History of Information Technology
Practicum in Information Technology
Lesson Plan
Performance Objective
Upon completion of this lesson, each student will have an understanding of the evolution of
technology and how it impacts their lives today.
Specific Objectives
• Students will explain the history of computers and computer programming.
• Students will describe the evolution of the computer and computer programming.
• Students will list the elements of a computer.
• Students will compare and contrast the earliest iterations of the computer to modern
computing.
This lesson should take three class days to complete; add at least two days for presentations.
Preparation
TEKS Correlations
This lesson, as published, correlates to the following TEKS. Any changes or alterations to the
activities may result in the elimination of any or all of the TEKS listed.
Practicum in Information Technology
130.280
(1) The student demonstrates professional standards/employability skills as required by
business and industry. The student is expected to:
(B) identify and demonstrate positive personal qualities such as flexibility, openmindedness, initiative, listening attentively to speakers, and willingness to learn new
knowledge and skills;
(C) employ effective reading and writing skills;
(D) employ effective verbal and nonverbal communication skills; and
(I) demonstrate planning and time-management skills such as project management and
storyboarding.
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1
Interdisciplinary Correlations
English
110.42(b)
(6) Reading/word identification/vocabulary development. The student uses a variety of
strategies to read unfamiliar words and to build vocabulary. The student is expected to:
(A) expand vocabulary through wide reading, listening, and discussing; and
(B) rely on context to determine meanings of words and phrases such as figurative
language, idioms, multiple meaning words, and technical vocabulary.
(7) Reading/comprehension. The student comprehends selections using a variety of strategies.
The student is expected to:
(F) identify main ideas and their supporting details;
(G) summarize texts; and
(J) read silently with comprehension for a sustained period of time.
Speech
110.56 (b)
(1)(A) Explain the importance of communication in daily interaction.
(2)(E) Participate appropriately in conversations for a variety of purposes.
(3)(A) Use appropriate communication in group settings.
(E) Use appropriate verbal, non-verbal, and listening strategies to communicate effectively in
groups.
(5)(B) Use language clearly and appropriately.
Tasks
• Students will research the major developments in information technology since 1993 to
create a timeline of events that have occurred (approximately) within their lifetime.
• Students will select, research, and give a formal presentation regarding information
technology events that have occurred within their lifetime (1993 – present).
Accommodations for Learning Differences
It is important that lessons accommodate the needs of every learner. These lessons may be
modified to accommodate your students with learning differences by referring to the files
found on the Special Populations page of this website (cte.unt.edu).
Preparation
• Copy the handout sheets for the students.
• Have materials ready to go prior to the start of the lesson.
• Secure a computer lab if one is not readily accessible.
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2
Instructional Aids
• Student outline and handouts
• Student activity handouts
Materials Needed
• Butcher paper or poster board as an option for the “It’s About Time” activity
• Map pencils/markers
• Students can provide other materials as needed
Equipment Needed
• Teacher computer
• Projector (for digital presentation)
Introduction
Learner Preparation
No special preparation is needed for this lesson.
Lesson Introduction
• Ask students to describe what they believe technology “looked like” in the years 500 AD
and earlier (they may not realize it but counting boards and abaci were the first forms of
technology).
• Ask students if they have ever heard of the Digesting Duck. Tell them it was the first
example of an automated machine.
• Students should be made aware that various forms of “computers” have been in
existence and used since ancient times.
• Ask students why they think it is important to see where technology was in the past?
• Use the multimedia presentation to present the concepts of technology from early days
to modern day.
