C
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Health Statistics Quarterly and Population Trends are journals of the Office for National Statistics. Each is published four times a year in
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Graham C Jones
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Mortality: 01329 813758
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Population projections:
National – 0207 211 2622 (Government Actuary’s Department)
Subnational – 01329 813474/813865
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ISBN 0 11 621178 4
ISSN 0307-4463
C
Population
trends 101
Autumn 2000
In this issue
Page
In brief
2
Demographic indicators
5
Fragmented life courses: the changing profile of Britain’s ethnic populations
Examines ethnicity data in the Longitudinal Study and explores its potential in the
analysis of different ethnic groups by migration history
Louisa Blackwell
6
Social Inequalities in Later Life: the socio-economic position of older people
from ethnic minority groups in Britain
Uses data from the General Household Survey to examine the circumstances of the almost
quarter of a million elderly people from ethnic minority groups living in Britain
Maria Evandrou
The use of Patient Registers to estimate migration
Describes a new data source for providing better estimates of internal migration
and it’s use in the calculation of the mid-1999 population estimates
Roma Chappell, Lucy Vickers and Helen Evans
Tables
List of tables
Tables 1.1–9.3
Notes to tables
Report:
Internal migration estimates for local and health authorities, England and
Wales, 1999
Annual Update:
Marriage and divorces 1998, and adoptions 1999 (England and Wales)
London: The Stationery Office
11
19
25
26
54
55
69
Population Trends 101
C
Autumn 2000
in brief
Standard Occupational
Classification 2000
The Standard Occupational Classification was
first published in 1990 (SOC 1990) to replace
both the Classification of Occupations 1980
and the Classification of Occupations and
Dictionary of Occupational Titles.
The revised edition of the Standard
Occupational Classification (SOC 2000 ) has
just been published. 1 This is the culmination
of over two years work which started with a
consultative exercise to discover the views of
users on whether or not the classification
needed to be revised. Most respondents,
including those who value continuity, wanted
changes. Some users found that SOC unit
groups were too heterogeneous, others thought
the classification too narrow and yet others
that it was too broad. Specific problems
included insufficient definition in culture, arts
and sport, IT, the care sector and tourism, and
too many ‘not elsewhere classified’ groups.
Two other sources of pressure to revise SOC
1990 were the need to improve alignment with
the International Standard Classification of
Occupations and the classification issues
revealed by the research to develop the National
Statistics Socio-economic Classification.
In response to the findings of the consultation
exercise, the SOC Steering Group agreed that
the classification should be revised, approved
the scope of the revision and instructed ONS’s
Occupational Information Unit to manage the
revision and contract the expertise of
academic consultants. This contract was won
National Statistics
2
by the Institute for Employment Research at
the University of Warwick, with Professor
Peter Elias, who had designed the first edition
of the classification, as the leading academic.
The two main concepts of the classification
remain unchanged.
●
●
kind of work performed, - job, and
the competent performance of the tasks
and duties, - skill.
Major influences on the nature and shape of
the revision were the innovations associated
with technological developments and less
directly, the re-definition of work reflecting the
educational attainment of those entering the
labour market.
The main features of the revision include:
●
●
●
●
●
a tighter definition of managerial
occupations
a thorough overhaul of computing and
related occupations
the introduction of specific occupations
associated with the environment and
conservation
changes linked to the upgrading of skills
but the de-skilling of manufacturing
processes
the recognition of the development of
customer service occupations and the
emergence of remote service provision
through the operation of call centres.
Whilst an objective of the revision had been to
maintain a reasonable degree of continuity
with SOC 1990, the main priority was to bring
the classification up-to-date to reflect changes
in society. This has resulted in significant
change to the classification.
Although there are still nine major groups in
the top tier of the classification, the titles have
been changed to reflect the change in content.
SOC 2000 Major groups
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Managers and senior officials
Professional occupations
Associate professional and technical
occupations
Administrative and secretarial occupations
Skilled trades occupations
Personal service occupations
Sales and customer service occupations
Process, plant and machine operatives
Elementary occupations
A considerable number of jobs have moved
between unit groups, many between minor
groups and more than a few between major
groups. However the numbers of groups in the
tiers are similar.
SOC 1990
Major groups
Sub major groups
Minor groups
Unit groups
SOC 2000
9
22
77
9
25
81
371
353
One of the first decisions made on the structure
of the classification was to bring the sub-major
groups into the numbering system.
Population Trends 101
SOC 1990 Example of the numbering system
Occupational Information Unit,
Office for National Statistics,
Segensworth Road,
Titchfield,
Fareham,
Hampshire,
PO15 5RR
Major group
2
Sub major group 2a
Minor group
Unit group
Professional occupations
Science and engineering
professionals
20 Natural scientists
200 Chemists
SOC 2000 Example of the numbering system
Major group
2
Sub major group 21
Minor group
Unit group
Professional occupations
Science and technology
professionals
211 Science professionals
2111 Chemists
SOC 2000 is published in two volumes.
Volume 1 describes the classification, lists the
structure and gives detailed descriptions of the
unit groups. Volume 2 is the coding index; an
alphabetical list of over 26,000 job titles each
one linked to a unit group of both SOC 1990 and
SOC 2000. The inclusion of two codes is a new
feature and has been introduced to help users
make the transition from SOC 1990 to SOC
2000, especially those wanting to assign codes
from both classifications in one operation.
The job title coding index will also be
available in an electronic file from the
Occupational Information Unit and Professor
Peter Elias is planning to re-develop the
coding package CASOC as CASOC 2000
before the end of this year.
SOC 1990 was used to derive the two
government social classifications; Social Class
based on Occupation and Socio-economic
Group. The National Statistics SocioEconomic Classification (NS-SEC) will
replace both of these classifications and SOC
2000 will be used to derive the NS-SEC. The
main government data collections will start to
use the NS-SEC and SOC 2000 during 2001.
The Occupational Information Unit will be
assembling information from different sources
to show the correlation between the unit
groups of SOC 1990 and SOC 2000.
A mapping of SOC 2000 unit groups to minor
groups of the European variant of the
International Standard Classification of
Occupations 1988 will also be available from
the Occupational Information Unit.
For further information on SOC 2000 please
contact:
Although the United Kingdom population
increased overall, there were decreases in some
age groups. The largest decrease occurred in the
number of people aged 16-29. This group was
estimated at 10,733,500 in 1999 which is a fall
of 13.1 per cent since 1991.
Telephone; 01329 813640, Fax 01329 813532
or E-mail occupation.information@ons.gov.uk
1
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Autumn 2000
Standard Occupational Classification 2000 Volume
1: Structure and descriptions of unit groups (The
Stationery Office, June, £40, ISBN 0 11 621388 4).
Standard Occupational Classification 2000 Volume
2: The coding index (The Stationery Office, June,
£39, ISBN 0 11 621389 2).
Mid-1999 UK
population
estimates
The mid-1999 United Kingdom population is
estimated at 59,500,900, a rise of 2.9 per cent
since mid-1991 according to new data released
by National Statistics in August.
The mid-1999 UK population is 0.4 per cent
higher than in mid-1998 when the population
was estimated at 59,236,500.
Components of population change mid1991 to mid-1999
Table A shows components of population
change in the United Kingdom between mid1991 and mid-1999. Of the total increase
between mid-1998 and mid-1999, 76,000 is
due to natural change (more births than
deaths). The remainder, 188,400, is estimated
to be mainly due to people migrating to the
United Kingdom and this includes people
returning to the United Kingdom after a stay
abroad of a year or more.
The population estimates are available on the
Internet on the National Statistics Website at
http://www.statistics.gov.uk. Further
information on population estimates for
England and Wales can be found in Mid-1999
Population estimates for England and Wales1.
1
Mid-1999 Population estimates for England and
Wales (National Statistics, August, ISBN 1 85774
381 4, £12.50).
The largest rise was seen in the 85 and over
age group which increased by 27.3 per cent
between 1991 and 1999.
Table A
Components of poluation change, mid-1991 to mid-1999, United Kingdom
Numbers (thousands)
Mid-year
period
Resident
population
at start
Components of change
Births*
Deaths*
of period
1991-92r
1997-98r
1998-99
57,813.8
59,014.0
59,236.5
793.3
718.2
710.8
638.9
618.0
634.8
Natural
Migration
Total
Resident
population
at end
change
and other
changes
change
of period
154.4
100.1
76.0
44.5
122.4
188.4
198.9
222.6
264.4
58,012.7
59,236.5
59,500.9
* Figures as used in compilation of estimates, mid-year to mid-year.
r Revised estimate for Northern Ireland.
Note: Figures may not add exactly in this table because they have been rounded to nearest hundreds.
Source: ONS, GRO(S) and NISRA.
3
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
C
Autumn 2000
Population Trends
celebrates 25 years
a flagship journal for the National Statistics
Population and Migration Theme (see
Population Trends 100 for details of the
National Statistics Themes.)
Population Trends 100 was published on 20
June coinciding (almost) neatly with the
launch of National Statistics. The event was
marked by an evening reception which was
attended by, a number of ‘vintage’
demographers including; Roger Thatcher
(former Registrar General and Director of
OPCS, 1978-86,) Philip Redfern (former
Deputy Director of OPCS, 1970-82,) and
Frank Whitehead (former Deputy Director of
OPCS, 1983-89.) Discussion during the
evening acknowledged the contribution made
by Population Trends, over the last 25 years,
to demographic analysis and emphasised that
this provided a firm foundation for its role as
Roger Thatcher
Philip Redfern and John Fox
Karen Dunnell and Frank Whitehead
Photographer: James Clark.
Recent Publications
Mortality statistics 1998: injury and poisoning (TSO, June, £35,
ISBN 0 11 621374 4)
Health Statistics Quarterly 7 (TSO, August, £20, ISBN 0 11 621182 2)
Social focus on young people (TSO, June, £30, ISBN 0 11 621366 3)
National population projections 1998-based (TSO, August, £30,
ISBN 0 11 621391 4)
Marriage, divorce and adoption statistics 1998 (TSO, July, £30,
ISBN 0 11 621378 7)
Population estimates for England and Wales 1999-based
(National Statistics, August, £12.50, ISBN 1 85774 381 4)
National Statistics
4
Population Trends 101
Demographic indicators
Figure A
C
Autumn 2000
England and Wales
Population change (mid-year to mid-year)
Thousands
200
100
0
Net migration and
other changes
Natural change
Total change
98
-9
9
8
7
–9
97
–9
96
95
–9
6
5
4
–9
94
–9
93
92
–9
3
2
1
–9
91
–9
90
89
–9
0
9
8
–8
88
–8
87
86
–8
7
6
5
–8
85
–8
84
83
–8
4
3
2
–8
82
–8
81
–8
80
79
–8
1
0
9
8
–7
78
–7
77
–7
76
–7
75
7
6
5
4
–7
74
–7
–7
73
1
72
2
–7
1
97
3
-100
Mid-year
Figure B
Total period fertility rate
TFR (average number of children per woman)
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year
Figure C
Live births outside marriage
Percentage of all live births
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year
Figure D
Infant mortality (under 1 year)
Rate per 1,000 live births
20
15
10
5
0
1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Year
5
National Statistics
C
Fragmented life courses: the
changing profile of Britain’s
ethnic populations
Louisa Blackwell
Centre for Longitudinal
Studies,
Institute of Education
I NTRODUCTION
This article describes the
potential of the Longitudinal
Study to analyse different ethnic
groups by broad period of entry.
This is illustrated with the use of
one variable (childlessness), but
could be the basis for further
analytical work on other
variables. Each group has a
unique demographic profile,
which is largely explained by its
migration history. Migration
influences important life course
transitions. Differences between
more established residents
(present in 1981 and 1991) and
less established residents
(present in 1991 only) imply
that generalisations for the
entire ethnic group or future
generations should not be
made.
National Statistics
The 1991 Census is a new and valuable source of information about
ethnic groups within the population as a whole. The ONS Longitudinal
Study (LS) enables information from previous Censuses to be attached,
giving a dynamic account of life-course experiences, but only for those
individuals who were present at previous Censuses.
This article examines the ethnicity data in the LS. Specifically, it
compares the demographics of LS members who were present in both
1981 and 1991, and those who were absent in 1981, but present in
1991. The latter include 1980s immigrants. What emerges from the
statistics for the less established minority groups is a sense of fragmentation, change and growth. This reflects the dynamic nature of ethnicity
itself:
‘Since they are historical products, bonds of ethnicity may shift in
meaning, may be strengthened, weakened or dissolved, and they will
have varied salience at different points in an individual’s or a group’s
biography.’1
Research around the question of ethnicity reflects both theoretical and
social policy concerns. The conceptualisation of the ethnic categorisation has been criticised elsewhere2. A major benefit of data derived
from the Census is their comprehensiveness, as it aims to include the
entire population. The geographical concentration and small size of
some of the minority ethnic groups makes them inaccessible through
general surveys, even where questions about ethnicity are asked 3. The
benefits extend to other Census-based data: this article focuses on
longitudinal data in the LS. With longitudinal data it is possible to
compare the experiences of different groups as they negotiate the
various stages of the life course.
6
Population Trends 101
The life-course perspective is extremely valuable. New insights are
derived, for example, by considering how migration and settlement
history affect mortality4. Individual experiences are influenced by
broader societal contexts. There is a relationship between personal time
and historical events. The longitudinal approach recognises that both
perspectives are important5. In cohort analyses, the commonalities
between members of the same cohort emphasise their shared structural
context. At the same time, the persistence of individual variations
demonstrates that people actively choose different pathways 6. Their
own prior experiences, as well as those of their families and associates
condition the latter. There is a dialogue between broader, societal events
and biographies. Perhaps the painful experience of forced migration is
the most vivid example.
Research into ethnicity and the life course promises to be a very fertile
arena, both substantively and at the level of theory. However, this
article argues that the longitudinal data available needs to be interpreted
with care. There is a concern about the representativeness of the
longitudinal sample in the LS. The underlying reasons are discussed. A
series of population pyramids comparing the age and gender structures
of longitudinal and cross-sectional samples of the ethnic groups serve
as a caveat for those proposing further longitudinal analysis. They also
emphasise the fluidity of some minority populations, raising doubts
about the reliability of using cross-sectional data to predict future
characteristics.
ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE ONS LONGITUDINAL S TUDY
The LS links data from the 1971, 81 and 91 Censuses for England and
Wales with certain vital events such as live and still births, cancer
registrations, death and death of a spouse. Individuals are selected for
the LS on the basis of their birthdays, using four dates each year.
Confidentiality is further enhanced by controlled access to the data,
which are released as tabulations and statistical summaries by the LS
support team at the Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Institute of
Education or at ONS itself 7. The linked data permit a longitudinal
analysis of individuals’ experiences at different stages of the life course.
The representation of minority ethnic groups in the LS is affected by
Census under-enumeration. The undercount tends to be high among
young adults, particularly males, and is higher for those living in large
urban areas. It is estimated that the number of 25- to 29-year-old
Pakistani men in the 1991 Census should be increased by 20 per cent to
compensate for undercount, compared with 10 per cent for white men
in the same age group8 .
Ethnicity-focused analyses are possible through backward linkage,
using the 1991 ethnic groups. What this means in practice is that we can
control for ethnicity as long as LS members were present in 1991.
Among those who were present in 1981, but absent in 1991, we only
have country of birth (and parents’ country of birth, if also present in
1971). Country of birth in 1981 is a fairly good indicator of ethnic
group among people who, in 1991, described themselves as Pakistani or
Bangladeshi (accurate for around 90 per cent). Among the other
minority ethnic groups the relationship between country of birth and
ethnicity is far more complex. For this reason, the focus here is on LS
members present in 1991. The characteristics of the longitudinal
sample, present in 1981 and 91, are compared with those of 1991
‘newcomers’, present in 1991 but not in 1981. The latter are largely inmigrants, but may include other LS members absent from the 1981
Census for other reasons.
The 1981/91 longitudinal sample is affected by migration patterns over
the 1980s, and the amount of migration varies considerably among the
minority ethnic groups. Whilst 92 per cent of white people who were in
the LS in 1991 were also there in 1981, this falls to just 28 per cent for
Black Africans (Table 1).
Table 1
C
Autumn 2000
Permanence in the Longitudunal Study
Persons
Men
Women
(aged 20–59 yrs)
Ethnic group
Number
present
in 1991
% also
present
in 1981
Number
present
in 1991
% also
present
in 1981
Number
present
in 1991
% also
present
in 1981
White
Black Caribbean
Black Other
Indian
Pakistani
266,800
3,384
714
7,540
3,649
92
77
73
71
60
132,609
1,528
307
3,711
1,955
91
76
73
73
67
134,191
1,856
407
3,829
1,694
92
78
73
68
51
1,493
1,151
1,597
1,290
1,663
59
52
42
36
28
748
603
742
606
849
59
56
45
48
26
745
548
855
684
814
58
47
39
25
30
Other
Chinese
Other Asian
Bangladeshi
Black African
Sources: 1991 (1981) ONS Longitudinal Study
LS linkage rates are also lower for the minority ethnic groups. Linkage
failure occurs when LS members present in 1981, who aren’t known to
have died or emigrated, were not found in the 1991 Census. 1981/91
forward-linkage rates (measured across all ages) are highest, at 92 per
cent, among people born in England and Wales. This falls to 70 per cent
among people born in Pakistan and Bangladesh9.
The population pyramids below show the numbers of LS women and
men present at the 1991 Census who were also present in 1981. The age
range, 20–59 years in 1991, reflects the original reason for conducting
this analysis: an investigation of occupational transitions over child
rearing. The relative proportions of more established and ‘new’ LS
members in each age band provide an insight into how each group’s
demographic profile is changing.
A COMPARISON OF THE 81/91 LONGITUDINAL SAMPLE
AND THE 1991 ‘NEWCOMERS’
The pyramid for white people in Figure 1 is typical for an indigenous
population, experiencing a very slow rate of growth. In every age band,
the vast majority was present at both 1981 and 91 Censuses. Table 1
shows that overall, we have longitudinal data for 92 per cent of White
LS members. The longitudinal sample has very similar age and sex
profiles to the 1991 cross-section. Similarly, among Black Caribbean
people most of those present in 1991 were also there in 1981, reflecting
the well-established nature of this minority group.
The pyramid for Black Caribbeans is broad based, with a pre-retirement
bulge reflecting their particular immigration history. The 50s bulge
represents the early immigrants from the Caribbean, recruited after the
Second World War to ease labour shortages in the public sector. The
broad base represents their children. Again, the longitudinal sample is
similar to the 1991 cross-section in terms of age and sex.
In contrast, relatively few Black African people were present at both
Censuses and the age profile of the longitudinal sample is quite
different to the 1991 cross-section. Again, this difference is explained
by the characteristic pattern of Black African migration. Although there
is a long history of African migration to Britain, numbers were very
small until the 1960s when young Africans, particularly those from
West Africa, came to Britain in substantial numbers to study for
academic and technical qualifications. The Black African student
population tended to be a transient one, as there were good employment
opportunities back in Africa for those with higher qualifications. More
recently, political instability has further fuelled student migration over
the 1980s, and raised the number of refugees seeking political asylum
7
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Figure 1
C
Autumn 2000
White, Black Caribbean and Black African
people in the ONS Longitudinal Study 1991
(1981)
Males
Age in
1991
Females
50–59
50–59
40–49
40–49
30–39
30–39
20–29
20–29
50000 40000 30000 20000 10000
0
10000 20000 30000 40000 50000
b) Black Caribbean people in the LS
Age in
1991
400
Males
50–59
40–49
40–49
30–39
30–39
20–29
20–29
0
500
500
1000
c) Black African people in the LS
Age in
1991
2000
Females
Males
50–59
40–49
40–49
30–39
30–39
20–29
20–29
200
0
200
Present 81 and 91
400
Present 91 only
(though, as Daley points out, very few Africans have been granted
asylum or leave to remain in Britain10). The broad base of the pyramid
in Figure 3 illustrates the youthful nature of the Black African firstgeneration immigrants.
The Black-Other ethnic group in the Census represents black people
who chose not to define their ethnicity in terms of their immigrant
origins, or those of their ancestors. It includes British-born children of
black people and the offspring of black and white mixed couples.
However, it is also fairly diverse, incorporating the offspring of black
and other (South Asian, Chinese) mixed couples. What emerges very
clearly from Figure 2 is the very youthful nature of individuals in this
category, and their permanence in Britain. The majority was present at
both 1981 and 91 Censuses.
National Statistics
200
Females
0
200
400
Females
Males
1000
0
1000
2000
c) Pakistani people in the LS
Age in
1991
50–59
400
Males
b) Indian people in the LS
Age in
1991
Females
50–59
1000
Black other, Indian and Pakistani people in
the ONS Longitudinal Study 1991 (1981)
a) Black Other people in the LS
a) White people in the LS
Age
Figure 2
8
1000
Males
500
Females
0
Present 81 and 91
500
1000
Present 91 only
In contrast to the Black-Other group, which might be characterised as
an emergent ethnic identity of growing significance, Indians are the
longest-established and largest minority group in Britain (with the
exception of the Irish, who were not identified by the ethnicity question
in the 1991 Census). This group’s pyramid bulges at 30 to 39 year olds
(Figure 2). This pattern is repeated in the other South Asian groups.
