EIEO/F76/2
NOVEMBER 1981
CIAL PUBLIC ATIONI
Sp3
AOO003OOD]J741j
3
OREGON
FIVE STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL
REGENERATION PLANNING
B.D. CLEARY
B.R. KELPSAS
UFOQE.fuf
liii
III
liii
II1
liii
SCHOOL OF FORESTRY
RE.1IRRCH IRS
OREGON STATE UNIV
MU
SITY
Since 1941, the Forest Research Laboratory--part of
the School of Forestry at Oregon State University in
Corvallishas been studying forests and why they are
like they are.
A staff or more than 50 scientists
conducts research to provide information for vise
public and private decisions on managing and using
Oregon's forest resources and operating Its woodusing industries.
Because of this research, Oregon's
forests now yield more In the way of wood products,
water, forage, wildlife, and recreation.
Wood products are harvested, processed, and used more efficiently.
Employment, productivity, and profitability
In
Industries dependent on forests also have been
strengthened. And this research has helped Oregon to
maintain a quality envirom.ent for its people.
Much research
is
done right
the Laboratory's
in
facilities on the campus.
But fleid experiments in
forest
genetics,
young-growth management,
forest
hydrology, harvesting methods, and reforestation are
conducted on 12,000 acres of School forests adacsnt
to
the campus and on
lands of public and private
cooperating
agencies
throughout
the
Pacific
Nor t byes t.
With
these
publications,
the
Forest
Research
Laboratory supplies the results of its research to
forest land owners and managers, to manufacturers and
users of forest products, to leaders of govermn.nt
and industry, and to the g.neral public.
The Authors
B.D. Cleary is a reforestation specialist, and B.R.
Kelpsas Is a research assistant, Department of Forest
Science, Oregon State University, Corvaiiis.
Acknowledgments
We are Indebted to the many students and workshop
participants who suggested improvements on our past
efforts.
Disclaimer
The mention of trade names or comnircisi products In
this publication does not constitute endorsement or
reconvnendatlon for use.
To Order Copies
Copies of this and other Forest Research Laboratory
publications are available from:
Forest Research Laboratory
School of Forestry
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
Please
Include author(s),
nwnber If known.
title,
and
publIcation
an affIrmativ, action Institution that ccinpii.s
with Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Mt of 1973,
Oregon State University supports equal ducatlonai and
employment opportunity wIthout regard to age
sex,
As
race,
creed,
national
status, or religion.
origIn,
handicap,
marital
CONTENTS
2 ABSTRACT
2 INTRODUCTION
4 BEFORE YOU BEGIN TO PLAN...
6 THE5STEPS
30 LITERATURE CITED
ABSTRACT
Planning for
successful reforestation by
planting
is
difficult
because
many
variables must be integrated to produce a
carefully designed and
economical
plan.
Without a systematized approach, essential
elements are often neglected or overlooked
altogether.
This paper presents a method
in which planning information is organized
step
by
step and then used as the
basis
for choosing among possible alternatives.
In
the
first
four
steps,
site
information
seedling environment is assessed; and site
preparation alternatives are evaluated.
In
the
fifth
and
final
step--the
prescription--the
harvest
system
is
selected;
the
sitepreparation method,
stock
type,
and
seedling
handling
and
planting
practices
are
determined;
and
operations for plantation maintenance are
identified.
A sample prescription illustrates application of this plan to a specific site.
is compiled; harvest systems are analyzed;
INTRODUCTION
Successful
reforestation
is
the
most
important objective of those who manage
forest resources on a sustained basis. Yet
the
legacy
of
brushcovered or
poorly
stocked lands left after logging is a continual reminder that not all regeneration
efforts
have
been
fruitful.
Today,
addition, constructing a regeneration plan
before harvest allows a manager time to
evaluate alternatives and then make the
best choice based on a detailed analysis of
tradeoffs.
Too often,
operations
are
prescribed without
justification because
too little time was taken to fully assess
increasing land and timber values
the
stermiing
from a growing demand for wood products
emphasize the importance of raising trees.
To meet this demand, reforestation can no
longer be left to chance.
Indeed, Oregon
law now requires successful regeneration of
all
newly harvested areas within specific
time periods.
Over
the
past
few
decades,
increased
sophistication has eliminated much of the
guesswork
in
the
reforestation process.
However, emphasizing one component of the
process while neglecting the others can
still
lead
to
failure
because all
are
joined in a chain of events whose weakest
link determines the degree of success for
the
project.
Attention
to
the
total
process
as
well
as
to
its
individual
components
is
the
key,
but
this can
be
difficult,
particularly
if
the
project
spans a year or more.
One effective approach is to construct a
regeneration plan that specifies operations
before an area has
been
harvested
and
coordinates their timing, thereby avoiding
delays.
Prompt site regeneration is often
critical to preventing problems with brush
or
other
competing
vegetation.
In
options.
Finally, compiling a plan
provides
a
written
record
of
the
reforestation history on a site.
Using
such
records
as
information
sources
in
subsequent reforestation projects promotes
continual
refinement of the process and
increases
the
likelihood
of
a
greater
number of established plantations.
We have designed--and present here--a plan
for reforestation by planting.1
Although
artificial seeding or natural methods (such
a
shelterwood)
may
appropriate,
planting has
as
widely used approach.
sometimes
be
been
the most
plan comprises
each of which
addresses at least one major component in
the reforestation system (Fig. 2).