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3
Outline
MI
OUTLINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
Counting boards and abaci
Jacques de Vaucanson 1709 – 1782
Charles Babbage 1791 – 1871
Countess of Lovelace (Augusta Ada
Byron King) 1815 – 1852
Konrad Zuse 1910 – 1995
Grace Hopper 1906 – 1992
John von Neumann 1903 – 1957
ENIAC 1946
Keyboards and RAMACs 1956
Jack Kilby 1923 - 2005
Development of Major Languages
1960
1301 Disk Storage Unit
ASCII 1963
1964
1. Networking
2. BASIC
1965
Space race
UNIX
1970
1. ATM
2. ARPANET
3. Shakey
1972
1. 8008 CPU
Altair 8800
Steve Wozniak 1950 –
1977
1. PET (Personal Electronic
Transistor)
2. TRS-80
3. 2600 Game console
NOTES TO TEACHER
Notes are provided in the
multimedia presentation for
teacher extension.
Have the Student Notes Outline
ready to hand out at the
beginning of class. Have students
fill in the missing blanks during
your presentation,
1. Do “It’s About Time,” which
involves students making and
presenting their own
timeline.
2. Have the students complete
the “Peer Review” that goes
with this assignment.
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4
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
Worms 1979
1981
1984
1. First mouse and GUIdriven computer
introduced
C++ is introduced
1990
1. World Wide Web
2. Windows 3.0
1991
1993
1. Pentium CPU
2. Mosaic
3. Do “Then and Now.” Have
students complete both of
these assignments, which will
take at least four days total
for all activities, including
student presentations.
4. Use the suggested rubrics for
grading.
Multiple Intelligences Guide
Existentialist
Interpersonal
Intrapersonal
Kinesthetic/
Bodily
Logical/
Mathematical
Musical/Rhythmic
Naturalist
Verbal/Linguistic
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Visual/Spatial
5
Application
Guided Practice
The teacher will show the multimedia presentation and explain the changes made in
information technology throughout the ages and up to 1993. Point out that as new technology
is developed, the life cycle of technology shortens and advances more rapidly. This should be a
reference tool for the writing assignment in this unit.
Independent Practice
Students will perform independent research to complete the following activities.
• Create a personal timeline detailing specific IT events that have occurred within their
lifetime.
• Develop a multimedia presentation based on their personal timeline.
• Write an essay comparing and contrasting two forms of technology.
Summary
Review
• What changes have taken place in information technology over the years?
• How has information technology become more complex?
• Which decade do you feel has experienced the biggest change? Why?
Application
Informal Assessment
• Daily work on assignments to monitor progress.
Formal Assessment
• Rubrics will be used to assess both activities.
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6
History of Computers
Student Notes Outline
1.
2.
Counting boards and abaci
1. Humans have needed to count as long as we have been alive
2. Until the invention of
humans used various objects to count for
them, such as
.
3. In the time of
, people created counting boards that allowed for
the usage of units (10’s, 100’s etc.) in business transactions.
4. Counting boards are documented as being used as early as
by the
Babylonians.
1. The
,as we know it today, is considered to be the
“modern” abacus
1. Appearance first occurs circa 1200 A.D. in China.
2. These were actually the
and allowed
people to utilize large numbers and
.
1.
2.
3.
Son of a glove-maker who aspired to be a
Fascinated with automata
Best remembered for two machines; the Digesting Duck and the
1.
2.
3.
The Digesting Duck was made up of over
parts and was able to flap its
wings, quack, drink water, eat, and even simulate defecating.
Between
, Vaucanson built on the work of
others and built a fully-automated weaving loom (called the Jacquard
Loom).
Charles Babbage
1. English mathematician, engineer, philosopher, and inventor
2. Believed that
and went on to
design the first two
computers: the Difference Engine
and the Analytical Engine.
1.
was developed to compute the
values of polynomial functions.
1. By using finite differences, it was possible to avoid the need of
multiplication and division.
2.
marked the advancement of
computers into the programmable realm.
1. Using loops of Jacquards
to control a
mechanical calculator, it implemented
control,
, and
to perform full general-purpose computations.
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7
4.
Countess of Lovelace (Augusta Ada Byron King)
1. Daughter of Lord Byron (the poet), Ada had an unusual life as an aristocratic girl
in the
.
