to tackle
new projects addressing issues in the life
sciences, medical research and human and
social sciences.
We strongly encourage our researchers to obtain
the post-doctorate qualification for research
supervision; they can then go on to qualify as
university teachers, and an increasing number
of them now do so.
co-operation agreements
universe sciences observatories
The IRD works directly with universities and the
CNRS in four Universe Sciences Observatories:
OSUG in Grenoble, the Midi-Pyrénées observatory in Toulouse, the Marseille Oceanography
centre and the Oceanological Institute in
Villefranche-sur-Mer.
Alongside the creation of new units, since 1998
the IRD has been making agreements with other
French institutions for general scientific and
technical co-operation. This covers joint research
work, support for Southern teams and training
for foreign students. More than 50 of these
agreements are currently in force. ■
hosting researchers
© IRD/A. Rival
Researchers and lecturer-researchers from other
French research bodies and universities are
hosted by the IRD under varying compensation
and benefit arrangements (détachement, mise
Greenhouse at the IRD’s Montpellier centre
<
>
IRD STAFF IN MAINLAND FRANCE
Bordeaux / Talence / Pessac
■
- Maison des Suds : 3
- Centre d’économie du développement, université Montesquieu : 1
- Département de géologie et océanographie, université Bordeaux I : 1
■
Brest
- Laboratoire de physique des océans,
université de Bretagne occidentale : 1
■
Clermont-Ferrand
- Laboratoire Magmas et volcans,
université B. Pascal : 2
Grenoble / Le Bourget du Lac /
Thonon-les-bains
- Laboratoire d’études des transferts en
hydrologie, université J. Fourier : 11
- Laboratoire de géophysique interne et
de tectonophysique
/ site de l’université de Savoie : 2
/ site de l’université J. Fourier : 1
- Laboratoire de glaciologie et géophysique
de l’environnement, université
J. Fourier : 2
- Agence nationale pour la valorisation de
la recherche : 1
- Centre alpin de recherche sur les réseaux
trophiques des écosystèmes limniques,
université de Savoie : 1
Lyon
- Laboratoire d’écologie des hydrosystèmes,
université C. Bernard : 4
- Laboratoire d’écologie microbienne,
université C. Bernard : 2
at 31 December 2002
- Institut fédératif de recherche de
biotechnologie agro-industrielle de
Marseille, universités de Provence et
de Méditerranée : 19
- Laboratoire population environnement,
université de Provence : 15
- Centre d’océanologie de Marseille,
université de Méditerranée : 5
- Laboratoire “Sociologie, histoire, anthropologie des dynamiques culturelles”,
EHESS : 4
- Faculté de médecine, université de
Méditerranée : 2
- Centre de formation et de recherche en
médecine et santé tropicales, université
de Méditerranée : 1
- Groupement de recherche en économie
quantitative d’Aix-Marseille, universités
de Méditerranée et d’Aix-Marseille : 1
- Laboratoire “Téléanalyse, espace et
société” : 1
- Laboratoire “Temps, espaces, langages,
Europe méridionale et Méditerranée”,
université de Provence : 1
- Cemagref : 6
- Institut d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux : 6
- Laboratoire matières organiques des sols
tropicaux, CIRAD : 6
- Laboratoire symbioses tropicales et
méditerranéennes, campus de
Baillarguet : 6
- CIRAD Montpellier : 5
- École nationale du génie rural, des eaux
et des forêts : 4
- Centre d’écologie fonctionnelle évolutive,
université Montpellier II : 3
- Agropolis : 2
- Département des maladies infectieuses,
institut Bouisson-Bertrand : 1
- Institut agronomique méditerranéen de
Montpellier, Centre international des
hautes études agronomiques méditerranéennes : 1
- Laboratoire génomes populations
interactions adaptation, université
Montpellier II : 1
- Laboratoire rétrovirus, université
Montpellier I : 1
Montpellier
Nancy
- Maison des sciences de l’eau, université
Montpellier II : 18
- Centre de biologie et de gestion des
populations : 10
- Laboratoire d’étude des interactions
entre sol, agrosystème et hydrosystème,
ENSAM : 7
- Centre de recherches pétrographiques et
géochimiques : 1
Marseille / Aix-en-Provence
Nice / Villefranche-sur-Mer /
Sophia Antipolis
- Géosciences Azur, université Nice Sophia Antipolis : 11
Pau
- Université de Pau : 1
Perpignan
- Université de Perpignan : 2
Sète
- Centre de recherche halieutique méditerranéenne et tropicale : 15
St-Christol-lès-Alès
- Laboratoire de pathologie comparée : 1
Strasbourg
- Institut de physique du globe,
université L. Pasteur : 2
- Centre de géochimie de la surface,
université L. Pasteur : 1
- Centre de géographie appliquée,
université L. Pasteur : 1
Toulouse / Castanet Tolosan /
Castres
- Laboratoire “Mécanismes et transferts
en géologie”, université P. Sabatier : 14
- Laboratoire d’études en géophysique
et océanographie spatiales, université
P. Sabatier : 9
- Centre d’études spatiales de
la biosphère, université P. Sabatier : 4
- Faculté de pharmacie, université
P. Sabatier : 3
- GIP Medias France : 2
- Groupement de recherches géodésiques
spatiales : 2
- Laboratoire de biologie moléculaire
CNRS-INRA, Castanet Tolosan : 2
- Laboratoire d’hydrobiologie, université
P. Sabatier : 1
- Pierre Fabre Médicaments, Castres : 1
42
43
Paris / Île-de-France
- Muséum national d’histoire naturelle : 18
- Laboratoire d’Océanographie Dynamique
et de Climatologie, université
P. & M. Curie : 12
- Centre d’études africaines : 8
- GIS “Développement et insertion internationale” : 7
- Laboratoire Populations, génétique et
évolution, CNRS Gif-sur-Yvette : 6
- Centre d’économie et d’éthique pour
l’environnement et le développement,
université Versailles
St-Quentin-en-Yvelines : 5
- Centre “Population et développement”,
Vincennes : 5
- Institut biomédical des Cordeliers,
université P. & M. Curie : 5
- ENS Ulm : 3
- Faculté de pharmacie, université
P. & M. Curie : 3
- Centre d’étude de l’Inde et de l’Asie
du Sud : 2
- Centre d’études et de recherches en
économie du développement, université
Paris X Nanterre : 2
- Laboratoire de minéralogie et de cristallographie, université P. & M. Curie : 2
- Agence française de l’ingénierie touristique :1
- Centre de recherche et de documentation sur l’Amérique latine : 1
- CIRAD Paris : 1
- Comité international de coopération
dans les recherches nationales en
démographie : 1
- École française d’Extrême-Orient : 1
- Faculté de pharmacie, université Paris
Sud : 1
- Institut d’étude du développement
économique et social, université
Panthéon-Sorbonne : 1
- Institut français d’urbanisme, université
Vincennes St-Denis : 1
- Institut national d’agronomie ParisGrignon : 1
- Institut scientifique et technique de la
nutrition et de l’alimentation, CNAM : 1
- Laboratoire “Langues et civilisations à
tradition orale”, CNRS Villejuif : 1
- Laboratoire “Préhistoire et technologie”,
CNRS Meudon : 1
- Laboratoire “Structure et fonctionnement
des systèmes hydriques continentaux”,
université P. & M. Curie : 1
- Laboratoire d’écologie végétale,
université Paris sud : 1
- Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de
l’environnement, CEA Gif-sur-Yvette : 1
- Laboratoire Géotropiques, université
Paris X Nanterre : 1
- Laboratoire inter-universitaire des systèmes atmosphérique, université Paris XII
Val-de-Marne : 1
- Laboratoire Paléontologie et stratigraphie, université P. & M. Curie : 1
- Maison René Ginouvès d’archéologie et
d’ethnologie : 1
OF SCIENTIFIC INTEREST (GIS),
PARTNERSHIPS OF PUBLIC INTEREST (GIP), RESEARCH GROUPS (GDR),
NATIONAL AND REGIONAL PROGRAMMES
PARTNERSHIPS
The IRD is actively involved in various forms of partnership within the French scientific community. These take the form of partnerships of scientific interest (GIS),
public interest (GIP) or economic interest (GIE), research groups and regional and
national multidisciplinary programmes.
