Effects
Effects of
of Soil
Soil Microbial
Microbial
Fertility
Fertility by
by Charcoal
Charcoal in
in Soil
Soil
Charcoal
Charcoal!!
Effects
Effectson
onmicroorganism
microorganismpropagation
propagationand
andplant
plant
growth,
growth,and
andfuture
futureprospect
prospect to
tosequester
sequesterCO2
CO2
Makoto
MakotoOgawa
Ogawa
Prof.
Prof.Oosaka
OosakaInstitute
Instituteof
ofTechnology
Technology
Director
of
Biological
Environment
Director of Biological EnvironmentInstitute
Institute
Kansai
KansaiEnvironment
EnvironmentEngineering
EngineeringCenter
Center
Kansai
KansaiElectric
ElectricPower
PowerCo.
Co.Ltd
Ltd
Introduction
Introduction
Ｃｕｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ
Ｃｕｎｓｕｍｐｔｉｏｎ ａｎｄ
ａｎｄ Ｉｍｐｏ
Ｉｍｐｏ
ｒｔ
ｒｔ ｏｆ
ｏｆ Ｃｈａｒｃｏａｌ
Ｃｈａｒｃｏａｌ
Marketing
Marketingof
ofnew-use
new-usecharcoal
charcoalexcept
except
for
forfuel
fuel in
inJapan
Japan(Charcoal
(CharcoalAsoc.1999)
Asoc.1999)
Materials
Materialsfor
forconstruction
construction
- -Conditioner
Conditionerofofhumidity
humidityininhouse,
house,- -Thermal
Thermal
conditioner
conditionerininwall,
wall,
1. Characteristics of Charcoal and It’s
Functions
Ｍｉｃｒ
Ｍｉｃｒｏｓｔｒ
ｏｓｔｒｕｃｔｕ
ｕｃｔｕｒｅ
ｒｅ
ｏｆ
Ｃｈａｒ
ｏｆ Ｃｈａｒｃｏａｌ
ｃｏａｌ
Ｃｈａｒａｃｔａｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ
Ｃｈａｒａｃｔａｒｉｓｔｉｃｓ and
and
Functions
ｏｆ
Functions
ｏｆ C
C
ｈａｒｃｏａｌ
ｈａｒｃｏａｌ
1.
Porous substance with high water and air holding
capacity; Suitable habitat for some microbes and
plant growth, good material for soil amendment,
absorption of chemicals and humidity control
2.
High alkalinity ; Neutralization of acidic soil and
improvement of chemical components of soil and
selection of microorganisms
3.
Non organic matter ; Exclusion of saprophytes
and propagation of autotrophic and symbiotic
microorganisms, free living nitrogen fixing
bacteria, root nodule bacteria, Frankia and some
mycorrhizal fungi
4.
Low mineral content ; “Charcoal has no roles as a
fertilizer”
Composition of bark charcoal %
Carbon:77.58, Volatile Substances:12.92, Ash: 9.50
Mineral contents of ash %
SiO2:36.5, Al2O3:10.9, CaO:19.2, K2O:1.1, Na2O3:5.35,
Fe2O3:7.5, MgO:10.3, P2O5:1.7
# Air supply by charcoal induces the activation of soil
microbes and CO2 emission temporally. Small
amount of chemical fertilizers or organic matters
should be mixed with charcoal in agricultural use.
Ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ
Ｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｍｅｎｔ ｏｆ
ｏｆ ｓｏｉｌ
ｓｏｉｌ ｐｈｙｓｉｃａ
ｐｈｙｓｉｃａ
ｌ
ｌ ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ
ｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ ｂｙ
ｂｙ ｃｈａｒｃｏａｌ
ｃｈａｒｃｏａｌ
(Takasago
(Takasagoet
etal.
al.Kasima
KasimaReport
Report1996)
1996)
2. Effects on Ectomicorrhiza and Tree
Growth
Trees, Mycorrhizae, Mushrooms and Charcoal
Application
Applicationof
ofcharcoal
charcoalto
torehabilitation
rehabilitation
of
ofdeclined
declinedpine
pinetree
tree(Ito
(Ito1998)
1998)
Recovering of Pine Tree from Wilting by
Charcoal Treatment after a year
The growth of pine root and mycorrhiza formation started
at 5 to 6 months after treatment
Before 1998 Sep.