Steps 1
through
4
are
an
informationgathering
sequence that helps you evaluate alternatives
to
formulate
the
best
possible
plan; step 5 is the actual reforestation
prescription.
You may need to repeat the
first four steps or step 5 several times to
put
all
the
information
in
its
proper
five
1You
basic
will
find
steps
Our
(Fig.
additional
1),
helpful
Information
In
Regenerating Oregon's Forests (Cleary et al. 1978).
We have prepared this publication to supplement and
Improve upon material presented in
apter 9 of that
publication.
3
perspective because each decision affects
all others in the process.
STEP I
Prepare site description, noting
special considerations or potential
pro b I ems
STEP 2
Compare possible harvest systems
for the site described in step 1
familiarity with both the prescription process and a given management
area increases, you may develop several
the
meet
that
prescriptions
"standard
reforestation
coirnion
the
requirements of
projects in your area and effectively apply
five steps.
repeating all
these without
be
however,
should,
prescriptions
Such
as
modified,
then
reviewed annually and
specific
the
match
to
needed,
characteristics of each reforestation site.
As
your
I
STEP 3
Estimate severity of envirorent
for seedling establishment and
growth; specify limitations
"
STEP 4
Evaluate sitepreparation methods
noting target species and site and
operational constraints
Grow
seedlings
Harvest
site
1
STEP 5
1
Prescribe reforestation operations
on the basis of steps 1-4:
site
Prepare
for seedlings
Process
seedlings
\11
ASelect harvest system
1
"
BDetermine sitepreparation
Plant
seedlings
t rca tme n t s
'i'I'
CMatch stock type with
Maintain
plantation
envirorrnent created after
site preparation
'i-
DSpecify seedling handling
and planting practices
FIGURE 2.
RECcM1ENDED REFORESTATION BY PLANTING.
'I,
Eldentify plantation
ma i ntenance operations
FIGURE 1.
FIVE
STEPS
P LANN I NG.
TO
SUCCESSFUL
REGENERATION
4
BEFORE YOU BEGIN TO PLAN...
Carefully
identify
your
silvicultural
objectives (see form); record these and any
other considerations or constraints that
could ultimately affect your prescription,
Once you specify your goals, they will be
far easier to reach.
Then proceed with the
five
steps,
using
the
forms
developed and provided here.
we
have
We have
included a sample prescription for an area
in
the Oregon Coast
Range to illustrate
development of this stepbystep plan for a
specific site.
S ILVICULTURAL. C1ECTIVES
Trees per acre
To produce:
2.50
at age
frJWO POLC7 "iX
O8JECT!VES FOR OTHER USES
Water
4/AJ& 7V AJA POP)Ot44
Recreation
T7EREDrnJAJr//'Jc
IH 1-/A'Tr
F/4/t
Grazing
Wildlife
COOR-Q/l'J4TE WiTh eiOc1i7
Administrative
MOfrE
Environmental
%
Other
JPtEI'1ENr
ó7EAt pOiJNTZER,'-j
5
SILVICULTURAL OBJECTIVES
REFORESTATION GOALS
Trees per acre
at age
Toproduce:
OBJECTIVES FOR OTHER USES
Water
Recreation
Graz ing
Wildlife
CONSTRA I NTS
Administrative
Env i ronmenta I
Other
PLNlt'G,
From FIVE STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL REGENERATI
B.D. Cleary and B.R. Keipsas, Forest Research Laboratory,
Special Publication 1, 1981.
6
STEP I
PREPARE SITE DESCRIPTION
1,
in which site characteristics are assessed, is extremely important because
features of the site ultimately deter mine the choice of harvest system, site
preparation method,
stock
and
species
types,
and
maintenance program after
establishment.
Collect and record data on vegetation, soil, topography, biotic
Step
the
influences, and other agents or conditions. Also, carefully evaluate ground surveys,
aerial photos, or other relevant, available information.
5L)CA CdE&K 00/Z
UNIT NAME/NJ).
ACRES_____ PHOTO
0(04'
T /2 5.
SITE INDEX /40
R (0W.
/3
SEC
CROP TREES/ACRE SO
CURRENT VEGETAT I ON
LIST SPECIES BY VEGETATION LAYER
%WVER
HERB (0-3')
SHRUB (3-20')
35
L/4tJPJ%EQy
5R,c'FEøJ 40
eCKEN FJ 15
TREE (>20')
POaOLPo-F/z
i5
1INE MAPLE
N0IR
AWE.
fr1.ZEL
SO
10
TH/M5Lg5EFEy
2L7
/
/i3LFJjFMAPL
/0
GCFA&J
HABITAT 1YPE
% (DVER
50
HEIGHT
/50 f
i0
1W
20
5-
70
20
TOPOGRAPHY
Ajc,5rog
rv
ParentmateriaIjOE5TU7F
Texture (sand, slit, clay,
Aspect
FT3%
j.Ak)
/'1T,5kti5L4cE. iJE 142ED
organIc matter) L4y of3I1
Z3
/O0F7
Elevation
FT
/0%
Rock content
Major features £7/i) g7Okt)N QAJIDg OPu*itr
I4E
EAjC/'
BIOTIC INFLUENCES
*2IMATE
AnImals 2,
PrecIpitatIon 50-Win.
Disease
Temperature 20°F WtJrE
'-
Insects
Snowpack
zr
LAJIAJTER RAiN
i-i 11¼J.
