Chapter 3
People and resources
■ Budget
■ Staff
■ Corporate plan for information systems
■ Applying the quality approach to research
46
47
Chapter 3
With a budget of €177 million and a staff of 1,634, the IRD’s resources remained roughly
stable in 2001. However, expatriation, particularly of researchers, increased slightly, and
a conscious effort was made to reduce the number of temporary contracts in favour of
permanent posts, in anticipation of the government’s plan to this effect.
People and resources
To maintain the momentum of research and integrate it
into the four-year contract with the State (2001-2004),
the IRD established a modernisation and administrative
simplification plan, which lays special emphasis on
upgrading the Institute’s information systems.
In terms of investment, the IRD continued its modernisation programme, with improvements to the laboratories
in Montpellier and Dakar, the opening of a fisheries
research centre in Sète and a contribution to the acquisition of medium-sized equipment pooled with other
bodies, notably Tandetron and Génoplante.
Budget
Budget revenues
(Figure 1)
The IRD’s initial budget for 2001 was set at €177 million
(FF1,161 million), compared with €175 million for 2000
– an increase of 1.14%.
Revenues come from State subsidies and own resources.
Staff subsidy (Title III)
The staff subsidy covers the staff budget – salaries,
allowances and Social Security contributions – in-service
training and special assistance, and training for partners
from the South. This subsidy was up by 0.87% on the
previous year.
Operational subsidy (Title VI)
This grant funds support for programmes, incentive
action, property investments and purchases of major
scientific equipment. Excluding the HIV/malaria programme, the operational subsidy rose by 6.2% in terms
of authorised budget and by 4.5% in terms of payment
appropriation in 2001.
Other resources
Own resources
Most of IRD’s own resources come from research
contracts. These revenues contribute 7% of IRD’s total
revenues, but almost 30% excluding staff costs.
Contracts funded by the European Union account for a
large proportion.
Resources managed under the HIV/malaria
programme
In line with the government’s priority of combating AIDS
and malaria, the research ministry mandated the IRD to
manage the corresponding credits allocated from the
French National Science Fund budget. These credits are
intended to fund IRD staff or partner researchers. The
amounts allocated to the IRD come to €7.07 million over
five years (1999-2003) and €2.46 million for 2001.
Expenditure
Staff costs amounted to €135 million in 2001, or 76%
of total credits, the same proportion as in 2000. This
amount covers staff salaries and Social Security contributions, expatriation and isolation allowances, welfare and
training (for which the allocation has been maintained at
the same level), and support for partners from the South
(Table 1).
48
Operating and investment expenditure
Operating and investment expenditure came to €29.9
million in 1998, €30.3 million in 1999, €31.1 million in
2000 and €31.9 million in 2001, and breaks down as
indicated in the table below (Table 2).
The budget breakdown reflects the IRD’s organisation
and geographical coverage, which account for much of
recurrent expenditure, particularly indirect support for
research activities.
However, the budget for 2001, like the previous year,
confirms the IRD’s commitment to allocate more
resources to basic support for the units.
The IRD continued to invest in property and in the
acquisition of medium-sized scientific equipment with
its partners (Table 4).
The breakdown of spending by geographical region illustrates the IRD’s continuing support for partnerships,
which must also strengthen the activities of its centres in
mainland France (Figure 3).
Table 1 - Staff expenditure in 2001 (in millions euros)
(million euros)
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Tenured staff salaries
Social security contributions
Contract staff, of which:
86.59
26.22
8.23
87.81
26.37
7.93
91.32
26.22
7.93
92.38
26.37
7.17
93.60
26.53
7.32
5.18
5.03
5.03
5.03
5.03
* locally recruited staff
* ship’s crews, subsidised job
creation contracts
Other temporary staff
3.05
2.90
2.90
2.13
2.29
3.05
2.90
2.90
2.29
2.13
Figure 1 – IRD resources in 2001
Title VI
grant
Other
resources
9.1%
(grantees, interns, insourcing,
youth volunteers, foreign trainees)
In-service training, welfare,
partnership support
et soutien au partenariat
Taxes and obligatory provisions
14.5%
Title III grant
76.4%
2.74
2.90
2.90
2.90
1.83
1.22
}
4.27
}
1.37
4.42
1.37
Table 2 - Operating and investment expenditure (in millions euros)
(million euros)
Building work, major equipment
1998
1999
2000
2001
2.29
1.37
1.68
1.98
Figure 2 – Origins of research contract resources in 2001
Other public
and private partners
incentive action
Indirect and logistical resources of which:
19.38
17.07
16.46
16.77
* operating budgets of centres
6.71
6.10
5.79
5.79
* head office and administration
2.59
2.44
2.44
2.44
* general expenses (rents, insurance travel for
assignments, management informatics
5.79
5.95
5.64
5.49
* results promotion, transfers,
communications, STI
2.29
2.59
2.59
3.05
Basic support for research units
10.21
11.89
12.96
13.11
Total
29.88
30.33
31.10
31.86
International
institutions
Total
7%
Ministry for development cooperation
and French-speaking countries
5%
European
Union 16%
22%
41%
Table 3 - Real estate operations financed by IRD budget for 2001 (in euros)
Fitting out Montpellier laboratory working
on trypanosomiasis and genetic epidemiology
Extension of Dakar microbiology laboratory,
necessary upgrading of the Centre’s scientific premises
Necessary addition to rehabilitation of the Cayenne chemistry laboratory
9%
171,500
Ministry
of research
and technology
Other French ministries
and public bodies
Figure 3 – Operating and investment expenses by geographical zone in 2001
114,400
45,700
3% Asia-Pacific
Latin America
331,600
11%
3% Other countries
Table 4 - Medium-heavy capital equipment acquisitions in 2001 (in euros)
Participation in the purchase of Tandetron accelerator
(to meet national requirements for Carbon 14 measurements)
Acquisition of a hydrological radar
Participation in the purchase of an ICPMS (Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass
Spectrometer) for analysing a wide range of chemicals
Purchase of a sequencing gel analysis system for mapping genetic diversity
Acquisition of a 9600 bio-robot under the Génoplante programme
228,700
114,300
91,500
Total
769,900
Africa and 23%
Indian Ocean
106,700
228,700
French overseas dependencies
(DOM-TOM) 13%
49
Mainland France
47%
Chapter 3
People and resources
Staff
Breakdown by activity
Budgeted staff
The breakdown of staff numbers between the commissions set up in 1999 is shown in Figure 1 below.