2. Mother insisted Ada’s tutors educate her in
.
3. Met Charles Babbage at age of 17
1. Eventually became her
4. She was given the opportunity to see Babbage’s
and
became completely captivated by it.
5. Was asked to translate one of Babbage’s articles from French into English
1. Adding her own
, the “translated” article was
significantly longer than the original.
1. Included ideas such as
and how
codes could be used to translate
and
as well as
6. Considered to be the
5.
Konrad Zuse
1. German-born civil engineer, inventor, and computer pioneer
2. Greatest invention, the
, came about in 1941
1. Z3 was the world’s first fully
computer based on a
floating-point number
and switching system.
1. Most significant difference between the Z3 and modern
computers is the
3. Developed what is considered to be the first
programming language in 1945
1. Called Plankalkül
1. First language to utilize
to
solve problems
2. Used his new language to write the world’s first computer
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
in the U.S. Navy
and
Helped program the
Developed the first computer
Working on the
in
, she discovered that the
program it was running had a compiler error.
1. Upon inspection she found a
stuck between a set of
and logged it in the engineering book as having found a
in the
computer.
Later work led to the development of
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8
7.
John von Neumann (1903 – 1957)
1. Austrian-Hungarian mathematician
2. 1945 – Undertook a study of computation that demonstrated that a computer
could have a fixed structure and that
and
could be stored in the same place
1. Revolutionary in terms of how we thought about computers and their
usage
1. Proposed that computers should store
alongside the
they
2. In his
report of
, he described the
stored program by drawing an analogy between digital computers
and the
.
8.
ENIAC 1946
1.
announced the advent of a machine that could
complete
mathematical equations
1. “Birth” of
– the Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Computer
2. Introduced to the public by the US Army
1.
vacuum tubes
2. 8 feet tall
3. 3 feet deep
4. 100 feet long
5. Weighed
tons
6. First set of calculations was to compute
for
rocket launches and in only days completed a job that would
have taken three months of effort by a dedicated mathematician
9.
Keyboards and RAMACs 1956
1.
researchers begin developing a method for
input
into the computer system.
1. Later became known as a
2. Introduction of the first
storage device
1. 305
shipped to Zellerbach Paper.
1. The Random Access Method of Accounting and Control consisted
of:
1. 50
coated metal platters with 5
million bytes of data (do the math; that’s five whole
megabytes)
2. These platters were
on a common drive
shaft that rotated.
3. RAMACs were the first
drives.
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9
10.
Jack Kilby (1923 – 2005)
1. July - employed as an engineer
2. Kilby studied the exorbitant costs of manufacturing individual components
required to build computers.
1. Called the
3. Realized that the individual transistors could be made of a single material and
integrated onto a
4. Encouraged by supervisor to provide a
5.
In
publically announced the concept of the
1.
Possibly one of the most significant accomplishments in world history
11.
1960 – Development of Major Languages
1.
- Once again the military comes into play
1. Several manufacturers and the Pentagon developed
or COBOL.
1. Aimed at making code more easily readable and machine
they hoped COBOL would run on most computers for
which a
existed
2.
1. First language developed for writing
2.
Offered programmers
in organization
12.
1301
1. Announced on June 2,
for use with mainframe computers
2. Maximum storage capacity for this disk was
characters
3. Had
arms and heads, which are still used in modern
mechanical hard drives
4. It was leased for
per month or purchased for
.
13.
1963
1. Introduction of
1. Allowed for a standardized
representation of
each key on the keyboard:
1.
(both upper and lower case letters)
2. Special characters
3. Certain functions such as return (what we now call “enter”)
2. Permitted the exchange of
between
of
computer systems
14.
1964
1. Networking
1. First
1.
transaction processing
reservation system
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10
2.
2.
1.