/-ITTI.E 7V t'JOAJE
Growl ng season Lo&J(;
2.52-
Availability (4000
OR/'Hy
fl/p-q°,- i'i
SEED SOURCE
Zone
ER
C/AU1ON5E.QRy/i01Zp ,C&J
M)E7RP.J
SO IL
Depth
%
óEED HA' 3EEIJ COCTED
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS AND POTENTIAL MAJOR PROBLEMS
Ll,1 /IA(/ -1-1/0
7
T_______ R_______ SEC
UNIT NATvIE/NO.
ACRES______
PHOTO NO.______
SITE INDEX_______
CROP TREES/ACRE
CURRENT VEGETATION
LIST SPECIES BY VEGETATION LAYER
HERB (0-3')
% WVER
% WVER
SHRUB (3-20')
TREE (>20')
HABITAT TYPE
S0I L
TOPOGRAPHY
Parent material
Slope_________
Texture (sand, silt, clay,
organic matter)
Aspect__________
Elevation______
Depth
Major features
Rock content
BIOTIC INFLUENCES
CL IMATE
Animals__________
Precipi tat ion
Di sease____________
Temperature
I n sects
Snowpack_
Growing season
SEED SOURCE
Zone_____________________________________
Availability_________________________
SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS AND POTENTIAL MAJOR PROBLEMS
From FIVE STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL REGENERATI('4 PLAt'IINS,
B.D. Cleary and B.R. Kelpsas, Forest Research Laboratory,
Special PublIcation 1, 198L
% WVER
HEIGHT
8
STEP 2 COMPARE POSSIBLE HARVEST SYSTEMS
Consider the advantages and disadvantages of alternative harvest systems by placing a
check (1) next to the four or five characteristics that will be most important in
selecting
a
method
for
your
specific
site.
Compare
the
ratings
for
each
characteristic checked for the
three
harvest
systems
listed.
Then use this
information
and
that
in
step 1
to
help select and justify a harvestsystem
prescription instep 5A.
HARVEST SYSTEMa
SHELTEO)
SELECTICf1
L
M
H
L
M
I-I
Adaptability to nlntenance and
firehazard reduction
H
M
L
Enviroivnental extrenles eniphasized
H
M
L
Visual impact
H
L
L
Road building required
L
M
M
H
M
L
Risk of blowdown
M
H
L
Manpower required
L
M
H
Genetic selection possible
L
M
H
Guarantee of
L
H
H
Seedbed preparation
H
M
L
Special habitats retained
L
M
H
Adaptability to insect or
disease control
H
M
L
Impacts from repeated entries
L
M
H
/
0-IARACTERISTIC
i/Cost per unit area
L/'Physical
difficulty of harvesting
i/Watershed disturbance
aH = High, M
local seed source
Moderate, L = Low.
CLEARCtJT
9
CHARACTERISTIC
/
HARVEST SYSTEMa
CLEARCUT SHELTER\W)OO SELECTION
Cost per unit area
L
M
H
Physical difficulty of harvesting
L
M
H
Adaptability to maintenance and
firehazard reduction
H
M
L
Environmental extremes emphasized
H
M
L
H
L
L
Road building required
L
M
M
Watershed disturbance
H
M
L
Risk of blowdown
M
H
L
Manpower required
L
M
H
Genetic selection possible
L
M
H
Guarantee of local seed source
L
H
H
Seedbed preparation
H
M
L
Special habitats retained
L
M
H
Adaptability to insect or
disease control
H
M
L
Impacts from repeated entries
L
M
H
Visual
impact
aH = High, M = Moderate, L = Low.
From FIVE STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL REGENERATICt'I PLAt+4U'G,
B.D. Cleary and B.R. Keipsas, Forest Research Laboratory,
Special Publication 1, 1981.
STEP 3 ESTIMATE SEVERITY OF ENVIRONMENT
FOR SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT AND
GROWTH
Step 3 will help you evaluate how the new, post-harvest environment will influence
seedling establishment, survival, and growth.
Identify the severity of environmental
components by rating their effects (H, M, L) on seedling survival (SUR) and growth
(GR) for your site (top chart).
Sunniarize the limitations by describing the factors
that reduce the chances for seedling establishment (bottom chart). You will use this
information to help determine site-preparation method (step 5B) and stock type (step
5C).
ESTABL Sl-MET DISTRA I NTS
SUR/GR
W)ISTURE
H/H
Precipitation
(Growing
SUR/GR
L./L.
TEMPERATURE
SUR/GR
Elevation
1"1//7'
LIGHT
SUR/GR
PHYSICAL
H/H
Vegetation
Animals
season)
Precipitation
H/i-i
Aspect
Aspect
Snow or
L_/L.
(Winter)
Soil capacity
Air
L
H/ti
Vegetation
L/t
drainage
Standing
debris
Growing
Slash
ice
Slash
L/L.
Soil
mo yemen
season
I
fL
Slope
K/L
Lack of
shade
(other)
aH
Excess
(other)
Severe limitation, M
(other)
aY.1PENTS
8&Aj, m(Ey,
tiju OF SV wP CoL)Ep Q'Th
(,JiTh
6ECOt-i
OP1E
HfLLOj
(other)
Moderate limitation, L = Slight or no limitation.
SU.?4ARY cF LIMIT IN
I
Insects or
disease
L/L
light
C/L.