The IRD had a total of 1,634 budgeted staff in 2001.
Changes in the pyramid result from the reclassification
of some administrative posts as technicians’ posts (see
Table 1).
In 2001, 28 researchers and 22 non-scientific staff retired
and 3 non-scientific staff opted for early retirement, i.e.
a total of 53 staff members.
Mobility
A new “mobility” process was initiated to support the
IRD’s new structures and to promote career development
in line with our need for skills.
Before the external competitive recruitments were held,
these mobility drives resulted in the transfer of 28 staff
members (engineers and technicians) to 35 IRD bodies
(23 posts, 5 of which are shared), out of a total of
66 vacant positions.
Competitive recruitments
After a year’s delay, the recruitments for researchers and
non-scientific staff for 2000 were held in 2001. A total
of 70 permanent posts were filled: 46 research posts and
24 non-scientific posts.
Breakdown by age and sex
The pyramid of the IRD’s permanent staff is still asymmetrical in terms of both age and gender (see Figure 2).
However, the proportion of women has increased,
particularly in the 30-35 year bracket.
The average age for all tenured staff is 46.04 years. The
average age for researchers is 47.84 years, compared
with 48.4 in 2000. The average age for senior nonresearch staff is 44.4, for technicians 43.6 and for administrative staff 45.5. The average age of non-scientific
staff remained stable at 44.2.
Geographical distribution of staff
Most staff in mainland France work in the Montpellier,
Bondy and Orléans centres or at the head office in Paris:
others work outside the IRD in the many recently created
joint research units.
The decrease in the number of postings in mainland
France can be attributed to the creation of the research
and service units. There were slightly fewer postings to
Africa. The increase in the number of postings to the
French overseas dependencies stems from the granting
of tenured status to contract staff from the Pacific
50
dependencies. Postings to Asia and the Pacific increased,
ahead of postings to Latin America (Table 3 and Figure 3).
The rate of expatriation for researchers rose from 36.9%
to 39.9% (Table 4). The total rate of expatriation across
all staff rose from 32.3% in 2000 to 34.5% in 2001.
Researchers make up 58.6% of expatriate staff.
Figure 1 – Breakdown of total staff numbers by commission, 2001
None
S4: social
and human 13.5%
sciences
17.2% A1: engineering
2.8%
Table 1 – Budgeted staff
and consultancy
S3: sciences
of ecological
systems
Research staff
Senior non-scientific
staff
Technicians
Administrative staff
A2: administration
and management
15.4%
22.9%
Total
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
829
823
823
830
832
831
331
260
195
331
260
195
338
260
188
347
310
140
355
350
98
371
421
11
1,615
1,609
1,609
1,627
1,635
1,634
Total
S2: biology
and medicine
14.3%
Table 2 – Tenured staff in 2001, by category and gender
S1: physics and chemistry
of the Earth’s environment
13.9%
Category
Figure 2 – Age pyramid in 2001
Research staff
Senior non-scientific staff
Technicians
Administrative staff
63
60
57
54
Total
51
Men
%
Women
%
648
194
157
12
84%
58%
46.7%
14.6%
124
140
179
70
16%
42%
53.3%
85.4%
772
334
336
82
1,011
66.3%
513
33.7%
1,524
48
45
42
39
Table 3 – Tenured and non-tenured staff by geographical zone, 2001
36
Nontenured
Total
%
998
196
189
97
32
12
50
61
374
49
19
0
1,048
257
563
146
51
12
51%
12%
27%
7%
2%
1%
1,524
553
2,077
100%
33
30
Men
27
Zone
Women
Mainland France
French Overseas Dependencies (DOM-TOM)
Africa (and Middle East)
Latin America
Asia/Pacific
Northern countries
24
21
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
Figure 3 – Breakdown of staff by budget item, 2001
Asia/Pacific
Latin America
1%
2%
Tenured
Total
Northern countries
7%
Table 4 – Percentage of tenured staff posted outside mainland France
Mainland
France
Africa
(and Middle East)
27%
French overseas
dependencies
(DOM-TOM)
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Research staff
49.5
49.4
45.6
45.5
41.1
36.9
39.9
All staff
39.4
42.1
40.2
39.0
36.0
32.3
34.5
51%
12%
51
Chapter 3
People and resources
Fewer temporary contracts
Over the past three years, the IRD has made a significant
effort to upgrade contract staff to tenured status.
Seven of the 24 non-scientific posts open to external
recruitment were filled by staff on temporary contracts;
30 locally engaged staff from Nouméa and Papeete were
integrated into the budgeted staff, thus reducing the
total number of contract staff.
In-service training
In-service training is aimed at upgrading and adapting
the skills of all IRD staff. The budget allocated in 2001
amounted to €1.2 million (FF8.3 million). In 2001, 61%
of the 1,114 training applications from staff were
approved as priority needs.
The applications were for training in IT skills (38%),
languages (27%), scientific instruments (13%), specific
functions (10%), information and communications (7%),
management and administration (4%) and personalised
training (2%).
In addition, 34 group training courses were organised –
on topics such as specialised data processing, communicating with the media, NICT and genomics. The training
course in Dakar, which is an opportunity for nonscientific staff to familiarise themselves with fieldwork,
is highly rated.
Corporate plan for
information systems
Applying the quality
approach to research
Under the modernisation and administrative simplification plan, a strategic component of the four-year plan for
2001-2004 agreed between the IRD and the State, a
strategy for the IRD’s information systems was drafted.
This strategy consists of 18 projects covering 10 main
functions:
• Human resource management
• Budget management, finance and accounting
• Monitoring scientific activity
• Day-to-day life of IRD staff in their various geographical
locations
• Scientific publications
• Promoting scientific output
• Execution of the research function
• Execution of the expertise and consultancy function
• Support and training for scientific communities in the
South
• Strategic planning
The French research ministry has been considering how
to apply the quality concept developed in industry to the
research world. There are good scientific, economic and
financial reasons for applying a quality approach to
research, and this could be especially useful in view of
the human, social and environmental impact of research.
At the IRD, the Expertise and Consulting department set
up a discussion group on the quality approach in 2001.
As in all the French State-funded science and technology
research bodies, these discussions are due to be completed in 2002 and a Charter drawn up to clarify and
standardise quality obligations in research procedures.
For research institutes like the IRD, the quality approach
will make it possible to provide guarantees to bodies
who commission research, to the public, the scientific
community itself and its partners in industry.