According to Ballard 11, this is an unintended consequence of the
government’s attempts to restrict non-white immigration. This generation succeeded in gaining entry to Britain as dependants, despite
restrictions on adult male immigration as a result of the 1962 Commonwealth Immigrants Act. Fertility gradually replaced immigration as a
source of population growth. As with Black Caribbeans, the majority
was present at both Censuses. Entry into the LS, mainly through
migration, was particularly high among young Southern Asian women.
Population Trends 101
Figure 3
Bangladeshi, Chinese and Other Asian
people in the ONS Longitudinal Study 1991
(1981)
a) Bangladeshi people in the LS
Age in
1991
Females
Males
50–59
Autumn 2000
through immigration control. For the latter two groups immigration was
maintained through family reunification. However, Bangladeshi
immigration to Britain was not very well established when the 1962 Act
was introduced. Unlike the Indians and Pakistanis, there was no
significant core of first-generation immigrants for family reunification.
The dearth of Bangladeshi men in their forties reflects the time lag
before the dependants of first-generation settlers reached Britain (13).
Bangladeshi immigration to Britain peaked in the early 1980s (LFS,
1991), which explains why relatively few of the LS members in the
population pyramid were present in 1981.
40–49
30–39
20–29
400
200
0
200
400
b) Chinese people in the LS
Age in
1991
Females
Males
50–59
The diversity of the Other Asian ethnic group makes it difficult to
account for the distinctive contours of the population pyramid. The
main countries of origin for this group are Sri Lanka, Japan, the
Philippines, Mauritius, Malaysia and Vietnam. Each country of origin is
associated with distinctive demographic features15. This group is clearly
a youthful one, with relatively few people resident in Britain for more
than 10 years.
40–49
30–39
20–29
400
200
0
200
400
c) Other Asian people in the LS
Age in
1991
Females
Males
50–59
40–49
30–39
20–29
400
Most Chinese people in their 20s and 30s in 1991 came to Britain in the
1980s (Figure 3). They were part of the upsurge in immigration,
comprising mainly students, since mainland China was opened to the
Western world14 . The Chinese population is thus divided between
established older residents and their children, and a new wave of firstgeneration migrants. Each group has distinct characteristics. Prior to the
1980s, Chinese immigration was dominated by employment in the
catering industry, which drew friends and family, mainly from rural
Hong Kong, to join those already established in Britain. Later migration
was from South East Asia and Mainland China, made up of more
highly-educated people seeking career opportunities. This contemporary shift in the nature of Chinese immigration means that the importance of the catering industry for Chinese employment will decline.
200
0
Present 81 and 91
200
400
DISCUSSION
Among Black Africans, Bangladeshis, Chinese and Other Asian people,
the rate of entries (and exits) between Censuses is huge. This flux also
affects the profiles of Pakistanis and Indians, though less so. For these
seven groups the degree of stability suggested by cross-sectional and
time-series data can be misleading. This information adds an important
dimension to social-policy-oriented research. The main message is that
one cannot assume that current demographic profiles will persist
without change. The membership of certain ethnic groups is changing
so rapidly that the assumed relationship between current and future
characteristics, based on ‘demographic ageing’ and the certainties of the
indigenous population, do not hold. The impact of a new wave of
immigrants on the Chinese population pyramid illustrates that the
circumstances of each group must be taken into account. This has
serious implications, for example, for those using the existing data to
estimate future needs such as housing, pension and benefit provision.
Present 91 only
CHILDLESSNESS: 20- TO 29-YEAR -OLD WOMEN
The population pyramid for Pakistanis is very similar to that for
Indians. Ballard12 suggests that immigration for people in the 40 to 49
year-old age band was frustrated in the mid-60s, but the next cohort,
30–39 years old in 1991, was more successful. These men are most
likely to be the sons of earlier migrants to Britain, joining their fathers
as dependants. Family reunion accounts for continued female immigration. Although migration from Pakistan has slowed considerably since
its peak in late 60s and early 70s, its continuation accounts for the new
entrants who are not in the longitudinal sample.
Among Bangladeshis there were very few men in their forties (Figure
3). They are also virtually absent from the 1991 Census. This cannot be
explained by return migration: the LS reveals that emigration over the
80s was only marginally higher for this cohort than for the others. As
for Indians and Pakistanis, immigration was restricted in the mid-1960s
The age and gender mix of new arrivals to the LS tends to be different
to those of established residents. This inevitably extends to other
characteristics. For example, Table 2 compares the rates of childlessness for 20- to 29-year-old women in each ethnic group, looking
separately at LS members in the 81/91 longitudinal sample and those
who enter the LS in 1991. ‘Childless’ women are those who weren’t
parents to any children living within their households in either 1981 or
1991, and who had had no live births since 1971. It is possible that
some women who have left their children overseas (hence we have no
birth records) are counted as childless here. This would mean that the
rates of childlessness among the 1991 newcomers are overstated in
Table 2. Allowing for this possibility simply reinforces the main
observations. Among the more established women who are in the
longitudinal sample, levels of childlessness tend to be similar among
the ethnic groups. The exceptions are firstly the Chinese and other
9
National Statistics
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Population Trends 101
Table 2
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Autumn 2000
Childlessness among 20–29 year-olds: variations
between new and established members of the
ethnic groups
Present 1991 only
Ethnic group
White
Black Caribbean
Black African
Black Other
Indian
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Chinese
Other Asian
Present 1981 and 91
total
(number)
% childless
total
(number)
% childless
4,129
159
281
59
481
349
191
116
176
62
50
50
49
36
28
22
62
58
32,675
479
66
175
469
176
35
40
55
58
55
55
50
57
56
26
73
67
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Economic and Social Research Council funded this research
through grant R0042934033; ‘Ethnicity, Sex and Motherhood: Occupational Segregation and Disadvantage in Women’s Working Lives’. I am
also grateful to the LS support team and Kevin Lynch in particular at
the Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Institute of Education, for their
help with accessing the LS data. The views expressed in this article are
not necessarily those of ONS or CLS.
NOTES AND REFERENCES
1
2
3
Source: 1991 (1981) ONS Longitudinal Study
Asians, with particularly high rates of childlessness. This is possibly
linked to higher educational attainments in these groups, reported
elsewhere16. At the other extreme, young Bangladeshi women had
exceptionally low rates of childlessness. Childlessness is even lower, or
motherhood more common, among Bangladeshi women who were only
present in 1991. There is convergence here with other ‘newcomers’
from Pakistan and India. Two factors are responsible for this: because
of British immigration policy women from the Southern Asian
countries enter Britain as fiancées and wives, and the practice of early
and almost universal marriage among Southern Asians 17.
4
We can draw two important conclusions from these varying levels of
childlessness. The first is that it can be misleading to generalise results
for more established residents in the longitudinal sample to the whole
ethnic group. The second is that the process of migration itself interferes
with the life-course changes. The example here is childbearing, but other
transitions are likely to be affected: school to work, marriage, parenthood, women’s movements in and out of employment during child
rearing and retirement, to name a few. Assumptions we make about the
timing and sequence of these events, based on the ethnic majority, need
to be reconsidered. The implications of migration on these transitions will
vary among, and possibly within, the different minority ethnic groups.
Length of residence in Britain emerges as an important variable to be
taken into account. To tease out the various trajectories for the minority
groups, and the influence of migration, would require longitudinal data
for the periods prior to, and post, migration.
7
5
6
8
9
10
11
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the 10-yearly interval between observations, the LS captures
some of the dynamism of the minority ethnic populations. The
population pyramids demonstrate the fluidity of their demographics,
and inevitably this extends to other characteristics. The pyramids
should serve as a caveat for those using both longitudinal and crosssectional statistics for the minority populations. Certainties, founded on
research into the White majority, must be reassessed. The commonsense link between cross-sectional data and future profiles is severed, as
migration redefines the structure of certain groups. In-migration from
the New Commonwealth countries appears to have slowed over the
1990s. However, migration from Europe and other countries, including
China, appears to have increased18. The impact of this migration on lifecourse experiences will vary, both among and within ethnic groups.
Ethnicity is a temporal concept, contingent upon biographical and
broader socio-economic and political events. Future changes in the way
that people assign their ethnic identity will add further complications to
life-course analysis. However, the longitudinal perspective will be
invaluable for charting and understanding the meaning of such changes.
Linkage of the 2001 Census will show how far the assignment of selfassessed ethnicity is itself fluid over the life course.
National Statistics
10
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Brah A. (1996) Categories of Diaspora. Routledge: London.
Ballard R. (1996) The construction of a conceptual vision: ‘Ethnic
Groups’ and the 1991 UK Census. Ethnic and Racial Studies
20.1:182-194.
Iganski P. and Payne G. (1996). Declining racial disadvantage in
the British labour market. Ethnic and Racial Studies 19.1:113-134.
Williams R. and Ecob R. (1999) Regional mortality and the Irish in
Britain: findings from the ONS Longitudinal Study. Sociology of
Health and Illness 21.3:344-367.
Harris C. (1987) The Individual and Society: A Processual
Approach. In (eds) Bryman A, Bytheway B, Allatt P. and Keil T.
Rethinking the Life Cycle. Macmillan: London.
Crompton R. and Harris F. (1998) Employment, Careers and
Families: the significance of ‘choice’ and ‘constraint’ in women’s
lives. Paper presented to the Gender, Work and Organisation
Conference, UMIST, January.
For a discussion of how the LS is organised see Brown A. and Fox
J. (1984) OPCS longitudinal study: ten years on. Population
Trends, no 37 (Autumn), pp 20-22. Also Craig J (1990)
Demographic characteristics of the ethnic minority populations.
Population Trends, 61 (Autumn), pp 43-45. HMSO: London.
Simpson S. (1996) Non-response to the 1991 Census: the effect on
ethnic group enumeration. In (eds) Coleman D and Salt J Ethnicity
in the 1991 Census: Demographic characteristics of the ethnic
minority populations. Table 3.1 [b]. HMSO: London.
Hattersley L. and Creeser R. (1995) Longitudinal Study 1971-91,
History, organisation and quality of data. HMSO: London.
Daley P. (1996) Black Africans: Students who stayed. In (ed) Peach C
Ethnicity in the 1991 Census: The ethnic minority populations of
Great Britain. HMSO: London.
Ballard R. (1996) The Pakistanis: stability and introspection. In (ed)
Peach C. Ethnicity in the 1991 Census: The ethnic minority
populations of Great Britain. HMSO: London.
Ibid.
I am indebted to Ceri Peach for his correspondence on this issue.
Cheng Y. (1996) The Chinese upwardly mobile. In (ed) Peach C
Ethnicity in the 1991 Census: The ethnic minority populations of
Great Britain. HMSO: London.
Owen D. (1996) The other Asians: the salad bowl. In (ed) Peach C
Ethnicity in the 1991 Census: The ethnic minority populations of
Great Britain. HMSO: London, pp 186-189.
See Mortimore P, Owen C and Phoenix A. (1997) Higher education
qualifications. In (ed) Karn V Ethnicity in the 1991 Census:
Employment, education and housing among the ethnic minority
population of Britain. HMSO: London. Also, Blackburn RM, Dale
A. and Jarman J. (1997) Ethnic differences in attainment in
education, occupation and life-style in the same volume.
Berrington A. (1996) Marriage patterns and inter-ethnic unions. In
(eds) Coleman D. and Salt J. Ethnicity in the 1991 Census:
Demographic characteristics of the ethnic minority populations.
HMSO: London.
OPCS (1984-97) International Migration. Nos 11-24. HMSO: London.
Population Trends 101
Autumn 2000
Social Inequalities in Later
Life: the socio-economic
position of older people
from ethnic minority groups
in Britain
Maria Evandrou
Kings College
London
I NTRODUCTION
There are now nearly a quarter
of a million individuals aged 60
years or over belonging to
ethnic minority groups living in
Britain. As the ethnic minority
groups in Britain continue to
age, information regarding their
circumstances in later life will be
of increasing importance for the
development of appropriate
services and policy.
There is currently considerable interest in the degree of inequalities in
society. Tackling poverty and social exclusion are key policy objectives
of the current Labour Government, 1 and earlier this year the Office of
National Statistics launched the first in a series of reports on Social
Inequalities. The report noted that education, household income and the
ability to participate in society through employment and other activities
vary ‘according to a number of characteristics, such as age, sex,
ethnicity or family type’.2 Several studies have focussed on inequalities
in later life,3,4 whilst others have detailed the disadvantage experienced
by different ethnic groups.5,6,7 However, the ethnic dimension with
regard to social inequalities amongst elderly people has been largely
overlooked, despite the fact that there are now nearly a quarter of a
million individuals aged 60 years or over from ethnic minority groups
in Britain.8
This article uses data from the
General Household Survey
(1991–96) to investigate the
household living arrangements,
lifestyle, socio-economic status,
economic resources and experience of multiple deprivation in
later life amongst older people
from ethnic minority groups in
Britain.
As the ethnic minority groups in Britain continue to age, information
regarding their circumstances in later life will be of increasing
importance for the development of appropriate services and policy.
This paper examines the socio–economic position of older people from
ethnic minority groups in Britain, exploring different dimensions of
social inequality. Using nationally representative data from several
years of the General Household Survey, the research investigates
household living arrangements, lifestyle, socio–economic status,
economic resources and the experience of multiple deprivation in later
life.
The findings indicate that there
are significant differences both
between and within ethnic
minority groups in access to
material and social resources,
which need to be taken into
account by policy makers and
planners.
One of the main reasons why relatively little is known on a national
scale concerning the socio–economic circumstances of ethnic minority
older people in Britain, and the associated social inequalities in later
life, has been an absence of data. There have been a number of useful
small scale studies with the focus on a particular locality 9,10 or ethnic
11
National
National Statistics
Statistics
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Population Trends 101
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Autumn 2000
group.11 Information at the national level has, however, been hampered
by a lack of sufficiently large samples within national surveys to allow
detailed analysis. The 1991 Census, including an ethnicity question for
the first time, provided important new insights into demographic,
geographical and socio-economic variations between the different
ethnic minority populations.12 However, little work to date has focused
specifically on older people from different ethnic minority groups. The
4th National Study on Ethnic Minorities, which contains a wealth of
valuable information on a wide range of characteristics, is another key
source of information.13 The Labour Force Survey, which has a much
larger sample size over a number of years, focuses mainly on employment issues, which are more pertinent to the population of working age.
Ethnicity is recorded in the GHS using a self-reported description from
a pre-defined list (see Box one). The overall composition by ethnic
origin from the pooled GHS (1991-1996) compares relatively well with
other estimates of the ethnic minority population (Table 1). In the
pooled GHS, ethnic minority groups constitute a slightly higher
proportion, 6.2 percent, compared with 5.5 percent in the 1991 Census
and 6 percent in the 1996 Labour Force Survey, the main difference
being due to a higher proportion being defined in ‘other groups’. The
proportion belonging to the main ethnic groups is remarkably similar
across all three data sources.
Table 1
Comparison of ethnic origin from pooled GHS
(1991–1996) with the 1991 Census and the
Labour Force Survey (1996), Great Britain
DATA
Percentages
The large sample sizes of small sub–populations in the 1991 Census
allow research on groups such as ethnic minority older people.
However, a key dimension of inequality is access to economic resources, for which information is not as yet collected in the British
Census. A practical alternative is to pool survey data which includes
information on income and economic position over a number of years.
The analysis in this paper combines six years (1991–1996) of the
General Household Survey (GHS). This pooled data includes all ethnic
minority respondents (12,368 cases, including 2,989 Irish), and a 10 per
cent random sample of the white respondents (i.e. 10% of 127,420), to
produce a weighted sample of nearly 140,000 cases. The strength of
such an approach is that it provides unique information on individuals
and families from a wide range of ethnic minority groups of different
ages and socio-economic backgrounds. The large sample size facilitates
detailed investigation of particular ethnic groups. The analysis provides
a snapshot of the circumstances of older people from ethnic minorities
living in private households in Britain averaged over the early 1990s.
Box one
ETHNICITY IN THE 1996 GHS
‘To which of the groups listed on this card do you
consider you belong?’
White
Black Caribbean
Black African
Black Other (specify)
Indian
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Chinese
None of these (specify)
1991 Census
93.3
94.5
93.9
6.2
5.5
6.0
Black*
Indian
Pakistani
Bangladeshi
Chinese
Other groups
1.7
1.7
0.9
0.4
0.2
1.3
1.6
1.5
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.9
2.0
1.6
1.0
0.4
0.2
0.9
Refused question
0.5
n/a
n/a
White
(including Irish)
Minority ethnic groups
Labour Force
Survey 1996
* Includes Black Caribbean, Black African and Black Mixed.
Source: Author’s analysis of GHS 1991-1996; 1991 Census figures,Teague (1993), Table 4, p.17
Population Trends 72; Labour Force Survey 1996 figures, Schuman (1999) Table 1, p.34 Population
Trends 96.
AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION
The current age structure of the different ethnic minority groups reflects
past trends in immigration as well as differences in marriage patterns
and fertility levels.14 The ethnic minority groups tend to be much
younger than the white majority population. The high point of immigration from the Caribbean occurred in the early 1960s, immigration from
India and Pakistan peaked in the early 1970s, and it was not until the
early 1980s that immigration from Bangladesh and Hong Kong
occurred in significant numbers. Thus the relatively high proportion of
Black Caribbean elderly people today reflects the timing of their arrival
in Britain. The proportion of older people within ethnic minority groups
is currently small. However, the proportion aged 60 and over is
expected to increase over the next couple of decades, as the first
generation migrants from the different minority groups begin to retire.15
Table 2
Age structure and sample sizes by ethnicity (%),
GHS 1991–96, Great Britain
Percentages
One limitation of this approach is that, as data are pooled over six
cross-sectional samples of the GHS, changes from year to year may
impact upon the relationships under study. However, given that the
main focus of this analysis is on the relativities between groups rather
than the absolute numbers or levels, this is less of a problem. Moreover,
there was very little change in the size and proportion of the total ethnic
minority population in the early 1990s.8 In order to address changes in
the GHS questions and definitions over the period under study (e.g.
sources of income and social security benefits), answer codes for the
variables used in this analysis were standardised over the six years.
Income data for each year was deflated to 1996/7 prices using the Blue
Book GDP deflator.
National Statistics
Pooled GHS
1991–96
12
0–15
16–39
40–59
60–74
75 and
over
Total (Sample
number)
White (excl. Irish)
Irish
Indian
Pakistani & Bangladeshi
Chinese
Black Caribbean
Black African
Black Mixed*
Other groups
Refused
21
6
31
43
23
25
33
57
41
45
32
37
39
37
51
40
49
33
39
35
25
32
23
15
21
22
16
8
15
16
15
19
7
4
3
11
2
2
4
4
7
7
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
100(127,420)
100 (2,989)
100 (2,431)
100 (1,779)
100
(332)
100 (1,372)
100
(592)
100
(335)
100 (1,849)
100
(707)
Total population
22
33
25
15
6
100(139,806)
* Includes answers specified under ‘Black Other’ such as West Indian/White, Pakistani/White, African/
White.
Source: author’s analysis of GHS 1991-1996
Population Trends 101
Immigration patterns are also reflected in the gender differentials
amongst the different ethnic groups shown in Table 3. In the population
as a whole, there is a slightly higher proportion of women (52 per cent)
than men. However, the reverse is the case within the Indian and
Pakistani & Bangladeshi groups, reflecting the fact that the majority of
migrants from South Asia have tended to be male, with female family
members joining them later. Gender differentials are most marked
amongst the elderly population. Due to gender differences in life
expectancy, women outnumber men at older ages among the population
as a whole. Within some ethnic minority groups, however, men
outnumber women. This predominance of men is most marked among
Pakistani & Bangladeshi groups, where men constitute nearly threequarters of those currently aged 60 and over. This pattern is also found
by research using data from the 1995-7 Labour Force Surveys.8
Figure 1a
C
Autumn 2000
Average household size by ethnicity,
1991–96, Great Britain
Number of individuals
6
Children
5
Adults
4
3
Given the low number of elderly men and women amongst some ethnic
minority groups, such as Chinese and Black Africans, the main analysis
in the following sections is limited to examining differentials between
the experiences of elderly people from the white majority population
and those from the Irish, Indian, Pakistani & Bangladeshi, and Black
Caribbean ethnic minority groups. It is acknowledged that individuals
from the Pakistani and Bangladeshi communities also have diverse
experiences from one another, however separate analysis of older
people from the two groups was not possible with the current pooled
GHS data.
Table 3
Sex structure of the population by ethnicity,
1991-96, Great Britain
2
1
0
White
Figure 1b
Irish
Indian
Pakistani &
Bangladeshi
Black
Caribbean
Average household size amongst persons
aged 60 years and over by ethnicity,
1991–96, Great Britain
Percentages
Total population
Men
Women
Population aged
60 and over
Men
(Sample
number)
Number of individuals
6
Women
(Sample
number)
Children
5
White (excl. Irish)
Irish
Indian
Pakistani & Bangladeshi
Chinese
Black Caribbean
Black African
Black Mixed
Other groups
48
47
51
52
44
46
50
51
48
52
53
49
48
56
54
50
49
52
43 (12,020)
43
(324)
53
(107)
71
(61)
(8)
56
(97)
(8)
(3)
57
(52)
57(16,060)
57 (435)
47
(96)
28
(24)
(10)
44
(76)
(5)
(5)
43
(39)
Total population
48
52
43 (12,694)
57(16,769)
Adults
4
3
2
Source: author’s analysis of GHS 1991–1996.