'a,JI'J(a
oL,fr1I1E& t-1OlTZ4E
iILi-
U-vY'P'J&
T
E
M
H/H lIP
T7E', t1RY ZL2/JC6
UJ1II1& OAJ óbtJ
,LOP6
P
L
I
iJor m PRD&E7i,
CEP7 ON NE
pg i&j
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CEt'JTPTEP QJ AJORYH ?WP) /J ORJ;
aJJJI/ PITZt4 TED,
t17
9I7
5Et1
ESTABL I SFf,1ENT DNSTRA I NTS
SUR/GR
vIDlSTURE
Precipitation
SUR/.GR
TEMPERATURE
LIGHT
SUR/GR
SUR/GR
PHYSICAL
Elevation
Vegetation
Animals
Aspect
Aspect
Snow or
ice
Air
Standing
Slash
drainage
debris
Growing
Slash
(Growing
season)
Precipitation
(Winter)
Soil capacity
Vegetation
Slope
(other)
aH
Soil
movement
season
Lack of
Excess
Insects or
shade
light
disease
(other)
(other)
(other)
= Severe limitation, M = Moderate limitation, L = Slight or no limitation.
SLMyIARY OF LIMITING CCtVIPONENTS
M
0
S
T
T
E
M
P
L
G
H
T
P
H
Y
S
From FIVE STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL REGENERATICt4 PLN'NIFG,
B.D. Cleary and B.R. Kelpsas, Forest Research Laboratory,
Special Publication 1, 1981.
12
STEP 4
EVALUATE SITE-PREPARATION
METHODS
Fire, chemicals, or mechanical methods may be used either singly or in combination to
modify the seedling environment or gain access for planting.
Identify and list
important target species for your site (top chart); obtain the effectiveness rating
for each species from Table
Determine the site-preparation constraints by
(p. 14).
placing a check (I) next to any of the limitations in each column (bottom chart).
If
a listed restriction does not apply to your site,
leave blank.
Table 2 (p. 15) may
help you establish constraints.
I
VEGETATK
EO1ANICAL
TARGET SPECIES
lJ-IARACTERI STICS
EFFECTIVENESS
FIRE MANUAL CHEMICAL
5nLMoN8ERy
z-c
i-
i-
VINE MI9PLE
3-E
1-0
j-
i-A
Z-
4-0
4-C
ALDEZ
1-S
/K@L6aRY
Z
i-
i-It
I- A
SITE AtV OPERATIt4AL
/
NEa-IANICAL
-' Steep
slopes
'-"
/
FIRE
,/ Smoke
management
cozEcr HERØ/cIDg
fO EJICH SPECIES
4-
4-
/XYLiRE
4-C
4-0
JNSTRAINTS
MANUAL
.vSIash
untreated
/
(J-EMICAL
Cost
Cost
Cost
EquIpment
Hazard
Slash
created
SensItive
Erosion
Fuel
&/ Temporary
REMARKS
Slash
untreated
Cost
schedul Ing
-'
/
-o
4-0
-C
3-
REMARKS
areas
Water
conditions
effects
Compaction
Erosion
Hazard
Equipment
scheduling
Agency
policy
Agency
policy
Agency
policy
Agency
policy
biBLE
70 FI.M
aiir
(other)
(other)
(other)
(other)
aAgency polIcy may include restrictions on use of chemicals or fIre, or protectIon of rare plants or animals, wildlife corrIdors, snags, or other natural
features.
3
VEGETATION 0-IARACTERI STICS
MECHANICAL
TARGET SPECIES
EFFECTIVENESS
FIRE MANUAL CHEMICAL
REMARKS
SITE AND OPERATIONAL CONSTRAINTS
V
MECHAN I CAL
I
F I RE
/
PvIb1NUAL
I
CHEM I CAL
Steep
slopes
management
Slash
untreated
Slash
untreated
Cost
Cost
Cost
Cost
Equipment
scheduling
Hazard
Slash
created
Sensitive
Erosion
Fuel
Temporary
effects
Water
conditions
Compaction
Erosion
Hazard
Equipment
scheduling
Agency
policy
Agency
policy
Agency
policy
Agency
policy
(other)
Smoke
(other)
(other)
REMARKS
areas
(other)
Agency policy may include restrictions on use of chemicals or fire, or protection of rare plants or animals, wildlife corridors, snags, or other natural
features.
From FIVE STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL REGENERATION PLA1+lIN1,
B.D. Cleary and B.R. Keipsas, Forest Research Laboratory,
Special Publication 1, 1981.
14
TABLE 1.
SITEPREPARATION ALTERNATIVES AND THEIR EFFECTS FOR WESTERN OREGON.
Effectiveness of method on veeetation
I
Estimated recovery rate from method
Not effective (few plants killed)
A
B
C
0
E
2 = SI I ght I y effectIve (some killed)
3 = Moderately effective (many killed)
4 = Highly effective (most killed)
Scarification
Tractor
High-lead
Annual grasses
Perennial grasses
Broadleaf herbs
Alder
Bigleaf maple
Bitter cherry
Himalaya blackberry
Bracken
Cascara
Elderberry
Hazel
Ocean spray
Poison oak
Snowberry
Salmonberry
Thlmbleberry
Vine maple
White oak
Ceanothus spp.