52
Appendices
Appendices
Board of trustees at 15 June 2002
Chairman:
Jean-François Girard
Representatives of the parent Ministries
Ministry of research
Michel Eddi
Deputy Director, Research
Ministry of education
Pierre Mery
Higher education establishment advisor
Ministry of foreign affairs
Elisabeth Beton-Delègue Director of scientific co-operation and research
Mireille Guigaz
Director of development and technical co-operation
Ministry for the economy,
finance and industry
Philippe Court
Budget directorate
Office of the secretary of state
for overseas dependencies
Alain Puzenat
Deputy Director of economic, social and cultural affairs for overseas dependencies
External members
Bernard Bachelier
Director General, Cirad
Marion Guillou
Director General, INRA
Pascale Joannot
Chief renovator of collections, Muséum national d’histoire naturelle
Hélène Lamicq
Professor at the University of Paris-XII Val-de-Marne
Souad Lyagouby
Former minister for health, Tunisia
Gérard Megie
Chairman of the Board of trustees, CNRS
Dominique Meyer
President of the Board of Directors, Inserm
Jean-Michel Severino
Director General, Agence française du développement
Didier Brunet
SNPR-IRD-FO, soil scientist, IRD Brasilia
Alain Froment
SNCS-FSU, doctor of medicine, IRD Orléans
Pascal Grebaut
SNTRS-CGT-IRD, design engineer, IRD Montpellier
Joseph Laure
STREM-SGEN-CFDT, economist, IRD Bondy
Patrick Le Goulven
SNPR-FO, hydrologist, IRD Montpellier
Jacques Lombard
STREM-SGEN-CFDT, anthropologist, IRD Bondy
Staff representatives
53
Appendices
Scientific Council (at 15 June 2002)
Consultative committee on professional conduct and ethics at 15 june 2002
Chairman:
Alain Dessein
Deputy-President
Bernard Dreyfus
Permanent members
Chair:
Elected members:
Michel Brossard, Bernard Dupré, Michel Lardy
Members appointed
by the Directeur General: Alain Dessein, Bernard Hubert, Louis Legendre
Appointed members
Robert Barbault
Francine Casse
Alain Dessein
Bernard Dupré
Jean-Jacques Gabas
Marc Gaboriau
Bernard Hubert
Louis Legendre
Hervé Le Treut
Achille Massougbodji
Marie-Claude Maurel
Jean-Bernard Minster
Jean-Luc Piermay
Alain Prinzhoffer
Marcel Tanner
Professor, University of Paris-VI, ecology
Professor, University of Montpellier-2, biochemistry
Research Director at Inserm, immunology
Research Director at CNRS, geochemistry
Lecturer, University of Paris-XI, economics
Research Director, CNRS, and director of studies,
EHESS, ethnology
Research Director, INRA, agronomy
Director, Villefranche-sur-Mer Oceanographic Observatory,
oceanography
Research Director, Dynamic Meteorology Laboratory (CNRS),
climatology
Professor, University of Cotonou, Benin, tropical medecine
Professor, EHESS, geography
Professor, University of California, geophysics
Professor, University of Strasbourg-1, geography
Docteur d’Etat, French Petroleum Institute, geochemistry
Professor at the University of Basle, epidemiology
Dominique Lecourt
Professor, philosophy of science,
Denis Diderot University (Paris-VII)
Members appointed with the approval of the Board of Trustees
Isabelle Tokpanou
President of the Forum for African Women
Educationalists Cameroon (FAWECAM), Cameroon
Rafael Loyola Diaz
Director General of the Centro de Investigaciones
y Estudios Superiores en Antropologia Social
(CIESAS), Mexico
IRD staff members appointed on the recommendation of the Director General
From representatives
and centers directors:
Francis Kahn
Representative in Ecuador
From researchers:
François Simondon
Director of the epidemiology
and prevention unit
From technical
and support staff:
Marie-Lise Sabrié
Head of scientific and technical
culture, Information and
communication department
External scientific personalities appointed on the recommendation of the President
of the Scientific Council and with the approval of the Scientific Council
As academics or teachers in higher education:
Jean-Pierre Coulaud
Professor at the Institut de Médecine et d’Epidémiologie
africaines, Paris
As European scientific personalities:
Louis Molineaux
Professor in Geneva (Switzerland)
Elected members
College I: IRD Research Directors
Bernard Dreyfus
microbiology
Christian Levêque
ecology
Alain Mounier
economics
Pierre Peltre
geography
Bernard Pontoise
geophysics
Christian Valentin
pedology
College II: IRD Researchers
Michel Brossard
pedology
Jean-François Etard
epidemiology
Olivier Grunberger
pedology
Jean-François Guegan parasitology
Bernard Pelletier
oceanography
Josiane Seghieri
ecology
College III: IRD technical and support staff
Anne Glanard
Design engineer, documentation
Michel Lardy
Research engineer, geophysics
Francis Sondag
Research engineer, geochemistry
Chairs of sectoral scientific commissions and research
and applications management commissions
Michel Diament
CSS1
Global environment physics and chemistry
N.
CSS2
Biology and medical science
Gérard Fabres
CSS3
Ecological systems science
Emmanuel Grégoire
CSS4
Human and social sciences
Rémi Pochat
CGRA1 Engineering and expertise
Jean-Claude Bessemoulin
CGRA2 Administration and management
In May 2001 the Consultative Committee
on Professional Conduct and Ethics held
its first plenary session and defined its
spheres of intervention and working principles. One of the first tasks the
Committee set itself was to launch an
internal and external consultation in 2001
and 2002 on the Guide to Good Practice
in development research. The document
was first submitted to the IRD’s sectoral
scientific committees, department directors
and research and service unit directors.
54
The next step is to open the consultation
to the IRD’s institutional partners in France
and abroad, mainly via the Institute’s
network of representatives abroad. The
international consultation should give us
an understanding of the ethical and
deontological issues raised by NorthSouth scientific cooperation.
This first year of the Committee’s work also
saw the operational unit start work. Its
main task is to prepare Committee meetings and investigate questions put to it.
