Invasive Ambrosia Beetle Conference
The Situation in California
August 12 – 14, 2012
Meeting sponsored by:
The Hofshi Foundation
University of California, Riverside
UC Center for Invasive Pest Research
The Huntington Botanical Gardens
The Los Angeles Arboretum
Invasive Ambrosia Beetle Conference
The Situation in California
August 12 – 14, 2012
Session 3
Biology of the Beetles
Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, Israel
What did we learn so far in Israel about the biology of Euwallcea fornicatus, host range, natural and artificial rearing, beetle behavior and its seasonal history?
Zvi Mendel , Alex Protasov , Michal Sharon, Netta Okon‐Levy, Miriam Eliyhu, Yonathan Maoz, Omer Golan, Michael Noy, Stanley Freeman
Hosts suitable for reproduction Acer negundo, Sapindaceae
Quercus pedunculifolia, Fagaceae
Persea americana, Lauraceae
Ricinus communis, Euphorbiaceae
Attacked trees, unsuitable for reproduction Acer obtusifolium, Sapindaceae
Bauhinia variegata, Fabaceae
Brachychiton acerifolius, Sterculiaceae
Brachychiton populneum, Sterculiaceae
Ceiba speciosa, Bombacaceae
Diospyros kaki, Ebenaceae
Platanus orientalis, Platanaceae
Roystonea regia, Arecaceae
Tamarindus indica, Fabaceae
Host trees in Israel
Acer negundo
The cortex is clean Acer negundo
Typical gum exudation on elder box Acer negundo
Infested
‫נגוע‬
Healthy ‫בריא‬
Acer negundo
Infested Ricinus communis
Infested Ricinus communis
Castor bean stem Infested
Healthy Fungus spread in the stem of castor bean plant
E. fornicatus gallery in the stem of castor bean plant
E. fornicatus gallery in the stem of castor bean plant
Quercus pedunculifolia English oak
Quercus pedunculifolia
Quercus pedunculifolia
Quercus pedunculifolia
Quercus pedunculifolia
Quercus pedunculifolia
Brachychiton populneum
Brachychiton acerifolius
Hass: persitol exudation
Relation between penetration spots to further attach by E. fornicatus
Rishpon, Reed ~ 17 yr old plantation
Number of additional penetration spots per branch in July 30, 2012
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
R2= 0.9227
0
5
10
15
20
25
Number of penetration spots per branch in July 10, 2012
Relation between penetration spots to further attach by E. fornicatus
Ga’ash, Hass, 6 yr old plantation
Number of additional penetration spots per tree in July 24, 2012
35
R2= 0.3689
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Number of penetration spots per tree in April 24, 2012
Relation between penetration spots to further attach by E. fornicatus
Eyal, Hass, 9 yr old plantation Number of additional penetration spots per tree in June 4, 2012
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
‐10
‐20
‐30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Number of penetration spots per tree in April 18, 2012
Several development stages in a single stem section Emergence Effect of avocado sawdust on oviposition Ten replicates, each consisted of 5 ♀♀ and 1 ♂, 12 days after beetle introduction
1.2
1
0.8
Mean + SD Eggs per female per 10 days 0.6
0.4
0.2
0
PDA + 1g avocado moistened fine sawdust per dish Rearing matrix PDA
Effect of beetle parent source and offspring diet on their rate of development The first individual of each stage (250C)
Days (Mean+SD) 80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Adults developed in Fusarium inoculated PDA diet Adults removed from avocado branches
Development on Fusarium
inoculated PDA diet Development in disconnected avocado branches 4
3
Number of beetle per trap per week (+SE) 2
1
0
Red
white
No bait
Red
Manuka oil
Trap color and bait Sticky plates baited with manuka oil white
Stage distribution of Euwallcea fornicatus in avocado and castor bean stems sampled in the central coast area of Israel
Pupae and callow adults Adults Eggs Larvae Peak flight Percentage of total sampled specimens (~ 60‐300)
Late April 100
early August early October Jul
Sep
early May 80
60
40
20
0
Jan Mar May 2011
Aug
Oct
Nov
Feb
Apr
Jun
2012
Aug
Thank you for your attention Directions for future research ??