Towards Developing Index for the Assessment
of Sustainable Development
A Case Study of the Sultanate of Oman
Hussein Al-Masroori
Department of Marine Science and Fisheries
Shekar Bose
Department of Natural Resource Economics
Sultan Qaboos University
Sultanate of Oman
Background
Total (2013)
Fisheries Sector in Oman
Landing (mt)
Value (Million)
Landing (mt)
206,517 mt
166 OMR = 431 US$
Value (OMR Million)
Average
(1985-2013)
Amount
%
Amount
%
Traditional
119380
86.5
57
84.9
Industrial
17470
12.7
9
12.8
Coastal
1127
0.8
2
2.4
250
180
160
Landing (1000 mt)
Value (OMR Million)
200
140
150
100
80
100
60
40
50
20
0
0
Year
Value (OMR Million)
Landing (1000 mt)
120
Introduction
Context:
 Nationalization strategy
 Resource access conflict
 Environmental concerns associated with trawling
Consequences:
 Affects the socio-economic objectives
 Exerts negative influence on the overall management objectives
stipulated in the five-year development plan
Sustainability & Sustainable Development
Ecological
Conservation
Economic
Development
Core of
Sustainability
Social
Development
Sustainable Development Reference System (SDRS)
(FAO 1999)
Main Objective
 To assess the performance of
the industrial trawl sector
toward sustainability
Stages Involved in Assessment
1.
Selecting and modifying framework to suite local conditions
2.
Specifying criteria, objectives, potential indicators and reference points
3.
Specifying a suitable method of aggregation and application of
analytical procedure (MCDA)
4.
Assessing the progress of each component towards sustainability
Conceptual Frameworks for Sustainable Development
Ecologically Sustainable Development (ESD):
ESD
Effects on Humans
Effects on the Environment
Lifestyle
Income
Food
Primary commercial
species
Non-target species
Other aspects
Employment
Chesson and Clayton (1998)
Identification of the ESD Components
1.
2.
Field Observation:

Real time observation of fishing activities

Gathering and clarifying information about the fishery

Identifying indicators
Stakeholder Consultation:

To identify all possible components of the hierarchical structure

To maximize consistency and minimize any chance of missing factors

To gain acceptance of all stakeholders
Stakeholder
Number of Experts
Academic
Management
Industry
Total
13
10
7
30
Response
Number
Rate
10
77
7
70
4
57
21
70
The modified ESD framework with components
Conflict with
traditional
Foreign
Specifying objectives, indicators, and reference points
 National regulations and Strategic Plans:
 Legislation
 Vision Oman 2020
 Five-year plans
 International Legislations and Conventions:
 Agenda 21
 FAO Code of Conduct
Specifying objectives, indicators, and reference points
1. To increase the contribution of the fisheries sector toward
1. To minimize
the resource
access
conflict satisfaction
food security
and achieve
subjective
• •To minimize
orconsumption
cases
Indicator:the
Perbreaches
capita fish
court Amount of catch retained by the local
•brought
Data to
required:
• companies
Indicator:that
Number
is soldofincases
the local markets and the
• total
Reference
point:
population
of Zero
the country
Trend: Negative
• • Reference
point: Maximum per capita(share)
• Trend: Positive
To protect small scale fisheries interests
(FAO Code of Conduct)
Component
Indicator
Preferred
trend
Reference
point
Positive
-
Positive
1
Amount of catch retained by local fishing
companies that is sold in the local markets
Positive
20% of total
landed catch
Amount of landing exported by foreign fishing
companies
Negative
-
Required data
Food

Nutrition
Fish per capita


Food Variety
Catch diversity of the local
fishing companies
Amount of catch retained by
Domestic Market local fishing companies that
is sold in the local markets
Share of foreign fishing
Export
companies
Employment

Amount of catch retained by local fishing
companies that is sold in the local markets
Total population
Number of fish species local fishing
companies share
Number of fish species foreign fishing
companies share
Omani
Number of Omanis
employed in the fishery
Number of Omani employees
Positive
Total number
of personnel
working in
the sector
Foreign
Number of foreigners
employed in the fishery
Number of foreign employees
Negative
0
Positive
-
Positive
Total number
of vessels
Negative
0

Income
Annual gross value of the
fishery
Lifestyle
Number of vessels
Conflict with
traditional
Number of conflict cases
Annual catch value gained by local
fishing companies

Taxes

Operation costs
Number of fishing vessels owned by local
fishing companies
Number of court cases between the commercial
trawling sector and traditional fishermen
Component
Indicator
Required data
Preferred
trend
Reference
point
Primary commercial
species
Non-target species
Direct
Discards
Turtle
Proportion of accepted
CPUE status