Decision centers
General structure of the IRD at 15 June 2002
Board of trustees
General management
General secretary office
Advisory Bodies
Scientific departments
Magnagement and departments
Services
Scientific council
Earth and environnement
(DME)
Personnel managements
(DP)
Legal affairs (SAJ)
Living resources
(DRV)
Financial management
(DF)
Head office administration (SAS)
Societies and health
(DSS)
International relations commission
(DRI)
Expertise and consulting
(DEV)
French overseas dependencies
(DOM)
Four sector-related scientific
commissions (CSS)
Research and applications management
commissions (CGRA 1 et 2)
Consultative committee on professional
conduct and ethics (CCDE)
Support and training for
scientific communities of the South
(DSF)
Evaluation and planning
(DEP)
Accountants
Information systems
(DSI)
Information and communication
(DIC)
Regional centers in France
Representations abroad
Research units (UR) and services units (US)
IRD central services at 15 June 2002
Chairman of the Board
of trustees
Jean-François Girard
Director General
Jean-Pierre Muller
Secretary general
Christine d’Argouges
Scientific department management
Earth
and environnement
(DME)
Living
resources
(DRV)
Societies
and health
(DSS)
Expertise
and consulting
(DEV)
Support
and training
(DSF)
Jacques Boulègue
Patrice Cayré
Anne Strauss
Marianne Berthod
Hervé de Tricornot
Personnel managements
(DP)
Financial management
(DF)
International relations
commission (DRI)
French overseas dependencies
commission (DOM)
Evaluation and planning
(DEP)
Information systems commission
(DSI)
Information and communication
commission (DIC)
François Gautron
Alain Betterich
Jean-Michel Chasseriaux
Roger Bambuck
Maurice Lourd
Gilles Poncet
Marie-Noëlle Favier
Legal affairs service (SAJ)
Mathias Guérin
Head office administration (SAS)
Jean-Claude Bousquet
Accountants
Marc Bournof
55
Appendices
The IRD is a State-owned science and Technology research agency under the joint authority
of the French research and development cooperation ministries.
The IRD in figures
The IRD has a total budget of euros
177 millions, 76 % of which covers payroll costs.
It has:
2,187
employees of whom
1,634
are tenured staff, including: 831 research staff
803 senior and intermediate non-research staff
553
40%
97
34
other grades
of its research staff posted overseas, mainly in Africa, the Dom-Toms and Latin America
research and services units
centers and representations around the world
57,300
IRD researchers’ publications listed in the Horizon bibliographic data base
20,000
photographs illustrating IRD research
56
IRD centres around the world
MAINLAND FRANCE
HEAD OFFICE
213, rue La Fayette,
75480 Paris Cedex 10
Tel.: +33 (0)1 48 03 77 77
Fax: +33 (0)1 48 03 08 29
www.ird.fr
LA RÉUNION
Jean-Michel Stretta
IRD – BP 172
97492 Sainte-Clotilde Cedex
Tel.: (02 62) 29 56 29
Fax: (02 62) 28 48 79
stretta@la-reunion.ird.fr
CAMEROON
François Rivière
BP 1857
Yaoundé
Tel.: (237) 20 15 08
Fax: (237) 20 18 54
riviere@ird.uninet.cm
CENTRE D’ILE-DE-FRANCE
Alain Morlière
32, avenue Henri-Varagnat
93143 Bondy cedex
Tel.: +33 (0)1 48 02 55 00
Fax: +33 (0)1 48 47 30 88
Direction.Centre@bondy.ird.fr
www.bondy.ird.fr
MARTINIQUE - CARIBBEAN
Daniel Barreteau
BP 8006 – 97259 Fort-de-France cedex
Tel.: +33 (0)5 96 39 77 39
Fax: +33 (0)5 96 50 32 61
representant@ird-mq.fr
www.ird-mq.fr
CHILE
Pierrich Roperch
Casilla 53 390
Correo Central
Santiago 1
Tel.: (56 2) 236 34 64
Fax: (56 2) 236 34 63
ird-chili@ird.tie.cl
CENTRE DE BRETAGNE
Bernard Stequert
BP 70 – 29280 Plouzané cedex
Tel.: +33 (0)2 98 22 45 01
Fax: +33 (0)2 98 22 45 14
irdbrest@ird.fr
www.brest.ird.fr
NEW CALEDONIA
Christian Colin
Representative for the Pacific
BP A5 – 98848 Nouméa Cedex
Tel.: (687) 26 10 00
Fax: (687) 26 26 43 26
Dir.Noumea@noumea.ird.nc
www.ird.nc
CENTRE DE MONTPELLIER
Jean-Claude Prot
Tel.: +33 (0)4 67 41 61 00
Fax: +33 (0)4 67 41 63 30
directeur.centre@mpl.ird.fr
www.mpl.ird.fr
OTHER COUNTRIES
BENIN
IRD
01 BP 4414
Recette principale - Cotonou
Bénin
CENTRE D’ORLÉANS
Yveline Poncet
Technoparc – 5, rue du Carbone
45072 Orléans cedex 2
Tel.: +33 (0)2 38 49 95 00
Fax: +33 (0)2 38 49 95 10
direction@orleans.ird.fr
www.orleans.ird.fr
BOLIVIA
Jean-Pierre Carmouze
CP 9214 – 00095 La Paz
Tel.: (591 2) 78 29 69 / 78 49 25
Fax: (591 2) 78 29 44
jpcarmouze@mail.megalink.com
www.ird.org.bo
FRENCH OVERSEAS DEPENDENCIES
(DOM-TOM)
FRENCH GUIANA
Georges-Henri Sala
BP 165 – 97323 Cayenne cedex
Tel. : +33 (0)5 94 29 92 92
Fax : +33 (0)5 94 31 98 55
dircay@cayenne.ird.fr
www.cayenne.ird.fr
FRENCH POLYNESIA
Jacques Iltis
BP 529 – Papeete
Tel.: (689) 50 62 00
Fax: (689) 42 95 55
dirpapet@ird.pf
BRAZIL
Pierre Sabaté
CP 7091 – Lago Sul
71619-970 Brasilia (DF)
Tel.: (55 61) 248 53 23
Fax: (55 61) 248 53 78
ird@apis.com.br
www.ird.org.br
BURKINA FASO
Alain Casenave
01 BP 182
Ouagadougou 01
Tel.: (226) 30 67 37
Fax: (226) 31 03 85
direction@ird.bf
www.ird.bf
INDONESIA
Patrice Levang
IRD, Wisma Anugraha
Jalan Taman Kemang 32 B
Jakarta 12730
Tel.: (62 21) 71 79 21 14
Fax: (62 21) 71 79 2179
ird-indo@rad.net.id
KENYA
Alain Albrecht
IRD at IFRA
PO Box 30677 – Nairobi
Tel.: (254) 2 52 47 58
Fax: (254) 2 52 40 01 /2 52 40 00
ird@icraf.exch.cgiar.org
CONGO
Laurent Veysseyre
Centre DGRST/IRD de Pointe-Noire
BP 1286 – Pointe-Noire
Tel.: (242) 94 02 38/36 38/37 43/15 99