Chinkapin
Madrone
Manzanita
Rhododendron
Salal
Tanoak
Conifers
aRecovory may be slower
=
=
=
=
=
Rapid (I month)
Moderate (3 months)
Nominal (6 months)
Slow (2 years)
Very slow (' 2 years)
Hand scalping!
slashing
Slash
burning
Chemical
3-A
2-B
3-B
4_C*
I-A
I-A
I-A
4-C
4-0
4-C
2-C
4-E
3-0
4-E
3-0
4-0
4-E
4-0
4-0
4-0
3-0
4-E
4-0
4-0
4-0
4-E
4-0
4-C
4-0
4-0
2-0
2-0
4-E
4-E
4-B
4-C
4-8
4-0
3-E
3-C
2-C
3-8
4-0
3-B
3-0
3-C
3-B
3-C
2-C
2-8
3-E
3-E
4-0
4-E
4-C
4-C
4-0
3-C
4-E
4-E
2-A
2-A
2-A
3-C
2-A
2-A
2-A
2-A
3-A
3-A
2-A
2-A
2-A
2-A
2-A
2-A
2-C
3-0
2-C
3-C
3-A
2-B
3-C
3-C
3-0
3-E
If cut
In early sumner.
I-A
I_Aa
I-A
I-A
I-A
I-A
I-B
I-B
i-A
I-A
I-A
I-A
1-0
1-0
I-C
I-C
i-A
I-A
I-A
2-A
I-A
I-A
I-B
I-B
I-B
I-B
I-A
I-A
i-B
I-B
I-B
I-B
I-B
I-B
i-B
I-B
I-A
i-A
I-B
2-B
I-B
I-A
4-E
4-E
Spray
and burn
4-C
4-0
4-C
4-0
4-E
4-E
4-0
4-E
4-E
4-0
4-E
4-E
4-0
4-E
4-0
4-E
4-E
4-E
4-C
4-0
4-0
4-0
4-0
3-0
4-E
4-E
15
TABLE 2.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SITE-PREPARATION ALTERNATIVES.
Level of restriction
1
4l-llghiy restrictive
2
5 = Completely restrictive
Nonrestrictive
SlIghtly restrictive
3 = Moderately restrictive
(ange ot
coSts/acrea
Site
preparation
Alternative
Planting
Siope
Erosion
Compaction
Plantability
Equipment
schedule
Mechanical
Tractor scarification
Highiea scarification
Tractor crushing
Hand siashing
70-175
250-350
90-200
90-800
65iOO
85i50
5c
85-150
40-250
40-60
4
2
3
3
2
3
4
5
2
3
4
3
I
I
I
4
65iOO
2
3
I
2
2
3
I
2
3
15-40
65-100
65-100
2
3
i
2
4
10-85
85-175
3
3
85i75
3b
Fire
Crew/drip torch
Mass ignition
Flying drip torch
3
Chemical
Aerial (includes
chemical cost)
Backpack
I
I
I
d
100-175
85-175
50-100
55-300
120-250
90-225
80-200
85-175
65-100
85-200
65-100
65-100
250-375
100-300
85-150
65-100
4
3
I
I
I
I
3
I
2
3
3
4
3
Combinat ions
Hack and squirt
Brown and burn
Brown and crush
Pile and burn
Tractor scarification
and spray
Highlead scarification
and spray
Spraypileburn
Mote:
4
2
I
3
3
4
2
4
2
3
3
4
4
4
c
3b
5
I
See Regenerating Oregon's Forests (Cleary et aI. 1978) for definitions or descriptions of alternatives
aAS of 1981;
labor only, 450 treesfacre; lower costs apply to
bNot reconynended at >35percent slope.
CRequires >35percent slope.
dM
2b
4b
4b
recocrmended at >65percent slope.
large acreages or contracts.
lE
STEP 5
In
step
5,
the
REFORESTATION PRESCRIPTION
actual
prescription process,
brought together in the first four steps
specific regeneration procedures outlined
the information and alternatives
final
decisions regarding the
SA through
steps
SE.
Identifying
use
to
in
make
alternatives and then selecting one that meets both the biological
constraints is the best way to ensure successful regeneration.
and operational
STEP 5A SELECT HARVEST SYSTEM
Prescribe a harvest system for your site on the basis of information developed in
step 2.
Consider topography, timber size, and vegetation, as well as cost and
operational constraints.
Justify your selection by listing the advantages and
disadvantages of the alternatives considered.
ALTERNATIVES
(L)
HrJrERJ1Jooc7
(z) CtEPCtT
MAJOR CZSTRAINTS
(1) H/-iEk CO1) HPrfOEQ W PO)iD
iAJflJPJCE
OPEPTIO,J) //A'OE
AAJD i'1O.E &(/7EJU6IUE 7D
zp,-iJr j
W6. £AJCOS t'H
MAJP
Cl)
7-DL/,
JL),OAThEJrAL
7t16 Ef7PH/S/Z6O;
JP1hCP DI617A'QBAI'JC.
MAJOR ADVANTAGES
(1)
(2-)
'EEPLINC
I1FIN
,D,J/EJr
oPET;
kJrE.'HEV Di
5FJCE t-4/'Jih/ZEO.
S/E
J7J
70 LO; ERL/ 70
7T7O&i) P)IDE flJtz- ir
ESLEC
70 COP 76E
rE E5THt1Jr
W C0ST;
Preferred harvest system
Justification
L_EQC(-r (z-)
'CEDUA1(7 &/Jt1EAIT; E/'E O
JE1EAir tO4J C0S7
17
ALTERNAT I VES
MAJOR CONSTRAINTS
MAJ OR ADVANTAGE S
Preferred harvest system
Justification
PLAM4I,
From FIVE STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL REGENERATI
B.D. Cleary and B.R. Keipsas, Forest Research Laboratory,
Special Publication 1,1981.
lB
DETERMINE SITE-PREPARATION
STEP 5B TREATMENT
On the basis of the material developed in steps 3 and 4, prescribe a site preparation
method or combination of methods that best satisfies management objectives.