LIVING ARRANGEMENTS
Family members, both within and outside the household, are a key
source of practical and social support. The differing demographic
structures and cultural traditions of the various ethnic groups in Britain
underlie distinctive patterns of family and household size and composition. Data from the 1991 Census indicated that individuals of South
Asian origin live in the largest households.16 In particular, Bangladeshi
households contained an average of more than five people in 1991,
which was about twice the size of households amongst individuals from
the Black Caribbean and white majority population. These patterns are
confirmed by Figures 1a and 1b, which show the average household
size and average number of adults and children in the household,
amongst the population of all ages as well as for those aged 60 and
over, using pooled GHS data.
Several features stand out. Firstly, older people from ethnic minority
groups live, on average, in larger households than those from the white
majority population. Secondly, South Asian older people live in the
1
0
White
Irish
Indian
Pakistani &
Bangladeshi
Black
Caribbean
Children refer to those under 16 years and 16–18 year olds in full–time education
Note: F–statistic of between group variation significant at p<0.001
Source: author ’s own analysis GHS 1991–96
largest households, with Pakistani & Bangladeshi elders living in
households comprising 4.6 persons. Thirdly, the average number of
children in the household is very low amongst white, Irish and Black
Caribbean elderly persons, but Pakistani & Bangladeshi elders live, on
average, with 1.2 children (compared to just 0.02 for white older
people). This reflects the higher propensity of South Asian elderly
persons to live in multi-generational households, which may well have
advantages for all concerned.
13
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
C
Autumn 2000
Table 4 shows the household composition distinguishing between the
total population and persons aged 60 and over. Similar proportions of
older white, Irish and Black Caribbeans live alone. The majority of
South Asian older people live in multi-generational households (i.e. 3
or more adults with or without children), whilst the majority of
Caribbean elderly live in households of one or two adults. Amongst
South Asians, there are marked differences between Indian and
Pakistani & Bangladeshi groups, with older people from the latter
groups being more likely to co-reside with children. The 4th National
Survey found similar patterns.13 These figures reflect the diverse
kinship patterns within ethnic communities, which have implications
for the provision of care within the family.17
Household composition amongst total
population and persons aged 60 years and
over by ethnicity, 1991–96, Great Britain
Table 4
Irish
Total population
Live alone
Couple only
1-2 adults, plus children
3+ adults
3+ adults, plus children
Total
(Sample number)
11
28
36
16
9
100
(127,420 )
16
3
32
9
26
40
18
17
8
31
100
100
(2,989) (2,431)
Aged 60 and over
Live alone
Couple only
1-2 adults, plus children
3+ adults
3+ adults, plus children
Total
(Sample number)
32
57
1
9
1
100
(28,080 )
33
51
1
14
1
100
(759 )
Indian
9
33
1
29
29
100
(203)
Pakistani,
Bangladeshi
Black
Caribbean
2
4
47
9
38
100
(1,779)
12
16
42
16
14
100
(1,372)
13
11
6
21
49
100
(85 )
30
43
3
20
4
100
(291)
Note: Chi-square for total population and for aged 60 and over significant at p<0.001.
Source: author’s analysis of GHS 1991–1996.
Differences in living arrangements also have implications for the type
of housing in which elderly people live and their access to household
resources, such as a car or washing machine, as well as the level of
income. These are examined in the next section.
SOCIAL
INEQUALITIES
Social inequality in later life can be empirically investigated by
examining the variation in a number of different dimensions. The most
commonly used summary indicator of an individual’s standard of living
is income; differences between the relative income enjoyed by different
groups is often taken as measure of the inequality in society.18 Inequalities can also be found in educational attainment, housing quality,
employment experience, or ownership of particular consumer durables.
The position of elderly people from ethnic minority groups is first
examined with regard to each of these dimensions, and then the
cumulative effect of differences in access to material and social
resources is investigated by employing an index of multiple deprivation.
Lifestyles
Over two-thirds of (66%) of white elderly people live in owneroccupied accommodation, most without mortgage commitments (Table
5). Indian elders have the highest rates of owner-occupation (84%);
although a large proportion live in owner-occupied housing with a
mortgage (42%). This, in part, reflects the housing tenure of the
National Statistics
14
Table 5
Indicators of housing tenure, housing quality and
access to consumer durables amongst persons
aged 60 years and over by ethnicity, 1991-96,
Great Britain
Percentages
Housing tenure (percentage)
owns outright
owns with mortgage
in local authority/ha housing
Percentages
White
(excl. Irish)
younger household members they reside with, but is also a function of
the number of years resident in Britain. Black Caribbean and Pakistani
& Bangladeshi older people are more likely to reside in local authority
or housing association accommodation.
Housing quality (percentage)
Without central heating
Overcrowded
(more than 1 person per room)
Severely overcrowded
(more than 1.5 person per room)
Access to consumer durables
(percentage)
in h’hold without a car
without phone
without TV
(black & white or colour)
without washing machine
White
(excl. Irish)
Irish
Indian
Pakistani,
Bangladeshi
Black
Caribbean
55
11
29
50
13
30
42
42
11
39
22
34
33
27
38
17
19
11
28
24
1
2
14
38
5
-
-
3
9
-
43
7
52
10
33
6
48
18
63
8
1
15
2
20
3
14
11
37
3
24
Note: Chi-square for all characteristics by ethnic group significant at p<0.001.
Source: author’s analysis of GHS 1991–1996.
The housing conditions in which people live both reflects their
economic resources and can also affect health and relations between
household members: for example, households without central heating
have a greater likelihood of suffering from dampness and condensation
than other homes.19 Thus lack of central heating provides one indicator
of the quality of housing in which older people live. Data from the
English House Condition Survey 1991 indicates that Pakistani &
Bangladeshi households (all ages) were less likely to have central
heating than other groups, with only 59 per cent compared to 81 per
cent of white households.20 Evidence from the pooled GHS confirms
that there are similar inequalities amongst the elderly population, with
28 per cent of Pakistani & Bangladeshi elderly persons living in
households with no central heating, and 24 percent of Black Caribbean
elders.
Another indicator of housing quality is overcrowding. Overcrowding is
associated with a higher rate of accidents in the home amongst the
young and old,21 and it may also have a negative impact on health. A
commonly used measure of overcrowding is the ‘bedroom standard’
which sets a standard for the number of bedrooms a household needs
depending upon its composition and the relationship of its members to
each other. (For example, couples have 1 bedroom, children of the same
sex can share a bedroom, different sex children have their own
bedroom). Where the number of rooms is one or more below the
bedroom standard, the household is classified as overcrowded. The
Survey of English Housing 1994/5 found that nearly half of all
households of Bangladeshi origin live in overcrowded accommodation,
compared with only 2 per cent of white households.22
A simpler measure is the number of persons per room (excluding
kitchens or bathrooms). Table 5 shows the proportion living in
overcrowded conditions amongst persons aged 60 and over. Only 1 per
cent of white elderly people reside in accommodation with 1 person or
more per room. The likelihood of living in overcrowded conditions is
greater for older people from ethnic minority groups. Pakistani &
Population Trends 101
Bangladeshi elderly people are more likely to be living in crowded
conditions, with 38 per cent living in households with more than one
person per room and 9 per cent in households with over 1.5 persons per
room.
Table 6
C
Autumn 2000
Indicators of socio-economic status amongst
persons aged 60 years and over by ethnicity,
1991–96, Great Britain
Percentages
There are also marked differences in access to consumer durables.
Access to a convenient means of transport is an important determinant
of an individual’s ability to carry out aspects of daily living (such as
going to the shops, banking and attending hospital appointments), as
well as to participate in social activities. Older people living in
households without access to a car, and dependent on public transport,
may have reduced opportunities for social contact and social participation. Car ownership, or lack thereof, is an important indicator of both
economic deprivation and greater risk of social exclusion. Older people
in general are less likely to live in a household with at least one car (or
van) (i.e. 56%) than the population as a whole (77%). Access is,
however, uneven across the older population, with older people from
the Black Caribbean minority group being almost twice as likely to live
in a household without a car as those from the Indian minority group.
Employing household car access as an indicator of individual social
deprivation and exclusion is not straightforward. The relatively high
rates amongst elderly people from the Pakistani & Bangladeshi
minority groups in part reflects their much higher propensity to live in
multi-generational households. Car access/use is difficult to interpret,
particularly for older age groups where actual levels of ownership or
ability to drive may be low. The older person may benefit from access
to a car in terms of facilitating social contact and travel outside the
home, but this may require the agreement or participation of other
household members.
For older people the telephone is an important link to family and
friends both in Britain and abroad. In addition, ownership of a phone
can also be considered as a proxy for access to a wide range of services,
such as GPs (particularly NHS Direct) and social services. The vast
majority of older people live in a household with a phone (93%) and
this proportion is similar to the population as a whole (94%). Once
again however, access is unequal, with Pakistani & Bangladeshi elderly
persons almost three times more likely to live in a household with no
phone than white, Indian or Black Caribbean older people. Table 5 also
shows that a greater proportion of elderly people from ethnic minority
groups do not have access to particular consumption items which
society today generally regards as necessities, such as a television or
washing machine.
Socio-economic status
Educational attainment has been linked to lifetime income, health and
well-being. 23 Among elderly people aged 60-69 years, 59 per cent of
white elderly people have no formal qualifications. Interestingly there
is no significant difference by ethnic group, with the notable exception
of Black Caribbean older people, amongst whom 82 per cent have no
formal qualifications. The lack of a differential amongst today’s older
population may be a cohort effect. The Labour Force Survey shows
that Pakistani & Bangladeshi men aged 16-64 are about twice as likely
as white men of the same age to have no educational qualifications
(32% versus 15%). 2 Thus it is likely that, although the absolute level of
educational disadvantage in society is improving, inequalities in
educational status may actually increase rather than diminish within
future generations of ethnic minority older people.
The majority of elderly people from ethnic minority groups are from
manual occupational backgrounds (where retired, this is defined by
White
(excl. Irish)
Irish
Indian
Pakistani,
Bangladeshi
Black
Caribbean
59
13
61
10
58
11
60
11
82
4
16
13
19
18
1
31
22
28
22
13
26
3
28
11
28
31
37
42
50
60
Education (percentage)
with no qualifications
(60-69 years)
with a degree (60-69 years)
Socio-economic group
(percentage)
Professional, employers,
managers (1,2)
Intermediate & junior
non-manual (3)
Skilled manual (4)
Semi-skilled & unskilled
manual (5,6)
Note: Chi-square for all characteristics significant at p<0.001.
Source: author’s analysis GHS 1991-1996
their last occupation) although there is diversity among ethnic groups
(Table 6). A similar proportion of Indian older people (19%) are
classified in professional and managerial socio-economic groups (i.e.
SEG 1 and 2) as compared with white (16%) or Pakistani & Bangladeshi elderly people (18%). Again the main outliers are older Black
Caribbeans, with only one percent falling into this category. Conversely, Black Caribbean and Pakistani & Bangladeshi elderly people
are significantly more likely to be in the semi-skilled and unskilled
manual occupational groups compared with white older people. Indian
elders are both more likely to be in socio-economic groups 1 and 2 and
in groups 5 and 6, than white elderly people.
The differential occupational background of ethnic minority elderly
people reflects their educational backgrounds, the type of industrial
sector they entered, and also the expansion in different labour markets
at the time the different ethnic groups arrived in Britain. These
differences have direct implications for the likely level of resources in
retirement different ethnic minority groups will enjoy.
Economic resources
Research by the Department of Social Security has found that individuals living in households headed by a member of a ethnic minority group
are disadvantaged with regard to income.24 More than half of those in
households headed by someone of Pakistani & Bangladeshi origin had
an income which placed them in the bottom quintile of the income
distribution, compared to under a fifth of households headed by a
person from the white majority population. The Pension Provision
Group reported that elderly people in general are also disproportionately represented in the bottom of the income distribution.25 However,
very little is known about the relative income position of elderly people
from ethnic minorities.
Table 7 shows the proportion of older people within each ethnic group,
in relation to the quintile group of the income distribution of the total
population in the pooled GHS. If there is no relationship between age
and income, or ethnicity and income, one would expect to find 20 per
cent of each ethnic group in each quintile. However, the data shows that
there is both an age effect and a relationship between income and
ethnicity.
15
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 7
C
Autumn 2000
Indicators of economic resources amongst
persons aged 60 years and over by ethnicity,
1991–96, Great Britain
Percentages
Economic resources
(percentage)
White
(excl. Irish)
Irish
21
27
9
in bottom quintile of income
distribution
in top quintile of income
distribution
receiving NI pension
receiving income support
receiving pension from former
employer
Indian
Pakistani,
Bangladeshi
Black
Caribbean
50
56
34
7
10
3
3
91
33
88
39
62
45
68
76
84
58
45
39
22
13
32
Note: Chi-square for all characteristics significant at p<0.001.
Source: author’s analysis of GHS 1991-1996.
Box two
Income Support is a means-tested benefit which is payable to people on
low incomes. The proportion of a group which is in receipt of Income
Support is therefore a good indicator of the financial disadvantage
within that community. Over three-quarters of older Pakistani &
Bangladeshis and 58 per cent of older Black Caribbeans are in receipt
of Income Support compared with 33 per cent of older people from the
white majority population. This confirms the fact that a significant
proportion of ethnic minority elderly people are financially disadvantaged and are dependent upon income from the State. In addition, there
may be many older people who are in need of income support but who
do not apply for it, either because of stigma or lack of knowledge
concerning entitlement. Presently about 18 to 24 per cent of all people
entitled to social assistance do not take it up.31
Multiple deprivation
EQUIVALISING INCOME.
In order to analyse the distribution of income across the
whole population, family income is usually adjusted to take
account of the size and composition of the family unit.
Equivalence scales adjust both for the economies of scale
enjoyed by two or more people living together (e.g.
savings on rent and heating) and the varying needs of
people of different ages (e.g. a child aged under one needs
less food than an adult of working age). This analysis uses
the McClements equivalence scale, which is also used by
the Department of Social Security 26,27 .
Just over a fifth of white, and a quarter of Irish elderly people are in the
bottom fifth of the income distribution compared to half of older
Indians, three-fifths of older Pakistani & Bangladeshis and a third of
older Black Caribbeans. The predominance of ethnic elders in the
bottom fifth of the income distribution has a wide range of implications. For example, many will not be in a position to contribute
financially to the costs of health and social care - although some will
have the means to do so. A small proportion of elderly people are in the
top fifth of the overall income distribution. Nine percent of white
elderly persons are in the richest 20 percent of the population, as are 10
per cent of Indian elderly. There is a clear bi-modal distribution of
income amongst older Indians; with over half experiencing very low
income and a tenth being relatively well-off. This is not, however, the
case amongst the Pakistani & Bangladeshi older people, where only 3
percent find themselves in the richest fifth of the population.
Differentials in the income position of ethnic minorities in later life are
a function of the differential access to certain sources of income. The
majority of older people are in receipt of the basic state pension, but
there is a marked disparity between groups, with a significantly lower
proportion of South Asian elderly people receiving a state pension. This
reflects the fact that many older people from ethnic minority groups
have not been in Britain long enough to build up sufficient national
insurance contributions for full entitlement (currently 44 years for men
and 39 years for women). Eighty-five percent of older Indians, 81 per
cent of older Pakistani & Bangladeshis and 60 percent of older Black
Caribbeans arrived in Britain after 1956, i.e. less than 40 years prior to
the period under study. Many have also experienced periods of
unemployment.28,29,30 Earlier disadvantage in the labour market is
reflected in the fact that, as Table 7 shows, a considerably lower
proportion of older people from ethnic minority groups are in receipt of
National Statistics
a pension from their former employer than white or Irish elders. The
relatively high proportion of older Black Caribbeans with an occupational pension is due to the fact that they are more likely than other
groups to have worked in the public sector, such as the NHS or London
Transport. 28
16
The different dimensions of social inequality examined separately in
Tables 5-7 provide a useful insight into the socio-economic position of
ethnic minority older people. However the analysis does not tell us
anything about the experience of multiple disadvantage in access to
material and social resources. Previous studies have shown the
usefulness of employing a summary measure of deprivation. 32,33,34,35
The index employed here, detailed in Box three, includes those
individual and household characteristics which are most pertinent to the
lives of older people (e.g. phone, central heating, car access/use) and
which have been discussed in detail above.
Box three
CONSTRUCTING AN INDEX OF MULTIPLE
DEPRIVATION
A person scores of 1 for each of the following
characteristics:
Lives in a household without central heating
Lives in a household without a phone
Lives in a household without a car
Lives in local authority or housing association rented
accommodation
Lives in household with more than one person per
room
Lives in a household where the head of household
receives income support
Individual has no formal qualifications (or if aged under
16, or 70 and over,
lives in a household where the head has no formal
qualifications)
No deprivation: Score 0, not disadvantaged on any of
these characteristics.
Low deprivation: Score 1-2, disadvantaged on one or two
characteristics only.
Medium deprivation: Score 3-4, disadvantaged on three
or four characteristics.
High deprivation: Score 5 or more, disadvantaged on at
least five characteristics.
Population Trends 101
The relationship between income and multiple deprivation (as shown in
Tables 8a & 8b) indicates that the deprivation index represents a
broader concept of material and social disadvantage than pure financial
disadvantage. Although two-thirds of those older people experiencing
‘high’ deprivation are located within the bottom quintile of the overall
income distribution, one third are not. Equally one-third of those
elderly persons in the top quintile of the income distribution experience
some deprivation.
Table 8a
Deprivation index by quintile of equivalent gross
family income, amongst persons aged 60 years
and over, 1991–96, Great Britain
Percentages
Income Quintile
Table 9
Low
(1–2)
Medium
(3–4)
High
(5+)
Bottom (poor)
2
3
4
Top (rich)
11
18
33
57
70
46
60
56
41
29
38
22
11
3
1
5
1
1
0
0
100%
100%
100%
100%
100%
Total
Total (Sample
number)
28
51
19
2
100% (25,237)
(5,318)
(9,915)
(4,920)
(2,950)
(2,134)
Note: Chi-square significant at p<0.001. N=sample size.
Source: GHS 1991-1996.
Percentages
No deprivation
Low deprivation (1-2)
Medium deprivation (3-4)
High deprivation (5+)
Total
(Sample number)
Irish
30
51
17
2
100
(28,080)
24
50
24
2
100
(759)
Indian
34
53
13
100
(203 )
Pakistani,
Bangladeshi
Black
Caribbean
18
35
39
8
100
(85)
10
49
38
4
100
(173 )
Key findings
●
●
Quintile of equivalent gross family income by
deprivation index, amongst persons aged 60
years and over, 1991–96, Great Britain
Percentages
Income Quintile
Deprivation index
No
deprivation
Low
(1–2)
Medium
(3–4)
High
(5+)
42
45
11
2
1
62
30
8
-
Total
●
Total
(Sample number)
White
(excl. Irish)
Note: Chi-square significant at p<0.001. N=sample size.
Source: author’s analysis of GHS 1991-1996.
●
Bottom (poor)
2
3
4
Top (rich)
Experience of multiple deprivation amongst
persons aged 60 years and over by ethnicity,
1991-96, Great Britain
Deprivation index
No
deprivation
Table 8b
C
Autumn 2000
8
24
23
24
21
100%
(7,113)
19
46
21
9
5
100%
(12,918 )
100%
(4,786)
100%
(420 )
21
39
20
12
9
100%
(25,237 )
Note: Chi-square significant at p<0.001. N=sample size.
Source: GHS 1991-1996.
●
The findings in Table 9 not only confirm the hierarchy of disadvantage
amongst different ethnic minority groups identified above, but clearly
outlines the experience of multiple disadvantage amongst the Pakistani
& Bangladeshi and Black Caribbean elderly people. Seven out of ten
white older people experience at least some disadvantage in later life
and 20 per cent are disadvantaged on at least three characteristics.
Indian elders are least likely to experience multiple deprivation,
displaying similar risk to white older people, but just under a half of
older Pakistani & Bangladeshis, two-fifths of older Black Caribbeans
and a quarter Irish elderly people are classified as experiencing medium
or high levels of deprivation. Nearly one in ten older people from the
Pakistani & Bangladeshi communities experience disadvantage on 5 or
more indicators.
●
●
Although ethnic minority groups have a younger age
profile than the white majority population, there are
nearly a quarter of a million ethnic elderly people
living in Britain today and the number is set to
increase rapidly over the next 2 decades.
There are significant differences both between and
within ethnic minority groups in access to material
and social resources.
With respect to housing and housing quality:
Older Black Caribbeans are more likely to reside in
–
local authority or housing association
accommodation than other groups;
- Over a quar ter of older Pakistani & Bangladeshis
live in households with no central heating, and over
a third live in households with more than one
person per room;
There are also marked differences in elderly persons
access to consumer durables:
- Black Caribbean elderly persons are almost twice as
likely to live in a household without a car as those
from the Indian community;
- Older Pakistani & Bangladeshis are almost three
times more likely to live in a household with no
phone than white, Indian or Black Caribbean older
people;
Just over a fifth of white, and a quar ter of Irish older
people are in the bottom fifth of the income
distribution compared to a third of older Black
Caribbeans, half of older Indians, and three-fifths of
Pakistani & Bangladeshi elders.
A lower proportion of ethnic minority elders are in
receipt of a pension from their former employer than
white or Irish elderly people; whilst over threequarters of older Pakistani & Bangladeshis and threefifths of older Black Caribbeans are in receipt of
Income Support compared with a third of white
older persons.