Fax: (242) 94 39 81
ird-pnr.dir@cg.cetelplus.com
CÔTE D’IVOIRE
Georges Hérault
15 BP 917
Abidjan 15
Tel.: (225) 21 24 37 79/21 35 96 03
Fax: (225) 21 24 65 04
rep@ird.ci
www.ird.ci
LAOS
Daniel Benoît - BP 5992
Vientiane
République du Laos
Tel. / Fax: (856-21) 41 29 93
regierepird@laopdr.com
MADAGASCAR
François Jarrige
IRD, BP 434
101 Antananarivo
Tel.: (261 20) 22 330 98
Fax: (261 20) 22 369 82
irdmada@represent.ird.mg
www.ird.mg
ECUADOR
Francis Kahn
Apartado Postal 17 12 857
Quito
Tel.: (593 2) 234 436/503 944
Fax: (593 2) 504 020
fkahn@ecnet.ec
MALI
Joseph Brunet-Jailly
IRD, BP 2528
Bamako
Tel.: (223) 221 05 01/64 41/64 42
Fax: (223) 21 64 44
Joseph.Brunet-Jailly@gwbamako.ird.ml
EGYPT
Jean-Yves Moisseron
P.O. Box 26
12 211 Giza Le Caire
République arabe d’Égypte
Tel.: (202) 362 05 30
Fax: (202) 362 24 49
irdegypt@idsc.gov.eg
MEXICO
Michel Portais
AP n° 57297
06501 Mexico DF
Tel.: (52 5) 280 76 88/282 06 36
Fax: (52 5) 282 08 00
irdmex@mail.internet.com.mx
www.ird.org.mx
GUINEA
Luc Ferry
BP 1984
Conakry
Tel.: (224) 40 48 42
Fax: (224) 40 44 22
ferryluc@yahoo.fr
NIGER
Jean-Pierre Guengant
BP 11416 – Niamey
Tel.: (227) 75 38 27
Fax: (227) 75 20 54 / 75 28 04
guengant@ird.ne
www.ird.ne
57
(at 1 September 2002)
PERU
René Marocco
Casilla 18 – 1209
Lima 18
Tel.: (51 1) 4 22 47 19
Fax: (51 1) 2 22 21 74
ird@chavin.rcp.net.pe
SENEGAL
Jean-René Durand
IRD representative for Gambia,
Mauritania, Cape Verde and GuineaBissau – BP 1386
Dakar
Tel.: (221) 849 35 35
Fax: (221) 832 43 07
irdrep@ird.sn
www.ird.sn
SOUTH AFRICA
Benoît Antheaume
IRD/Ifas – P.O. Box 542
Newtown 2113 Johannesburg
66, Wolhuter Street
(Market Theater Precinct)
Tel.: (27 11) 836 05 61/62/63/64
Fax: (27 11) 836 58 50
irdafsud@iafrica.com
THAILAND
Christian Bellec
IRD représentation
Quality House Convent
38 Convent road
Silom, Bangrak
Bangkok 10500
Tel.: (66 2) 632 11 00
Fax: (66 2) 632 11 01
Ird_th@ksc.th.com
TUNISIA
Antoine Cornet
BP 434
1004 El Menzah
Tunis
Tel.: (216 71) 75 00 09/75
01 83/71 75 83
Fax: (216 1) 75 02 54
ird.rep@ird.intl.tn
VIETNAM
Jacques Berger
Ambassade de France
Service culturel
57 Than Hung Dao Hanoï
Tel.: (84 4) 831 45 59
Fax: (84 4) 831 45 58
repird@fpt.vn
Annexes
The 97 research and service units (UR,US)
EARTH AND ENVIRONMENT
THE EARTH’S CRUST:
EVOLUTION AND NATURAL
HAZARDS
UR027 Geovast
Interactions between aquifers
and organisation of weathered
overburden
Director: Henri Robain
Henri.Robain@bondy.ird.fr
UR031
Volcanic processes and hazards
Director: Claude Robin
robin@opgc.univ-bpclermont.fr
www.brest.ird.fr/geodyn
/programme.html
UR037
Supergenic biogeodynamics
and tropical geomorphology
Director: Fabrice Colin
colin@cerege.fr
UR058 Geotrope
Weathering and soil formation
processes and transfer accounting
in the tropical geosphere
Director: Emmanuel Fritsch
emmanuel.fritsch@lmcp.jussieu.fr
UR082 Geoazur
Géosciences Azur
Joint unit CNRS, université de Nice,
université Paris VI, IRD
Director: Philippe Charvis
charvis@obs-vlfr.fr
UR104
Continental lithosphere deformation
in convergence zones, and matter
Director: Gérard Herail
Gherail@paris.ird.fr
US018 Valpédo
Updating and utilization of soil
data in tropical and Mediterranean
environments
Director: Jean-Claude Leprun
Jean-Claude.Leprun@mpl.ird.fr
US094
Geoscience of intertropical
environments
Director: Florence Le Cornec
lecornec@bondy.ird.fr
UR099 Cyano
Marine cyanobacteria: factors
determining their predominance
and trophic role in tropical
environments
Director: Loïc Charpy
lcharpy@com.univ-mrs.fr
UR103 Camélia
Characterisation and modelling
of exchanges in lagoon ecosystems
under the influence of human
and terrigenous inputs
Director: Renaud Fichez
fichez@noumea.ird.nc
US127 OGSE
Geophysical and environmental
monitoring
Director: Gilbert Juste
Gilbert.Juste@bondy.ird.fr
UR113 Cesbio
Centre for spatial study of
the biosphere
Joint unit, université P. Sabatier,
Toulouse, CNRS, CNES, IRD
Director: Jean-Claude Menaut
jean-claude.menaut@cesbio.cnes.fr
www.cesbio.ups-tlse.fr
CONTINENTAL, COASTAL
AND MARINE AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENTS
US122
Analytical resources
Technical manager:
Jean-Louis Duprey
jean-louis.duprey@noumea.@ird.nc
UR079 Geodes
Geometry of organised spaces,
environmental dynamics
and simulations
Director: Edith Perrier
perrier@bondy.ird.fr
www.bondy.ird.fr/lia
US140
Expertise and spatialisation
of environmental knowledge
Director: Frédéric Huynh
huynh@ird.fr
58
(at 1 June 2002)
CLIMATE: VARIABILITY
AND IMPACT
WATER: RESOURCES AND
SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
UR032 Great Ice
Glaciers and water resources in
the tropical Andes: climatic and
environmental indicators
Director: Pierre Ribstein
pierre.ribstein@msem.univ-montp2.fr
UR012 LTHE
Laboratory for the study of transfers
in hydrology and environment
Joint unit CNRS, INPG, IRD,
université J. Fourier – Grenoble
Director: Michel Vauclin
lthe@hmg.inpg.fr
UR055 Paléotropique
Tropical paleoenvironments
and climatic change
Director: Luc Ortlieb
luc.ortlieb@bondy.ird.fr
UR065 Legos
Research laboratory for space-based
oceanography and geophysics
Joint unit université P. Sabatier Toulouse-3, CNES, CNRS, IRD
Director: Christian Le Provost
christian.le-provost@cnes.fr
www.obs-mip.fr/omp/umr5566/
francais
UR086 Lodyc
Climatology and dynamic
oceanography laboratory
Joint unit, CNRS, université