PARTNERSHIPS
OF SCIENTIFIC INTEREST (GIS)
PUBLIC INTEREST (GIP) AND ECONOMIC INTEREST (GIE)
(these are forms of research partnership with a particular legal status in France)
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIS
GIP
GIP
GIP
GIP
GIE
Aire développement: overseas research investment agency
Aquaculture: tropical and Mediterranean aquaculture
BRG: genetic resources bureau
Ceped: centre for population and development
Dial: development and international integration
Génoplante: plant genomics
IDDRI: institute for sustainable development and international relations
Réseau Amérique latine: promoting and disseminating Latin-American research
Sciences de l'eau: hydrobiology, water quality, water treatment, quantative
hydrology
Silvolab: tropical rainforest ecosystems: physical and biological bases of their
functioning and management, as applied to French Guiana
Ecofor: forest ecosystems
Medias-France: network for regional research into environmental changes in
the Mediterranean basin and subtropical Africa
Mercator: oceanic and climatic forecasting
OST: science and technology monitoring
Genavir: management of oceanographic survey vessels
RESEARCH
PARTNERSHIPS
GDR Marges: dyanmics of continental plate margins
NATIONAL
PNEDC:
PROOF:
PNEC:
PNRH:
PNRN:
PNSE:
PNTS:
LITEAU:
PROGRAMMES
climate dynamics
biochemical processes in the ocean, fluxes
coastal studies
hydrology
natural hazards
soils and erosion
space-based remote sensing
littoral zone
REGIONAL
PROGRAMMES
ZONECO: inventory of marine and mineral resources in the New Caledonia
exclusive economic zone
ZEPOLYF: economic zone of French Polynesia
partnerships
<
Northern countries
In Northern countries and with multilateral organisations
In 2002, the Institute co-ordinated or participated in 20 EU projects (up from 19 in 2001),
mainly on water, health and living resources.
The European Framework Research and Development Programme (FRDP) remains the Institute’s principal target, in particular its International Co-operation programme (INCO), under
which 33% of the projects submitted by the IRD
obtain funding. In the last two calls for proposals, seven of the Institute’s projects were
selected (five on health and two on water), four
of which it is co-ordinating (two in sub-Saharan
Africa and two in countries of the Mediterranean Basin).
Under the FRDP Environment and Sustainable
Development programme, four projects (three
on water and one on biodiversity) and one
accompanying measure on water received
funding.
Under the Quality of Life and Management
of Living Resources (LIFE) programme, the IRD
is co-ordinating two projects (fishing and
Y OUNG
tuberculosis) and taking part in three others
(fishery and biodiversity).
The Institute prepared for the launch of the
sixth Framework Programme. The Europe
Mission organised information meetings on priority themes and how to respond to calls for
proposals. It also implemented a support mechanism for drafting research projects. Six projects
were tendered in response to calls for proposals
in late 2002.
At the request of the European Commission,
the Institute played a significant role in the conference on research co-operation between the
European Union and the African-CaribbeanPacific (ACP) countries, which was held in South
Africa; and one of the Institute’s units conducted an evaluation of Moroccan research.
international agricultural research
centres
Co-operation with nine of the sixteen centres
in the Consultative Group for International
Agricultural Research (CGIAR) involved forty
EUROPEAN RESEARCHERS TRAINED AT THE IRD
Alessandra Ribodetti, a young PhD in marine geoscience, was awarded a European
Union post-doctoral grant and was supervised by researchers from the IRD.
I
DID MY PHD through a Franco-Italian co-operation programme. I was keen to pursue my research, so I
applied for a European grant to do a post-doc in an
internationally recognised laboratory. I started my
grant at the École des Mines in Paris, then came to the
Géosciences Azur joint research unit, where I worked
with researchers from the IRD.
My area is seismic imaging of the earth’s crust and its
applications for surveying risk areas. I really appreciated having quality resources and equipment for my
work. What’s more, I was fully integrated into a team,
which is essential in research. The quality of the supervision was excellent and I enjoyed genuine synergy with
my colleagues. Working in another country is also a key
asset for anyone beginning a career in research these
days. ■
researchers. Twenty-seven of them were
assigned to international agricultural research
centres (IARCs) and thirteen were involved in
“shuttle research” or in one of the two new
programmes conducted at the Agropolis
advanced research platform in Montpellier –
“rice virus pathogenesis” and “techniques for
analysing resistance to cassava blight”.
This co-operation has several focuses:
- maintaining co-operation on genetic resources
(Latin America and Africa);
The Institute continues to be
an active partner of the European
Commission and international
agricultural research centres,
particularly since the launch
of the CGIAR’s Challenge
Programmes.
- strengthening research on natural resources,
in particular in the area of water and soil management (mainly in South and South-East Asia);
- the development of “shuttle” research programmes aimed at extending or enhancing
work already accomplished under a co-operation programme with an IARC, by enabling
researchers to travel to each other’s facilities;
- increased involvement in training of local
researchers, thus helping to build local scientific
capacity and promote French approaches and
methodologies (nine PhDs, four Masters and
several post-doctoral diplomas).
Co-operation with IARCs also included the
implementation of a new form of partnership,
the Challenge Programmes, which involve
Southern actors and Northern research organisations more closely. The IRD was a driving force
behind the implementation of the first of these,
the Water and Food Programme, in which we
are the only European research organisation.
We are taking an active part in the programme
on Africa. ■
© IRD/Ph. Chevalier
European Union
>
© IRD/J. Orempuller
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Resources and management
■ Financial resources
46
■ Human resources
48
■ Information systems
50
■ Evaluation
51
■ Professional conduct and ethics
52
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financial resources
■
Financial resources
■
Our 2002 research and
applications activities
required considerable
financial and human
resources. Operations
were geared to the objectives of the 2001-2004
four-year contract with the
State; the Evaluation and
Planning Department (DEP)
has designed a set of indicators to monitor performance of this contract.
In 2002, the modernisation
and administrative simplification plan yielded its first
results. A major information systems strategy to
modernise IRD management processes entered
its first phase with the
SORGHO project for
human resources and
budget management.
The Institute continued
to renovate property
holdings and invest in
scientific equipment.
46
47
T
HE IRD’s initial budget for 2002 was
set at €193.6 million for expenditure
and €179.9 million for revenues, to
be balanced from working capital,
mainly to finance the first phase of
the information systems strategy.
When the accounts were closed, actual expenditure was €177.7 million and revenues €176.1
million, reflecting withdrawal of €1.5 million
from working capital.
resources
The IRD’s budget is based on two sources of
funding: State subsidies and revenues from
research contracts.
Budgeted revenues were set at €179.95 million. Actual revenues were €176.14 million.
State subsidies amounted to €162.86 million.
Revenues from research contracts were
€11,299,583, compared to the forecast
€11,756,868, and miscellaneous revenues
were €1,483,837, compared to the forecast
€1,639,092.
Expenditure
Salaries accounted for 70% of the Institute’s
budget in 2002 – €126.8 million, of which
€116.9 million went to tenured staff.
As in the previous year, the 2002 budget
reflected the IRD’s policy of allocating more
resources to basic support for the units (see
Table 2).
Resources allocated to incentive actions illustrate the IRD’s commitment to French research
establishments and international organisations
who are our partners. In 2002, the IRD contributed €427,000 to the activities of seven
French research programmes. The IRD also
belongs to a number of partnerships of scientific interest (GIS), public interest (GIP) or economic interest (GIE), to which we contributed
€262,000.
The IRD also contributed €50,000 to the
“Environment and regional management” federative research institute, and €53,000 to various networks.
We renovated the chemistry building at the
Cayenne centre and continued building greenhouses at the Montpellier centre. The genetic
epidemiology laboratory was also upgraded.