Indian elderly persons are least likely to experience
multiple deprivation, displaying similar levels to white
older people; whilst just under a half of older
Pakistani & Bangladeshis, two-fifths of older Black
Caribbeans and a quarter of Irish elders experience
medium or high levels of deprivation.
17
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
DISCUSSION
Although ethnic minority groups are younger than the white majority
population, there are nearly a quarter of a million ethnic elders living in
Britain today and that number will increase rapidly over the next two
decades. The analysis above has shown that there are significant
differences both between and within ethnic minority groups in access to
material and social resources. Both the awaited white paper on longterm care, and the impending reforms of the pension system need to
take into account the diverse demographic and socio-economic
circumstances of Britain’s ethnic minority older population.
Evidence on living arrangements show that while the majority of South
Asian elderly persons live in multi-generational households, a significant minority live alone. Similarly, although some older ethnic
minorities, along with some of the white older population, will be in a
position to contribute financially to the costs of their health and social
care, the majority will face extreme difficulty in doing so. A significant
proportion of ethnic elderly people are disadvantaged on a range of
different individual and household characteristics. Policy makers will
need to explicitly recognise the multiple experience of disadvantage
facing particular elderly individuals from ethnic minority groups, if
poverty and social exclusion are to be tackled successfully.
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to the Office for National Statistics, the Data Archive and
MIMAS computer service for access to the GHS data 1991-1996, which
has been used by permission. The analysis and interpretation of the data
is the responsibility of the author alone. The research forms part of the
work of the ESRC Research Group on Simulating Social Policy for an
Ageing Society (SAGE) funded under grant number M565-28-1001.
REFERENCES
1. DSS (1999) Opportunity for all – tackling poverty and social
exclusion. First Annual Report. Cm 4455. London: TSO.
2. ONS 2000 Social Inequalities. London: TSO.
3. Phillipson, C (1998) Reconstructing old age: new agendas in social
theory and practice. London: Sage Publications.
4. Vincent, J (1995) Inequality and old age. London: UCL Press.
5. Amin, K, and Oppenheim, C (1992) Poverty in black and white:
deprivation and ethnic minorities. London: Child Poverty Action
Group.
6. Berthoud, R (1998) The incomes of ethnic minorities. ISER Report
98-1, Colchester: University of Essex, Institute for Social and
Economic Research.
7. Platt, L and Noble, M (1999) Race, Place and Poverty: ethnic
groups and low income distribution. York: Joseph Rowntree
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8. Schuman, J (1999) ‘The ethnic minority populations of Great
Britain – latest estimates. Population Trends. No. 96, Spring.
9. Bowes, A and Sim, D (1997) Perspectives on Welfare: the
experiences of minority ethnic groups in Scotland. Aldershot:
Ashgate.
10. Boneham, M (1997) ‘Elderly people from ethnic minorities in
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11. Qureshi, T (1998) Living in Britain: Growing old in Britain: a
study of Bangladeshi elders in London. London: Centre for Policy
on Ageing.
12. Haskey, J (1997) ‘Population Review: The ethnic minority and
overseas-born populations of Great Britain’ Population Trends 88,
Summer.
13. Modood, T and Berthoud, R (1997) Ethnic minorities in Britain:
diversity and disadvantage. London: Policy Studies Institute.
14. Owen, D (1996) ‘Size, structure and growth of the ethnic minority
populations’ in Coleman, D and Salt, J (eds) Ethnicity in the 1991
Census. Volume one. Demographic characteristics of the ethnic
minority populations. London: HMSO.
15. Warnes, A. (1996) ‘The age structure and ageing of the ethnic
groups’ in Coleman, D and Salt, J (eds) Ethnicity in the 1991
Census. Volume one. Demographic characteristics of the ethnic
minority populations. London: HMSO.
16. Murphy, M (1996) ‘Household and family structure among ethnic
minority groups’ in Coleman, D and Salt, J (eds) Ethnicity in the
1991 Census. Volume one. Demographic characteristics of the
ethnic minority populations. London: HMSO.
17. Butt, J and Mirza K (1996) Social Care and Black Communities,
London: HMSO/NISW
18. Hills, J (1998) Income and Wealth: the Latest Evidence. York:
Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
19. Howarth, C, Kenway, P, Palmer, G, and Street, C (1998)
Monitoring poverty and social exclusion – Labour’s inheritance.
York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
20. Department of Environment (1991) English Housing Conditions
Survey. London: HMSO.
21. Home Office 1997 Fires in the Home 1995. London: HMSO.
22. Department of Environment (1996) Survey of English Housing
1994/5. London: HMSO.
23. Blane, D, White, I and Morris, J (1996) ‘Education, social
circumstances and mortality’ in Blane, D, Brunner, E, and
Wilkinson, R (eds) Health and Social Organization. London:
Routledge.
24. Department of Social Security (1998) Households Below Average
Income 1994/5-1997/8. London: TSO.
25. The Pension Provision Group (1998) We all need pensions - the
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26. ONS Social Trends 2000, Appendix Part 5, p. 230.
27. McClements, L (1977) ‘Equivalence scales for children’ Journal of
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28. Jones, T (1993) Britain’s Ethnic Minorities. London: PSI.
29. Brown, C (1984) Black and White Britain. London: Heinemann.
30. Drew, D (1995) Race, Education and Work: the statistics of
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31. Department of Social Security 1998 Income Related Benefits:
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32. Townsend, P, Phillimore, P and Beattie, A (1988) Health and
Deprivation: Inequality and the North. London: Croom Helm.
33. Fox, A.J and Goldblatt, P (1982) Longitudinal Study: sociodemographic mortality differentials 1971-75. LS series No.1.
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34. Goldblatt, P. (1990) Mortality and Social Organisation. LS series
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35. Reid, A and Harding, S (2000) ‘Trends in regional deprivation and
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C
The use of Patient Registers
to estimate migration
Roma Chappell, Lucy Vickers
and Helen Evans
Population and Vital Statistics
ONS
This article presents information
discussed at the recent regional
seminars on population statistics. It describes a new data
source for estimating internal
migration between local and
health authorities in England
and Wales, discusses the way
that the data have been collected and processed, and how
limitations in the raw data have
been addressed. It then goes on
to explain the way that the new
internal migration estimates
have been used in the calculation of population estimates for
local and health authorities.This
is a change to the method of
estimating migration in the
calculation of population
estimates.
I NTRODUCTION
Measuring migration is not straightforward, as there is no compulsory
system within the United Kingdom (UK) to record movements of the
population, either into the country from abroad or within the country.
Therefore, in order to produce estimates and projections of the
population in areas of the UK, it is necessary to estimate migration
using a combination of proxy and survey data.
Details of the methods used to estimate internal migration in the
calculation of the population estimates up to mid-98 are given in this
article. It goes on to describe a new data source that ONS have
investigated to provide better estimates of migration at the local level
and explains the way that these data can be used. It then explains how
the data have been incorporated into the calculation of the mid-99
population estimates.
MAKING INTERCENSAL POPULATION ESTIMATES UP TO
MID-98
ONS produces estimates of the population of England and Wales. These
are published with equivalent data from Scotland and Northern Ireland
to produce population estimates for the UK. Estimates at subnational
level are produced for local government areas, health authorities and
Government Office Regions. These estimates are available in summary
form in an Annual Reference Volume, 1 in more detail electronically on
a disk, and there are also tables available on StatBase which is a data
store that can be accessed via the Internet (www.statistics.gov.uk). The
methodology paper entitled ‘Making a Population Estimate in England
and Wales’ is also available on the National Statistics Website.
19
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
C
Autumn 2000
To estimate the population in the intercensal years, ONS use a standard
demographic approach, which is the cohort component methodology.
Simplified, this is to take the population of the previous year, aged on
by one year and then make an allowance for natural change and net
migration. The formula is shown in Box one.
Box one
Pt
=
P t-1 + B t - Dt + It - Et
=
=
=
=
=
=
the population estimate
the population estimate for the previous year
births between t-1 and t
deaths between t-1 and t
immigration between t-1 and t
emigration between t-1 and t
Data are not available from NHSCR for areas below the former FHSA
area. Therefore, up to mid-98, data on changes in the number of persons
registered to vote were used to apportion this migration down to local
authority level. As migration accounts for only some of the change in
electoral rolls, it was necessary to make allowance for some other
factors. These include people reaching the age of eighteen, and deaths.
There are also changes in practice at some Electoral Registration
Offices, in particular any unusual cleaning of registers to remove nonrespondents in excess of the usual maintenance procedures; a practice
known as ‘deadwooding’. The electoral roll holds very little information on age and sex, and excludes children. Therefore an age and sex
distribution for these migrants was taken from the 1991 Census using
responses to the question on ‘address one-year ago’.
where:
Pt
P t-1
Bt
Dt
It
Et
are recorded on the NHSCR at the former Family Health Service
Authority (FHSA) level; this is equivalent to shire counties, metropolitan districts and groupings of London boroughs. Migration estimates
from the NHSCR data are available at this level because, up until 1999,
these were the administrative units used for data collection at NHSCR.
The NHSCR does not contain any postcode information so further
breakdowns are not available from this source.
To construct a good population estimate, it is important to have data
that are of good quality for the components of population change. Data
on the natural change component (births minus deaths), are collected
from a comprehensive registration system and these data are complete
and of a high quality. Migration is more difficult to estimate. There is
no legal requirement to register when someone moves and therefore
proxy data must be used. ONS makes estimates of international
migration, i.e. people moving to and from the UK, using data from the
International Passenger Survey, administrative data from the Home
Office and information from the Irish Labour Force Survey. More
details of these sources are published elsewhere.2 The focus of this
article is on the internal migration estimates for moves within the UK.
Data from the National Health Service Central Register (NHSCR),
which records the movement of patients when they re-register with a
general practitioner, are used as a proxy for internal migration. It is
assumed that all civilians who move within the UK will eventually reregister with a doctor in their new area of residence. These movements
These limitations to the electorate-based estimates of internal migration
led ONS to research the possible use of patient registers to provide a
better measure of internal migration.
ESTIMATES OF INTERNAL
REGISTERS
MIGRATION FROM
PATIENT
The Data
ONS have obtained extracts of the patient registers held by each of the
98 former FHSAs. The variables available are NHS number, the
patient’s date of birth, sex and the postcode of the address of that
patient but not the address itself. Extracts of data are available for 1991
and then for each year from 1994 onwards. These data are extracted as
a snapshot from the registers at 31 July each year. This reference date is
based on the assumption that it takes about a month to register with a
GP and hence appear on the patient register after moving to a new area.
This is consistent with the assumption implicit in the current migration
data source derived from the NHSCR.
Box two
AN EXAMPLE OF A MIGRANT RECORD
Year
1996
1997
Patient data
NHS No
Sex
DOB
Acceptance
date
Postcode
Local
Authority
Health
Authority
624995373
M
03051930
17121993
SE24 0AH
01AY
QAH
‘Lambeth’
‘Lambeth,
Southwark and
Lewisham’
01AG
QAT
‘Camden’
‘Camden and
Islington’
624995373
M
03051930
23051996
W1P5RZ
The same patient is identified in two consecutive years. In 1996, the postcode indicates that the person is resident in
Lambeth with a postcode of SE24 0AH. In 1997, that same individual, with the same NHS number, same date of bir th is
resident in Camden with a postcode of W1P 5RZ.
The move is also between Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham and Camden and Islington health authorities.
National Statistics
20
Population Trends 101
A number of steps are followed in order to identify migrants. The first
of these steps is to remove any duplicate records (those with the same
NHS number); and to remove any temporary records from the extract
(these are patients who are just temporarily registered somewhere to
receive treatment but do not actually count it as their place of usual
residence). Using the postcode information, a series of area codes are
added to the records to identify the local and health authority areas in
which people on the register live. Combining all 98 patient register
extracts together gives a total register for the whole of England and
Wales. Comparing records in one year with those of the previous year
by linking on NHS number enables identification of people who change
their postcode. A migrant is defined as a person who, between one year
and the next, changes their area of residence. Thus this final step leads
to an estimate of the number of people who have moved during the
year, from the number who have changed their postcodes following a
move. Box two illustrates this process.
Can these data be used to estimate migration?
Research has been carried out to assess the quality of these data with a
view to using them for the estimation of internal migration statistics in
population estimates and projections. The approach was firstly to
develop methods to receive and process the data. The quality of the data
was examined, in terms of completeness, coverage and accuracy, and
also by comparing it to other sources.
The conclusions from the research were that the use of patient registers
presented an opportunity to improve the quality of the internal migration statistics and hence the quality of the population estimates.
However, before the migration estimates from patient registers could be
used, certain limitations in the data needed to be addressed. The
conclusions from the research were that:
• Data from the patient registers can be used to provide migration
estimates that are consistent and plausible over time.
• The data can be used to provide annual estimates of migration
down to local and health authority level.
• The patient registers are expected to be significantly better than the
electoral rolls for estimating movement of the population.
• The quality of the information held on the patient registers has been
improving over time and is expected to continue to improve.
• However there are limitations in using the data directly and these
need to be addressed as far as possible, so that the best use can be
made of the data.
This research was subject to an external review that endorsed the use of
these data to better estimate migration at the local level, subject to
further work being done to address some of the limitations. This work
was reported in Population Trends last June.3
The limitations to be addressed were as follows:
• A small number of records had some data item that was missing.
This was particularly important if it was the postcode information
that was missing.
• Some moves between FHSA areas could not be identified in the
FHSA data. For example, people who migrate during the year but
are not on the register in one of the years cannot be identified. The
biggest group of these missing migrants are babies who were not
born at the start of the year;
• Some moves within FHSA areas could not be identified in the
FHSA data. This is the same limitation as described above for
migration between FHSAs about missing migrants such as babies.
A separate point is made for these missing migrants where the
migration does not cross FHSA boundaries because a different
method has to be developed to deal with these to the method used
for migrants between FHSAs;
• The data appeared to under record the movement of males aged 16–
29, compared to the movement of females of a similar age.
Autumn 2000
Methods have been devised to deal with the first three of the limitations
found in the data. These are described in technical Annex one. With
respect to the fourth limitation, there is insufficient information
currently about the extent of a possible male undercount to allow
accurate adjustments to be estimated at local and health authority
levels. The research identified a possible method but it was agreed that
further work is needed on two counts to develop this methodology
before it could be applied. The first is to ensure that any adjustments
that are available, are area specific. The second is to investigate
whether the undercount is caused by delayed registration or whether
young men move less frequently. It will be possible to use future data
from the Labour Force Survey, which will be collected for a larger
sample, and data from the 2001 Census, to investigate this further. It is
expected that refinements to the migration estimates will be made after
this work is completed, meanwhile there will be no adjustment on the
possible male undercount issue. The work to address the limitations
was subject to an external academic review and the methods were
endorsed by this review.
Using the patient register based migration estimates
The research revealed that the patient register data can be used to
estimate local migration from the period mid-97 to mid-98 onwards.
There are irregularities in the migration data for mid-96 to mid-97, as a
result of new NHS numbers being introduced. Registers for years prior
to 1996 contained higher volumes of missing data, and it is in recent
years that significant efforts have been made to improve the accuracy of
registers.
The new data provide mid-98 migration estimates at local authority
level that are of a higher quality than those derived using electoral rolls.
They will allow estimates of migration to be made for each local and
health authority, by age and sex. This was not possible previously.
Another advantage of the patient register data is that most people are
registered with a doctor, whereas some of the population, are excluded
from the electoral rolls such as those aged under eighteen. Further,
using data from this source will give greater consistency with the
migration estimates that have been available historically from the
NHSCR.
USING THESE DATA IN THE CALCULATION OF POPULATION
ESTIMATES
Population estimates are compiled using the best data sources that are
available on a nationally consistent basis. Up to 1999, when the mid-98
population estimates were being compiled, the best proxy that was
available for internal migration, at local authority level, was changes in
electoral registers. The research described above explains that patient
registers provide improved estimates of internal migration. Therefore,
ONS decided to use this source in the compilation of population
estimates for mid-99 onwards.
While the new mid-98 migration estimates have been used to compile
the mid-99 population estimates, there are no plans to revise the mid-98
population estimates that were published in August 1999. The only time
the population estimates are usually revised is when an alternative,
independent, high quality estimate of population becomes available.
The next time this is due to happen is after the Census in 2001. At that
time it will be possible to validate the mid-year population estimates
and revise the 1992–2000 intercensal series, to provide a smooth series
that is consistent with both the 1991 and the 2001 Censuses. The
assessment of accuracy of population estimates and revision of the
intercensal series is an exercise that is always done after a Census.4 The
revisions will affect all the population estimates in England and Wales
and, for a few areas, big changes may be necessary. Two sets of wide
scale revisions to the population estimates should be avoided within a
short space of time of each other.
21
National Statistics
C
Population Trends 101
C
Autumn 2000
The impact of having new data for internal migration between mid-97
and mid-98 has been included as an improvement to the base used to
produce the mid-99 population estimates. This means that the population change between mid-98 and mid-99 includes the element that is the
impact of using these new migration data between mid-97 and mid-98.
This discontinuity has been explained to the users of population
estimates. There are two types of changes:
•
•
A change to the estimated net migration for an area at local
authority level.
A change to the age and sex profiles.
Whilst in many areas the changes have little or no impact on net flows
for mid-98, there may have been a redistribution of the age and sex
profile of the mid-98 migration estimates. The impacts were publicised
well in advance of publication of the mid-99 population estimates and
are also explicit in the publication of the mid-99 population estimates.5
Figure 2
Difference between old and new estimated
migration (mid-97 to mid-98)
Number of local authorities
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
IMPACTS OF USING THESE DATA ON THE POPULATION
20
ESTIMATES
10
About sixty out of 376 local authorities areas have minimal changes in
their net migration. This includes most of the major metropolitan areas
that were FHSA areas in their own right. The new data redistributes net
migration between local authorities within former FHSA areas. Thus,
most local authorities whose boundaries were coterminous with former
FHSAs have no impact on net flows.
Figure 1 shows that for many areas the changes are small and there is
quite an even distribution of impacts. For over 40 per cent of areas the
impacts are within 0.2 per cent of their population and for about ninety
five per cent of areas the impacts are within 1 per cent. Given the uses
that are made of the population estimates, the impacts in terms of the
actual numbers are also important.
Figure 2 summarises the comparison in unit figures of mid-97 to mid98 patient register based migration with the mid-97 to mid-98 electorate
based migration that was used in the mid-98 population estimates.
Figure 1
Difference between old and new estimated
migration (mid-97 to mid-98) as a
percentage of mid-97 population
Number of UA/LAs
110
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Less -0.9
than
1%
-0.7
-0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
0.3
Percentage change
National Statistics
22
0.5
0.7
0.9 More
than
1%
0
Less
-1050
-750
-450
-150
150
450
750
1050
More
Unit difference
Again, it shows that most areas experience small changes, with nearly
sixty per cent of areas experiencing changes of within 300 of their
original internal migration component. About eighty per cent of all
areas experience a change within 600 of the original estimate. A few
areas experience extreme impacts and the chart does show some areas
in the tails. There are three areas that take a fall in net migration of
2000 or more, and one area that takes a rise in net migration of over
2000. The impacts sum to zero at county, regional and national levels.
The new migration data are constrained to NHSCR total gross flows at
FHSA level but they are not constrained by age and sex. Therefore,
there are impacts by age and sex at all levels up to the national level.
The impacts are greatest on the young adults’ age groups at the national
level as shown in Figures 3 and 4.
There is no impact on the total number of moves at the national level as
a result of using the new data. However Figure 3 illustrates how the
male age profile is redistributed as a result of using the new data
source. The distribution based on the census age profile, which was
used in the compilation of the mid-98 population estimates differs from
the age profile based on FHSA data. There is a gap in the young adult
ages, which may be due to more recent patterns of migration by age, or
may be the result of males not re-registering with a doctor. The
equivalent graph for females (Figure 4) shows a similar gap, so the
inference is that the gap in the male graph may not be due purely to
males failing to re-register with a GP following a move. As noted
above, this will be further investigated. However even without
addressing this issue, there are significant improvements to the
migration estimates from using the new data source.
To assess the impacts of the new data source on age profiles at the
subnational level, comparisons need to be drawn between the patient
register based migration estimates and the electorate based estimates.
The latter used Census data to derive an age distribution. As the 1991
Census did not count all students at their term-time address, which is
their residence in the population estimates, a student adjustment has
been applied to the age distributions of some local areas. This adjustment has no impact on total population estimates and only affects the
age distribution for those areas where it is applied. The new patient
register based migration estimates will include the movement of
students provided they register with a GP at the start and end of their
studies.