Paris-VI, MNHN, IRD
Director: Pierre Soler
Pierre.Soler@lodyc.jussieu.fr
www.lodyc.jussieu.fr
US025
Sea resources and ocean monitoring
Director: Alain Dessier
Alain.Dessier@ird.fr
www.brest.ird/US025
UR050 HSM
Hydroscience
Joint unit CNRS, université
Montpellier-II, IRD
Director: Eric Servat
Eric.Servat@mpl.ird.fr
UR069 Hybam
Hydrogeodynamics of
the Amazon basin
Director: Jean-Loup Guyot
guyot@cict.fr
UR096 Ambre
Analysis and modelling of
surface runoff and erosion
in Mediterranean river basins
Director: Jean Albergel
jean.albergel@ird.intl.tn or
jalbergel@aol.com
US019 Obhi
Engineering and hydrological
observatories
Director: Bernard Thébé
Bernard.Thebe@mpl.ird.fr
US048 Divha
Dynamics, impact and utilisation
of water engineering structures.
Integrated water management
Director: Patrick Le Goulven
Patrick.LeGoulven@mpl.ird.fr
LIVING RESOURCES
AGRICULTURAL AND
MICROBIAL BIODIVERSITY
Microbiology and
associated biotechnologies
UR040
Tropical and Mediterranean
symbioses
Joint unit Cirad, Ensam, Inra, IRD
Director: Bernard Dreyfus
Bernard.Dreyfus@mpl.ird.fr
UR101
Microbiology of extreme
environments
Director: Bernard Ollivier
ollivier@esil.univ-mrs.fr
UR119
Post-harvest microbial biotechnology
Director: Marc Labat
labat@esil.univ-mrs.fr
UR120
Biological pollution control
Director: Richard Auria
rauria@ esil.univ-mrs.fr
Dynamics, conservation and
utilisation of biodiversity
UR090
Molecular basis and biology
of apomixis
Director: Olivier Leblanc
O.Leblanc@cgiar.org
UR121
Plant development and genomics
Joint unit CNRS,
Université de Perpignan, IRD
Director: Michel Delseny
delseny@univ-perp.fr
UR 123
Botany and bioinformatics
of plant architecture
Joint unit* CNRS, Cirad, Inra,
université Montpellier-II, IRD
Director: François Houllier
houllier@cirad.fr
US084 Biodival
Biodiversity in tropical flora:
knowledge and utilisation
Director: Christian Moretti
Christian.Moretti@orleans.ird.fr
www.orleans.ird.fr/biodival
UR109 Thetis
Tropical tuna: environment,
exploitation and interactions
in the ecosystems
Director: Francis Marsac
Francis.Marsac@mpl.ird.fr
UR 141
Diversity and genomics of cultivated
plants (UMR 1097)
Joint unit Cirad, Ensam, Inra, IRD
Director: Serge Hamon
Serge.Hamon@mpl.ird.fr
www.dgpc.org
FRESHWATER AND SALT WATER
AQUATIC ECOLOGY
AND FISHERY
UR 128 CoRéUs
Ecosystemic approach to Pacific
island reef communities
and their uses
Director: Jocelyne Ferraris
ferraris@noumea.ird.nc
UR 142 BCPPC
Biology and development
of perennial crops
Joint unit Cirad, Ensam, Inra, IRD
Director: Françoise Dosba
dosba@ensam.inra.fr
www.ensam.inra.fr/arbo/umr_bdppc/rec
her.html
UR020
Knowledge of tropical marine flora
and fauna
Director: Bertrand Richer de Forges
richer@noumea.ird.nc
Biocenotics
UR022 CBGP
Population biology and
management
Joint unit Cirad, Ensam, Inra, IRD
Director: Yves Gillon
gillon@ensam.inra.fr
www.ensam.inra.fr/CBGP
UR072
Biodiversity and evolution of
plant-insect-pest-antagonist
complexes
Director: Jean-François Silvain
silvain@pge.cnrs-gif.fr
UR 132
Potato moth: pathogen diversity
and management
Director: Xavier Lery
xavier_lery@hotmail.com
US001 Enbiopac
Terrestrial biodiversity and
environment in the tropical Pacific
Director: Jean Chazeau
chazeau@noumea.ird.nc
Biosystematics
Environment and populations
UR081
Genome/populations/environment
interactions in tropical fish
Director: Marc Legendre
Marc.Legendre@mpl.ird.fr
Population ecology
UR061
Eco-ethology of marine pelagic fish
Director: François Gerlotto
François.Gerlotto@mpl.ird.fr
fgerlotto@ifop.cl
UR053 Elisa
Coastal water ecosystems under
the influence of the Amazon
Director: Daniel Guiral
guiral@cayenne.ird.fr
UR098 Flag
Algal bloom: determining factors
and consequences
Director: Robert Arfi arfi@ird.sn
www.mpl.ird.fr/flag
UR 131
Environmental variability and
biological strategies of aquatic
communities
Director: Didier Paugy
paugy@mnhn.fr
UR070
Adaptive responses of fish
to environmental pressure
Director: Raymond Lae
Raymond.Lae@ird.sn
www.ird.sn/activites/rap/index.htm
Tool
UR097 Idyle
Spatial dynamics and interactions
of renewable resources in upwelling
ecosystems
Director: Pierre Fréon
pfreon@mcm.wcape.gov.za
US007 SIH
Fishery information systems
Director: Pierre Chavance
Pierre.Chavance@ird.sn
59
US004
Fishery acoustics
Director: Erwan Josse
Erwan.Josse@ird.fr
US028 Sana
Schlerochronology of aquatic
animals
Director: Eric Morize
Eric.Morize@ird.fr
ECOSYSTEMS AND TERRESTRIAL
RESOURCES
Abiotic environmental
interactions and soil fauna
diversity (agrodiversity)
UR041
Carbon sequestration in tropical
soils. Impact of agro-ecosystem
management methods
Director: Christian Feller
feller@mpl.ird.fr
UR049 Ecu
Erosion and land use changes
Director: Christian Valentin
valentinird@laopdr.com
UR060 Clifa
Climate and agro-ecosystem
functioning
Director: Jean-Paul Lhomme
lhomme@cefe.cnrs-mop.fr
UR 137
Soil biodiversity and functioning
Joint unit* universités Paris-VI,
Paris-VII, Paris-XII, IRD
Director: Patrick Lavelle
Patrick.Lavelle@bondy.ird.fr
www.bondy.ird.fr/lest/iboy
UR067 Ariane
Cultivated soils with severe physicochemical limitations in hot regions
Director: Roland Poss
Roland.Poss@mpl.ird.fr
UR083 Ibis
Biological interactions in tropical
soils used by man
Director: Jean-Luc Chotte
Jean-Luc.Chotte@ird.sn
* subject to conclusion of contract
or agreement.