Use
Table 3 (p. 21) to help evaluate and prescribe the proper herbicide, if required.
(For further information on herbicides, consult the Weed Control Handbook, published
annually by the Extension Service, Oregon State University, Corvallis.)
Justify the
decision by weighing the restrictions and advantages of all alternatives.
ALTERNAT I YES
(1) PIlE (cA.LFy) PJQ 5cV P/L
OJ 'C.T" GQQuAJL2
lpjJ
QCA'7
Aj77PC ,Eq APT2 óLifl/N
)
fEHAIAJ /AJt17 HMDk1JDOL7',
&O 'CT"
C)PJ4WJ ôF4/ JWP6 A
''IJ
1.5
t/1.
O,
F7R. ffLL: qD/pWO5AT
/ig%R2/AJÔiJ6, 1L/IC
MAJOR CCtISTRAINTS
O)OAJtL/ f-It1ITTD PT oFj/r(eJTL
fl) 7ElTW; O/L fYPIYJEP 7Z
EELOAJ; HkN O7 VEE71?OA) PPe7I7I C4J1.OLLEV;
OJu/ fEf-1fbR-!LJ/ COU..gV
E7uflE PW?
l) AiD 6iA
,
,-IEWHAr o.
EEt-iEAJrI1A/ pJEJ7baQAJiJ.
-1OKE
Eiioi)D
OAJU/
oAJQ
7PRt-1;
,UEOV
/1E ,JIt14L fr'&17'r
ACEPTIL
J/fr1AL.
17O/..LE.D) &AFF
irJr óTIL.L- IAKRCT
MAJOR ADVANTAGES
(I)
Cz)
t4PO3
CLEJ, Eqm-puwr
DL'iD
ty PEl; PQOt)/D' Y-1E /Ai/T7ftL- V6Err7OAi Coi1JTOL;
Fc P74/AJ7-E7UPA)C,
UPL// OPl77Of'J'.
a6rPr,oAj, SLPH
1OL)V Oi)EQ EJT1R. Mf2E' E715/ A2C½ fOI.
-1PIAJTEAJAAiC, pLA-AJT/,U/,
URUlq MT 5E.WEJL 4 OThE. AJ/i-1AL.
H,mr 7iOL'CD.
3) AJo
O/L- P/
E5AftJCE
TMIS?6r 5/7EIE'
c-AJ 5&
COA) TOlLE7J.
Preferred Site preparation
Justification
,'OLT
Iru.e5picg;
-k FOLLOL4J kP
eOP'T-6L H&L.lEAJ
(2)
irE PQEPA/7TQP.J; 1OOEATE
LOVJ CO67
)ITh EELEkE Pf4
19
ALTERNATIVES
MAJOR CONSTRAINTS
MAJ OR ADVANTAGE S
Preferred site preparation
Justification
From FIVE STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL REGENERATION PLANNING,
B.D. Cleary and B.R. Kelpsas, Forest Research Laboratory,
Special Publication 1, 1981.
21
TABLE 3.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WtSTERN FOREST SPECIES TO MEDIUM RATES OF AERIALLY APPLIED HERBIC,DES.a
KILLS
SEVERE INJURY
LIGHT INJURY
Co
'C,
LITTLEORNOINJURY
? INADEQUATE DATA
Jj <&
ii
Q
0. Q
TRE.ATMENT
24-0 OIL (SPRING)
2,4-0, WATER (SUMMER)
c.
'-i
I
I
I
0 Q. Co Co
0 C
.
.
Q Q
CO
.
h!
I_h!_'
-
2,4-D,EMULSION (FALL)
2,4,5-T, OIL (SPRING)
2,4,5-T, WATER (SUMMER)
2,4, 5-T, EMULSION (FALL)
.
£jQQ
.hhh
0
.
.
hhhh
PICLORAMESTER+T,OIL
or T, WATER
AMITROLE (SUMMER)
ASULAM (SUMMER)
GLYPHOSATE (FALL)
GLYPHOSATE (SPRING)
FOSAMINE (FALL)
DICAMBA (SUMMER)
ATRAZINE (SPRING)
h
!
I
I I I
-
h
h
I -
! !
.!
-
IIIIIi:
'II
7
1
-
hhh
.
S
PICLORAM + 0
Co
?
?
?
7
I
?
S
-
P 7
h
h
SIMAZINE(FALL)
PRONAMIDE (FALL)
HEXAZINONE (SPRING)
S??SS?S
SI?75'??.I?
S
SILVEX,OIL (SPRING)
TRICLOPYR-ESTER,OIL(SPRING)
TRICLOPYR-ESTER,WATER(SUMMER)
DALAPON
DALAPON AND ATRAZINE
TRICLOPYR-ESTER, WATER (FALL)
DICHLORPROP, WATER (FALL)
°
.
?S57
S
S
?
7
?
'
7
ADAPTED FROM NEWTON AND ROBERTS (1979).
7
7 S
7
?
'
?
? ?
h
'
!
LII
I
P
7 5 5
7
?
7
S
7
7
7
22
STEP 5C MATCH STOCK TYPE WITH
ENVIRONMENT
Prescribe the type of stock and species to be planted on your site on the basis of
environmental features and limitations recognized in steps 1 and 2 and the type of
envirorElent created after the prescribed site-preparation treatment.
