Biosorption Studies
of Acid Green 3 Dye
Martine Torres
Department of BioResource Research
Oregon State University
Physical Water
Scarcity
Approaching
Physical Water
Scarcity
Economic Water
Scarcity
Little/ No Water
Scarcity
Not Estimated
Background
• Textile industry uses
80-200 m3 of water per
ton of product
• Producing 1,650 m3 of
wastewater per day
• In 2008, global textile
production was more
than 66 million tons of
fabric, consuming 6-9
trillion liters of water
Adverse Effects From Dye Effluent
• Negatively affect
photosynthetic activity of
aquatic life
• Textile dyes discolor
water, making it
aesthetically unappealing
• Health effects include
allergic dermatitis, skin
irritations and cancer
Flow Chart of Textile Processing:
Input/Raw Materials →→ →→ Processing Steps → →→→→→ Output
Textile Fibers →→→→→→ Yarn Manufacturing →→→→→→ Yarn
(Spinning Mill)
↓
↓
Yarn→→→→→→→Fabric Manufacturing→→→→→Grey Fabrics
(Weaving/Knitting Industry)
↓
↓
Grey Fabrics→→→→→→Wet Processing →→→→→Finished Fabrics
(Dyeing, Printing & Finishing Industry)
↓
↓
Finished Fabrics→→→→ →Garment Manufacturing→→→→→ Garments
(Garment Industry)
Source: http://textilelearner.blogspot.com/2012/02/what-is-textile-basic-textiles-uses-of.html#ixzz1w17tFwQr
Physical Water
Scarcity
Approaching
Physical Water
Scarcity
Economic Water
Scarcity
Little/ No Water
Scarcity
Not Estimated
Bangladesh
•Garment industry
contributes 80% of
foreign exchange
earnings
•Industrial pollution
accounts for 60% in
Dhaka watershed
•Groundwater supply
drinking water for
80% of Dhaka
population
India
•Textile industry
employs 38 million
people, largest source
of industrial
employment
•Water scarcity is so
severe in Tirupur,
industries are forced to
buy water
•Discharged effluents
are detectable in the
food chain in Sanganer
Textile Industry Is Not Sustainable
Groundwater sources are going to be depleted
Water costs will increase
Textile production costs will increase
Growing need for new technology
Recycle wastewater
Reduce pollution
Current Technology
•Current technologies
to treat textile effluent
include, reverse
osmosis, oxidation,
and activated carbon
• These methods
suffer from high
energy demand, high
cost, slow dye removal
process and hazardous
by products
Torres 2012
Dead Biomass
• Not affected by toxic
waste, does not
require continuous
nutrient supply
• Can be recycled and
accumulates
contaminants better
than living cells
• Examples include
banana peels, coconut
husks, charcoal and
algae
Focus of Our Study
•Red macro-algae,
Palmaria mollis
•Brown macro-algae,
Fucus vesiculosus
•Biochar, Red Alder
char
Algae
Palmaria mollis
Fucus vesiculosus
Biochar
Red Alder Char
Acid Green 3 (AG3) as Model Dye
• Acid dyes are commonly
used in the textile
industry
• Most difficult type of dye
to treat
• Anionic triphenylmethane
dye main offenders of
pollution
• Animal carcinogen and
promotes tumor growth
in fish
Major Binding Groups for Biosorption
Binding
Group
Hydroxyl
Structural
Formula
-OH
Carboxyl
-C=O
I
OH
O
II
-S=O
II
O
-NH2
Sulfonate
Amine
Alginic Acid
Agar
Collection and Pretreatment of Algae
• P. mollis and F.
vesiculosus were
collected at the Hatfield
Marine Science Center
• Algae was treated with
distilled water and 0.1M
HCl
• Algae was dried in an
oven and ground to less
than 2mm size using a
knife mill
Vocabulary
• Biosorption: The property of biomass to bind
and concentrate selected ions or other
molecules from aqueous solutions
Hypothesis
• Algae and biochar can
be used as an
effective adsorbent
for AG3 dye
Objectives
• Determine the
optimum pH,
temperature and
salinity conditions for
maximum dye
adsorption
• Conduct batch
experiments to
determine dye
adsorption potential
Torres 2012
Palmaria mollis
• Initial batch experiments conducted were to
determine optimum pH for adsorption
– pH influences functional groups on algae and
the dye solution chemistry
• Palmaria mollis will adsorb AG3 dye better in an
acidic environment (pH2-3)
Methods: P. mollis
Experiment 1: Determine Optimum pH Condition
pH: 2-7
30°C
1g/L dye in 150mL dye solution
0.5g P. mollis
Duration: 27 hours
*Only graphed pH 2, 3, 6 and 7
Results: Palmaria mollis
Effect of pH on Dye Adsorption Rate by P.