Allowed flight data to be retrieved in less than three seconds via a
telephone network system that connected
and
programming language
Developed and released by
and
, who needed an easy to learn programming language for their
students at
15.
1965
1. Kristen Nygaard and Ole-John Dahl developed
the first
programming language.
1. Object-oriented languages group data and instructions into
called
objects
2. Each object represents one facet of a system intended for
16.
“Space race”
1.
2.
1.
17.
1969
1.
1.
2.
3.
18.
race against Russia to land on the moon
space craft was guided into Earth’s orbit by the
in
.
Same computer would take
to the moon one
year later
(Defense Advanced Research Project Agency) created
ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) as an
environment for new
technologies.
The first nodes that formed ARPANET were
and
Research Institute.
First WAN to implement packet switching and
protocols
1970
1. First
was installed in Valdosta, Georgia.
2. ARPANET expanded by adding four more universities to its network.
3. First mobile robot controlled by
1. Called “Shakey”
2. Equipped with
1.
camera
2. Range
3. Bump sensors
3. Shakey transmitted the
via sensors to a computer that then
radioed back commands.
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11
19.
1972
1.
2.
20.
1975
1.
CPU introduced
1.
word (256 unique arrangements of binary digits)
2. Ability to work with the majority of the
system, including
upper and lowercase letters, all numbers (0 – 9), punctuation, and many
other symbols
First true
is released.
1. Designed by Al Alcorn
2. Very popular and revolutionized the arcade industry while launching the
modern video game industry
1.
computer kit appeared on the front cover of Popular Mechanics
Based on the
CPU became wildly popular within a short period
of time
1.
Invented by
, the 8800 sold for $300.00 $400.00. Roberts was the first person to use the term “
.“
2. Paul Allen and Bill Gates licensed
as the
software language for the Altair.
21.
Steve Wozniak
1. Designed a
in
2. A Mountain View, California computer store ordered 50 machines, leading Steve
Wozniak and
to found their own computer firm.
22.
1977
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.
2.
3.
Came
Easy to operate
Could order it with either
was released
Included a Z80 CPU
Four kilobytes of memory
or
kilobytes of memory
was primary language
storage
Manuals
Machine was considered a bargain at $600.00
1. In the first month of release more than 10,000 units were sold.
First personal Video Computer System
processor
Designed to be connected to a home
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12
23.
Shockwave Rider
1. John Brunner authored
1.
In the book, a
program attacks and runs through a
network of computers.
2. John Shoch and Jon Hupp discover the first computer
that same
year.
1. Initially
to provide a more efficient use of idle
in a
for
purposes
2. Unfortunately worms tend to invade
computers on a given
network, which ultimately creates a
.
3. Having read Mr. Brunner’s book, Schoch adopted the term and thus the
first “virus” was named.
24.
1981
1.
1.
2.
PC
Ran on a
Utilized the
processor
operating system
25.
1984
1.
26.
Bjarne Stroustrup published
1. Developed the language due to a desire to write
in a language faster than Simula.
2. C++ became dominant
27.
28.
and
-driven computer introduced
programming language.
1990
1. Scientist at CERN developed
.
1. Allowed Internet to expand into the
things such as
,
,
,
to servers
2. First OS that satisfied PC users and provided support for large
applications was released
implementing
, and queries
1991
1. Finnish student,
, was dissatisfied with the state of
the computer software industry as they became more secretive and
with their code.
1. Subscribed to
2. Wanted to work with an operating system whose code was
to the
user
3. Wrote first widely available
OS
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13
29.
1993
1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
2.
th
processors released
5 generation of the
line
Was the basis for the
and its clones
web browser introduced
Average user finally gained
access to the Internet
Prior to this time, all Internet access was through
browsers.
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All Rights Reserved.
line
14
History of Computers
Student Notes Outline
1.
Counting boards and abaci
1. Humans have needed to count as long as we have been alive.
2. Until the invention of numbers humans used various objects to count for them,
such as stones and twigs.