Table 4 (p. 25)
provides added information regarding the adaptation of conifers to environmental
stress.
Tell the nursery what type of seedling(s) you need and give any other
instructions
necessary
to
ensure
production
of
the
right
morphological
and
phys i ologi cal features.
SEED SJRCE (ZONE) AN ELEVATiON
/500
2.52-
STO( ALTERNATIVES (CONSIDER AT LEAST 3)
SIZE OBJECTIVES
SPECIES (SEE TABLE 4)
TYPE
HT (cm)
131AM (rrrn)
30
5
Sl-OT/R(OT RATIO
2,5
AP FI.. CF)
POLJ%-R.
'.5
2.0
2.5
P
17Ot.JL..4 S -
2.5
2.5
i. 2.
STO( SELECTION
Species and % composition DSR., 40
JustifIcatIon
2.5,S0%
PBP30-.-/.5, 2.0%
IIVILL 3ETTR R)ITh',TANE7 PAJ)P1P)LS
&/1 OOt-IPE77flOAJ; PLAI'J1f-IOE-E cF flu
PIER,
J/I7PL'pO&)
NIJRSERY MANE?.4T CONS I DERAT IONS
Bed density or container size
Undercutting or wrenching
Irrigation schedule
Lifting date
PMS
J4PJt4P
""
L( 15
guidelines5 <5-s 5A
Culling specifications
Root pruning length OP
LLeII¼XI tjFrilu, PACK/AX
Th'lJVdRO AJUR.5E1/ PC17C.
,
/0 1k).
GF, S/k).
Other
aplant moisture stress guidelines (Cleary and Zserr 1980).
-E.
23
SEED SOURCE (ZONE) AND ELEVATION
STOCK ALTERNATIVES (CONSIDER AT LEAST 3)
HT (cm)
TYPE
SPECIES (SEE TABLE 4)
SIZE OBJECTIVES
SHOOT/ROOT RATIO
DIAM (rm,)
STOCK SELECTION
Species and % composition
Justification
NURSERY MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS
Bed density or container size
Undercutting or wrenching
Irrigation schedule
Lifting date
PMS guidelinesa
Cul I ing specifications
Root pruning length
Other
aplant nioisture stress guidelines (Cleary and Zaerr 1980).
From FIVE STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL REGENERATION PLANNI,
8.0. Cleary and B.R. Keipsas, Forest Research Laboratory,
Special Publication 1, 1981.
25
TABLE 4.
ADAPTATION OF MAJOR CONIFERS IN OREGON TO Et'NIROt'NENTAL
STRESS
Tolerance level
H = High (capable of survival and growth)
M = Mediizn
L = Low (incapable of survival)
Animal
damage
Drought
Few
nutrients
L
L
M
H
H
M
M
M
H
L
H
L
L
M
H
Shasta red fir
M
H
L
L
M
H
Incense cedar
M
M
H
H
H
M
Engefmann spruce
H
H
L
L
M
H
Sitka spruce
M
L
L
L
M
H
Jeffrey pine
L
H
H
H
H
M
Sugar pine
M
M
M
M
M
H
Ponderosa pine
L
M
H
H
M
M
Western white pine
M
H
L
M
M
H
Lodgepole pine
L
H
M
M
H
M
Douglasfir
M
M
M
i-i
M
M
Western red cedar
H
L
L
L
L
M
Western hemlock
H
M
L
L
M
H
Low
light
Frost
Pacific silver fir
H
H
Grandfir
H
Noble fir
aAdapted from Waring cc al. (1975).
High
heat
26
SEEDLING HANDLING AND
STEP 5D SPECIFY
PLANTING PRACTICES
After determining the type
storage
faci I ities
planting stock, be certain to reserve adequate cold
correct number of seedi ings.
Also determine stocking
of
the
for
level and desired spacing, projected planting date,
acceptable at the time of planting.
and type of weather conditions
PAO(ING O)'ITAINER A'I) SPECIAL REQUIRE?ENTS (BOXES, BS, PEAT
LINERS, ETC.)
t4JAXEO S0X
LiJE
iF AfLAL.
SS,
JLD STOR.8GE
Capacity needed /S,000
7S C67 35O c)
Tenerature 540 F %?OLJt'14
Htenidity
Location
Prcur 50%, AJO
PE
7U
(3/OF CO0cE)
COfUrOLLED
CO0C-E_ AiO.
PL.41'lTlt.G
Type (hoe, auger, dibble, etc.)
Trees/acre
Regular
LII1
Weather guidelines
O174ftJD,1i2
ta4CURRENT TREAT?.NTS
Tubing or budcapping
Animal repellent
Shading
Other
Scalp diam.
-435
Spacing lOX 10
Planting date
HOE
Or micros Ite
i!J
27
PACKING CONTAINER A) SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS (BOXES, BAGS, PEAT OSS,
LINERS, ETC.)
COLD STORAGE
Capacity needed
Temperature
Humidity
Location
PLANTING
Scalp diam.
Type (hoe, auger, dibble, etc.)
Trees/acre
Spacing
Regular
Or microsite
Planting date
Weather guidelines
CONCURRENT TREATMENTS
Tubing or budcapping
Animal repellent
Shading
Other
From FI\t STEPS 10 SUCCESSFUL REGENERATION PLAt't'lItG,
B.D. Cleary and B.R. Keipsas, Forest Research Laboratory,
Special PublicatIon 1, 1981.