Tasks remaining are the extension to the biology
and population management centre and the
IRD’s financial contribution to building the
Luminy engineering school extension. This is
intended to house the Marseille federative
research institute for agro-industrial biotechnology (IFR IBAIM).
The IRD acquired a genotyping machine and a
sequencer, and is due to contribute €305,000
to acquiring a mass spectrometer jointly with
the CNRS and the CEA.
Finally, the first action has been taken under the
information systems strategy. The bid process
was launched for a consultant to assistant with
the SORGHO human resource and budget management project. The call for tenders is still
open in 2003. Expenditure on this project in
2002 was €2.3 million. ■
The Institute received an operating subsidy
under Title III of the Finance Law to the tune of
€135,569,977 for salaries, hosted fellowships,
in-service training and welfare.
The investment subsidy received under Title VI
was €27,295,902.
Revenues from research contracts are treated as
resources allocated to research and service
units: the sums made available to units are
directly linked to their revenues from these contracts. The budget allocated to research units in
2002 was therefore based on forecast revenues
of €12.4 million. Actual revenues were 95.09%
of the forecast.
© IRD/A. Laraque
■
Table 1
€ million
2.19
3.16
3.21
0.28
0.16
0.12
2.66
Source
DME - Earth and environment
DRV - Living resources
DSS - Societies and health
DEV - Expertise and consulting
DSF - Support and training
DIC - Information and communication
Partners (European Union, scientific partnerships, etc.)
TOTAL
Table 2
Credits allocated to research units, by scientific theme (in € million)
The Earth’s crust: processes and natural hazards
Continental, coastal and marine environments
Climate: variability and impact
Water: resources and sustainable development
Total Earth and Environment dept.
Agricultural and microbial biodiversity
Fishery and aquatic ecology
Terrestrial ecosystems and resources
Total Living Resources department
Urban dynamics
Man and the environment
Identities and representations
Development policy and globalisation
Society/health interactions
Major endemic diseases
Total Societies and Health department
OVERALL TOTAL
Support
credits
1.27
0.61
0.88
0.87
3.63
2.10
1.23
1.25
4.58
0.24
0.46
0.31
0.38
0.47
1.26
3.12
11.33
IRD resources
8%
Other resources
16%
Title VI grant
semi-heavy
equipment
76%
Title III grant
0.20
0.20
Figure 2
0.02
0.02
Sources of resources for research contracts
9%
Other public
and private partners
5%
0.15
0.15
0.37
- other (ship’s crews, subsidised job creation contracts)
Temporary staff (grantees, interns, insourcing, youth volunteers, international trainees)
In-service training
Welfare
Partnership support
Taxes and obligatory provisions
TOTAL
23%
European Union
- head office and administration
- general expenses (rents, insurance, travel for assignments)
- consulting, results promotion, scientific information
and communication
- financing the information systems master plan
Basic support for research units
Obligatory provisions and reserves
TOTAL
6%
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
30%
92.29
26.14
6.05
4.40
1.65
1.75
1.21
0.85
2.44
1.15
131.88
Other ministries
and French public bodies
Figure 3
Geographical breakdown of operating and investment expenditure
2%
Other countries
5%
Asia-Pacific
11%
Operating and investment expenditure (in € million)
Building work, major equipment, incentive action
Programme operations
Indirect and logistical resources
of which: - centres’ operating budgets
27%
Ministry of Research
and Technology
International
institutions
Staff expenditure (in € million)
Tenured staff salaries
Social security contributions
Staff covered by trade union wage agreements
of which: - locally recruited staff
Table 4
Figure 1
11.79
Theme, department
Table 3
resources
Sources of research agreement revenues (in € million)
Latin America
1.54
10.77
20.59
7.97
6.78
2.93
2.22
0.69
13.44
0.03
46.37
49%
Mainland France
21%
Africa and
Indian Ocean
12%
French overseas
dependencies (DOM-TOM)
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human resources
■
Human resources
■
I
N 2002, the number of budgeted staff rose from 1,634
to 1,654. These 20 new
posts, plus 22 reclassifications, reflect the IRD’s intention to improve the conditions of our engineers and
technicians, and make more
skills available for the research
units. Junior researchers are
also being given greater opportunity for promotion to senior
research posts.
In 2002, the IRD recruited 40
researchers and 51 engineers
and technicians from outside.
At 31 December 2002, the IRD
had 33 lecturer-researchers or
researchers on secondment
from other institutions, significantly more than the previous
year. To these may be added 15
researchers transferred from
other establishments to IRD
posts outside mainland France.
Locally recruited staff (412)
continue to make a major
contribution to the IRD’s work.
This year 37 IRD researchers
and 18 engineers and technicians retired.
At 31 December, 501 staff were working outside
mainland France, including 70% in Africa and
the French overseas dependencies (DOM-TOM).
Of these, 58.6% are researchers, of whom
42.3% work in Africa, 25.6% in Latin America,
20.8% in DOM-TOM, 9.6% in Asia, and 1.7% in
countries of the North.
The reduction in the number of staff working
outside mainland France in 2002 is due to the
retirement of engineers and technicians who
have yet to be replaced.
Women are in a slight majority up to the age of
41, above which men are more numerous.
Altogether the IRD had 36.1% female staff in
2002, compared with 33.7% the previous year.
There were 18.3% female researchers, compared with 16% in 2001, and this increase is
significant at every level.
The average age of tenured staff has declined
slightly. The overall average age is 45.8:
researchers 47.7, engineers 44.1 and technicians 43.5.
engineers’ and technicians’ careers
A working group including representatives of
staff and general management has been set up
to make suggestions for improving the career
prospects of the IRD’s engineers and technicians.
The adoption of Referens, the national job specification reference system for research and
higher education, was widely publicised within
the IRD. Referens is being phased into all aspects
of human resources management (mobility,
training, assessment, etc.).
A study of job descriptions and skills at the IRD
has been launched, with a view to improving
human resources management and forward
planning for engineers’ and technicians’ jobs
and competencies. This study is due for completion in 2004.
shorter working hours
The new French law introducing the 35-hour
week came into effect on 1 January 2002. An
end-of-year survey revealed no difficulties affecting working procedures at the IRD. Ninety per
cent of IRD staff have chosen not to change their
weekly hours worked, but to take days off in lieu.
enable the same number of researchers and
non-research staff to work in countries of the
South: staff may now be sent on missions
longer than three months. Lecturer-researchers
in IRD units are also eligible. In 2002 there were
33 researchers, engineers and technicians on
long-term missions – a total of 37 missions.
labour relations
Apart from the regular meetings laid down by
law and the creation of the working group on
engineers and technicians’ careers, the Directorate General meets each of the representative
trade unions twice a year to present the
IRD’s strategy and answer staff questions as
expressed by their representatives. ■
in-service training
The budget for in-service training returned to its
2000 level of € 1.2 million. Ninety per cent of
applications for training are from individuals. In
2002, 51% of individual applications and 84%
of collective applications were approved.