3. In the time of Plutarch, people created counting boards that allowed for the
usage of units (10’s, 100’s etc.) in business transactions
4. These counting boards are documented as being used as early as 500 B.C. by the
Babylonians
1. The abacus as we know it today is considered to be the “modern” abacus
1. Its appearance first occurs circa 1200 A.D. in China.
2. These were actually the first calculators and allowed people to
utilize large numbers and numbering systems.
2.
Jacques de Vaucanson
1. Son of a glove-maker who aspired to be a clock-maker
2. Fascinated with automata
3. Best remembered for two machines; the Digesting Duck and the automated
loom.
1. The Digesting Duck was made up of over 400 parts and was able to flap
its wings, quack, drink water, eat, and even simulate defecating.
2. Between 1745 and 1750, Vaucanson built on the work of others and built
a fully-automated weaving loom (called the Jacquard Loom).
3.
Charles Babbage
1. English mathematician, engineer, philosopher, and inventor
2. Believed that “computers” should be programmable and went on to design the
first two mechanical computers: the Difference Engine and the Analytical Engine
1. Difference Engine was developed to compute the values of polynomial
functions
1. By using finite differences, it was possible to avoid the need of
multiplication and division.
2. Analytical Engine marked the advancement of computers into the
programmable realm.
1. Using loops of Jacquards punch cards to control a mechanical
calculator, it implemented sequential control, branching, and
looping to perform full general-purpose computations.
4.
Countess of Lovelace (Augusta Ada Byron King)
1. Daughter of Lord Byron (the poet), Ada had an unusual life as an aristocratic girl
in the 1800s.
2. Mother insisted Ada’s tutors educate her in science and math
3. Met Charles Babbage at age of 17
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All Rights Reserved.
15
4.
5.
6.
5.
6.
7.
1. Eventually became her mentor
She was given the opportunity to see Babbage’s Difference Engine and became
completely captivated by it.
Was asked to translate one of Babbage’s articles from French into English
1. Adding her own notes, the “translated” article was significantly longer
than the original.
1. Included ideas such as looping and how codes could be used to
translate letters and symbols as well as numbers
Considered to be the first computer programmer
Konrad Zuse
1. German-born civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneer
2. Greatest invention, the Z3, came about in 1941.
1. Z3 was the world’s first fully programmable digital electronic computer
based on a binary floating-point number and switching system.
1. Most significant difference between the Z3 and modern
computers is the ability to store data
3. Developed what is considered to be the first high-level programming language in
1945
1. Called Plankalkül
1. First language to utilize algorithms to solve problems
2. Used his new language to write the world’s first computer Chess
game
Grace Hopper
1. Rear admiral in the U.S. Navy
2. Helped program the Harvard Mark I and II
3. Developed the first computer compiler
4. Working on the Mark II in 1945, she discovered that the program it was running
had a compiler error.
1. Upon inspection she found a moth stuck between a set of relays and
logged it in the engineering book as having found a “bug” in the
computer.
5. Later work led to the development COBOL
John von Neumann
1. Austrian-Hungarian mathematician
2. 1945 – Undertook a study of computation that demonstrated that a computer
could have a fixed structure and that data and programs could be stored in the
same place
1. Revolutionary in terms of how we thought about computers and their
usage
1. Proposed that computers should store data alongside the
programs they executed
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All Rights Reserved.
16
2.
In his EDVAC report of 1945, he described the stored program by
drawing an analogy between digital computers and the human
brain.
8.
ENIAC 1946
1. New York Times announced the advent of a machine that could complete
complex mathematical equations
1. “Birth” of ENIAC – the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
2. Introduced to the public by the US Army
1. 18,000 vacuum tubes
2. Eight feet tall
3. 3-feet deep
4. 100 feet long
5. Weighed 30 tons
6. First set of calculations was to compute trajectories for rocket
launches and in only 10 days completed a job that would have
taken three months of effort by a dedicated mathematician
9.