28
PLANTATION MAINTENANCE
STEP SE IDENTIFY
OPERATIONS
This final step may be the most important:
Providing for plantation maintenance can
make the difference between a stocked and nonstocked plantation.
Specifying the type
of regeneration survey and its timing will help you expose existing problems when
they are small.
Potential followup treatments to control competing vegetation,
animals, or disease should also be identified and planned for.
Information obtained
from steps 1 and 3 can give some indication of the potential severity of these
prob I ems.
STO(XIM SURVEY
Method
Stocked quadrant
Di stance
Plot count
Other
Survey schedule (growing seasons after planting)
1st_______________ 2nd
5th______________
4th
Other
ANT IC I PATED VEGETAT I (
ChemiCal rd ease
3rd
TREAThENTS AM) DATE
J5(LYPMO5I3T/57b/A. FAL-/_ I2" VR
i
;
/
MechanIcal release
ANTICIPATED ANIMALDAM#GE
1TRO1 AM) DATE
Repellent
Trapping
11 8EVE
1k)
L7RA
IIJ
IM
D/A7El./ AFT. SUftJiki
Salting or poIsoning
Hunting
TubIng or budcapping oupCAPPiJe MAY
INSECT AM) DISEASE Ct)1TRO1
OTHER MAINTENANCE OPERATI(4S
E A
Ok) (JE)'J7LE 5L'i) SL-OpS
R.
29
STOCKING SURVEY
Method
Stocked quadrant
Di stance
Plot count
Other
Survey schedule (growing seasons after planting)
1st
5th
2nd
3rd
Other
ANTICIPATED VEGETATION TREATMENTS AND DATE
Chemical release
Mechanical release
ANTICIPATED ANIMALDAMAGE CONTROL AND DATE
Repel lent
Trapping
Baiting or poisoning
Hunting
Tubing or budcapping
INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL
OTHER MAINTENANCE OPERATIONS
PLAt'11IN*3,
From FIVE STEPS TO SUCCESSFUL REGENERATI(
B.D. Cleary and B.R. Keipsas, Forest Research Laboratory,
Special Publication 1,1981.
4th
3D
LITERATURE CITED
CLEARY,
HERMAIlSI.
B.D.,
R.D.
GREAVES,
and
R.K.
1978.
Regenerating Oregon's
forests.
Oregon State University Extension
Service, Corvallis. 287 p.
CLEARY, B.D., and J. ZAERR.
1980.
Use of
the pressure chamber technique to monitor
and evaluate seedling water status.
New
Zealand
Journal
of
Forest
Science
10(1): 1 33i 41.
NEWTON, M., and C.A. ROBERTS. 1979. Brush
control
alternatives
for
forest
site
preparation.
Proceedings
and
Research
Progress Report, 28th Annual Weed Control
Conference, Salem, Oregon.
10 p.
WARING, R.H.,
W.H.
EMYIINGHAM,
and
S.W.
RUNNING.
1975.
Envirorwnental limits of an
endemic spruce, Picea breweriana.
Canadian
Journal of Botany 53(15):1599-16i3.
31
B.R.
Kelpsas.
FIVE
STEPS TO
SUCCESSFUL
B.D.,
and
Cleary,
Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State
REGENERATIa1 PLAZ'1IING.
University, Corvallis. Special PublIcation 1. 31 p.
Planning for successful reforestation by planting Is difficult
because many variables nilst be Integrated to produce a carefully
Without a systematized approach,
designed and economical plan.
essential elements are often neglected or overlooked altogether.
This paper presents a method In which planning Information Is
organized step
by
step and then used as the basis for choosing
In
among possible alternatives.
the
first
four
steps,
site
seedling
Information is compiled; harvest systems are analyzed;
enviro,ynent
is
assessed;
and
sitepreparation alternatives are
stepthe prescription--the
In
the fifth and
fInal
evaluated.
the
sitepreparation method,
stock
harvest
system is selected;
type, and seedling handling and planting practices are determined;
and operations for plantation maintenance are identified. A sample
prescription illustrates application of this plan to a specific
site.
3.R.
Kelpsas.
FIVE STEPS
TO SUCCESSFUL
Cleary,
B.D.,
and
REGENERATI
PLArt4iNG.
Forest Research Laboratory, Oregon State
Special Publication 1
Uni vers I ty, Corvallis.
31 p.
planting is difficult
produce a carefully
systematized approach,
designed and
essential elements are often neglected or overlooked altogether.
This paper presents a method in which planning information is
basis for choosing
organized step
by
step and then used as the
In
the
among possible
alternatives.
first four
steps,
site
information is compiled; harvest systems are atalyzed; seedling
and sitepreparation
alternatives
are
environment Is assessed;
In
the fifth
and final
stepthe prescription--the
evaluated.
system is selected;
the sitepreparation method,
stock
harvest
type, and seedling handling and planting practices are determined;
A sample
and operations for plantation maintenance are identified.
prescription Illustrates application of this plan to a specific
Planning
for
successful
because many variables
reforestation by
integrated
Without a
mist be
economical plan.
site.
to
Oregon State Library
Salem
FORE$T RESEARCH LABORATORY.
SCHOOL OF FORESTRY
OREGON STATE UNIVEPSrrY
CORVALLIS, OREGON 97331
ADDRESS CORRECTION REQLJESTEp
I
U.S. Pustigs
I
PAID
I
PSfIMtNOOO
LOR 11331