Positive
1
Negative
Negative
Negative
0
-
Positive
Negative
Max.
-
Indirect
Other aspect
Marine landscape
Area
Intensity
Annual catch by major species
Fishing days
Amount of discarded catch Amount of discarded catch each year
Number of killed turtle
Number of killed turtle each year
Total catch of all species
Annual catch by commercial trawling
Stock productivity
Trawling intensity
CPUE
Fishing days
Specifying a suitable method of aggregation and application of
analytical procedure (MCDA)
 Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA)
 4 technical steps are involved:
1.
Scoring
2.
Weighting
3.
Combining the weights and scores for each option to derive an overall
value
4.
Examining the results (with the extent of sensitivity)
 Sustainability Index of Criteria (SIC) for two Management
Regimes
Results
Hiview software ® version 3.1.0.5
Year
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Fishing Days
4139
1795
1628
1288
304
3303
2596
4760
4752
4149
Preferred Score
304
Standardized Index
7.34
16.94
18.67
23.60
100.00
9.20
11.71
6.39
6.40
7.33
100.00
90.00
Trawling
intensity
80.00
70.00
60.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
1997
Nutrition
Total Population
Catch retained to local market
(kg)
Yield coefficient @ 70 %
Fish consumption per capita
Preferred Score (100)
Standardized Index
Food Varity
Shannon Diversity Index (H)
Preferred Score (100)
Standardized Index
2.038
2.368
86.064
Domestic Market
Total catch
Local fishing companies share
Catch retained to local market
(mt)
Preferred Score (100)
Standardized Index
Export
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2255000
2287000 2325000 2402000 2478000 2538000 2341000 2416000 2509000 2577000
337855
153475 238785.25 538369.73 59922.276 376885
208780 378077.65 243849.55 269864
236498.5
0.105
0.157
66.846
107432.5 167149.67 376858.81 41945.593 263819.5
0.047
0.072
0.157
0.017
0.104
146146 264654.35 170694.69 188904.8
0.062
0.110
0.068
0.073
29.941
45.822
100.000
10.789
66.254
39.791
69.819
43.362
46.722
1.886
2.016
1.982
1.577
2.050
2.182
2.368
2.291
2.331
79.632
85.152
83.721
66.603
86.596
92.141
100.000
96.760
98.452
27250.158 13273.551 12230.915 10772.141 2753.646 25402.392 17862.359 22279.866 17685.257 19275.827
5433.000 2650.800 2428.800 2136.200 548.200 5080.400 3572.400 4455.800 3530.880 3855.200
337.855
153.475
238.785
538.370
59.922
376.885
208.780
378.078
243.850
269.864
538.370
62.755
28.507
44.353
100.000
11.130
70.005
38.780
70.226
45.294
50.126
Foreign fishing companies share 21817.1575 10622.751 9802.115 8635.941 2205.446 20321.992 14289.959 17824.066 14154.377 15420.627
Preferred Score (100)
2205.446
Standardized Index
10.109
20.762
22.500
25.538 100.000 10.853
15.434
12.373
15.581
14.302
Weighted Summation
56.443
39.710
49.457
77.315
47.131
58.427
46.536
63.105
50.250
52.401
Results
Effect on Human
Effect on Environment
Hiview software ® version 3.1.0.5
Which year has scored the best performance?
Hiview software ® version 3.1.0.5
Sensitivity up of effect on environment component
Hiview software ® version 3.1.0.5
Most preferred year (sensitivity down) of the effect on human
component
Cumulative weight would have to change by less than 5 points in order to change the most preferred option
Cumulative weight would have to change by between >5 to 15 points
Cumulative weight would have to change by more than 15 points
Overall Sustainability
Index of Criteria (SIC) for
Ecological Well-being
Overall Sustainability
Index of Criteria (SIC) for
Human Well-being
Sustainability Index of
Criteria (SIC) for 1997
management scheme
Sustainability Index of
Criteria (SIC) for 1998
management schemes
Policy Implications
1. The 1997 management scheme seemed to favor the short-term financial
returns (economic) rather than the long-term conservation goals
(environment).
2. Overall, the attainment of sustainability with regard to key dimensions
was found to be below par.
These findings contributed to a study at latter stage
that led to the decision of banning the industrial
trawling activities in 2009
2nd International Conference on
FISHERIES, AQUACULTURE AND
ENVIRONMENT IN THE INDIAN OCEAN
Sultan Qaboos University
Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
24-26 February 2015
www.fishconference.om