Economics of environmental
usage
UR063 C3ED
Economics and governance of the
environment and its resources
Joint unit* université Versailles
Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, IRD
Director: Sylvie Faucheux
Sylvie.Faucheux@c3ed.uvsq.fr
www.c3ed.uvsq.fr/eger/
UR 136
Protected areas, ecosystems,
management and peripheral
functions
Director: Anne Fournier
Anne.Fournier@orleans.ird.fr
www.orleans.ird.fr/Aires_protegees/
index.htm
Farmland management
UR100
Agrarian transitions and
ecological dynamics
Director: Pierre Milleville
millevil@represent.ird.mg
www.ird.mg/UR100.htm
US017
Fallowing in tropical Africa
Director: Roger Pontanier
ponpon@ird.sn
SOCIETIES AND HEALTH
URBAN DYNAMICS
UR013
Mobility and urban recomposition
Director: Françoise Dureau
fdureau@regards.cnrs.fr
UR023
Development, spatial dynamics
and regulations
Director: Alain Dubresson
Alain.Dubresson@u-paris10.fr
UR029
Urban environment
Director: Dominique Couret
couretdo@bondy.ird.fr
MAN AND ENVIRONMENT
UR011
Interactions between populations
and limiting natural environments
Director: Michel Picouet
Michel.Picouet@ird.intl.tn
UR026
Heritage and territory
Director:
Marie-Christine Cormier-Salem
cormier@mnhn.fr
UR044
Social dynamics of irrigation
Director: Thierry Ruf
Thierry.Ruf@mpl.ird.fr
UR088
Long-term society-environment
dynamics in pre-Saharan Africa
Director: François Paris
parisfr@ird.fr
UR092
Human adaptation to tropical
environments in the Holocene
Director: Jean Guffroy
Jean.Guffroy@orleans.ird.fr
www.adentrho.org
UR095
Land tenure regulations
Director: Jean-Pierre Chauveau
J-Pierre.Chauveau@mpl.ird.fr
UR112
Between forest and farm:
from deforestation to agro-forest
dynamics
Director: Geneviève Michon
michon@engref.fr
GLOBALISATION AND
DEVELOPMENT POLICY
HEALTH-SOCIETY INTERACTIONS
UR003
Work and globalisation
Director: Monique Selim
Monique.Selim@bondy.ird.fr
UR021
Territory and globalisation
in the countries of the South
Joint unit* ENS Paris, IRD
Director: Hervé Thery
Herve.Thery@ens.fr
UR047
Growth, inequality, population
and the role of the State
Director: François Roubaud
roubaud@dial.prd.fr
UR078
Globalisation and local development
in the Amazon basin
Director: Philippe Léna
philippelena@aol.com
UR102
Public intervention, spaces, societies
Director: Jean-François Baré
bare@regards.cnrs.fr
UR105
Knowledge and development
Director: Bernard Schlemmer
schlemmer@bondy.ird.fr
UR107
Globalisation and the construction
of identity
Director: Marie-José Jolivet
jolivet@bondy.ird.fr
UR 135 Celia
Centre for the Study of Native
American Languages
Joint unit* CNRS, Inalco, université
Paris 7, IRD
Director: Jon Landaburu
jlandabu@vjf.cnrs.fr
UR002
Socio-anthropology of health
Director: Marc-Eric Gruenais
gruenais@ehess.cnrs-mrs.fr
UR024
Epidemiology and prevention
Director: François Simondon
François.Simondon@mpl.ird.fr
www.mpl.ird.fr/epiprev
UR091
Reproductive health, fertility
and development
Director: Patrice Vimard
vimard@newsup.univ-mrs.fr
www.up.univ–mrs.fr/wiupenv/labo/
d_lpe/ursrfd/index.html
UR093
Populations and health hazard areas
Director: Gérard Salem
gsalem@ext.jussieu.fr
UR106
Nutrition, food, societies
Director: Francis Delpeuch
Francis.Delpeuch@mpl.ird.fr
US009
Integrated research on population
health
Director: Jean-Philippe Chippaux
chippaux@ird.sn
UR016
Characterisation and control
of vector populations
Director: Jean-Marc Hougard
Jean-Marc.Hougard@mpl.ird.fr
UR034
Emerging virus diseases and
information systems
Director: Jean-Paul Gonzalez
frjpg@mahidol.ac.th
UR035
African trypanosomiasis
Director: Gérard Cuny
Gerard.Cuny@mpl.ird.fr
UR036
AIDS patient care in Africa
Director: Eric Delaporte
Eric.Delaporte@mpl.ird.fr
UR043
Pharmacology of natural substances
Director: Michel Sauvain
sauvain@ns.ird.fr
UR054
Clinical epidemiology, mother-infant
health and HIV in developing
countries
Director: Marc Lallemant
lecoeur@loxinfo.co.th
MAJOR ENDEMIC DISEASES
UR062
Genetics of infectious diseases
Joint unit CNRS, IRD
Director: Michel Tibayrenc
Michel.Tibayrenc@cepm.mpl.ird.fr
UR008
Pathogenics of the trypanosomatids
Director: Ali Ouaïssi
ali.ouaissi@montp.inserm.fr
UR077
Malaria in tropical Africa
Director: Jean-François Trape
J-François.Trape@ ird.sn
UR010
Mother-and-infant health
Director: Michel Cot
michel.cot@tnn.ap-hop-paris.fr
* subject to conclusion of contract
or agreement.