Keyboards and RAMACs 1956
1. MIT researchers begin developing a method for direct input into the computer
system.
1. Later became known as a keyboard
2. Introduction of the first magnetic storage device
1. 305 RAMAC shipped to Zellerbach Paper
2. The Random Access Method of Accounting and Control consisted of:
1. 50 magnetically coated metal platters with 5 million bytes
of data (do the math; that’s five whole megabytes)
2. These platters were “stacked” on a common drive shaft
that rotated.
3. RAMACs were the first hard disk drives.
10.
11.
Jack Kilby (1923 – 2005)
1. July 1958 - employed as an engineer
2. Kilby studied the exorbitant costs of manufacturing individual components
required to build computers.
1. Called the “tyranny of numbers”
3. Realized that the individual transistors could be made of a single material and
integrated onto a silicon wafer
4. Encouraged by supervisor to provide a proof of concept
5. In 1959 publically announced the concept of the integrated circuit
1. Possibly one of the most significant accomplishments in world history
1960 – Development of Major Languages
1. COBOL - Once again the military comes into play
1. Several manufacturers and the Pentagon developed Common Business
Oriented Language or COBOL.
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All Rights Reserved.
17
1.
2.
LISP
1.
2.
Aimed at making code more easily readable and machine
independence they hoped COBOL would run on most computers
for which a compiler existed
First language developed for writing Artificial Intelligence
Offered programmers flexibility in organization
12.
1301 Disk Storage Unit
1. Announced on June 2, 1961 for use with mainframe computers
2. Maximum storage capacity for this disk was 28 million characters
3. Had read/write arms and heads, which are still used in modern mechanical hard
drives
4. It was leased for $2100 per month or purchased for $115,000
13.
1963
1. Introduction of American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)
1. Allowed for a standardized binary representation of each key on the
keyboard:
1. Alphanumeric (both upper and lower case letters)
2. Special characters
3. Certain functions such as return (what we now call “enter”)
2. Permitted the exchange of data between manufacturers of different
computer systems
14.
1964
1. Networking
1. First online transaction processing
1. SABRE reservation system
2. Allowed flight data to be retrieved in less than three seconds via a
telephone network system that connected 65 cities and 2000
terminals
2. BASIC programming language
1. Developed and released by Thomas Kurtz and John Kemeny, who needed
an easy to learn programming language for their students at Dartmouth
15.
1965
1. Kristen Nygaard and Ole-John Dahl developed Simula the first object-oriented
programming language.
1. Object-oriented languages group data and instructions into blocks called
objects
2. Each object represents one facet of a system intended for simulation
16.
“Space race”
1. 1960s race against Russia to land on the moon
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All Rights Reserved.
18
2.
Apollo 7 space craft was guided into Earth’s orbit by the Apollo Guidance
Computer in 1968.
1. Same computer would take Neil Armstrong to the moon one year later
17.
1969
1. ARPANET
1. DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Project Agency) created ARPANET
(Advanced Research Project Agency Network) as an experimental
environment for new networking technologies.
2. The first nodes that formed ARPANET were UCLA and Stanford Research
Institute.
3. First WAN to implement packet switching and TCP/IP protocols
18.
1970
1. First ATM was installed in Valdosta, Georgia.
2. ARPANET expanded by adding four more universities to its network.
3. First mobile robot controlled by artificial intelligence
1. Called “Shakey”
2. Equipped with
1. T.V. camera
2. Range finder
3. Bump sensors
3. Shakey transmitted the data via sensors to a computer that then radioed
back commands.
19.
1972
1. 8008 CPU introduced
1. 8-bit word (256 unique arrangements of binary digits)
2. Ability to work with the majority of the ASCII system including upper and
lowercase letters, all numbers (0 – 9), punctuation, and many other
symbols
2. First true video game is released.
1. Designed by Al Alcorn
2. Very popular and revolutionized the arcade industry while launching the
modern video game industry
20.