Population Trends 101
Figure 3
C
Autumn 2000
Male migration within England and within Wales, 1997–98
Number of migrants from patient registers (thousands)
250
Census age distribution
200
é
150
100
é
50
é
é
é
é
é
é
é
é é
0
0–4
5–9
10–14
15–19
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
40–44
45–49
50–54
FHSA age distribution
é é é
é é é é
55–59
60–64
65–69
70–74
75–79
80–84
85+
Age
Figure 4
Female migration within England and within Wales, 1997–98
Number of migrants from patient registers (thousands)
300
Census age distribution
250
é é
200
é
150
100
é
50
é
é
é
FHSA age distribution
é
0
0–4
5–9
10–14
15–19
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
é é é
é é é é é
é é
40–44
45–49
50–54
55–59
60–64
65–69
70–74
75–79
Age
23
National Statistics
80–84
85+
Population Trends 101
At the subnational level there is a lot of variation between areas in the
impacts on the age profile. The most noticeable effect is that, although
at the national level there are fewer migrants in the 16–24 age range as
a result of using the new data source, there are big gains of 16–24 year
old migrants in some areas. The local authority areas with the biggest
gains of 16–24 year old migrants are Manchester, Leeds, Sheffield,
Cardiff and Bristol. This is further evidence that a national adjustment
to the patient register based migration profiles to allow for a possible
undercount of young adult males may not reflect adequately differences
that exist between areas at the subnational level. The planned research
into the possible undercount of young adult male migrants will include
investigation on whether the new data source captures all the moves of
students from university areas at the end of their period of study. The
2001 Census will enumerate students at their term-time address, so
Census data will enable appropriate analysis. At present there is no
better source of information about internal migration.
THE PUBLICATION OF MIGRATION DATA
Some outputs have been developed from this new data source. Gross
migration flows for all local and health authorities, by age and sex will
be available on the National Statistics Website. A limited number of adhoc outputs can be made available by emailing
migstatsunit@ons.gov.uk. Further information, showing estimates of
migration between areas and migration estimates for some different
geographical areas is not available at present. It is hoped that further
information such as this will be available at a later stage. Details of the
data availability will be posted on the National Statistics Website
www.statistics.gov.uk
SUMMARY
This initiative is a major improvement allowing more transparency in
population estimates due to publication of internal migration to the
lowest area levels. Further research is planned with regard to the male
undercount issue, and any improvements to internal migration estimates
will be taken on board in the calculation of population estimates.
REFERENCES
1
2
3
4
5
C
Autumn 2000
Population Estimates Mid-1998, England and Wales (Series PE
no.1) ONS (1999).
International Migration (Series MN) TSO (Annual).
Scott A and Kilbey T. Can patient registers give an improved
measure of internal migration in England and Wales? Population
Trends 96. TSO (1999).
The Accuracy of Rolled Forward Population Estimates in England
and Wales, 1981–91 (Occasional Paper 44) OPCS (1995).
Population Estimates Mid-1999, England and Wales. (Series PE no.
2) ONS (2000).
Annex one
METHODS TO ADDRESS THE LIMITATIONS IN
THE DATA
• The initial research identified certain limitations in
using the data to estimate directly the number of
migrants. The first of these relates to the quality of the
information held on the patient registers. The ar ticle
last year noted that, in one per cent of cases, some
data item was missing. This is particularly impor tant if
it was the postcode that was missing. To deal with this,
ONS have imputed both the missing characteristics and
missing area information, using complete records for
known migrants between FHSA areas. It is not likely
that the imputation of area will be biased, as using data
for moves between FHSAs where the migrant status is
known, postcodes are not more likely to be missing for
migrants than non-migrants. For moves within FHSAs
there will be no imputation of missing area information
as it is not possible in these cases to determine
whether the incomplete record represents a migrant.
• This new data source identifies migrants by comparing
two snapshots one year apart and it does not capture
all moves that occur within a year. This is because it
cannot capture the movement of those migrants, who
for one reason or another were not registered with a
doctor in one of the two years, but who moved
between FHSA areas during the year. The largest group
of these is migrants aged less than one year, who would
not be on a register at the start of the year. Other
people, who are not on the register at the start of the
year but who move after joining the NHS and before
the end of the year, would not be captured. Such
people could include those leaving the armed forces or
international in-migrants. Similarly, people who move
within the year but are not on a register at the end of
the year would also not be captured. Such people
would include anyone who moved and then, before the
end of the year, either died or enlisted in the armed
forces or left the countr y. Both the movement of
migrants under one and the within year moves are
included in the existing migration estimates derived
from the NHSCR and so the FHSA data have been
constrained to the NHSCR data for moves between
FHSA areas.
• The data also cannot identify the above groups of
migrants who move within FHSAs, that is people who
are not on the register in two consecutive years but
who move during the year. Moves within the FHSA area
cannot be identified by the NHSCR migration data, as
no information is available from this source on the
extent of within area moves. Therefore information
from the constraining process above will be used to
capture unidentified migrants within FHSA areas.
National Statistics
24
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Tables
Table*
Page
Population
1.1 (1)
1.2 (2)
International
National
1.3 (3)
Subnational
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1.4 (4)
Subnational
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1.5 (6)
Age and sex
1.6 (7)
1.7 (5)
Age, sex and legal marital status
Components of population change
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Selected countries
Constituent countries of
the United Kingdom
Health Regional Office areas
of England
Government Office Regions
of England
Constituent countries of
the United Kingdom
England and Wales
Constituent countries of
the United Kingdom
26
28
30
30
31
34
36
Vital statistics
2.1 (8)
Summary
2.2 (new)
Key demographic and health indicators
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Constituent countries of
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Constituent countries of
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37
39
Live births
3.1 (9)
3.2 (10)
3.3 (11)
Age of mother
Outside marriage: age of mother and type of registration
Within marriage: age of mother and birth order
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England and Wales
England and Wales
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41
42
England and Wales
(residents)
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Conceptions
4.1 (12)
Age of women at conception
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Deaths
6.1 (14)
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Age and sex
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United Kingdom
United Kingdom
United Kingdom
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United Kingdom
50
England and Wales
England and Wales
England and Wales
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53
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International migration
7.1 (18)
7.2 (19)
7.3 (20)
Age and sex
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Citizenship
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Internal migration
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Movements within the United Kingdom
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9.2 (23)
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First marriages: age and sex
Remarriages: age, sex and previous marital status
Divorces: age and sex
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* Numbers in brackets indicate former table numbers in earlier editions of Population Trends.
Former tables 16 and 17 (Deaths by selected causes, and Abortions) now appear in Health Statistics Quarterly.
StatBase ®: Population Trends tables are now available on StatBase® which can be accessed
via our website: www.statistics.gov.uk
Symbols
.. not available
: not applicable
- nil or less than half the final digit shown
blank not yet available
25
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 1.1
Year
Population and vital rates: international
Austria
(2)
Belgium
(2)
Denmark
(2)
Finland
(2)
United
Kingdom (1)
7,501
7,566
7,569
7,588
7,818
7,915
9,673
9,811
9,859
9,862
10,005
10,045
4,963
5,073
5,122
5,121
5,154
5,170
7,989
8,028
8,047
8,059
8,068
8,075
10,085
10,116
10,137
10,157
10,170
10,192
Population changes (per 1,000 per annum)
1971–76
1.0
1.7
2.9
1976–81
0.5
0.1
1.0
1981–86
1.8
0.5
0.1
1986–91
1.7
6.1
2.9
Population (thousands)
1971
55,928
1976
56,216
1981
56,357
1986
56,859
1991
57,814
1992
58,013
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
58,198
58,401
58,612
58,807
59,014
59,237
59,501
3.4
3.2
3.5
3.6
3.3
3.5
3.8
4.5
12.3
9.3
4.9
2.4
1.6
1.1
0.9
Live birth rate (per 1,000 per annum)
1971–75
14.1
13.3
1976–80
12.5
11.5
1981–85
12.9
12.0
1986–90
13.6
11.6
1991
13.7
12.1
1992
13.5
12.1
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
13.1
12.9
12.5
12.5
12.3
12.1
11.8 ‡
11.9
11.5
11.0
11.0
10.4
10.1
Death rate (per 1,000 per annum)
1971–75
11.8
12.6
1976–80
11.9
12.3
1981–85
11.7
12.0
1986–90
11.4
11.1
1991
11.3
10.7
1992
11.0
10.5
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
*
†
‡
≠
C
Autumn 2000
11.3
10.7
10.9
10.9
10.8
10.6
10.6 ‡
10.3
10.0
10.1
10.0
9.8
Excluding former GDR throughout.
Including former GDR throughout.
Provisional.
Estimates prepared by the Population
Division of the United Nations.
+ Rates are for 1990–95.
Selected countries
France
Germany Germany
(2) (Fed. Rep (2))* (2)†
Greece
(2)
Irish
Republic (2)
Italy
(2)
Luxembourg (2)
Netherlands (2)
Portugal
(2)
4,612
4,726
4,800
4,918
5,014
5,042
51,251
52,909
54,182
55,547
57,055
57,373
61,302
61,531
61,682
61,066
64,074
64,865
78,352
78,321
78,419
77,694
80,014
80,624
8,831
9,167
9,729
9,967
10,247
10,322
2,978
3,228
3,443
3,541
3,526
3,557
54,074
55,718
56,510
56,596
56,751
56,859
342
361
365
368
387
393
13,195
13,774
14,247
14,572
15,070
15,184
8,644
9,355
9,851
10,011
9,871
9,867
5,189
5,205
5,228
5,262
5,275
5,295
5,066
5,089
5,108
5,125
5,132
5,147
57,654
57,899
58,137 ‡
58,374 ‡
58,494 ‡
58,728
65,534
65,858
66,715
81,156
81,438
81,678
81,817
82,012
82,057
10,380
10,426
10,454
10,475
10,487 ‡
10,511
3,574
3,587
3,605
3,626
3,652
3,694
57,049
57,204
57,301
57,397
57,461
57,563
398
404
410
416
418
424
15,290
15,383
15,459
15,531
15,567
15,654
4.4
1.9
0.0
1.3
4.9
3.1
4.9
3.9
6.5
4.8
5.0
5.4
0.7
0.5
–2.0
9.9
–0.1
0.3
–1.8
6.0
7.6
12.3
4.9
5.6
16.8
13.3
5.7
–0.8
6.1
2.8
0.3
0.5
10.7
2.5
1.8
10.2
8.8
6.9
4.6
6.8
16.5
10.6
3.2
–2.8
4.1
3.9
3.1
2.1
1.9
1.3
2.2
3.2
3.7
3.0
4.4
6.4
2.6
3.8
5.6
4.8
4.4
3.7
3.3
1.4
2.9
5.6
4.9
4.2
4.1 ‡
4.1 ‡
2.1 ‡
4.0
12.3
10.3
4.9
13.0
7.6
6.6
3.5
2.9
1.7
2.4
0.5
7.3
5.6
4.5
2.7
2.0
1.1
2.3
8.8
4.8
3.9
5.0
5.8
7.1
11.5
1.9
3.4
2.7
1.7
1.7
1.1
1.8
13.9
14.3
14.3
14.6
14.4
5.8
14.4
7.6
7.0
6.1
4.9
4.6
2.4
5.6
–0.4
1.4
2.2
1.4
1.1
0.7
2.3
13.4
12.5
12.0
12.1
12.6
12.4
14.6
12.0
10.2
11.5
12.5
13.1
13.1
13.6
13.4
12.7
13.0
13.3
16.0
14.1
14.2
13.8
13.3
13.0
10.8
9.7
9.8
10.9
11.3
11.1
10.5
10.5
10.7
15.8
15.6
13.3
10.6
10.1
10.1
22.2
21.3
19.2
15.8
15.0
14.4
16.0
12.6
10.6
9.8
9.9
9.7
11.6
11.2
11.6
12.2
12.9
13.1
14.9
12.6
12.2
12.8
13.2
13.0
20.3
17.9
14.5
11.9
11.8
11.6
12.0 ‡
11.5 ‡
11.4 ‡
11.4 ‡
11.4 ‡
11.2
13.0
13.4
13.4
12.9 ‡
12.8 ‡
12.5
12.8
12.8
12.3
11.8
11.5 ‡
11.1
12.3
12.3
12.5 ‡
12.6 ‡
12.4 ‡
12.6
11.0
10.5
10.2
10.6 ‡
9.8
10.0
9.7
9.6 ‡
9.7 ‡
9.6
13.8
13.4
13.5
13.9
14.2
9.6
9.3
9.2 ‡
9.2 ‡
9.2 ‡
9.0
13.4
13.5
13.2
13.7
13.1
12.6
12.8
12.7
12.3
12.2
12.4 ‡
12.8
11.5
11.0
10.8
11.1
11.4
11.4
12.1
11.6
11.4
10.8
10.5
10.3
10.1
10.5
11.1
11.5
11.6
11.8
10.7
10.2
10.1
9.5
9.2
9.1
11.9
11.7
11.6
11.3
11.1
10.7
12.3
12.2
12.0
8.6
8.8
9.0
9.3
9.3
9.5
11.0
10.2
9.4
9.1
8.9
8.7
9.8
9.7
9.5
9.4
9.7
9.6
12.2
11.5
11.2
10.5
9.7
10.2
8.3
8.1
8.3
8.5
8.6
8.6
11.0
10.1
9.6
9.6
10.5
10.2
10.7 ‡
10.4 ‡
10.5 ‡
10.4 ‡
10.2 ‡
12.1
11.7
12.1
11.6 ‡
11.3 ‡
10.9
10.7
10.6
10.7
11.1
10.9
10.8
10.8
9.4
9.4
9.6
9.6
9.6
8.7
8.6 ‡
9.0
8.8 ‡
8.6 ‡
9.7
9.7
9.5
9.5
9.6
9.0
8.7
8.8
8.9 ‡
8.7 ‡
10.7
10.0
10.4
10.8
10.5
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
9.5
9.3
9.3
9.8
9.8
9.9
10.1
9.4
9.6
9.6
9.6
9.2
9.0
9.1 ‡
9.2 ‡
9.1 ‡
10.4
10.1
9.9
9.5
9.4
9.7 ‡
9.9
9.5
11.4
11.0
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
9.8
9.4
9.3
9.4
9.4
9,881
9,902
9,917
9,927
9,934 ‡
9,957
Population estimated at 30 June each year.
Average of estimated populations at start and end of year as given in Council of Europe report Recent demographic developments in Europe 1997.
EU as constituted 1 January 1986 and including countries subsequently admitted.
Population estimated at 1 June each year.
Population estimated at 31 December each year.
Population estimated at 1 July except for 1991 (1 March).
Population estimated at 1 October. (Rates for Japan are based on population of Japanese nationality only.)
Note: Figures may not add exactly due to rounding.
National Statistics
26
Population Trends 101
Population and vital rates: international
Table 1.1
continued
Spain
(2)
C
Autumn 2000
Sweden
(2)
Selected countries
European
Union (3)
Russian
Federation (2)
Australia
(1)
Canada
(4)
New
Zealand (5)
130,079
133,745
139,422
144,475
148,624
148,689
13,067
14,033
14,923
16,018
17,284
17,495
22,026
23,517
24,900
26,204
28,120
28,542
2,899
3,163
3,195
3,317
3,450
3,516
852,290
943,033
1,011,219
1,086,733
1,170,052
1,183,617
148,520
148,336
148,141
147,608
147,137
146,731
17,667
17,855
18,072
18,311
18,530
18,750
28,947
29,256
29,615
29,964 ‡
30,290
30,300
3,556
3,604
3,658
3,716
3,760
3,790
1,190,360
1,208,841
1,221,462
1,232,083
1,243,740
5.6
8.5
7.2
5.7
14.8
12.7
14.7
15.8
13.5
11.8
10.5
14.6
18.2
2.0
7.6
8.0
19.9
15.2
15.5
15.3
0.4
–1.1
–1.2
–1.3
–2.7
12.2
9.9
10.6
12.2
13.2
12.0
15.0
14.2
10.7
12.3
11.8 ‡
19.0
11.5
13.5
15.0
15.8
11.6
5.7
15.5
10.4
8.7
19.0
18.5
39.2
18.7
18.8
15.7
15.6
15.1
14.9
15.1
15.9
15.5
15.1
14.8
14.3
14.0
20.4
16.8
15.8
17.1
17.4
17.2
27.2
18.6
19.2
35.6
33.4
..
14.7
14.5
14.2
13.9
13.4
13.2
12.8
17.1
16.4
16.3
18.3+
28.7
28.7
28.3
8.2
7.6
7.3
7.2
6.9
7.1
7.4
7.2
7.0
7.3
7.0
6.9
8.4
8.2
8.1
8.2
7.8
7.9
7.3
6.6
6.7
15.5
13.8
..
6.8
7.1
6.9
7.0
7.1
7.1
7.1
7.2
7.7
7.5
7.6
7.6
7.2+
34,190
35,937
37,742
38,537
38,920
39,008
8,098
8,222
8,321
8,370
8,617
8,668
342,631
350,384
356,511
359,543
366,256
368,033
39,086
39,150
39,210
39,270
39,299
39,348
8,719
8,781
8,827
8,841
8,844
8,848
369,706
371,005
372,122
373,077
373,715
374,616
10.2
10.0
4.2
2.0
3.1
2.4
1.2
5.9
4.5
3.5
1.7
3.7
2.3
2.0
1.6
1.5
1.5
0.7
1.2
5.9
5.8
7.1
5.3
1.6
0.3
0.5
4.9
4.5
3.5
3.0
19.2
17.1
12.8
10.8
10.2
10.2
13.5
11.6
11.3
13.2
14.3
14.2
14.7
13.1
12.2
13.3
11.7
11.5
9.9
9.5
9.2 ‡
9.0 ‡
9.2 ‡
9.2
13.5
12.8
11.7
10.8
10.2
10.1
11.2 ‡
10.9 ‡
10.7 ‡
8.5
8.0
7.7
8.2
8.6
8.5
10.5
10.9
11.0
11.1
11.0
10.9
10.8
10.6
10.4
11.4
10.2
10.0
8.7
8.6
8.8 ‡
8.9 ‡
8.9 ‡
11.1
10.5
10.6
10.6
10.5
10.2 ‡
9.9 ‡
10.0 ‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
‡
12.1
10.7
9.3
9.5
9.2
8.8
8.6
11.4
12.2
14.3
15.5
14.9
14.1
13.7
China
(5)
≠
≠
≠
≠
≠
≠
≠
≠
≠
India
(6)
Japan
(7)
551,311
617,248
676,218
767,199
851,661
867,818
105,145
113,094
117,902
121,672
123,102
123,476
833,910
918,570 ≠
935,744 ≠
936,000 ≠
955,120
970,930
123,788
124,069
124,299
124,709
125,640
126,410
USA
(1)
Year
Population (thousands)
207,661
1971
218,035
1976
230,138
1981
240,680
1986
252,177
1991
255,078
1992
257,783
260,341
262,755
265,284
267,900
270,560
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Population changes (per 1,000 per annum)
23.9
15.1
10.0
1971–76
18.8
8.5
10.9
1976–81
27.3
6.4
9.3
1981–86
22.0
2.4
9.6
1986–91
29.5
29.0
9.8
10.1
9.3
9.3
9.0
3.0
2.5
2.3
1.9
3.3
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
Live birth rate (per 1,000 per annum)
18.6
15.3
1971–75
14.9
15.2
1976–80
12.6
15.7
1981–85
10.6
16.0
1986–90
9.9
16.3
1991
9.7
16.0
1992
9.5
9.9
9.5
9.6 ‡
15.5
15.2
14.8
14.8 ‡
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Death rate (per 1,000 per annum)
6.4
9.1
1971–75
6.1
8.7
1976–80
6.1
8.6
1981–85
6.4
8.7
1986–90
6.7
8.6
1991
6.9
8.5
1992
7.0
7.0
7.4
7.1
See notes opposite.
27
11.5
10.6
9.9
9.3
9.6
National Statistics
8.8
8.7
8.8
8.8 ‡
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Population Trends 101
Table 1.2
C
Autumn 2000
Population: national
Numbers (thousands) and percentage age distribution
Mid-year
Constituent countries of the United Kingdom
United
Kingdom
Great
Britain
England
and Wales
England
Wales
Scotland
Northern
Ireland
Estimates
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
55,928
56,216
56,357
56,859
57,814
58,013
54,388
54,693
54,815
55,285
56,207
56,388
49,152
49,459
49,634
50,162
51,100
51,277
46,412
46,660
46,821
47,342
48,208
48,378
2,740
2,799
2,813
2,820
2,891
2,899
5,236
5,233
5,180
5,123
5,107
5,111
1,540
1,524
1,543
1,574
1,607
1,625
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
58,198
58,401
58,612
58,807
59,014
59,237
59,501
56,559
56,753
56,957
57,138
57,334
57,548
57,809
51,439
51,621
51,820
52,010
52,211
52,428
52,690
48,533
48,707
48,903
49,089
49,284
49,495
49,753
2,906
2,913
2,917
2,921
2,927
2,933
2,937
5,120
5,132
5,137
5,128
5,123
5,120
5,119
1,638
1,648
1,655
1,669
1,680
1,689
1,692
6.1
14.3
40.8
20.8
10.7
7.3
6.1
14.2
40.8
20.8
10.8
7.4
6.1
14.2
40.7
20.8
10.7
7.4
6.1
14.2
40.9
20.8
10.7
7.4
5.8
14.5
38.2
21.6
11.8
8.1
5.8
13.9
41.5
20.8
11.3
6.7
7.1
17.2
41.9
18.5
9.4
5.8
59,954
60,860
61,773
62,729
63,642
58,246
59,119
60,002
60,930
61,820
53,137
54,021
54,915
55,853
56,763
50,187
51,052
51,922
52,831
53,715
2,950
2,969
2,993
3,021
3,047
5,109
5,098
5,087
5,078
5,058
1,708
1,742
1,771
1,799
1,821
5.6
12.2
35.9
27.1
10.4
8.7
5.6
12.1
35.9
27.2
10.5
8.8
5.6
12.1
36.0
27.1
10.4
8.8
5.6
12.1
36.0
27.1
10.4
8.7
5.5
12.2
34.8
26.3
11.4
9.7
5.3
11.8
34.9
28.3
10.9
8.8
5.9
13.3
37.0
26.6
9.4
7.8
of which (percentages)
0–4
5–15
16–44
45–64M/59F
65M/60F–74
75 and over
Projections≠
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
of which (percentages)
0–4
5–15
16–44
45–64†
65–74†
75 and over
≠ These projections are based on the mid-1998 population estimates.