60
Photo captions land credits
p. 5: Sea horses (Hippocampus bargibanti) living on muricella – © IRD/G. Bargibant
p. 7: Taking water samples from the Garafiri reservoir (Guinea) – © IRD/L. Ferry
p. 9: Preparing the tail buoy of a seismic streamer before its launch. The buoy is
equipped with a GPS receiver to locate the end of the streamer, 5 km behind
the ship – © IRD/J.-Y. Collot
p. 10: Pulling up the rosette and bathysounder – © IRD/C. Andrié
p. 11: River-borne particles pour out into the sea after heavy storms – © QNI Limited p. 13: Concentration of floating fish farm cages on the Saguling reservoir
(West Java) – © IRD/M. Legendre
p. 15: Watering onions from a perforated calabash (Burkina Faso) –
© IRD/ P. Chevalier
p. 16: Fishermen haul in their net on the Ingazeira reservoir, contaminated by toxic
cyanobacteria (Brazil) – © IRD/M. Bouvy
p. 17: Flood recession cropping: the sorghum harvest – © IRD/X. Le Roy
p. 19: Somalian refugee camps in the Yemen – © IRD/M.-A. Pérouse de Montclos
p. 21: State-built rice irrigation system, Thailand – © IRD/E. Mollard
p. 22: Djelgobé Peul woman with baby on hip (Burkina Faso) – IRD/F. Sodter
Page 1 to page 60
p. 1: © IRD/ G. Michon, L. Ferry, D. Wirmann, S. Trèche /
p. 2: © IRD/A. Debray, F. Kahn / p. 3: © IRD/J. Servain, B. Osès /
p. 4: © IRD/P. Cayré / p. 5: © IRD /P. Cayré, S. Dugast, P. Wagnon, A. Aing, B. Osès /
p. 7: © IRD/L. Ferry / p. 8: © IRD/L. Ferry / p. 9: © IRD/ J.-Y. Collot / p. 10: © IRD/C.
Andrié / p. 11: © IRD/J. Orempuller, R. Fichez / p. 12: © IRD/M. Legendre /
p. 13: © IRD/M. Legendre, B. Osès / p. 14: © IRD/A. Borgel, M. Dukhan /
p. 15: © IRD/G. Parent, P. Milleville / p. 16: © IRD/ R. Arfi / p. 17: © IRD/ J.-Y. Meunier,
© Inra-IRD/ P.-A. Calatayud & B. Frerot / p. 18: © IRD/C. Bellec /
p. 19: © IRD/L. Cambrézy, M.-A. Pérouse de Montclos / p. 20: © IRD/J.-P. Hervy, Y. Paris /
p. 21: © IRD/J.-P. Gonzalez / p. 22: © IRD/B. Maire, M. Dukhan /
p. 23: © IRD/ J.-J. Lemasson, V. Simonneaux /
p. 25: © IRD/É. Deharo, Y. Combet-Blanc, M.-N. Favier / p. 27: © IRD/S. Trèche /
p. 28: © IRD/M. Dukhan / p. 29: © IRD/F. Ampe, B. Osès / p. 31: © IRD/P. Laboute /
p. 33: © IRD/M. Dukhan / p. 34: © IRD/A. Ganachaud / p. 35: © IRD/E. Katz,
M. Dukhan, J.-P. Eissen / p. 38: © IRD/M. Hoff / p. 39: © NOAA AVHRR /
p. 40: © IRD/P. Laboute / p. 42: © IRD/J.-P. Montoroi / p. 43: © IRD/ T. Ruf /
p. 44: © IRD/G. Michon / p. 45: © IRD/S. Carrière / p. 46: © IRD/A. Borgel /
p. 47: © IRD/M. Dukhan, P. Wagnon, Y. Le Troquer, C. Bellec, A.-L. Banuls, /
p. 50: © IRD/M. Dukhan
p. 23: Cholon district, Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) – © IRD/V. Simonneaux
p. 27: Industrial eucalyptus plantation on the coastal plain, Kouillou region (Congo) –
© IRD/E. Katz
p. 31: A young diver follows the underwater environmental “walk” at
L’île aux Canards, with the help of the Aquaguide waterproof guide map –
© IRD/P. Laboute
p. 33: The French Guiana pressed plant collection – © IRD/M. Dukhan
p. 35: Thailand’s crown princess visits greenhouses at the IRD centre in Montpellier –
© IRD/M. Dukhan
p. 41: One of Ecuador’s biggest fruit and vegetable markets – © IRD/P. Cayré
p. 43: Assessment meeting on collective water management in the Ait Bouguemez
valley, Azilal province, Moroccan High Atlas – © IRD/T. Ruf
p. 45: Hmong women harvesting garlic (Thailand) – © IRD/S. Carrière
p. 47: L’Alis, the IRD’s oceanographic vessel, in the Marquisas islands –
© IRD/J. Orempuller
Vignette photos (left to right and top to bottom):
Cover: © IRD/J.-J. Lemasson, M. Dukhan, J. Orempuller, A. Bertrand, E. Mollard,
F. Kahn, G. Bargibant, T. Jaffré, D. Wirmann, A. Rival / Back cover: © IRD/M. Lardy,
F. Ampe, S. Carrière, J.-P Montoroi
Inside cover: © IRD/A. Debray, B. Francou, Y. Paris
Document produced by the Information and Communication Unit
© IRD July 2002
Coordination: Marie-Noëlle Favier
Assistant: Élisabeth Duval
Editorial coordination and monitoring: Corinne Schwartz
Revision and correction: Patrice Beray
Picture editors: Danielle Cavanna, Claire Lissalde, Base Indigo
Graphic design: Rigaud et Associés
English translation: Harriet Coleman
The following staff took part in the writing of the scientific reports:
Chantal ANDRIÉ
Robert ARFi
Jacques BOULÈGUE
Luc CAMBREZY
Patrice CAYRÉ
Jean-Luc CHOTTE
Jean-Yves COLLOT
Olivier DARGOUGE
Luc FERRY
Renaud FICHEZ
Jean-Paul GONZALEZ
Marie-Luce HAZEBROUCQ
Patrick LE GOULVEN
Marc LEGENDRE
François ROUBAUD
Jean-François SILVAIN
François SIMONDON
Kirsten SIMONDON