mollis
pH2
Dye Adsorbed by Algae (%)
60
pH3
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
15
30
45
60
90
150
210
330
Time (min)
450
570
1440 1500 1560 1620
Results: Palmaria mollis
Dye Adsorbed by Algae (%)
Effect of pH on Dye Adsorption Rate by P. mollis
pH6
10
pH7
8
6
4
2
0
0
15
30
45
60
90
150 210 330 450 570 1440 1500 1560 1620
Time (min)
Discussion
• P. mollis effectively adsorbs AG3 dye at pH2
(52.8%) and pH3 (42%) compared to pH 4-7 (>10%)
• Adsorption rate decreases with increasing pH
• As pH increases, the number of negatively charged
sites on algae increases
• P-value comparing adsorption rate of pH2 and pH3
was (0.14), so subsequent experiments use pH3
Fucus vesiculosus
• Switched focus to brown macro-algae
• Two experiments were conducted:
– Determine optimum salinity condition
– Determine optimum temperature condition
Methods: F. vesiculosis
Experiment 1: Determine Optimum Salinity Condition
Dye Conc.:
2.5g/L
5g/L
10g/L
Media:
Salt
water
Distilled
water
Salt
water
pH: 3
30°C
20g P. mollis
Duration: 8 hours
Distilled Salt
water
water
Distilled
water
Results: Salinity Experiment (10g/L)
Effect of Salinity on Dye Adsorption Rate byF.
Dye Adsorbed (Dist. Water)
Dye Adsorbed (Salt Water) P-value: 0.0125
70%
Dye Adsorbed by ALgae (%)
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0
30
60
90
Time (min)
120
240
480
Percent Dye Remaining for 10g/L in Salt
Water With a Dilution Factor of 100
100%
68.3%
62.5%
60.1%
58.5%
40.1%
39.8%
Results: Salinity Experiment (5g/L)
Effect of Salinity on Dye Adsoprtion Rate byF.
Dye Adsorbed (Dist. Water)
Dye Adsorbed (Salt Water)
Dye Adsorbed by Algae(%)
70%
P-value: 0.0168
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0
30
60
90
Time (min)
120
240
480
Results: Salinity Experiment (2.5g/L)
Effect of Salinity on Dye Adsorption Rate byF.
Dye Adsorbed (Dist. Water)
70%
Dye Adsorbed (Salt Water)
Dye Adsorbed by Algae (%)
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
0
30
60
90
Time (min)
Torres 2012
120
240
480
Methods: F. vesiculosis
Experiment 2: Determine Optimum Temperature Condition
Temperature:
30°C
35°C
40°C
Dye Conc.:
Type of Media:
2.5g/L 10g/L
Salt water
2.5g/L 10g/L
Salt water
pH: 3
20g P. mollis
Duration: 8 hours
2.5g/L 10g/L
Salt water
Results: Temperature Experiment
Effect of Temperature on Final Dye Concentration
5
2.5g/L Initial Dye Concentration
10g/L Initial Dye Concentration
Final Dye Concentration (g/L)
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
30
35
Temperature (°C)
40
Discussion
• Temperature (30-40°C) does not significantly
affect dye uptake by the algae
• Dye uptake appears to be associated with
salinity of the solution
• Total amount of dye adsorbed by algae was
independent of initial dye conc. (56-57% for
distilled water, 44-60% for salt water)
Biochar
• Studies indicate that chars
formed at low temperatures
(300-400°C) have lower surface
area than chars at high
temperatures (500-700°C)
• Red Alder at 600°C will adsorb
AG3 dye better than Red Alder
at 300°C
• Determine optimum pH for
adsorption
Collection and Pretreatment of Biochar
• Donated from Mr.
John Miedema in
Philomath, Oregon
• One batch of high
and low
temperature Red
Alder Char was
washed with
distilled water and
0.1M HCl
• Treated Char was
then dried in an
oven before use
Methods
Untreated Char 600°C
-pH: 3, 5, 7
-Media: 2.5g/L
Dye in Salt Water
-Samples taken at
4 hrs and 24 hrs
Treated Char 600°C
-pH: 3, 5, 7
-Media: 2.5g/L
Dye in Salt Water
-Samples taken at
4 hrs and 24 hrs
Untreated Char 300°C
-pH: 3, 5, 7
-Media: 2.5g/L
Dye in Salt Water
-Samples taken at
4 hrs and 24 hrs
Treated Char 300°C
-pH: 3, 5, 7
-Media: 2.5g/L
Dye in Salt Water
-Samples taken at
4 hrs and 24 hrs
Results
High Temp Char Untreated
pH7
pH5
pH3
35
AG3 Dye Uptake (%)
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
240
0
1440
240
Time (min)
Results
High Temp Char Treated with
pH7
pH5
pH3
AG3 Dye Uptake (%)
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
240
0
1440
240
Time (min)
Discussion
• High temperature Red Alder char adsorbs more
AG3 dye than low temperature
• No significant pH difference for Red Alder char
to adsorb AG3 dye
• Treated char adsorbed less dye (11%) than
untreated char (32%)
• Red Alder char adsorbed less AG3 dye than P.
mollis and F. vesiculosus
Future Work
Effluent water
(high volume)
Wash water
(Dyes
concentrated)
Operating
Regeneration
Operating
Regeneration
Clean wash water
(lower volume)
Clean effluent
water (No dyes)
Acknowledgements
• Oregon State University Subsurface Biosphere
Initiative (SBI)
• United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)
• Gail Hanson and John Meidema for providing the
biomass used in the experiments
• Dr. Murthy for supporting my research
• Dr. Kleber and Dr. Stubblefield
• Wanda and Dr. Field
• My friends and roommate