† Between 2010 and 2020, state retirement age will change from 65 years for men and 60 years for women, to 65 years for both sexes.
Note: Figures may not add exactly due to rounding.
National Statistics
28
Population Trends 101
Table 1.3
Population: subnational
Numbers (thousands) and percentage age distribution
Mid-year
C
Autumn 2000
Health Regional Office areas of England*
Northern and
Yorkshire
Trent
Eastern
London
South
East
South
West
West
Midlands
North
West
Estimates
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
6,723
6,729
6,718
6,692
6,285
6.309
4,483
4,557
4,608
4,634
5,035
5,060
4,380
4,448
4,781
4,938
5,150
5,175
7,750
7,307
7,018
7,013
6,890
6,905
7,136
7,378
7,621
7,892
8,266
8,302
4,132
4,299
4,300
4,910
4,718
4,746
5,146
5,178
5,187
5,197
5,266
5,278
6,662
6,588
6,488
6,397
6,600
6,603
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
6,323
6,332
6,337
6,338
6,336
6,339
5,081
5,096
5,109
5,121
5,128
5,134
5,193
5,223
5,257
5,293
5,334
5,377
6,933
6,968
7,007
7,074
7,122
7,187
8,329
8,379
8,446
8,500
8,569
8,620
4,768
4,798
4,827
4,842
4,876
4,901
5,290
5,295
5,306
5,317
5,321
5,333
6,617
6,616
6,614
6,605
6,598
6,604
6.0
14.4
40.3
20.8
11.3
7.2
6.0
14.1
40.1
21.1
11.3
7.4
6.2
13.9
40.2
21.2
10.9
7.5
7.0
13.7
46.2
18.2
8.7
6.2
6.1
14.0
40.3
21.2
10.6
7.8
5.7
13.6
38.3
21.3
12.0
9.1
6.3
14.6
39.9
21.1
11.0
7.1
6.1
14.9
40.2
20.7
10.9
7.2
6,365
6,382
6,405
6,435
6,464
5,184
5,232
5,277
5,324
5,371
5,448
5,582
5,702
5,823
5,941
7,215
7,337
7,470
7,608
7,736
8,757
8,985
9,191
9,396
9,594
4,977
5,097
5,213
5,333
5,452
5,343
5,358
5,372
5,391
5,411
6,582
6,553
6,530
6,521
6,515
5.5
12.2
35.5
27.4
10.9
8.5
5.4
11.9
35.2
27.5
10.9
9.0
5.5
12.1
34.5
27.2
11.2
9.5
6.4
12.5
41.5
26.3
7.7
5.6
5.5
12.1
34.9
27.4
10.9
9.2
4.9
11.2
32.8
27.8
12.4
10.8
5.7
12.5
34.9
27.3
10.7
8.9
5.7
12.5
35.6
27.4
10.5
8.3
of which (percentages)
0–4
5–15
16–44
45–64M/59F
65M/60F–74
75 and over
Projections≠
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
of which (percentages)◊
0–4
5–15
16–44
45–64†
65–74†
75 and over
* The Regional Office boundaries were revised from 1 April 1999. See Health Statistics Quarterly 03 In Brief for details of the changes. Earlier years’ figures have been revised to reflect the new
boundaries.
≠ These projections are based on the mid-1996 population estimates and are consistent with the 1996-based national projections produced by the Government Actuary’s Department.
† Between 2010 and 2020, state retirement age will change from 65 years for men and 60 years for women, to 65 years for both sexes.
Note: Figures may not add exactly because of rounding.
◊ The percentages shown in this table are correct and show the proportion in each age group for 2021. These replace the percentage figures shown in Heath Statistics Quarterly numbers 01,
02 and 03, and Population Trends 95 and 96 which were miscalculated.
29
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 1.4
C
Autumn 2000
Population: subnational
Numbers (thousands) and percentage age distribution
Mid-year
Government Office Regions of England
North
East
North
West*
Yorkshire
and the
Humber
East
Midlands
West
Midlands
East
London
South
East
South
West
Estimates
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
2,679
2,671
2,636
2,601
2,603
2,609
7,108
7,043
6,940
6,852
6,885
6,890
4,902
4,924
4,918
4,906
4,983
5,002
3,652
3,774
3,853
3,919
4,035
4,062
5,146
5,178
5,187
5,197
5,265
5,278
4,454
4,672
4,854
5,012
5,150
5,175
7,529
7,089
6,806
6,803
6,890
6,905
6,830
7,029
7,245
7,492
7,679
7,712
4,112
4,280
4,381
4,560
4,718
4,746
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2,612
2,610
2,605
2,600
2,594
2,590
6,903
6,902
6,900
6,891
6,885
6,891
5,014
5,025
5,029
5,036
5,037
5,043
4,083
4,102
4,124
4,141
4,156
4,169
5,290
5,295
5,306
5,317
5,321
5,333
5,193
5,223
5,257
5,293
5,334
5,377
6,933
6,968
7,007
7,074
7,122
7,187
7,737
7,784
7,847
7,895
7,959
8,004
4,768
4,798
4,827
4,842
4,876
4,901
5.9
14.4
40.2
20.8
11.7
7.0
6.1
14.8
40.1
20.8
11.0
7.2
6.2
14.5
40.5
20.6
11.0
7.3
6.0
14.2
40.1
21.3
11.1
7.3
6.3
14.6
39.9
21.1
11.0
7.1
6.2
13.9
40.2
21.2
10.9
7.5
7.0
13.7
46.2
18.2
8.7
6.2
6.1
13.9
40.3
21.1
10.7
7.8
5.7
13.6
38.3
21.3
12.0
9.1
2,579
2,555
2,536
2,521
2,509
6,871
6,843
6,820
6,813
6,808
5,071
5,098
5,130
5,165
5,200
4,234
4,312
4,384
4,455
4,523
5,343
5,358
5,372
5,391
5,411
5,448
5,582
5,702
5,823
5,941
7,215
7,337
7,470
7,609
7,736
8,134
8,344
8,534
8,722
8,905
4,977
5,098
5,213
5,333
5,452
5.4
12.1
35.1
27.7
11.2
8.4
5.7
12.4
35.4
27.5
10.6
8.4
5.6
12.2
35.9
27.3
10.6
8.4
5.4
12.0
35.1
27.4
11.1
9.0
5.7
12.5
34.9
27.3
10.7
8.9
5.5
12.1
34.5
27.2
11.2
9.5
6.4
12.5
41.5
26.3
7.7
5.6
5.4
12.1
34.9
27.4
10.9
9.3
4.9
11.2
32.8
27.8
12.4
10.8
of which (percentages)
0–4
5–15
16–44
45–64M/59F
65M/60F–74
75 and over
Projections≠
2001
2006
2011
2016
2021
of which (percentages)◊
0–4
5–15
16–44
45–64†
65–74†
75 and over
* The North West GOR was created on 3 August 1998 as a merger of the former North West and Merseyside GORs.
≠ These projections are based on the mid-1996 population estimates and are consistent with the 1996-based national projections produced by the Government Actuary’s Department.
† Between 2010 and 2020, state retirement age will change from 65 years for men and 60 years for women, to 65 years for both sexes.
Note: Figures may not add exactly because of rounding.
◊ The percentages shown in this table are correct and show the proportion in each age group for 2021. These replace the percentage figures shown in Heath Statistics Quarterly numbers 01,
02 and 03, and Population Trends 95 and 96 which were miscalculated.
National Statistics
30
Population Trends 101
Table 1.5
Population: age and sex
Numbers (thousands)
C
Autumn 2000
Constituent countries of the United Kingdom
Age group
Mid-year
All ages
United Kingdom
Persons
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
55,928
56,216
56,357
56,859
57,814
58,198
58,401
58,612
58,807
59,014
59,237
59,501
Males
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
Females
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
1–4
5–14
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–59
60–64
65–74
75–84
85–89
90 and
over
Under
16
16–
64/59
65/60
and over
899
677
730
749
794
758
758
734
719
736
715
708
3,654
3,043
2,726
2,892
3,094
3,129
3,116
3,101
3,044
2,976
2,956
2,916
8,916
9.176
8,147
7,161
7,175
7,417
7,484
7,528
7,596
7,667
7,709
7,763
8,144
8.126
9,019
9,280
8,247
7,729
7,555
7,448
7,323
7,230
7,190
7,199
6,971
7,868
8,010
8,047
9,057
9,293
9,376
9,411
9,423
9,360
9,232
9,064
6,512
6,361
6,774
7,719
7,955
7,787
7,836
7,931
8,093
8,294
8,505
8,776
10,202
9,836
9,540
9,212
9,500
10,070
10,277
10,445
10,582
10,697
10,820
10,951
3,222
3,131
2,935
3,069
2,888
2,839
2,807
2,784
2,772
2,781
2,818
2,861
4,764
5,112
5,195
5,020
5,067
5,169
5,223
5,127
5,058
5,005
4,965
4,929
2,159
2,348
2,677
2,988
3,139
3,022
2,954
3,055
3,126
3,176
3,205
3,222
358
390
..
..
640
689
704
721
729
734
742
750
127
147
..
..
258
295
309
326
341
358
380
393
14,257
13,797
12,543
11,676
11,742
11,966
12,075
12,107
12,099
12,107
12,110
12,114
32,548
32,757
33,780
34,847
35,469
35,590
35,691
35,849
36,035
36,213
36,397
36,634
9,123
9,663
10,035
10,336
10,602
10,641
10,634
10,656
10,673
10,693
10,730
10,753
27,167
27,360
27.412
27.698
28,248
28,477
28,595
28,731
28,860
28,992
29,128
29,299
461
348
374
384
407
388
389
376
369
377
366
363
1,874
1,564
1,400
1,483
1,588
1,603
1,596
1,588
1,560
1,526
1,516
1,495
4,576
4,711
4,184
3,682
3,688
3,808
3,841
3,862
3,897
3,933
3,953
3,980
4,137
4,145
4,596
4,743
4,226
3,968
3,880
3,824
3,759
3,709
3,687
3,694
3,530
3,981
4,035
4,063
4,591
4,723
4,769
4,796
4,808
4,782
4,721
4,642
3,271
3,214
3,409
3,872
3,987
3,903
3,928
3,984
4,073
4,181
4,294
4,425
4,970
4,820
4,711
4,572
4,732
5,016
5,118
5,201
5,270
5,326
5,387
5,454
1,507
1,466
1,376
1,463
1,390
1,373
1,363
1,358
1,355
1,360
1,380
1,400
1,999
2,204
2,264
2,206
2,272
2,333
2,363
2,330
2,310
2,298
2,290
2,284
716
775
922
1,064
1,152
1,118
1,097
1,148
1,186
1,216
1,237
1,255
97
101
..
..
167
187
193
201
206
211
218
223
29
31
..
..
47
56
59
63
67
72
79
83
7,318
7,083
6,439
5,998
6,033
6,140
6,194
6,208
6,206
6,210
6,210
6,211
17,008
17.167
17,646
18,264
18,576
18,644
18,689
18,780
18,884
18,984
19,094
19,243
2,841
3,111
3,327
3,437
3,639
3,693
3,712
3,742
3,770
3,798
3,824
3,845
28,761
28,856
28,946
29,160
29,566
29,720
29,805
29,881
29,948
30,022
30,108
30.202
437
330
356
364
387
370
369
358
350
359
349
345
1,779
1,479
1,327
1,408
1,505
1,526
1,520
1,513
1,484
1,450
1,440
1,421
4,340
4,465
3,963
3,480
3,487
3,609
3,644
3,665
3,699
3,734
3,756
3,783
4,008
3,980
4,423
4,538
4,021
3,761
3,675
3,624
3,565
3,521
3,503
3,505
3,441
3,887
3,975
3,985
4,466
4,570
4,608
4,616
4,615
4,579
4,511
4,422
3,241
3,147
3,365
3,847
3,968
3,883
3,908
3,947
4,020
4,113
4,211
4,321
5,231
5,015
4,829
4,639
4,769
5,053
5,159
5,244
5,312
5,372
5,433
5,497
1,715
1,665
1,559
1,606
1,498
1,465
1,444
1,427
1,418
1,421
1,438
1,460
2,765
2,908
2,931
2,814
2,795
2,836
2,861
2,797
2,748
2,707
2,674
2,645
1,443
1,573
1,756
1,924
1,987
1,904
1,856
1,907
1,941
1,960
1,968
1,967
261
289
..
..
472
503
511
519
523
522
525
527
97
116
..
..
210
240
250
263
274
286
301
309
6,938
6,714
6,104
5,678
5,709
5,826
5,881
5,898
5.893
5,897
5,900
5,903
15,540
15,590
16,134
16,583
16,894
16,946
17,002
17,068
17,152
17,229
17,302
17,391
6,282
6,552
6,708
6,899
6,963
6,948
6,923
6,914
6,903
6,896
6,906
6,908
England and Wales
Persons
1971
49,152
1976
49,459
1981
49,634
1986
50,162
1991
51,100
1993
51,439
1994
51,621
1995
51,820
1996
52,010
1997
52,211
1998
52,428
1999
52,690
782
585
634
655
702
670
671
649
636
651
633
628
3,170
2,642
2,372
2,528
2,728
2,764
2,752
2,739
2,688
2,632
2,615
2,581
7,705
7,967
7,085
6,243
6,281
6,504
6,568
6,613
6,683
6,751
6,793
6,847
7,117
7,077
7,873
8,134
7,237
6,768
6,612
6,521
6,411
6,332
6,303
6,318
6,164
6,979
7,086
7,088
8,008
8,219
8,293
8,329
8,342
8,290
8,177
8,034
5,736
5,608
5,996
6,863
7,056
6,887
6,925
7,003
7,146
7,325
7,515
7,734
9,034
8,707
8,433
8,136
8,407
8,929
9,118
9,272
9,397
9,503
9,613
9,730
2,853
2,777
2,607
2,725
2,553
2,507
2,478
2,458
2,447
2,456
2,490
2,529
4,228
4,540
4,619
4,470
4,506
4,596
4,644
4,554
4,490
4,440
4,400
4,467
1,926
2,093
2,388
2,673
2,810
2,704
2,642
2,734
2,800
2,844
2,871
2,885
323
351
383
465
576
623
636
651
658
661
669
676
115
135
157
184
233
268
281
297
311
327
348
360
12,334
11,973
10,910
10,190
10,303
10,515
10,618
10,653
10,655
10,672
10,682
10,694
28,710
28,894
29,796
30,759
31,351
31,445
31,530
31,676
31,851
32,018
32,192
32,421
8,108
8,593
8,928
9,213
9,446
9,480
9,473
9,491
9,505
9,522
9,554
9,574
Males
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
23,897
24,089
24,160
24,456
24,995
25,198
25,304
25,433
25,557
25,684
25,817
25,985
402
300
324
336
360
343
344
333
327
334
324
322
1,626
1,358
1,218
1,297
1,401
1,416
1,410
1,403
1,378
1,350
1,342
1,323
3,957
4,091
3,639
3,211
3,231
3,341
3,371
3,394
3,430
3,463
3,484
3,511
3,615
3,610
4,011
4,156
3,710
3,476
3,396
3,348
3,291
3,249
3,233
3,244
3,129
3,532
3,569
3,579
4,065
4,184
4,225
4,252
4,265
4,243
4,190
4,123
2,891
2,843
3,024
3,445
3,539
3,456
3,475
3,523
3,602
3,700
3,803
3,923
4,414
4,280
4,178
4,053
4,199
4,458
4,551
4,626
4,689
4,740
4,795
4,854
1,337
1,304
1,227
1,302
1,234
1,218
1,209
1,204
1,201
1,206
1,224
1,243
1,778
1,963
2,020
1,972
2,027
2,082
2,109
2,078
2,059
2,048
2,040
2,034
637
690
825
954
1,035
1,004
985
1,032
1,066
1,094
1,113
1,129
86
91
94
115
151
170
175
183
188
192
197
202
26
29
32
35
43
51
53
57
61
66
72
76
6,334
6,148
5,601
5,236
5,296
5,397
5,448
5,465
5,466
5,475
5,479
5,484
15,036
15,169
15,589
16,143
16,442
16,495
16,533
16,619
16,716
16,810
16,915
17,060
2,527
2,773
2,970
3,076
3,257
3,306
3,323
3,349
3,375
3,399
3,422
3,441
Females
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
25,255
25,370
25,474
25,706
26,104
26,241
26,317
26,387
26,453
26,527
26,611
26,705
380
285
310
319
342
326
327
316
310
317
309
306
1,544
1,284
1,154
1,231
1,328
1,348
1,342
1,335
1,310
1,282
1,274
1,258
3,749
3,876
3,446
3,032
3,050
3,163
3,197
3,219
3,253
3,287
3,309
3,336
3,502
3,467
3,863
3,978
3,527
3,293
3,216
3,172
3,120
3,083
3,070
3,074
3,036
3,447
3,517
3,509
3,943
4,035
4,069
4,076
4,077
4,046
3,987
3,911
2,845
2,765
2,972
3,418
3,517
3,431
3,449
3,480
3,544
3,625
3,712
3,811
4,620
4,428
4,255
4,083
4,208
4,471
4,567
4,646
4,709
4,763
4,819
4,876
1,516
1,473
1,380
1,422
1,319
1,289
1,270
1,254
1,246
1,250
1,266
1,286
2,450
2,577
2,599
2,498
2,479
2,514
2,536
2,477
2,430
2,392
2,361
2,344
1,289
1,403
1,564
1,718
1,775
1,700
1,656
1,702
1,733
1,750
1,758
1,756
236
261
289
349
425
453
461
468
471
470
472
474
89
106
126
149
191
218
228
240
250
262
276
284
6,000
5,826
5,309
4,953
5,007
5,117
5,170
5,188
5,188
5,196
5,203
5,210
13,673
13,725
14,207
14,616
14,908
14,950
14,997
15,058
15,134
15,208
15,277
15,361
5,581
5,820
5,958
6,137
6,189
6,173
6,150
6,141
6,130
6,123
6,132
6,133
..
Under 1
Figures not available.