long-term missions
Given the reduced budget for expatriation, a
new procedure was introduced in 2002 to
© IRD/M. Fromaget
■
IRD staff need to be aware of research
conditions in Africa
48
49
resources
Breakdown of tenured staff by commission
Figure 1
13.6 %
S1 Physics and
chemistry of the global
environment
2.0 %
No commission
Table 1
Budgeted staff
13.9 %
25.0 %
S2 Biology
and medicine
A2 Administration
and management
15.1 %
S3 Science of ecological
systems
17.2 %
A1 Engineering
and consultancy
13.2 %
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
823
331
260
195
823
338
260
188
830
347
310
140
832
355
350
98
831
371
421
11
833
393
417
11
1,609
1,609
1,627
1,635
1,634
1,654
Researchers
Engineers
Technicians
Administrative staff
Total
S4 Humanities and social
sciences
Age pyramid: tenured staff
Figure 2
Table 2
Age
nomber
of staff
Figure 3
30
20
10
0
Men
25.8 %
12.0 %
French overseas
dependencies
(DOM-TOM)
36.1%
Total
140
168
247
6
18.3
45.8
60.7
46.2
767
367
407
13
TOTAL
993
-
561
-
1,554
Geographical breakdown of staff: details
Tenured
staff
Other
staff
Total
%
Africa and Middle East
Latin America
Asia-Pacific
Northern countries
1,053
191
175
95
34
6
53
61
366
45
19
0
1,106
252
541
140
53
6
52.7
12.0
25.8
6.7
2.5
0.3
Total
1,554
544
2,098
Mainland France
DOM-TOM
0
10
20
30
40
50
100
0.3 %
Northern countries
Latin America
Africa and
Middle East
Women
81.7
54.2
39.3
53.8
Posting
2.5 %
6.7 %
63.9%
627
199
160
7
Table 3
Geographical breakdown of staff
Asia-Pacific
Men
Researchers
Engineers
Technicians
Administrative staff
Grade
65
60
55
50
45
40
35
30
25
-
Women
Breakdown of tenured staff by category and gender
Table 4
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Researchers
45.6
45.5
41.1
36.9
39.9
38.8
All staff
40.2
39.0
36.0
32.3
34.5
32.2
52.7 %
Mainland France
Percentage of postings outside mainland France, tenured staff
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resources
information systems
■
Information systems
■
■
The modernisation drive
initiated by the IRD’s
administration included a
general re-assessment of
the Institute’s information
system. This approach was
incorporated in the 20012004 four-year contract
between the IRD and the
State. The resulting information systems master
plan was approved in 2001
by the parent ministries,
the Budget Ministry and
The Information Systems department teams
were reorganised and strengthened to this
effect. Tighter management was introduced,
with a six-monthly follow-up by the Institute’s
Board of Trustees and parent ministries. There
was a major in-house communication drive
about the launch of the master plan. The plan
for changes in the functional architecture was
defined, as was the plan for technical computing architecture, which has to take into account
the Institute’s worldwide geographical spread.
With the introduction of an office automation
management service, staff will have help closer
to hand for their computer problems.
© IRD/J. Delvigne
the IRD Board of Trustees.
T
of the master plan
were introduced in 2002. It begins
with the development of an organisational, technical and functional base
on which solutions for each sector will
be grounded.
HE FIRST COMPONENTS
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51
Among the sectoral projects, SORGHO, launched
in 2002, will overhaul the payroll management,
human resources and finance information
systems. An integrated, open-ended solution
interoperable with those of the other French
research institutions, will make it possible to circulate information within and between institutions. It will be a management tool tailored to
the IRD’s missions. The specifications include a
management module for resources allocated to
projects; the purpose of this is to federate
resources, be they internal or external. Altogether this will assist the IRD in its intention to
play a pivotal role in development research.
An “indicators committee” has also been set
up. Its members – users and computer specialists – select the data to be fed into descriptive
and management indicators, especially those
for the four-year contract. Discussion workshops on scientific data processing issues were
also held, particularly on the question of establishing, using and conserving databases.
As regards modernisation of services, the IRD
photo library of 20,000 photos was re-computerised during the year, and re-computerisation
of the documentation centres began. Development of the Web portal to give online access
the IRD’s scientific output continues – a big step
in promoting the Institute’s work.
At present we are testing facilitation tools: our
highly mobile and geographically scattered staff
need mobile tools, while collaboration requires
videoconferencing, fora, project spaces and
tools for knowledge management and for sharing document revision and schedules. ■
management
evaluation
Evaluation
A researcher’s work is assessed every two years
by one of the sectoral scientific commissions. In
2002, the commissions examined about 300
individual files. They also assessed applications
for promotion from Grade 3 to Grade 2 junior
researchers, one application for promotion to
Grade 1, 39 applications by Grade 2 research
directors for promotion to Grade 1, and 13
applications by Grade 1 research directors for
promotion to Exceptional Grade.
The sectoral commissions also examined the
activities of engineers and technicians within
their structures, based on the work of the
Administration and Management commission –
this is a new approach for the IRD.
The commissions also assessed the new
research projects submitted during the year.
Most were for Joint Research Units. Of the 20
projects submitted, 11 concerned new units,
which were assessed from the application files
and on site, while 9 concerned units to be
renewed under the French universities’ fouryear plan.
Competitive recruitment
of researchers
At their autumn sessions, the commissions
took part in the shortlist stage of research staff
recruitments. During the 2002 recruitment
campaign 21 research directors’ posts
(directeur de recherche, DR) were opened, and
25 junior researcher posts (chargé de
recherche, CR). While most of the applications
for DR posts were from within the IRD, the vast
majority of the 296 applicants for CR posts had
no prior links with the Institute. Similarly, only
18% of candidates had written their theses in
IRD laboratories. These figures are an indication
of the positive image the Institute has in the
outside world, and the extent to which young
scientists are attracted by research-for-development themes. A survey of applicants brought
some interesting facts to light: the largest number of applications were in the social sciences;
among the young, research posts attracted as
many women as men; and women were the
majority in biology, medicine and social sciences. The survey also gave a more detailed
profile of the applicants, 70% of whom had
already collaborated with a non-French
European laboratory. Of those who had undertaken post-doctoral studies, 40% had done so
abroad.
and accompanies the Institute’s multi-year
plan. The indicators are intended for qualifying
and, where applicable, quantifying the different
aspects of the Institute’s work and monitoring
changes over time; recurrent observation of the
indicators’ levels and trends show how well the
IRD is fulfilling its contractual commitments.
The main headings used to establish the indicators are territorial presence, scientific policy,
inter-institutional co-operation, professional
conduct and ethics, employment, support
and training for Southern communities,
information, surveys and consultancy, and
communication. ■
In 2002 the IRD’s Evaluation and
Planning department organised
assessments of staff and structures, assisting the work of the
Commissions and the Scientific
Committee. The department
also monitored the competitive
recruitment of research staff of
all grades and developed indicators of the Institute’s activity.
Indicators
In 2002 the evaluation and planning department drew up the IRD indicators document,
which was submitted to the Board of Trustees
© IRD/M. Bournof
Individual assessments
<
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ethics
■
Professional Conduct and Ethics
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■
Dominique Lecourt, the
new chairman of the IRD
consultative committee
on professional conduct
and ethics (CCDE), presided
over the first plenary session in June. The meeting
T
HREE PLENARY SESSIONS are held every
year to ensure continuity. At each session, the committee meets a head of
department or section to gain a fuller
awareness of the IRD’s activities and
related ethical issues. At the October
session, the committee met the head of the
Expertise and Consulting Department. The discussion focused on three issues: selection and
A website (www.ird.fr/ccde) was launched to
publicise the committee’s activities, inform users
about the role of the committee and current
issues, and encourage exchanges with the scientific community.
In particular, the committee will hold meetings
with its counterparts from other institutions,
to compare experiences and discuss common
concerns. ■
working conditions of experts; working rules
and relations with private consultants; and the
role and usefulness of patents.
To ascertain ethical concerns arising in the field
and incorporate them into a code of conduct
that will reflect contributions from all concerned, the committee began to meet staff
from the IRD and its partners in their working
environment.
gave a broad overview of
the committee’s operation
and activities, which
we had been able to start
thanks to the appointment
of a project leader.
© IRD
I
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53
OCTOBER, the committee took part in the first inter-organisation conference on ethics approaches in research organisations. It was also a co-organiser of the first workshop on
ethics and quality in clinical research in French-speaking
countries. Partners included the French Institute of Health and
Medical Research (INSERM) , the Paris Hospitals ethics group,
the Pan African Bioethics Initiative, the French AIDS research
agency and the Pasteur Institute.