After 1999 Oct.
Inoculation Effect of ectomycorrhizal fungi to
Dipterocarps in Indonesia (Ogawa 1989)
Fruitbody of Scleroderma
No-inoculation
Inoculated seedling
Stimulation of Ectomycorrhiza
Formation on Dipterocarps root by
Charcoal Application in Pot Soil
Ectomycorrhiza
3. Effects on Root Nodule Formation and
Soy bean Yield
+Char
coal
Control
-Char
coal
+phosphate
+Phosphate
Yield
Yieldof
ofSoy
SoyBean
BeanCultivated
Cultivatedby
byCharcoal
Charcoalwith
withFertilizers
Fertilizers
The
Theamount
amountofoffertilizer
fertilizerwas
wasadjusted
adjusted1%
1%ofofcharcoal
charcoalininweight.
weight.The
Theyield
yieldwas
was
estimated
in
average
of
30
plants.
estimated in average of 30 plants.
( (M.
M.Ogawa
Ogawa1983)
1983)
Materials used
Pod number
Chemical fertilizer (NPK 8:8:8)
100g/m2
85
2
200g/m
106
Charcoal only 500 g/m2
28
1500 g/m2
15
Charcoal with super phosphate
500
113
1500
66
Charcoal with Ammonium sulphate
500
97
1500
102
Charcoal with Urea
500
96
1500
89
Charcoal with NPK fertilizer
500
115
1500
80
Charcoal with oil cake
500
96
1500
106
Control (non treatment)
39
Grain weight g./plant
9.0
13.6
1.7
1.2
14.6
10.1
11.1
10.5
11.1
7.6
10.9
9.6
10.9
12.6
4.6
Effects
Effectsof
ofrice
ricehusk
huskcharcoal
charcoalon
onthe
thegrowth
growth
of
ofsoybean
soybeanand
andMaize
Maizein
inIndonesia
Indonesia(Igarasi
(Igarasi
1996)
1996)
Chemical
ChemicalFertilizer
FertilizerPlot
Plot
Rice Husk Charcoal Plot
Charcoal and Lime Plot
Soil amendment plan by rice husk charcoal, lime and fertilizer
Three kinds of materials were mixed with top soil before the experiment. C: charcoal,
F: fertilizer, L: lime. Chemical fertilizer was supplied at 6th crop and charcoal at 5th
and 6th .
Effect
Effectof
ofrice
ricehusk
huskcharcoal
charcoalon
onthe
theyields
yieldsof
ofsoybean
soybeanand
and
peanut
peanutunder
underdifferent
differentsoil
soilcondition
condition(Igarasi
(Igarasi1996)
1996)
Soybean,
Soybean,peanut
peanutand
andcorn
cornwere
werecultivated
cultivatedalternately
alternatelyininthe
thesame
samefield.
field.The
Theyield
yieldinin
the
plots
with
charcoal,
lime
and
fertilizer
showed
the
highest
yield
in
any
crop.
the plots with charcoal, lime and fertilizer showed the highest yield in any crop.
Maize was planted after soy bean without fertilizer
Fertilizer + Charcoal
Chemical fertilizer
Control
Charcoal only
Effect of charcoal on the root growth and nodule
formation of Acacia mangium in Indonesia
(Okimori, Yamato 2000)
Forest floor of Acacia plantation was covered by rice
husk charcoal 5 cm in depth. Earthworm population
increased soon after the treatment because of
neutralization of top soil.