1975
1. 8800 computer kit appeared on the front cover of Popular Mechanics
1. Based on the Intel 8080 CPU became wildly popular within a short period
of time
1. Invented by Ed Roberts, the 8800 sold for $300.00 - $400.00.
Roberts was the first person to use the term “personal
computer.”
2. Paul Allen and Bill Gates licensed BASIC as the software language
for the Altair.
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All Rights Reserved.
19
21.
22.
Steve Wozniak
1. Designed the a single-board computer in 1976
2. A Mountain View, California computer store ordered 50 machines, leading Steve
Wozniak and Steve Jobs to found their own computer firm.
1977
1. Personal Electronic Transistor (PET)
1. Came fully assembled
2. Easy to operate
3. Built-in drive
4. Could order it with either four or eight kilobytes of memory
2. TRS-80 was released
1. Included a Z80 CPU
2. Video display
3. Four kilobytes of memory
4. BASIC was primary language
5. Cassette storage
6. Manuals
7. Machine was considered a bargain at $600.00
1. In the first month of release more than 10,000 units were sold.
3. 2600 Video Computer System
1. First personal Video Computer System game console
2. 8-bit processor
3. Designed to be connected to a home T.V.
4. Last of the Atari line were sold in 1990
23.
Shockwave Rider
1. John Brunner authored
1. In the book a tapeworm program attacks and runs through a network of
computers.
2. John Shoch and Jon Hupp discover the first computer worm that same year.
1. Initially designed to provide a more efficient use of idle processors in a
network for testing purposes
2. Unfortunately worms tend to invade all computers on a given network,
which ultimately creates a security threat.
3. Having read Mr. Brunner’s book, Schoch adopted the term and thus the
first “virus” was named.
24.
1981
1. 5150 PC
1. Ran on a 4.77MHz 8088 processor
2. Utilized the MS-DOS operating system
25.
1984
1. First mouse and GUI-driven computer introduced
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20
26.
Bjarne Stroustrup published “The C++ Programming Language”
1. Developed the language due to a desire to write event-driven simulations in a
language faster than Simula.
2. C++ became dominant object-oriented programming language.
27.
1990
1. Scientist at CERN developed HTML.
1. Allowed Internet to expand into the World Wide Web implementing
things such as URL, HTTP, browsers, links, and queries to servers
2. First OS that satisfied PC users and provided support for large graphical
applications
28.
1991
1. Finnish student, Linus Torvalds, was dissatisfied with the state of the computer
software industry as they became more secretive and proprietary with their
code.
1. Subscribed to Usenet
2. Wanted to work with an operating system whose code was open to the
general user
3. Wrote first widely available open source OS
29.
1993
1. Pentium processors released
th
2.
1. 5 generation of the x86 line
2. Was the basis for the 5051 PC and its clones
First GUI web browser introduced
1. Average user finally gained GUI access to the Internet
2. Prior to this time, all Internet access was through command line
browsers.
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All Rights Reserved.
21
“It’s About Time”
OBJECTIVE
Students will organize and develop a personal timeline. The purpose of this activity is to classify
and explain key events related to technology in their lifetime.
PROCEDURE
You are to design a personal timeline that includes the following information:
• Five Historic events
• Seven Information Technology events from 1993 to the current year
• 10 personal milestones in your life
MATERIALS NEEDED
Poster boards or butcher paper, string or yarn, rope, pictures, computer, printer and paper
Be as creative as possible! Use pictures to make your timeline more appealing! No markers or
handwritten information may be used. Everything must be typed, cut, and pasted. The string,
yarn, or rope should be used to make the actual timeline and should be adhered to the poster
board or butcher paper.
TIME ALLOTTED: _____________________
Be ready to share your timeline with the rest of the class.
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All Rights Reserved.