N
© IRD/P. Laboute
appendices
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■
■
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
■
Chairman
(au at
1er1juin
July2003)
2003
Jean-François GIRARD
Representatives of the parent Ministries
Ministry for Youth,
National Education and Research
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55
Michel Eddi
Pierre Méry
Assistant to the Director of Research
Scientific advisor
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Development Co-operation
Mireille Guigaz
Director of Development and Technical Co-operation
Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Elisabeth Beton-Delègue
Director of Scientific Co-operation and Research
Ministry of the Economy,
Finance and Industry
Philippe Court
Budget Directorate
Ministry for Overseas
Dependencies
Alain Puzenat
Assistant to the Director of Economic, Social and Cultural Affairs for the overseas dependencies
External members
Monique Capron
Marion Guillou
Pascale Joannot
Hélène Lamicq
Benoît Lesaffre
Souad Lyagoubi
Gérard Mégie
Jean-Michel Severino
Chair of the Board of Trustees, INSERM
Director General, INRA
Chief renovator of collections, National Museum of Natural History
Professor, Paris XII University, Val-de-Marne
Director General, CIRAD
Former Minister of Health, Tunisia
Chairman of the Board of Trustees, CNRS
Director General, Agence française de développement
Staff representatives
Didier Brunet
Alain Froment
Pascal Grébaut
Patrick Le Goulven
Jacques Lombard
Irène Salvert
SNPR-FO , soil scientist, Brasilia
SNCS-FSU , doctor of medicine, Orléans
SNTRS-CGT , biology technician, Montpellier
SNPR-FO , hydrologist, Montpellier
STREM-SGEN-CFDT , anthropologist, Bondy
STREM-SGEN-CFDT , head of in-service training, Paris
appendices
SCIENTIFIC COUNCIL AND COMMISSIONS
at 1 July 2003
Chairman
Alain Dessein
Research director, INSERM, genetics and immunology
Vice-chairman
Bernard Dreyfus
Research director, IRD, microbiology and symbioses
Permanent members
Elected members
Michel Brossard
Researcher, IRD, soil science
Bernard Dupré
Research director, CNRS, geochemistry
Michel Lardy
Research engineer, IRD, geophysics
Members appointed by the Director General
Alain Dessein
Research director, INSERM, genetics and immunology
Bernard Hubert
Research director, INRA, agronomy and environment
Jean-Luc Piermay
Professor, Strasbourg I University, geography
C O N S U LT A T I V E C O M M I T T E E O N P R O F E S S I O N A L
C O N D U C T A N D E T H I C S (CCDE)
Chairman
Dominique Lecourt
Key personalities from developing or emerging countries
Appointed members
Robert Barbault
Francine Casse
Alain Dessein
Bernard Dupré
Jean-Jacques Gabas
Marc Gaborieau
Bernard Hubert
Louis Legendre
Hervé Le Treut
Achille Massougbodji
Marie-Claude Maurel
Jean-Bernard Minster
Jean-Luc Piermay
Alain Prinzhofer
Rafael Loyola Diaz
Professor, Paris VI University, ecology
Professor, Montpellier II University, plant biology and genetics
Research director, INSERM, genetics and immunology
Research director, CNRS, geochemistry
Senior lecturer, Paris XI University, economics
Research director, CNRS, and director of studies, EHESS, anthropology
Research director, INRA, agronomy and environment
Director, Villefranche-sur-Mer Oceanography Laboratory, biological oceanography
Research director, Dynamic Meteorology Laboratory, atmosphere physics
Professor, Cotonou University (Benin), parasitology
Professor, EHESS, geography
Professor, California University, geophysics
Professor, Strasbourg I University, geography
Docteur d'État, French Petroleum Institute, geochemistry
Elected members
College I : IRD research directors
Bernard Dreyfus
microbiology and symbioses
Christian Lévêque
hydrobiology and environment
Alain Mounier
economics
College II : IRD researchers
Michel Brossard
soil science
Jean-François Etard
epidemiology
Olivier Grunberger
soil science
College III : IRD engineers, technicians and administrative staff
Anne Glanard
Studies engineer, documentation
Michel Lardy
Research engineer, geophysics
Chairs of sectoral scientific commissions (CSS)
and research and applications management commissions (CGRA)
Michel Diament
CSS1 Physical and chemical sciences
of the global environment
Jean-Paul Geiger
CSS2 Biological and medical sciences
Gérard Fabres
CSS3 Sciences of ecological systems
Emmanuel Grégoire
CSS4 Humanities and social sciences
Isabelle Ndjole
Assouho Tokpanou
geography
geophysics
soil science
Jean-François Guégan health sciences
Bernard Pelletier
geology
Josiane Seghieri
ecology
Francis Sondag
Research engineer,
geology
Rémi Pochat
CGRA1 Evaluation and
analytical sciences
Jean-Claude
Bessemoulin
CGRA2 Administration
and management
Director General, Centro de Investigaciones y
Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social (CIESAS),
Mexico
President, Forum for African Women
Educationalists Cameroon (FAWECAM), Cameroon
Key personalities in French science
Marcel Jollivet
Marcel Jolivet, emeritus research director, CNRS
Jacques Weber
Director, Institut français de la biodiversité, Paris
IRD staff members
Francis Kahn
Marie-Lise Sabrié
François Simondon
Pierre Peltre
Bernard Pontoise
Christian Valentin
Professor of philosophy, Paris VII University
at 1 July 2003
IRD representative in Ecuador
Head of Scientific Culture, Information and
Communication department, Paris
Director, Epidemiology and Prevention Unit
(UR024), Montpellier
<
>
■
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE IRD
at 1 July 2003
IRD CENTRAL SERVICES
at 1 July 2003
■
■
56
57
appendices
IRD CENTRES AROUND THE WORLD
MAINLAND FRANCE
HEADQUARTERS
213, rue La Fayette
F-75480 Paris Cedex 10 - France
Tel.: +33 (0)1 48 03 77 77
Fax: +33 (0)1 48 03 08 29
www.ird.fr
CENTRE D’ÎLE-DE-FRANCE
Alain Morlière
32, avenue Henri Varagnat
F-93143 Bondy Cedex - France
Tel.: +33 (0)1 48 02 55 00
Fax: +33 (0)1 48 47 30 88
Direction-Centre@bondy.ird.fr
www.bondy.ird.fr
NEW CALEDONIA
IRD representative for the South
Pacific
Christian Colin
BP A5 - F-98848 Nouméa Cedex
Tel.: (687) 26 10 00
Fax: (687) 26 43 26
Dir.Noumea@noumea.ird.nc
www.ird.nc