Acacia’s root growth started after three
months and root biomass increased
Root nodule formation was stimulated in
charcoal, but the growth response was
not so clear after 3 years.
4.
4. Charcoal
Charcoalas
asaamaterial
materialfor
forimmobilization
immobilizationof
of
useful
usefulmicroorganisms
microorganisms ((Spores
Sporesof
of bacteria,
bacteria,root
root
nodule
nodulebacteria,
bacteria,mycorrhizal
mycorrhizalfungi,
fungi,Frankia
Frankiaetc
etc))
Cross section of the root nodules
formed by Frankia sp.
Root nodules of Myrica rubra
Effect of Charcoal for Inoculation
of Frankia (Kurusu)
Frankia and other nitrogen fixing
bacteria can be immobilized in
charcoal.
Isolated colony of
Frankia sp. using of
Frankia medium
Cultivation of Frankia sp.
using of modified Q-mod
liquid medium
Effect of Charcoal Compost on Soil Disease Control
Charcoal compost is produced being mixed with live stock
excretes and fermented. Some thermophilic bacteria which have
high productivity of antibiotics propagate in charcoal
+ Charcoal
Control
compost
Bacterial disease was controlled by the charcoal compost
Control
VAM inoculated
Charcoal compost
used
5. Effect of Charcoal on VA mycorrhizal Fungi
and Plant Growth
Spore of VA mycorrhizal fungi, Gigaspora margarita
VA mycorrhiza is essential for phosphate and mineral
absorption of many plants
Vesicle
Arbuscule
VA mycorrhiza formed on soy bean root
Charcoal is good habitat for some VA mycorrhizal
fungi. The germination rate of G. margarita was higher
than that on soil (Ogawa 1991)
The hyphae growing from spore base invade into the
charcoal pore with larger size
Effect of inoculation of VA mycorrhizal fungi
and charcoal use (Ogawa 1985)
Cucumber
Control
Spore inoculated with
charcoal
Apple tree seedling
Control
Three species were inoculated with charcoal
6.
6.Effect
Effectof
ofCharcoal
Charcoalon
onthe
thepropagation
propagationof
of
Soil
SoilBacteria
Bacteriaand
andFree
FreeLiving
LivingNitrogen
NitrogenFixing
Fixing
Bacteria
Bacteriain
inTropical
TropicalSoil
Soil
The frequency of free living nitrogen fixing bacteria in
subtropical soil is generally higher than those in temperate
zone (Asou et al. in 1924). Bacterial population including
aerobic nitrogen fixing bacteria (Beijerinckia) increased
when charcoal powder was mixed with top soil in Indonesia.
Nitrogen fixation seems to be promoted by charcoal
application or shifting cultivation in tropical region. (Ogawa
1992)
charcoal
con
con
NPK
charcoal
NPK
Effect of bark charcoal and fertilizer on the plant growth and
soil properties in south Sumatra (Yamato 2004 unpublished)
Effect of charcoal application on Vigna sequipedalis
Total weight (f.w.) of harvested seed pod (g/m2)
3000
First
3000
Second
control
2500
2500
2000
2000
Fertilizer
1500
1500
Fertilizer & Charcoal
1000
1000
500
500
0
0
Site 1
3000
First
3000
2500
2500
2000
2000
1500
1500
1000
1000
500
500
0
0
Second
Site 2
Average ± S.D.
Effect of charcoal application on Zea mays L
Total weight (f.w.) of harvested corn (g/m2)
2500
First
2000
2500
Second
control
2000
Fertilizer
1500
1500
1000
1000
500
500
0
0
Fertilizer &
Charcoal
Site 1
2500
First
2500
2000
2000
1500
1500
1000
1000
500
500
0
0
Site 2
Second
Average ± S.D.