31
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 1.5
continued
C
Autumn 2000
Population: age and sex
Numbers (thousands)
Constituent countries of the United Kingdom
Age group
Mid-year
All ages
Under 1
1–4
5–14
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–59
60–64
65–74
75–84
85–89
90 and
over
Under
16
16–
64/59
65/60
and over
England
Persons
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
46,412
46,660
46,821
47,342
48,208
48,533
48,707
48,903
49,089
49,284
49,495
49,735
739
551
598
618
663
633
634
615
603
616
599
595
2,996
2,491
2,235
2,385
2,574
2,611
2,601
2,589
2,543
2,490
2,475
2,443
7,272
7,513
6,678
5,885
5,916
6,125
6,186
6,231
6,298
6,364
6,406
6,459
6,731
6,688
7,440
7,692
6,840
6,394
6,246
6,158
6,054
5,980
5,954
5,965
5,840
6,599
6,703
6,717
7,599
7,803
7,873
7,909
7,922
7,873
7,765
7,634
5,421
5,298
5,663
6,484
6,665
6,508
6,545
6.622
6,761
6,933
7,117
7,329
8,515
8,199
7,948
7,672
7,920
8,415
8,593
8,738
8,856
8,956
9,060
9,169
2,690
2,616
2,449
2,559
2,399
2,356
2,329
2,310
2,299
2,308
2,340
2,378
3,976
4,274
4,347
4,199
4,222
4,308
4,355
4,270
4,210
4,164
4,127
4,098
1,816
1,972
2,249
2,518
2,645
2,541
2,481
2,568
2,629
2,670
2,694
2,707
306
332
362
438
543
587
600
613
620
623
630
637
109
127
149
174
220
253
265
280
293
308
327
339
11,648
11,293
10,285
9,608
9,711
9,913
10,012
10,048
10,053
10,071
10,083
10,097
27,128
27,275
28,133
29,070
29,627
29,720
29,803
29,946
30,114
30,275
30,443
30,665
7,636
8,092
8,403
8,665
8,870
8,899
8,893
8,909
8,922
8,939
8,968
8,990
Males
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
22,569
22,728
22,795
23,086
23,588
23,782
23,882
24,008
24,129
24,251
24,378
24,543
380
283
306
317
340
325
326
315
309
316
307
305
1,537
1,280
1,147
1.224
1,322
1,338
1,332
1,327
1,304
1,278
1,270
1,252
3,734
3,858
3,430
3,026
3,043
3,146
3,175
3,198
3,233
3,265
3,285
3,312
3,421
3,413
3,790
3,931
3,507
3,282
3,207
3,160
3,106
3,067
3,052
3,061
2,965
3,339
3,377
3,392
3,859
3,974
4,012
4,039
4,051
4,030
3,978
3,918
2,733
2,686
2,856
3,255
3,344
3,267
3,286
3,333
3,410
3,504
3,603
3,720
4,161
4,031
3,938
3,822
3,957
4,202
4,289
4,360
4,420
4,468
4,519
4,575
1,261
1,228
1,154
1,224
1,159
1,145
1,136
1,132
1,129
1,134
1,151
1,169
1,671
1,849
1,902
1,853
1,900
1,951
1,977
1,948
1,931
1,921
1,913
1,908
599
649
777
900
975
945
926
969
1,002
1,027
1,045
1,060
107
85
89
109
143
160
166
173
177
181
186
191
25
27
30
33
41
48
50
54
58
62
68
72
5,982
5,798
5,280
4,937
4,991
5,089
5,137
5,155
5,158
5,168
5,172
5,178
14,209
14,320
14,717
15,254
15,539
15,590
15,626
15,709
15,803
15,893
15,994
16,134
2,377
2,610
2,798
2,895
3,058
3,103
3,119
3,144
3,167
3,191
3,212
3,231
Females
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
23,843
23,932
24,026
24,257
24,620
24,751
24,825
24,896
24,960
25,033
25,117
25,210
359
269
292
301
324
309
309
300
293
300
292
290
1,459
1,211
1,088
1,161
1,253
1,273
1,268
1,262
1,239
1,213
1,205
1,191
3,538
3,656
3,248
2,859
2,873
2,979
3,010
3,033
3,065
3,099
3,120
3,146
3,310
3,275
3,650
3,761
3,333
3,111
3,039
2,998
2,948
2,913
2,902
2,904
2,875
3,260
3,327
3,325
3,739
3,829
3,862
3,871
3,872
3,843
3,787
3,716
2,688
2,612
2,807
3,229
3,322
3,241
3,259
3,289
3,351
3,429
3,514
3,609
4,354
4,168
4,009
3,850
3,964
4,212
4,304
4,378
4,437
4,488
4,540
4,594
1,429
1,387
1,295
1,335
1,239
1,211
1,193
1,178
1,170
1,174
1,189
1,209
2,305
2,425
2,445
2,346
2,323
2,357
2,378
2,322
2,279
2,244
2,214
2,190
1,217
1,323
1,472
1,618
1,670
1,597
1,555
1,598
1,627
1,643
1,649
1,647
309
246
273
330
400
427
434
441
443
442
444
446
85
100
119
141
179
205
214
226
235
246
260
267
5,666
5,495
5,004
4,671
4,720
4,824
4,874
4,893
4,894
4,903
4,911
4,919
12,918
14,968
13,416
13,816
14,088
14,131
14,177
14,237
14,311
14,382
14,450
14,531
5,259
5,481
5,605
5,770
5,812
5,796
5,774
5,765
5,755
5,748
5,756
5,760
Wales
Persons
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2,740
2,799
2,813
2,820
2,891
2,906
2,913
2,917
2,921
2,927
2,933
2,937
43
33
36
37
39
36
36
35
34
35
34
33
173
151
136
143
154
153
151
149
145
141
140
138
433
453
407
358
365
379
382
383
385
387
388
388
386
388
434
441
397
375
367
363
357
352
349
353
325
379
383
371
409
416
420
420
420
417
413
400
315
309
333
378
391
379
379
380
385
392
398
405
519
509
485
464
486
514
525
534
541
547
553
561
164
161
158
166
154
151
149
148
148
148
150
151
252
267
272
271
284
288
289
284
280
276
273
269
110
121
139
155
165
163
161
166
171
174
177
178
16
19
21
26
33
36
36
37
38
39
39
39
6
7
8
10
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
686
680
626
582
592
602
606
605
602
601
599
597
1,582
1,618
1,663
1,690
1,724
1,725
1,727
1,730
1,737
1,743
1,749
1,756
472
501
525
548
576
580
580
581
582
583
585
584
Males
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
1,329
1,361
1,365
1,370
1,407
1,417
1,422
1,425
1,428
1,433
1,439
1,442
22
17
18
19
20
19
19
18
17
18
17
17
89
78
70
73
79
78
77
76
74
72
72
71
222
233
209
185
188
195
196
196
197
198
199
199
194
197
221
225
203
193
190
188
185
182
181
183
164
193
193
187
206
210
213
214
214
214
212
206
158
157
168
190
195
189
189
190
192
196
199
203
253
249
240
231
242
256
262
266
269
272
275
279
76
75
73
79
74
73
72
72
72
72
73
74
107
114
118
119
128
131
131
130
128
127
126
125
38
41
48
54
60
60
60
62
65
67
68
69
6
5
5
7
8
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
4
352
350
321
300
305
309
311
310
308
308
307
306
827
849
871
889
904
905
907
910
913
917
922
926
150
162
173
181
199
203
204
206
207
208
210
210
Females
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
1,412
1,438
1,448
1,450
1,484
1,490
1,491
1,491
1,493
1,494
1,495
1,495
21
16
18
18
19
18
18
17
16
17
16
16
85
73
66
70
75
75
74
73
71
69
68
67
211
220
199
173
177
185
186
187
188
189
189
189
191
191
213
217
194
181
177
175
172
170
168
170
161
187
190
184
203
206
207
206
206
204
201
195
157
153
165
188
195
190
190
190
193
196
198
202
265
260
246
233
244
258
263
268
272
275
278
282
88
86
85
87
80
78
77
76
76
76
76
77
146
152
154
152
156
157
158
154
151
148
147
144
73
80
91
101
105
103
101
104
106
107
109
109
16
14
16
20
25
26
27
27
28
28
28
27
4
6
6
8
11
13
13
14
15
15
16
17
335
330
305
282
288
293
295
295
294
293
292
291
755
770
791
800
820
819
820
820
824
826
827
831
322
339
352
367
377
377
376
376
375
375
375
374
National Statistics
32
Population Trends 101
Table 1.5
continued
Population: age and sex
Numbers (thousands)
C
Autumn 2000
Constituent countries of the United Kingdom
Age group
Mid-year
All ages
Under 1
1–4
5–14
15–24
25–34
35–44
45–59
60–64
65–74
75–84
85–89
90 and
over
Under
16
16–
64/59
65/60
and over
Scotland
Persons
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
5,236
5,233
5,180
5,123
5,107
5,120
5,132
5,137
5,128
5,123
5,120
5,119
86
67
69
66
66
64
63
61
59
60
58
57
358
291
249
257
259
260
261
261
255
247
243
238
912
904
780
657
634
648
651
649
647
649
650
651
781
806
875
870
754
705
690
677
663
651
643
641
617
692
724
742
809
825
829
827
821
809
793
771
612
591
603
665
699
694
703
715
728
744
760
776
926
897
880
849
853
888
902
911
919
924
932
942
294
282
260
273
265
262
260
258
256
255
257
259
430
460
460
435
441
451
456
450
446
443
442
440
183
202
232
251
259
249
243
250
255
259
260
262
29
31
35
41
50
52
53
55
56
56
57
58
9
11
14
15
19
21
21
22
23
24
24
25
1,440
1,352
1,188
1,063
1,023
1,032
1,038
1,036
1,028
1,021
1,014
1,008
2,986
3,023
3,110
3,171
3,174
3,176
3,183
3,187
3,185
3,185
3,186
3,190
810
858
882
889
910
912
911
914
915
917
920
921
Males
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2,516
2,517
2,495
2,474
2,470
2,479
2,486
2,489
2,486
2,484
2,484
2,486
44
34
35
34
34
33
32
31
30
31
30
29
184
149
128
131
133
133
133
133
130
126
124
122
467
463
400
337
325
332
333
332
331
332
332
333
394
408
445
445
385
360
353
346
339
333
329
327
306
347
364
375
407
415
418
416
413
407
399
288
299
290
298
332
348
345
350
356
362
371
378
286
440
429
424
410
415
434
441
446
450
453
457
462
134
128
118
127
124
123
122
121
121
121
122
123
176
193
194
184
192
197
200
198
197
196
197
196
60
65
77
86
91
88
86
90
92
95
96
98
8
8
8
10
12
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
738
693
610
545
524
528
531
530
526
522
519
516
1,530
1,556
1,603
1,647
1,646
1,648
1,651
1,653
1,651
1,651
1,652
1,654
247
269
282
283
299
302
304
307
309
311
314
315
Females
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2,720
2,716
2,685
2,649
2,637
2,642
2,646
2,647
2,642
2,638
2,636
2,634
42
32
33
32
32
32
31
30
29
29
28
28
174
142
121
126
126
127
128
128
125
121
118
116
445
440
380
320
309
316
318
317
316
317
317
318
387
398
430
425
369
345
337
331
324
318
315
314
311
345
359
368
402
409
412
411
408
403
394
383
313
301
305
334
351
349
353
359
366
374
382
390
485
468
456
439
437
454
461
465
469
471
475
480
160
154
142
146
141
139
138
136
135
135
135
136
254
267
265
250
249
254
256
252
249
247
245
244
122
137
155
165
168
161
157
160
163
164
164
165
20
23
27
32
37
39
40
40
41
41
41
41
7
8
11
12
16
17
17
18
19
19
19
20
701
659
579
518
499
504
507
506
502
498
495
492
1,455
1,468
1,506
1,525
1,528
1,528
1,532
1,534
1,534
1,534
1,535
1,536
563
589
600
606
611
609
607
607
606
605
606
606
Northern Ireland
Persons
1971
1,540
1976
1,524
1981
1,543
1986
1,574
1991
1,607
1993
1,638
1994
1,648
1995
1,655
1996
1,669
1997
1,680
1998
1,689
1999
1,692
31
26
27
28
26
25
24
24
24
25
24
23
126
111
106
107
106
105
103
102
100
98
98
97
299
306
282
261
260
265
266
265
266
267
266
265
247
243
271
277
256
256
253
250
249
247
244
241
189
198
200
217
240
249
254
255
260
261
262
259
165
163
175
190
200
205
209
213
218
225
230
236
243
231
227
227
241
252
256
261
266
270
275
279
74
73
68
71
70
70
69
69
69
70
71
72
106
111
116
115
120
122
123
123
123
122
122
122
51
53
57
64
69
69
69
71
72
73
74
75
7
8
..
..
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
16
2
2
..
..
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
7
483
471
444
423
417
419
419
418
417
415
414
411
853
840
874
917
945
969
978
985
999
1,010
1,018
1,022
205
212
224
234
246
250
250
252
253
255
257
258
Males
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
755
754
757
768
783
801
805
809
816
823
827
829
16
13
14
14
13
13
12
12
12
12
12
12
64
58
54
55
54
54
53
52
51
50
50
50
152
157
145
134
133
136
136
136
136
137
136
136
127
127
140
142
131
132
131
129
128
128
126
124
95
102
102
109
119
124
126
127
130
131
132
131
81
81
87
95
100
102
104
106
108
111
113
116
116
111
109
110
118
123
126
128
131
133
135
137
36
34
32
33
32
32
32
32
33
33
34
35
45
47
50
50
53
54
54
54
54
54
54
54
19
19
21
23
26
26
26
26
27
28
28
28
2
3
..
..
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
1
0
..
..
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
246
242
228
217
213
215
215
214
213
213
212
211
441
442
454
474
487
501
506
509
516
523
527
529
67
70
75
77
83
85
85
86
87
87
88
89
Females
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
786
769
786
805
824
838
842
846
853
857
861
863
15
13
13
13
13
12
12
12
11
12
12
11
62
53
52
52
52
51
50
50
49
48
48
47
147
149
137
127
127
129
130
129
129
130
130
129
119
116
130
135
125
123
122
121
121
119
118
117
95
96
98
107
121
125
127
128
130
129
129
128
84
81
88
96
100
103
105
107
110
114
117
120
126
120
118
118
123
128
131
133
135
137
139
141
39
38
37
38
38
38
37
36
36
37
37
38
61
64
66
65
67
69
69
69
69
68
68
68
32
33
37
41
44
44
43
44
45
45
46
46
5
6
..
..
10
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
2
2
..
..
4
5
5
5
5
6
6
6
237
229
216
206
203
205
205
204
203
202
202
201
411
398
420
442
458
468
472
476
483
487
491
493
138
143
150
157
163
165
165
166
167
168
168
169
33
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 1.6
C
Autumn 2000
Population: age, sex and legal marital status
Numbers (thousands)
Total
population
Mid-year
England and Wales
Males
Single
Married
Divorced
Females
Widowed
Total
Single
Married
Divorced
Widowed
Total
Aged
16 and over
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
36,818
37,486
38,724
39,887
40,796
40,925
41,003
41,167
41,356
41,540
41,746
4,173
4,369
5,013
5,673
6,024
6,147
6,221
6,345
6,482
6,622
6,768
12,522
12,511
12,238
11,886
11,745
11,580
11,492
11,415
11,339
11,256
11,185
187
376
611
919
1,200
1,342
1,413
1,480
1,543
1,604
1,659
682
686
698
695
731
732
730
729
728
726
725
17,563
17,941
18,559
19,173
19,699
19,801
19,855
19,968
20,091
20,209
20,338
3,583
3,597
4,114
4,613
4,822
4,906
4,958
5,058
5,171
5,292
5,415
12,566
12,538
12,284
11,994
11,838
11,661
11,583
11,488
11,406
11,319
11,244
296
533
828
1,164
1,459
1,610
1,684
1,754
1,819
1,882
1,940
2,810
2,877
2,939
2,943
2,978
2,946
2,922
2,898
2,870
2,838
2,808
19,255
19,545
20,165
20,714
21,097
21,124
21,147
21,199
21,265
21,331
21,408
16–19
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2,666
2,901
3,310
3,144
2,680
2,421
2,360
2,374
2,436
2,517
2,578
1,327
1,454
1,675
1,601
1,372
1,242
1,212
1,220
1,251
1,291
1,322
34
28
20
10
8
4
3
3
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,362
1,482
1,694
1,611
1,380
1,246
1,215
1,222
1,253
1,293
1,324
1,163
1,289
1,523
1,483
1,267
1,157
1,131
1,139
1,171
1,212
1,242
142
129
93
49
32
18
14
13
12
11
11
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,305
1,419
1,616
1,533
1,300
1,175
1,145
1,152
1,183
1,224
1,254
20–24
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
3,773
3,395
3,744
4,203
3,966
3,770
3,625
3,495
3,329
3,177
3,084
1,211
1,167
1,420
1,794
1,764
1,742
1,699
1,658
1,597
1,536
1,500
689
557
466
322
249
182
152
127
105
87
76
3
4
10
14
12
8
7
6
5
4
3
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1,904
1,728
1,896
2,130
2,025
1,933
1,858
1,791
1,707
1,628
1,579
745
725
1,007
1,382
1,421
1,432
1,416
1,404
1,369
1,333
1,314
1,113
925
811
658
490
381
330
282
238
204
180
9
16
27
32
29
23
20
17
15
12
10
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1,869
1,667
1,847
2,072
1,941
1,838
1,767
1,703
1,622
1,549
1,505
25–29
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
3,267
3,758
3,372
3,724
4,246
4,220
4,168
4,094
4,045
3,972
3,883
431
533
588
841
1,183
1,263
1,293
1,326
1,368
1,401
1,422
1,206
1,326
1,057
956
894
807
754
696
639
577
520
16
39
54
79
85
80
76
70
64
58
51
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1,654
1,900
1,700
1,877
2,163
2,152
2,124
2,092
2,071
2,037
1,994
215
267
331
527
800
880
908
936
977
1,014
1,047
1,367
1,522
1,247
1,204
1,158
1,062
1,011
947
887
818
750
29
65
89
113
123
124
122
116
109
101
91
4
5
4
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1,614
1,859
1,671
1,847
2,083
2,069
2,044
2,002
1,975
1,935
1,889
30–34
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
2,897
3,220
3,715
3,341
3,762
3,999
4,126
4,235
4,296
4,318
4,294
206
236
318
356
535
662
732
799
855
903
938
1,244
1,338
1,451
1,200
1,206
1,194
1,187
1,177
1,155
1,125
1,085
23
55
97
125
160
174
179
182
181
177
171
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
1,475
1,632
1,869
1,683
1,903
2,032
2,100
2,160
2,194
2,207
2,196
111
118
165
206
335
418
467
518
560
598
627
1,269
1,388
1,544
1,292
1,330
1,338
1,340
1,333
1,316
1,287
1,247
34
75
129
154
189
205
213
218
221
222
219
8
8
9
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
1,422
1,588
1,846
1,658
1,859
1,967
2,025
2,075
2,103
2,111
2,098
35–44
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
5,736
5,608
5,996
6,863
7,056
6,887
6,925
7,003
7,146
7,325
7,515
317
286
316
397
482
522
556
601
657
725
802
2,513
2,442
2,519
2,743
2,658
2,500
2,463
2,446
2,449
2,458
2,467
48
104
178
293
388
423
444
464
483
503
520
13
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
14
2,891
2,843
3,024
3,444
3,539
3,456
3,475
3,523
3,602
3,700
3,803
201
167
170
213
280
316
343
374
414
459
510
2,529
2,427
2,540
2,816
2,760
2,612
2,587
2,568
2,575
2,593
2,612
66
129
222
350
444
473
491
509
527
545
563
48
42
41
39
34
31
29
29
28
28
27
2,845
2,765
2,972
3,419
3,517
3,431
3,449
3,480
3,544
3,625
3,712
Note: Population estimates by marital status for 1971 and 1976 are based on the 1971 Census and those for 1981 and 1986 are based on the 1981 Census and have not been rebased using
the 1991 Census.
National Statistics
34
Population Trends 101
Table 1.6
continued
Population: age, sex and legal marital status
Numbers (thousands)
Total
population
Mid-year
45–64
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
65 and over
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
England
England and
andWales
Males
Single
Married
Divorced
C
Autumn 2000
Females
Widowed
Total
Single
Married
Divorced
Widowed
Total
11,887
11,484
11,040
10,860
10,960
11,436
11,596
11,730
11,844
11,959
12,103
502
496
480
461
456
479
489
500
512
524
541
4,995
4,787
4,560
4,423
4,394
4,532
4,564
4,581
4,587
4,590
4,604
81
141
218
332
456
544
587
630
673
715
758
173
160
147
141
127
122
120
119
118
117
117
5,751
5,583
5,405
5,356
5,433
5,677
5,759
5,830
5,890
5,946
6,019
569
462
386
326
292
297
300
305
310
318
328
4,709
4,568
4,358
4,221
4,211
4,376
4,422
4,452
4,473
4,494
4,523
125
188
271
388
521
615
659
703
746
789
832
733
683
620
569
503
471
456
440
425
412
401
6,136
5,901
5,635
5,504
5,527
5,759
5,837
5,900
5,954
6,013
6,085
6,592
7,119
7,548
7,752
8,127
8,191
8,203
8,237
8,259
8,272
8,288
179
197
216
223
231
237
239
241
242
242
242
1,840
2,033
2,167
2,233
2,337
2,360
2,368
2,385
2,401
2,417
2,432
17
33
54
76
99
113
121
128
137
147
156
492
510
534
539
589
596
595
595
594
593
592
2,527
2,773
2,971
3,070
3,257
3,306
3,323
3,349
3,375
3,399
3,422
580
569
533
475
427
405
393
382
370
358
347
1,437
1,579
1,692
1,754
1,858
1,873
1,879
1,893
1,904
1,912
1,921
32
60
90
127
153
170
179
190
201
213
225
2,016
2,138
2,263
2,325
2,433
2,436
2,429
2,422
2,410
2,390
2,372
4,065
4,347
4,578
4,681
4,870
4,885
4,880
4,887
4,884
4,873
4,866
See note opposite.