F R E N C H P O LY N E S I A
Jacques Iltis
BP 529 - Papeete - F-98713 Tahiti
Tel.: (689) 50 62 00
Fax: (689) 42 95 55
dirpapet@ird.pf
C E N T R E D E B R E TA G N E
Claude Roy
BP 70 - F-29280 Plouzané Cedex
France
Tel.: +33 (0)2 98 22 45 01
Fax: +33 (0)2 98 22 45 14
irdbrest@ird.fr
www.brest.ird.fr
REUNION ISLAND
Jean Michel Stretta
BP 172
F-97492 Sainte-Clotilde Cedex
Tel.: +33 (0)2 62 29 56 29
Fax: +33 (0)2 62 28 48 79
stretta@la-reunion.ird.fr
CENTRE DE MONTPELLIER
Jean Claude Prot
911, avenue Agropolis - BP 64501
F-34394 Montpellier Cedex 5 - France
Tel.: +33 (0)4 67 41 61 00
Fax: +33 (0)4 67 41 63 30
Directeur.Centre@mpl.ird.fr
www.mpl.ird.fr
AFRICA
SOUTH AFRICA
Benoît Antheaume
IRD c/o IFAS
P.O. Box 542
66, Wolhuter Street
(Market Theatre Precinct)
Newtown 2113 Johannesburg
Tel.: (27 11) 836 05 61 /62 /63 /64
Fax: (27 11) 836 58 50
irdafsud@iafrica.com
CENTRE D’ORLÉANS
Yveline Poncet
Technoparc, 5 rue du Carbone
F-45072 Orléans Cedex 2 - France
Tel.: +33 (0)2 38 49 95 00
Fax: +33 (0)2 38 49 95 10
Direction@orleans.ird.fr
www.orleans.ird.fr
FRENCH OVERSEAS
DEPENDENCIES (DOM-TOM)
FRENCH GUIANA
Georges Henri Sala
BP 165 - F-97323 Cayenne Cedex
Tel.: +33 (0)5 94 29 92 92
Fax: +33 (0)5 94 31 98 55
dircay@cayenne.ird.fr
www.cayenne.ird.fr
MARTINIQUE - CARIBBEAN
Daniel Barreteau
Zone Acajou-Californie,
Immeuble S.E. Minou
F-97232 Le Lamentin
Tel.: +33 (0)5 96 39 77 39
Fax: +33 (0)5 96 50 32 61
representant@ird-mq.fr
www.ird-mq.fr
BENIN
Jean-Pierre Guengant
Recette principale
01 BP 4414 - Cotonou
Tel.: (227) 75 38 27
Fax: (227) 75 20 54 /28 04
guengant@ird.ne
BURKINA FASO
Alain Casenave
01 BP 182 - Ouagadougou 01
Tel.: (226) 30 67 37
Fax: (226) 31 03 85
direction@ird.bf
www.ird.bf
CAMEROON
François Rivière
BP 1857 - Yaoundé
Tel.: (237) 220 15 08
Fax: (237) 220 18 54
riviere@ird.uninet.cm
at 1 July 2003
CONGO
Laurent Veysseyre
Centre DGRST/IRD
BP 1286, Pointe-Noire
Tel.: (242) 94 02 38
/36 38 /37 43 /15 99
Fax: (242) 94 39 81
ird-pnr.dir@cg.celtelplus.com
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
Georges Hérault
Ambassade de France à Abidjan
128 bis, rue de l’Université
75 351 Paris 07 SP
Tel.: (225) 21 24 37 79
or (225) 21 35 96 03
Fax: (225) 21 75 47 26
rep@ird.ci
www.ird.ci
EGYPT
Jean-Yves Moisseron
P.O. Box 26 - 12 211 Giza Le Caire
République Arabe d’Égypte
Tel.: (202) 362 05 30
Fax: (202) 362 24 49
irdegypt@idsc.gov.eg
GUINEA
Luc Ferry
BP 1984 - Conakry
Tel.: (224) 40 44 22
Fax: (224) 40 92 42
ferryluc@yahoo.fr
K E N YA
Alain Albrecht
IRD c/o WAX
P.O. Box 30677 - Nairobi
Tel.: (254) 2 52 47 58
Fax: (254) 2 52 40 01
ird@icraf.exch.cgiar.org
MOROCCO
(correspondant)
Abdelghani Chehbouni
Villa Wildad
91 rue Tensif
Semlalia, Marrakech
Tel.: (212) 44 42 03 46
Fax: (212) 44 44 74 35
irdmar@iam.net.ma
MALI
Joseph Brunet-Jailly
BP 2528 - Bamako
Tel.: (223) 221 05 01
Fax: (223) 221 64 44
Joseph.Brunet-Jailly@ird-ml.org
NIGER
Jean-Pierre Guengant
BP 11416 - Niamey
Tel.: (227) 75 38 27
Fax: (227) 75 20 54 /28 04
guengant@ird.ne
SENEGAL, GAMBIA,
M A U R I TA N I A , C A P E V E R D E
AND GUINEA-BISSAU
Jean-René Durand
BP 1386 - Dakar, Sénégal
Tel.: (221) 849 35 35
Fax: (221) 832 43 07
irdrep@ird.sn
www.ird.sn
TUNISIA
Antoine Cornet
BP 434 - 1004 El Menzah - Tunis
Tel.: (216 71) 75 00 09 /01 83
Fax: (216 71) 75 02 54
ird.rep@ird.intl.tn
L AT I N A M E R I C A
BOLIVIA
Jean-Pierre Carmouze
CP 9214 - 00095 La Paz
Tel.: (591) 2 278 29 69 /49 25
Fax: (591) 2 278 29 44
jpcarmouze@mail.megalink.com
www.ird.org.bo
BRAZIL
Pierre Sabaté
CP 7091 - Lago Sul
71619-970 - Brasilia (DF)
Tel.: (55 61) 248 53 23
Fax: (55 61) 248 53 78
ird@apis.com.br
www.ird.org.br
CHILE
Pierrick Roperch
Casilla 53 390
Correo Central - Santiago 1
Tel.: (56 2) 236 34 64
Fax: (56 2) 236 34 63
ird-chili@ird.tie.cl
www.chile.ird.fr
ECUADOR
Francis Kahn
AP 17 12 857 - Quito
Tel.: (5932) 2 504 856
or 2 234 436
or 2 503 944
Fax: (5932) 2 504 020
irdquito@ecnet.ec
www.irdequateur.org.ec
MEXICO
Michel Portais
AP 57297 - 06501 Mexico DF
Tel.: (52) 52 80 76 88 /06 36
Fax: (52) 52 82 08 00
ird@ irdmex.org
www.ird.org.mx
PERU
René Marocco
Casilla 18 - 1209 Lima 18
Tel.: (51 1) 422 47 19
Fax: (51 1) 222 21 74
ird@amauta.rcp.net.pe
ASIA
INDONESIA
Patrice Levang
Wisma Anugraha
Jalan Taman Kemang 32 B
Jakarta 12730
Tel.: (62 21) 71 79 21 14
Fax: (62 21) 71 79 21 79
ird-indo@rad.net.id
www.id.ird.fr
LAOS
Daniel Benoît
BP 5992 - Ventiane
République du Laos
Tel./Fax: (856 21) 41 29 93
regierepird@laopdr.com
THAILAND
Christian Bellec
IRD Representation
Quality House Convent Bdg
38 Convent Rd.
Silom, Bangrak
Bangkok 10500
Tel.: 66 (0)2 632 11 00
Fax: 66 (0)2 632 11 01
ird_th@kcs.th.com
www.th.ird.fr
VIETNAM
Jacques Berger
Ambassade de France
Service culturel
57 Than Hung Dao - Hanoï
Tel.: (84 4) 972 06 29
Fax: (84 4) 972 06 30
repird@fpt.vn
www.ambafrance-vn.org/ird
INDIAN OCEAN
MADAGASCAR
François Jarrige
BP 434 - 101 Antananarivo
Tel: (261 20) 22 330 98
Fax: (261 20) 22 369 82
irdmada@represent.ird.mg
www.ird.mg
<
>
RESEARCH UNITS AND SERVICE UNITS
■
E A RT H A N D
ENVIRONMENT
Juste Gilbert
US127
Geophysical and environmental
monitoring
Gilbert.Juste@bondy.ird.fr
T H E E A RT H ’ S C R U S T:
EVOLUTION AND
N AT U R A L H A Z A R D S
Le Cornec Florence
US094
Geoscience of intertropical
environments
Lecornec@bondy.ird.fr
■
■
Beaudou Alain
US018
Updating and utilization of soil
data in tropical and Mediterranean
environments
beaudou@bondy.ird.fr
http://valpedo.mpl.ird.fr/
Charvis Philippe
UR082 UMR
Géosciences Azur
direction@geoazur.unice.fr
http://geoazur.unice.fr/index.html
Colin Fabrice
UR037
Supergenic biogeodynamics
and tropical geomorphology
fabrice.colin@noumea.ird.nc
www.cerege.fr/
Dupré Bernard
UR154 UMR*
Geological transfer mechanisms laboratory
dupre@lmtg.ups-tlse.fr
www.obs-mip.fr/umr5563/
58
59
Robain Henri
UR027
Interactions between aquifers
and organisation of weathered
overburden
Henri.Robain@bondy.ird.fr
www.bondy.ird.fr/ur027_geovast/
Robin Claude
UR031
Volcanic processes and hazards
C.Robin@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr
www.brest.ird.fr/geodyn/
programme.html
C O N T I N E N TA L , C O A S TA L