Soil analysis
Site 1 (First experiment)
Bray 1 Morgan
pH pH Total C Total-N P2O5
K2O
(H2O) (KCl) （％） （％） (ppm） (ppm)
Before Exp. 3.9 3.9
1.63
After harvest of first experiment
V. sequipedalis
con
4.2 3.9
2.00
1.85
fertilizer 4.1 3.9
charcoal 5.3 4.8
1.62
Z. mays
con
4.0 3.8
1.44
fertilizer 4.0 3.8
1.62
charcoal 5.1 4.5
2.44
A. hypogoaea
con
4.2 3.9
1.85
fertilizer 4.0 3.9
1.85
charcoal 5.1 4.6
2.53
0.17
47.8
75
0.12
0.18
0.16
25.4
44.0
91.8
40
59
140
0.17
0.19
0.24
22.0
44.5
80.2
40
49
90
0.19
0.18
0.25
55.3
137.5
176.0
60
60
120
Soil analysis cont.
Site 1 (First experiment) ;continued
Exchangeable cation (meq/100 g)
1N CH3COONH4 Base saturation 1N KCl
CEC
（％）
Al3+ Ｈ+
(meq/100g)Ca2+ Mg2+ K+ Na+
Before Exp. 10.12
1.21 0.30 0.15 0.25
18.9
2.67 0.26
After harvest of first experiment
V. sequipedalis
con
10.81
1.30 0.24 0.08 0.08
15.7
2.49 0.15
1.01 0.28 0.12 0.02
13.4
2.81 0.15
fertilizer 10.66
charcoal 16.42
7.80 0.43 0.29 0.14
52.7
0.02 0.12
Z. mays
con
9.87
0.80 0.20 0.12 0.22
13.6
2.93 0.20
0.79 0.18 0.12 0.07
11.3
2.97 0.22
fertilizer 10.23
charcoal 12.72
6.21 0.45 0.25 0.13
55.3
0.12 0.12
A. hypogoaea
con
10.21
1.27 0.29 0.08 0.07
16.7
2.41 0.15
0.91 0.22 0.10 0.03
12.6
2.77 0.20
fertilizer 10.01
charcoal 12.66
5.98 0.37 0.18 0.07
52.1
0.15 0.10
7.
7.Effective
EffectiveSequestration
Sequestrationof
ofCO2
CO2
in
inAtmosphere
Atmosphereand
andits
itsInactivation
Inactivation
in
inAgriculture
Agricultureand
andNatural
Natural
Environment
Environment
CO2
CO2inin
atmosphere
atmosphere
Carbohydrates in
wood (Cellulose,
Hemicellulose,
Lignin)
Photosynthesis
by green plants
Harvesting
Harvestingand
and
utilization
utilizationfor
for
timber,
timber,pulp
pulpetc.
etc.
Carbonization of
wood wastes etc
25~70%of wood
turns to charcoal by
carbonization
80% of wood
charcoal is pure
carbon
Expansion
Expansionof
ofcarbon-sink
carbon-sinkand
andcarbon
carbon
sequestration
sequestration are
areaapair
pairof
ofwheels
wheels
Carbon
Carbonsequestration
sequestrationproject
projectby
bycharcoal
charcoal
utilization
utilizationand
andforestation
forestationin
inSouth
Southeast
eastAsia
Asia
CCF
CCFScheme
Scheme(Carbon
(CarbonSequestration
Sequestrationby
byCharcoal
CharcoalUtilization
Utilization
and
andForestation)
Forestation)proposed
proposedby
byM.
M.Ogawa
Ogawain
in1998
1998
(KEPCO and Min.of Environment 2000~)
Recycling
Recyclingsystem
systemof
ofbiomass
biomasswaste
wastefor
for
Carbon
Carbonsequestration,
sequestration,aatrial
trialin
inJapan
Japan2000
2000
(RITE,
(RITE,METI
METI2001~2003)
2001~2003)
(Ogawa, RITE, METI, and EBARA 2001~2003)