22
Individual Presentation Rubric
Presentation Title:____________________________________
Name:_____________________
Teacher:_____________________
ID#_______________________
Date of Presentation:___________
Organization
0–5
Audience cannot
understand
presentation
because there is no
sequence of
information.
Content
Knowledge
Student does not
have grasp of
information;
student cannot
answer questions
about subject.
Visuals
Student used no
visuals.
Mechanics
Delivery
Student’s
presentation had
four or more
spelling errors and/
or grammatical
errors.
Student mumbles,
incorrectly
pronounces terms,
and speaks too
quietly for students
in the back of the
class to hear.
Criteria
6 – 10
Points
11 – 15
16 - 20
Student presents
information in
logical sequence
that audience can
follow.
Student presents
information in
logical, interesting
sequence that
audience can follow.
Student is at ease
with content, but
fails to elaborate.
Student
demonstrates full
knowledge (more
than required) with
explanations and
elaboration.
Visuals related to
text and
presentation.
Student used visuals
to reinforce screen
text and
presentation.
Presentation had
three misspellings
and/or
grammatical
errors.
Presentation had
no more than two
misspellings
and/or
grammatical
errors.
Presentation had no
misspellings or
grammatical errors.
Student incorrectly
pronounces terms.
Audience
members have
difficultly hearing
presentation.
Student’s voice is
clear. Student
pronounces most
words correctly.
Student used clear
voice and correct,
precise
pronunciation of
terms.
Audience has
difficulty following
presentation
because student
jumps around.
Student is
uncomfortable
with information
and is able only to
answer
rudimentary
questions.
Student
occasionally used
visuals that rarely
support text and
presentation.
Teacher Comments:
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All Rights Reserved.
Total
23
“Then and Now”
OBJECTIVE
Students will conduct research and investigate similarities and differences between selected
forms of technology (either hardware or software) by comparing past and present concepts.
PROCEDURE
You are to research one or two forms of technology (either hardware or software) from the
past. Compare and contrast your choice(s) with one or two current forms of technology (either
hardware or software). Answer these questions in your response:
• How would you rate your selections?
• What are your opinions of the two technology methods you selected?
• How would you compare the day-to-day activities using the past form of technology to
that of the current form?
Summarize your findings in a 450 to 500-word typed essay.
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All Rights Reserved.
24
Research Report Rubric
Research Report Title:____________________________________
Name:_____________________
Teacher:_____________________
ID#_______________________
1
Criteria
2
3
Introduction/
Topic
Questions or
problems are
teacher generated.
Student(s) require
prompts to
generate questions
and or problems.
Student(s)
generate questions
and or problems.
Conclusions
Reached
A conclusion is
made from the
evidence offered.
Some detailed
conclusions are
reached from the
evidence offered.
Several detailed
conclusions are
reached from the
evidence offered.
Information
Gathering
Information is
gathered from
non-electronic or
electronic sources
only.
Information is
gathered from
limited electronic
and non-electronic
sources.
Information is
gathered from
multiple electronic
and non-electronic
sources.
Summary
Paragraph
Weakly organized.
Well organized, but
demonstrates
illogical sequencing
and sentence
structure.
Well organized, but
demonstrates
illogical sequencing
or sentence
structure.
Punctuation,
Capitalization,
and Spelling
There are four or
more errors in
punctuation and
or capitalization.
There are two or
three errors in
punctuation and or
capitalization.
There is one error
in punctuation and
or capitalization.
Points
4
Student(s)
properly
generate
questions and/
or problems
around a topic.
Numerous
detailed
conclusions are
reached from
the evidence
offered.
Information is
gathered from
multiple
electronic and
non-electronic
sources and
cited properly.
Well organized,
demonstrates
logical
sequencing and
sentence
structure.
Punctuation
and
capitalization
are correct.
Teacher Comments:
Copyright © Texas Education Agency, 2015. All Rights Reserved.
Total
25