AND MARINE
ENVIRONMENTS
Charpy Loïc
UR099
Marine cyanobacteria
lcharpy@com.univ-mrs.fr
www.com.univ-mrs.fr/IRD/urcyano/
Fritsch Emmanuel
UR058
Weathering and soil formation
processes and transfer accounting in
the tropical geosphere
emmanuel.fritsch@lmcp.jussieu.fr
Duprey Jean-Louis
US122
Analytical resources
duprey@cayenne.ird.fr
www.ird.nc/dme/dme_s122.htm
Jault Dominique
UR157 UMR*
Internal geophysics and tectonic
physics laboratory
direction-lgit@obs.ujf-grenoble.fr
www-lgit.obs.ujf-grenoble.fr/
Fichez Renaud
UR103
Characterisation and modelling of
exchanges in lagoon ecosystems
fichez@noumea.ird.nc
www.ird.nc/CAMELIA/
at 1 July 2003
Huynh Frédéric
US140
Assessments and spatialisation of
environmental knowledge
huynh@ird.fr
www.espace.ird.fr/
Ribstein Pierre
UR032
Glaciers and water resources
in the tropical Andes
ribstein@msem.univ-montp2.fr
www.mpl.ird.fr/hydrologie/greatice/
Menaut Jean-Claude UR113 UMR*
Centre for spatial study
of the biosphere
jean-claude.menaut@cesbio.cnes.fr
www.cesbio.ups-tlse.fr
Soler Pierre
UR086 UMR
Climatology and dynamic
oceanography laboratory
Pierre.Soler@lodyc.jussieu.fr
www.lodyc.jussieu.fr/
Perrier Edith
UR079
Geometry of organised spaces,
environmental dynamics and
simulations
Perrier@bondy.ird.fr
www.bondy.ird.fr/geodes/
WAT E R R E S O U R C E S A N D
S U S TA I N A B L E WAT E R
MANAGEMENT
C L I M AT E : VA R I A B I L I T Y
A N D I M PA C T
Dessier Alain
US025
Marine research resources and
ocean monitoring
Alain.Dessier@ird.fr
www.brest.ird.fr/us025/
Monfray Patrick
UR065 UMR
Research laboratory for
space-based oceanography
and geophysics
monfray-dir@legos.obs-mip.fr
www.obs-mip.fr/legos/
Ortlieb Luc
UR055
Tropical paleoenvironments
and climate change
Luc.Ortlieb@bondy.ird.fr
Creutin Jean-Dominique
Laboratory for
UR012 UMR
the study of transfers in hydrology
and environment
lthe@hmg.inpg.fr
www.lthe.hmg.inpg.fr/
Le Goulven Patrick
US048
Dynamics, impact and
utilisation of water engineering
structures
Patrick.LeGoulven@mpl.ird.fr
www.mpl.ird.fr/hydrologie/divha/
Servat Eric
UR050 UMR
Hydroscience
Eric.Servat@msem.univ-montp2.fr
www.msem.univ-montp2.fr/
umrhydro.php3
Thebe Bernard
US019
Hydrological observatories
and engineering
Bernard.Thebe@mpl.ird.fr
www.usobhi.net/
Voltz Marc
UR144 UMR*
Laboratory for the study of
soil/agrosystem/hydrosystem
interactions
voltz@ensam.inra.fr
http://sol.ensam.inra.fr/lisah/
Internet.asp
LIVING
RESOURCES
A G R I C U LT U R A L
AND MICROBIAL
BIODIVERSITY
M i c ro b i o l o g y
and associated
biotechnologies
Auria Richard
Biodepollution
rauria@esil.univ-mrs.fr
UR120
Dreyfus Bernard
UR040 UMR
Tropical and Mediterranean
symbioses
Dreyfus@mpl.ird.fr
Labat Marc
Post-harvest microbial
biotechnology
labat@esil.univ-mrs.fr
UR119
Ollivier Bernard
Microbiology of extreme
environments
Ollivier@esil.univ-mrs.fr
UR101
appendices
RESEARCH UNITS AND SERVICE UNITS
Dynamics, conservation
and utilisation of
biodiversity
Barthélémy Daniel
UR123 UMR
Botany and bioinformatics
of plant architecture
barthelemy@cirad.fr
http://amap.cirad.fr/
Delseny Michel
UR121 UMR
Rice genomics
delseny@univ-perp.fr
Dosba Françoise
UR142 UMR
Developmental biology
of perennial crops
dosba@ensam.inra.fr
www.montpellier.inra.fr/umr-bepc/
Hamon Serge
UR141 UMR
Diversity and genomes
of crop species
Serge.Hamon@mpl.ird.fr
www.dgpc.org
Leblanc Olivier
UR090
Biology and molecular bases
of apomixis
O.Leblanc@cgiar.org
Biocenotics
Chazeau Jean
US001
Terrestrial biodiversity and
environment in the tropical Pacific
Chazeau@noumea.ird.nc
Lery Xavier
UR132
Potato moth: pathogen diversity
and management
xavier_lery@hotmail.com
Morand Serge
UR022 UMR
Population biology and
management
morand@ensam.inra.fr
www.montpellier.inra.fr/CBGP/
Moretti Christian
US084
Knowledge and utilisation
of plant biodiversity
christian.moretti@orleans.ird.fr
www.orleans.ird.fr/biodival
Silvain Jean-François
UR072
Biodiversity and evolution
of plant/insect-pest antagonist
complexes
silvain@pge.cnrs-gif.fr
A Q U AT I C E C O L O G Y A N D
F I S H E RY ( F R E S H WAT E R
AND MARINE)
at 1 July 2003
Fréon Pierre
UR097
Spatial dynamics and interactions
of renewable resources in upwelling
ecosystems
Pfreon@mcm.wcape.gov.za
http://sea.uct.ac.za/marine/idyle/
Gerlotto François
UR061
Eco-ethology of marine pelagic fish
fgerlotto@ifop.cl
Lae Raymond
UR070
Adaptive responses of fish to
environmental pressure
Raymond.Lae@ird.sn
www.ird.sn/activites/rap/index.htm
Marsac Francis
UR109
Tropical tuna: environment,
exploitation and interactions
in ecosystems
Marsac@ird.fr
www.brest.ird.fr/ur109/index.htm
Biosystematics
Legendre Marc
UR081
Genome/population/environment
interactions in tropical fish
marc.legendre@mpl.ird.fr
Le Guyader Hervé UR148 UMR*
Systematics, adaption, evolution
herve.le-guyader@snv.jussieu.fr
Population ecology
Ferraris Jocelyne
UR128
Ecosystem approach to Pacific island
reef communities
ferraris@noumea.ird.nc
* conditional on signature of establishment contract or constituting agreement
E n v i ro n m e n t a n d
populations
Utilisation
Chavance Pierre
US007
Fishery information systems
Pierre.Chavance@ird.sn
www.ird.sn/activites/sih/index.htm
Lhomme Jean-Paul
UR060
Climate and agro-system
functioning
Lhomme@cefe.cnrs-mop.fr
Josse Erwan
US004
Fishery acoustics
Erwan.Josse@ird.fr
www.brest.ird.fr/us004/index.htm
Poss Roland
UR067
Cultivated soils with severe
physico-chemical limitations
in hot regions
Roland.Poss@msem.univ-montp2.fr
www.ird.sn/activites/ariane/
Morize Eric
US028
Schlerochronology of aquatic
animals
Eric.Morize@ird.fr
Valentin Christian
UR049
Erosion and land use changes
Valentinird@laopdr.com
www.ur049.ird.fr/
TERRESTRIAL
ECOSYSTEMS AND
RESOURCES
A b i o t i c e n v i ro n m e n t a l
interactions and soil
fauna diversity
( a g ro d i v e r s i t y )
Arfi Robert
UR098
Algal blooms: determining factors
and consequences
arfi@ird.sn
www.mpl.ird.fr/flag
Chotte Jean-Luc
UR083
Biological interactions in tropical
soils used by man
Jean-Luc.Chotte@ird.sn
Guiral Daniel
UR053
Coastal water ecosystems under
the influence of the Amazon
Guiral@cayenne.ird.fr
Feller Christian
UR041
Carbon sequestration in tropical
soils
Feller@mpl.ird.fr
Paugy Didier
UR131
Environmental variability
and biological strategies of aquatic
communities
paugy@mnhn.fr
Lavelle Patrick
UR137 UMR*
Soil functioning and biodiversity
Patrick.Lavelle@bondy.ird.fr
www.bondy.ird.fr/lest/iboy
Economics of uses
o f t h e e n v i ro n m e n t
Fournier Anne
UR136
Protected areas, ecosystems,
management and peripheral
functions
Anne.Fournier@orleans.ird.fr
www.orleans.ird.fr/Aires_protegees/
index.htm
Requier Desjardins Denis
Economics and
UR063 UMR*
governance of the environment and
natural resources
denis.requier-desjardins@c3ed.uvsq.fr
www.c3ed.uvsq.fr/ eger/
<
>
RESEARCH UNITS AND SERVICE UNITS
■
■
■
Management of farming
a re a s
Hervé Dominique
UR100
Agrarian transitions and ecological
dynamics
herve@mpl.ird.fr
www.ird.mg/UR100.htm
Pontanier Roger
US017
Fallowing in tropical Africa
ponpon@ird.sn
www.ird.sn/activites/jachere/index.htm
URBAN DYNAMICS
UR029
Delaunay Daniel
UR013
Mobility and urban recomposition
daniel.delaunay@bondy.ird.fr
Dubresson Alain
UR023
Local urban development - dynamics
and regulation
Tél. : 01 40 97 75 54
alain.dubresson@u-paris10.fr
HUMANS IN THEIR
ENVIRONMENT
Chauveau Jean-Pierre
UR095
Regulation of land tenure
J-Pierre.Chauveau@mpl.ird.fr
60
Guffroy Jean
UR092
Human adaption to tropical
environments in the Holocene
Jean.Guffroy@orleans.ird.fr
www.adentrho.org
Michon Geneviève
UR112
Between forest and farm:
from deforestation to agro-forest
dynamics
Michon@engref.fr
Paris François
UR088
Long-term society/environment
dynamics in North Africa
Francois.Paris@ird.intl.tn
SOCIETIES
A N D H E A LT H
Couret Dominique
Urban environment
Couretdo@bondy.ird.fr
Cormier-Salem Marie-Christine
Heritage and territory
UR026
Cormier@mnhn.fr
Ruf Thierry
UR044
Social dynamics of irrigation
thierry.ruf@mpl.ird.fr
www.mpl.ird.fr/LEA/nouvellesUR/
DSI.html
Vimard Patrice
UR151 UMR*
Population, environment and
development laboratory
vimard@up.univ-mrs.fr
at 1 July 2003
Landaburu Jon
UR135 UMR
Centre for the study
of indigenous languages
of America
jlandabu@vjf.cnrs.fr
Gruénais Marc-Eric
UR002
Socio-anthropology of health
Gruenais@ehess.cnrs-mrs.fr
http://durandal.cnrs-mrs.fr/
shadyc/accueil.html
Lallemant Marc
UR054
Clinical epidemiology,
mother-infant health and HIV in
developing countries
lecoeur@loxinfo.co.th
Lena Philippe
UR078
Globalisation and local
development in the Amazon
Philippelena@aol.com
Salem Gérard
UR093
Populations and health hazard areas
Gsalem@ext.jussieu.fr
Nepveu Françoise
UR152 UMR*
Pharmaceutical chemistry of natural
substances and redox pharmacophores
nepveu@cict.fr
Roubaud François
Growth, inequality and
the role of the State
roubaud@dial.prd.fr
www.dial.prd.fr/
UR047
Schlemmer Bernard
UR105
Knowledge and development
Schlemmer@bondy.ird.fr
Selim Monique
UR003
Globalisation and labour
monique.selim@bondy.ird.fr
Théry Hervé
UR021 UMR*
Territory and globalisation in
countries of the South
Herve.Thery@ens.fr
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN
S O C I E T I E S A N D H E A LT H
DEVELOPMENT POLICY
A N D G L O B A L I S AT I O N
Baré Jean-François
UR102
Public intervention, spaces, societies
bare@regards.cnrs.fr
Jolivet Marie-José
UR107
Globalisation and the construction
of identity
jolivet@bondy.ird.fr
Chippaux Jean-Philippe
US009
Integrated research on population
health
Jean-Philippe.Chippaux@ird.sn
Delpeuch Francis
Nutrition, food, societies
Delpeuch@mpl.ird.fr
UR106
Simondon François
UR024
Epidemiology and prevention
françois.simondon@mpl.ird.fr
www.mpl.ird.fr/epiprev/
Ouaïssi Ali
UR008
Pathogenics of trypanosomatids
Ali.Ouaissi@montp.inserm.fr
Cot Michel
Mother and infant health
mscot@club.internet.fr
UR010
Tibayrenc Michel
UR062 UMR
Molecular genetics of parasites and
vectors
Michel.Tibayrenc@mpl.ird.fr
http://cepm.mpl.ird.fr/cepm/index.htm
Cuny Gérard
African trypanosomiais
Gerard.Cuny@mpl.ird.fr
UR035
Trape Jean-François
Malaria in tropical Africa
trape@ird.sn
MAJOR ENDEMIC
DISEASES
UR077
Delaporte Eric
UR036
Medical management of AIDS
in Africa
Eric.Delaporte@mpl.ird.fr
Gonzalez Jean-Paul
Emerging viral diseases
and information systems
frjpg@mahidol.ac.th
www.ur034.ird.fr/
UR034
Hougard Jean-Marc
UR016
Characterisation and control
of vector populations
Hougard@mpl.ird.fr
www.mpl.ird.fr/vecteur/
* conditional on signature of establishment contract or constituting agreement
Document published by the information and communication department
© IRD July 2003 - Co-ordination: Marie-Noëlle FAVIER - Assistant: Élisabeth DUVAL
Editorial co-ordination and monitoring: Gwenole CHASLE - Picture editors: Claire LISSALDE and Danièle CAVANNA, Base Indigo
Translation: Harriet COLEMAN - Graphic design: Agence 154 - Printer: IEH, Montreuil-sur-mer
The following people contributed articles:
Roger BAMBUCK, Daniel BARTHÉLÉMY, Marianne BERTHOD-WÜRMSER, Alain BETTERICH, Jacques BOULÈGUE, Patrice CAYRÉ, Loïc CHARPY,
Jean-Michel CHASSÉRIAUX, Philippe COCHENER, Ariel CROZON, Gérard CUNY, François GAUTRON, François GERLOTTO, Jean GUFFROY, Marie-Luce HAZEBROUCQ,
Marie-Thérèse JARRY, Jean-Olivier JOB, Cheikh KANE, Marc LALLEMANT, Thierry LEBEL, Jean-Marc LEBLANC, Odile LESCURE, Maurice LOURD, Christian MARION,
Philippe MÉRAL, Jean-François MOLINO,Sophie OHNHEISER, Harry PALMIER, Gilles PONCET, Laurence PORGÈS, Alain POULET, Bernard POUYAUD,
Marie-Christine REBOURCET, Pierre RIBSTEIN, Daniel SABATIER, Jean-Christophe SIMON, Alain SOURNIA, Anne STRAUSS, Hervé de TRICORNOT, Christian VALENTIN
The IRD would like to thank the following people for their testimonies:
Abel AFOUDA, Catherine AUBERTIN, Monica BOLAÑOS, Bernard DREYFUS, Jean-Paul FEREIRA, Sylvie GOURLET-FLEURY, Renato GUEVARA, Khadija LAMRANI, Wajdi NAJEM,
Flobert NJIOKOU, Anolath PHANTAHVONG, Patrick RAIMBAULT, Jeannot RAMIARAMANANA, Alessandra RIBODETTI, Vallop THAÏNEUA, Marco ZAPATA
Photographs:
Front cover, left to right and top to bottom: © IRD/B. Moizo, © IRD/J. Orempuller, © IRD/Ch. Lévêque, © IRD/A. Rival, © IRD/A. Rival
Back cover: © IRD/J. Orempuller
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