35
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 1.7
C
Autumn 2000
Components of population change
Numbers (thousands)
Mid-year to mid-year
Population at
start of period
Total
annual
change
Constituent countries of the United Kingdom
Components of change (mid-year to mid-year or annual averages)
Live
births
Deaths
Natural
change
(Live births –
deaths)
Total
Net civilian migration
To/from
To/from
rest of UK Irish Republic
Population at end
of period
To/from
rest of the
world
Other
changes*
}
United Kingdom
1971–76
1976–81
1981–86
1986–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
55,928
56,216
56,357
56,859
57,814
58,013
58,198
58,401
58,612
58,807
59,014
59,237
+ 58
+ 27
+100
+191
+199
+185
+203
+211
+196
+207
+228
+264
766
705
732
782
793
764
763
738
723
740
718
711
670
662
662
647
639
635
652
632
646
638
618
635
+ 96
+ 42
+ 70
135
+154
+130
+111
+106
+ 77
+102
+100
+ 76
– 55
– 33
+ 21
+ 60
+ 45
+ 43
+ 74
+108
+110
+ 97
+114
+187
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
England and Wales
1971–76
1976–81
1981–86
1986–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
49,152
49,459
49,634
50,162
51,100
51,277
51,439
51,621
51,820
52,010
52,211
52,428
+ 61
+ 35
+106
+187
+177
+162
+181
+200
+190
+201
+217
+262
644
612
639
689
700
675
675
653
640
655
636
631
588
582
582
569
563
558
574
557
569
563
544
559
+ 76
+ 30
+ 57
+120
+137
+117
+102
+ 96
+ 71
+ 92
+ 92
+ 72
– 28
– 9
+ 40
+ 71
+ 41
+ 35
+ 63
+104
+110
+101
+118
+189
+10
+11
+10
+ 6
– 12
– 8
– 6
+ 1
+ 3
+ 7
+ 1
+ 3
– 9
– 3
+ 4
+12
– 6
– 2
+ 1
+ 1
– 1
– 5
– 10
– 9
England
1971–76
1976–81
1981–86
1986–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
46,412
46,660
46,821
47,342
48,208
48,378
48,533
48,707
48,903
49,089
49,284
49,495
+ 50
+ 32
+104
+173
+170
+154
+175
+196
+186
+195
+210
+258
627
577
603
651
662
638
638
618
606
620
603
598
552
546
547
535
529
524
538
522
534
528
511
524
+ 75
+ 31
+ 56
+116
+133
+114
+100
+ 96
+ 72
+ 92
+ 92
+ 74
– 35
– 11
+ 39
+ 60
+ 40
+ 32
+ 59
+100
+104
+ 96
+112
+183
+ 1
+ 6
+ 7
– 5
– 15
– 11
– 8
–
+ 1
+ 4
– 2
+ 1
– 9
– 3
+ 4
+12
– 5
– 2
+ 1
+ 1
– 1
– 5
– 10
– 9
Wales
1971–76
1976–81
1981–86
1986–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
2,740
2,799
2,813
2,820
2,891
2,899
2,906
2,913
2,917
2,921
2,927
2,933
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
12
3
1
14
7
8
7
4
4
6
6
4
37
35
36
38
38
37
37
35
34
35
34
33
36
36
35
34
34
34
36
34
35
35
34
35
+
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
1
1
1
4
4
3
1
1
1
–
–
2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
7
2
1
11
2
3
4
4
6
6
6
6
+10
+ 5
+ 3
+11
+ 4
+ 3
+ 3
+ 1
+ 1
+ 3
+ 3
+ 2
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Scotland
1971–76
1976–81
1981–86
1986–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
5,236
5,233
5,180
5,123
5,107
5,111
5,120
5,132
5,137
5,128
5,123
5,120
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
–
11
11
3
4
9
12
4
9
6
3
1
73
66
66
66
67
64
63
61
59
60
58
57
64
64
64
62
61
62
63
60
61
60
59
60
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
9
2
2
3
6
2
1
1
2
–
1
4
– 14
– 16
– 14
– 7
–
+ 5
+ 10
+ 4
– 6
– 6
– 4
+ 1
– 4
– 7
– 7
– 2
+10
+ 7
+ 7
–
– 5
– 5
+ 1
– 3
– 10
– 10
–
7
–
5
–
9
–
3
+ 3
+ 4
–
1
–
1
–
5
+ 4
Northern Ireland
1971–76
1976–81
1981–86
1986–91
1991–92
1992–93
1993–94
1994–95
1995–96
1996–97
1997–98
1998–99
1,540
1,524
1,543
1,574
1,607
1,625
1,638
1,648
1,655
1,669
1,680
1,689
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
3
3
6
7
17
13
10
7
14
12
8
3
28
27
28
27
26
25
25
24
24
25
24
23
17
17
16
16
15
15
16
15
15
15
15
15
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
10
12
12
11
10
9
9
9
10
9
8
–
–
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
+
–
_
–
–
–
+
+
+
–
–
+
+
–
+
+
+
+
16
18
9
4
1
12
18
3
8
8
8
1
56,216
56,352
56,859
57,814
58,013
58,198
58,401
58,612
58,807
59,014
59,237
59,501
– 29
– 17
+ 26
+ 53
+ 58
+ 45
+ 68
+102
+108
+ 99
+127
+194
+
+
+
–
–
+
+
–
+
+
+
+
13
14
9
4
1
10
16
1
9
8
7
2
49,459
49,634
50,162
51,100
51,277
51,439
51,621
51,820
52,010
52,211
52,428
52,690
– 27
– 15
+ 28
+ 53
+ 60
+ 45
+ 67
+ 99
+104
+ 97
+124
+190
+ 10
+ 12
+ 9
– 3
– 2
+ 8
+ 15
–
+ 9
+ 8
+ 7
+ 2
46,660
46,821
47,342
48,208
48,378
48,533
48,707
48,903
49,089
49,284
49,495
49,753
–
–
–
+
+
–
–
+
+
+
}
– 55
– 33
+ 21
+ 60
+ 45
+ 43
+ 74
+108
+110
+ 97
+114
+187
–
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
2
2
2
–
2
–
2
2
5
3
3
4
3
2
1
1
1
2
1
–
–
–
1
–
2,799
2,813
2,820
2,891
2,899
2,906
2,913
2,917
2,921
2,927
2,933
2,937
4
4
1
–
2
2
2
–
1
–
2
2
5,233
5,180
5,123
5,107
5,111
5,120
5,132
5,137
5,128
5,123
5,120
5,119
– 1
+ 17
– 1
– 1
+ 2
–
–
– 2
– 1
+ 1
– 1
– 2
1,524
1,543
1,574
1,607
1,625
1,643
1,648
1,655
1,669
1,680
1,689
1,692
–
}
7
4
3
4
2
1
2
1
3
2
2
–
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
7
3
2
–
2
3
3
1
4
3
3
3
}
14
8
5
4
4
3
1
1
6
1
_
– 3
+
+
+
–
+
+
–
+
+
Note: Total annual change is the sum of Natural change (Live births – deaths), Total net civilian migration and Other changes. These three columns may not add to Total annual change exactly
because of rounding.
* The effect of Northern Ireland revisions have been included in the other changes column from 1981 onwards.
† There is a discontinuity between 1980 and 1981 due to revisions to Northern Ireland data.
National Statistics
36
Population Trends 101
Table 2.1
Year and
quarter
Vital statistics summary
Numbers (thousands) and rates
All live
births
Number
Rate*
C
Autumn 2000
Constituent countries of the United Kingdom
Live births
outside marriage
Marriages
Number
Rate†
Number
Rate**
Divorces
Deaths
Number
Rate††
Number
Rate*
Infant
mortality***
Number
Neonatal
mortality†††
Rate†
Number
Rate†
Perinatal
mortality
Number
Rate††††
United Kingdom
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
901.6
675.5
730.8
755.0
792.5
16.1
12.0
13.0
13.3
13.7
73.9
61.1
91.3
158.5
236.1
82
90
125
210
298
459.4
406.0
397.8
393.9
349.7
..
..
49.4
43.5
36.0
79.6
135.4
156.4
168.2
173.5
..
..
11.3
12.5
13.0
645.1
680.8
658.0
660.7
646.2
11.5
12.1
11.7
11.6
11.3
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
761.7
750.7
732.0
733.4
726.8
717.1
700.2‡
13.1
12.9
12.5
12.5
12.3
12.1
11.8‡
241.8
240.1
245.7
260.4
267.0
269.7
271.6‡
318
320
336
355
367
376
388‡
341.6
331.2
322.3
317.5
310.2
304.8‡
..
..
..
..
..
..
180.0
173.6
170.0
171.7
161.1
160.1‡
..
..
..
..
..
..
658.5
627.6
645.5
636.0
629.7
629.2
629.4‡
11.3
10.7
11.0
10.8
10.7
10.6
10.6‡
4.83
4.63
4.52
4.50
4.25
4.08
4.06‡
6.3
6.2
6.2
6.1
5.9
5.7
5.8‡
3.18
3.09
3.05
3.00
2.81
2.71
2.73‡
4.2
4.1
4.2
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.9‡
6.73
6.74
6.52
6.41
6.06
5.94
5.79‡
8.8
9.0
8.9
8.7
8.3
8.2
8.2‡
1998 June
Sept
Dec
178.9
187.1
175.0
12.1
12.5
11.7
65.5
70.7
67.7
366
378
387
85.6‡
125.5‡
56.0‡
..
..
..
40.4‡
40.8‡
38.0‡
..
..
..
151.7
143.1
167.7
10.3
9.6
11.2
0.97
0.98
1.11
5.4
5.2
6.3
0.65
0.68
0.71
3.6
3.6
4.0
1.45
1.44
1.54
8.0
7.7
8.7
1999 March
June
Sept
Dec
171.9‡
177.0‡
180.3‡
170.9‡
11.7‡
11.9‡
12.0‡
11.4‡
66.5‡
67.1‡
70.5‡
67.4‡
387‡
379‡
391‡
394‡
36.9‡
83.2‡
..
..
40.0‡
39.3‡
40.1‡
..
..
..
184.0‡
143.5‡
139.2‡
162.7‡
12.6‡
9.7‡
9.3‡
10.9‡
1.06‡
1.02‡
0.99‡
0.98‡
6.2‡
5.8‡
5.5‡
5.8‡
0.68‡
0.69‡
0.72‡
0.65‡
3.9‡
3.9‡
4.0‡
3.8‡
1.50‡
1.47‡
1.46‡
1.37‡
8.7‡
8.2‡
8.0‡
7.9‡
2000 March
168.2‡
11.3‡
66.7‡
397‡
183.2‡
12.4‡
1.0‡
5.9‡
0.68‡
4.1‡
1.43‡
8.4‡
13.7
8.34
7.02
6.31
5.16
16.2
9.79
8.16
7.18
5.82
17.9
14.5
11.2
9.5
7.4
10.8
6.68
4.93
4.00
3.46
12.0
9.9
6.7
5.3
4.4
20.7
12.3
8.79
7.31
6.45
22.6
18.0
12.0
9.6
8.1
England and Wales
1971
783.2
1976
584.3
1981
634.5
1986
661.0
1991
699.2
15.9
11.8
12.8
13.2
13.7
65.7
53.8
81.0
141.3
211.3
84
92
128
214
302
404.7
358.6
352.0
347.9
306.8
69.0
57.7
49.6
43.5
35.6
74.4
126.7
145.7
153.9
158.7
5.9
10.1
11.9
12.9
13.5
567.3
598.5
577.9
581.2
570.0
11.5
12.1
11.6
11.6
11.2
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
673.5
664.7
648.1
649.5
643.1
635.9
621.9‡
13.1
12.9
12.5
12.5
12.3
12.1
11.8‡
216.5
215.5
219.9
232.7
238.2
240.6
241.9‡
322
324
339
358
370
378
389‡
299.2
291.1
283.0
279.0
272.5
267.3‡
33.9
32.6
31.0
30.0
28.7
27.7‡
165.0
158.2
155.5
157.1
146.7
145.2‡
14.2
13.7
13.6
13.8
13.0
12.9‡
578.8
553.2
569.7
560.1
555.3
555.0
553.5‡
11.3
10.7
11.0
10.8
10.6
10.6
10.6‡
4.24
4.10
3.98
3.99
3.80
3.63
3.64‡
6.3
6.2
6.1
6.1
5.9
5.7
5.8‡
2.80
2.74
2.70
2.68
2.52
2.42
2.44‡
4.2
4.1
4.2
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.9‡
6.03
5.95
5.70
5.62
5.38
5.26
5.14‡
8.9
8.9
8.8
8.6
8.3
8.2
8.2‡
1998 June
Sept
Dec
158.6
166.1
155.4
12.1
12.6
11.8
58.4
63.2
60.5
368
381
389
75.0‡
110.2‡
48.7‡
31.2‡
45.3‡
20.0‡
36.6‡
37.1‡
34.4‡
13.1‡
13.1‡
12.2‡
133.4
125.8
148.9
10.2
9.5
11.3
0.83
0.86
1.00
5.3
5.2
6.5
0.56
0.60
0.64
3.6
3.6
4.1
1.28
1.26
1.38
8.0
7.5
8.8
1999 March
June
Sept
Dec
152.1‡
157.2‡
160.1‡
152.5‡
11.7‡
12.0‡
12.1‡
11.5‡
59.0‡
59.8‡
62.9‡
60.2‡
388‡
380‡
393‡
395‡
32.5‡
73.1‡
109.1‡
13.6‡
30.3‡
44.8‡
36.4‡
35.7‡
36.6‡
13.2‡
12.8‡
13.0‡
161.7‡
126.1‡
122.4‡
143.3‡
12.5‡
9.7‡
9.3‡
10.8‡
0.96‡
0.89‡
0.91‡
0.87‡
6.3‡
5.7‡
5.7‡
5.7‡
0.62‡
0.60‡
0.66‡
0.57‡
4.1‡
3.8‡
4.1‡
3.7‡
1.34‡
1.28‡
1.32‡
1.20‡
8.7‡
8.1‡
8.2‡
7.9‡
2000 March
148.6‡
11.3‡
58.9‡
396‡
161.4‡
12.4‡
0.89‡
6.0‡
0.60‡
4.0‡
1.28‡
8.5‡
England
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
740.1
550.4
598.2
623.6
660.8
15.9
11.8
12.8
13.2
13.7
62.6
50.8
76.9
133.5
198.9
85
92
129
214
301
382.3
339.0
332.2
328.4
290.1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
146.0
150.1
..
..
..
..
..
532.4
560.3
541.0
544.5
534.0
11.5
12.0
11.6
11.5
11.2
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
636.5
629.0
613.2
614.2
608.2
602.1
589.5‡
13.1
13.0
12.5
12.5
12.3
12.2
11.8‡
203.6
202.7
206.8
218.2
223.4
225.7
227.0‡
320
322
337
355
367
375
385‡
283.3
275.5
268.3
264.2
258.0
253.1‡
..
..
..
..
..
156.1
149.6
147.5
148.7
138.7
137.4‡
..
..
..
..
..
541.1
517.6
532.6
524.0
519.1
519.6
517.1‡
11.1
10.6
10.9
10.7
10.5
10.5
10.4‡
4.00
3.83
3.74
3.74
3.60
3.39
3.38‡
6.3
6.1
6.1
6.1
5.9
5.6
5.7‡
2.65
2.57
2.55
2.53
2.37
2.29
2.29‡
4.2
4.1
4.2
4.1
3.9
3.8
3.9‡
5.70
5.58
5.41
5.36
5.09
4.97
4.86‡
8.9
8.8
8.8
8.7
8.3
8.2
8.2‡
1998 June
Sept
Dec
150.1
157.3
147.2
12.2
12.6
11.8
54.8
59.3
56.7
365
377
385
71.0‡
104.4‡
46.1‡
..
..
..
34.6‡
35.1‡
32.6‡
..
..
..
124.8
117.6
139.7
9.6
8.9
10.6
0.77
0.79
0.95
5.1
5.0
6.5
0.53
0.56
0.62
3.5
3.6
4.2
1.20
1.18
1.31
8.0
7.5
8.9
1999 March
June
Sept
Dec
144.1‡
149.0‡
151.7‡
144.7‡
11.7‡
12.0‡
12.1‡
11.5‡
55.4‡
56.1‡
59.0‡
56.5‡
384‡
377‡
389‡
390‡
30.8‡
69.2‡
103.1‡
..
..
..
34.5‡
33.8‡
34.8‡
..
..
..
151.0‡
117.7‡
114.3‡
134.1‡
12.4‡
9.0‡
8.6‡
10.1‡
0.90‡
0.84‡
0.84‡
0.81‡
6.2‡
5.6‡
5.6‡
5.6‡
0.58‡
0.56‡
0.62‡
0.53‡
4.0‡
3.8‡
4.1‡
3.6‡
1.26‡
1.23‡
1.24‡
1.12‡
8.7‡
8.2‡
8.2‡
7.7‡
2000 March
140.8‡
11.3‡
55.2‡
392‡
151.1‡
12.3‡
0.84‡
5.9‡
0.57‡
4.1‡
1.21‡
8.5‡
*
†
**
††
***
Per 1,000 population of all ages.
Per 1,000 live births.
Persons marrying per 1,000 unmarried population 16 and over.
Persons divorcing per 1,000 married population.
Deaths under 1 year.
17.5
14.3
11.1
9.6
7.4
12.9
7.83
6.50
5.92
4.86
17.5
14.2
10.9
9.5
7.3
9.11
5.66
4.23
3.49
3.05
8.58
5.32
3.93
3.27
2.87
11.6
9.7
6.7
5.3
4.4
11.6
9.7
6.6
5.2
4.3
17.6
10.5
7.56
6.37
5.65
16.6
9.81
7.04
5.98
5.33
22.3
17.7
11.8
9.6
8.0
22.1
17.6
11.7
9.5
8.0
††† Deaths under 4 weeks.
**** Stillbirths and deaths under 1 week. In October 1992 the legal definition of a stillbirth
was changed, from baby born dead after 28 completed weeks of gestation or more, to
one born dead after 24 completed weeks of gestation or more.
†††† Per 1,000 live births and stillbirths.
‡
Provisional.
37
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 2.1
continued
Year and
quarter
C
Autumn 2000
Vital statistics summary
Numbers (thousands) and rates
All live
births
Number
Rate*
Live births
outside marriage
Constituent countries of the United Kingdom
Marriages
Number
Rate†
Number
Rate**
Divorces
Number
Deaths
Rate††
Number
Rate*
Infant
mortality***
Number
Rate†
Neonatal
mortality†††
Number
Rate†
Perinatal
mortality
Number
Rate††††
Wales
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
43.1
33.4
35.8
37.0
38.1
15.7
11.9
12.7
13.1
13.2
3.1
2.9
4.0
7.8
12.3
71
86
112
211
323
22.4
19.5
19.8
19.5
16.6
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
7.9
8.6
..
..
..
..
..
34.8
36.3
35.0
34.7
34.1
12.7
13.0
12.4
12.3
11.8
0.79
0.46
0.45
0.35
0.25
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
36.6
35.4
34.5
34.9
34.5
33.4
32.1‡
12.6
12.2
11.8
11.9
11.8
11.4
10.9‡
12.9
12.7
13.1
14.4
14.8
14.8
14.8‡
352
360
381
412
428
444
461‡
15.9
15.5
14.7
14.8
14.6
14.2‡
..
..
..
..
..
8.9
8.6
8.0
8.4
8.0
7.8‡
..
..
..
..
..
35.9
33.9
35.6
34.6
34.6
34.0
34.9‡
12.4
11.6
12.2
11.8
11.8
11.6
11.9‡
0.20
0.22
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.19
0.21‡
5.5
6.1
5.9
5.6
5.9
5.6
6.4‡
0.12
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.13‡
3.3
4.1
3.9
3.6
3.9
3.6
4.1‡
0.30
0.33
0.27
0.26
0.27
0.27
0.25‡
8.2
9.3
7.9
7.5
7.9
8.0
7.8‡
1998June
Sept
Dec
8.4
8.8
8.0
11.4
11.8
10.9
3.6
3.9
3.8
428
444
468
4.0‡
5.8‡
2.6‡
..
..
2.0‡
2.0‡
1.8‡
..
..
..
8.2
7.8
8.9
11.2
10.6
12.1
0.05
0.05
0.05
5.6
5.9
6.0
0.03
0.04
0.02
3.9
4.0
3.0
0.07
0.07
0.06
8.7
8.2
6.9
1999 March
June
Sept
Dec
7.9‡
8.2‡
8.3‡
7.7‡
10.9‡
11.2‡
11.1‡
10.4‡
3.6‡
3.6‡
3.9‡
3.7‡
454‡
445‡
470‡
475‡
1.6‡
3.9‡
6.0‡
..
..
1.9‡
1.8‡
1.9‡
..
..
..
10.3‡
8.1‡
7.7‡
8.9‡
14.2‡
11.1‡
10.4‡
12.0‡
0.05‡
0.05‡
0.05‡
0.06‡
6.3‡
5.5‡
6.3‡
7.8‡
0.03‡
0.03‡
0.03‡
0.04‡
4.0‡
3.5‡
3.6‡
5.2‡
0.06‡
0.05‡
0.07‡
0.07‡
8.0‡
5.7‡
8.2‡
9.4‡
2000 March
7.8‡
10.7‡
3.7‡
470‡
10.0‡
13.7‡
0.04‡
5.6‡
0.03‡
3.8‡
0.06‡
7.9‡
18.4
13.7
12.6
9.5
6.6
0.53
0.32
0.29
0.21
0.16
12.3
9.6
8.1
5.6
4.1
1.07
0.64
0.51
0.38
0.30
24.4
19.0
14.1
10.3
7.9
Scotland
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
86.7
64.9
69.1
65.8
67.0
16.6
12.5
13.4
12.9
13.1
7.0
6.0
8.5
13.6
19.5
81
93
122
206
291
42.5
37.5
36.2
35.8
33.8
64.1
53.8
47.5
42.8
38.7
4.8
8.1
9.9
12.8
12.4
3.9
6.5
8.0
10.7
10.6
61.6
65.3
63.8
63.5
61.0
11.8
12.5
12.3
12.4
12.0
1.72
0.96
0.78
0.58
0.47
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
63.3
61.7
60.1
59.3
59.4
57.3
55.1‡
12.4
12.0
11.7
11.6
11.6
11.2
10.8‡
19.9
19.2
20.3
21.4
22.4
22.3
22.7‡
313
312
337
360
377
389
412‡
33.4
31.5
30.7
30.2
29.6
29.7
37.6
35.1
33.7
32.8
31.7
31.2
12.8
13.1
12.2
12.3
12.2
12.4
11.0
11.4
10.7
10.9
11.0
11.2
64.0
59.3
60.5
60.7
59.5
59.2
60.2‡
12.5
11.6
11.8
11.8
11.6
11.6
11.8‡
0.41
0.38
0.38
0.37
0.32
0.32
0.28‡
6.5
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.3
5.5
5.0‡
0.25
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.19
0.20
0.18‡
4.0
4.0
4.0
3.9
3.2
3.5
3.3‡
0.61
0.56
0.58
0.55
0.47
0.49
0.42‡
9.6
9.0
9.6
9.2
7.8
8.5
7.5‡
1998June
Sept
Dec
14.2
14.8
14.1
11.2
11.5
10.9
5.4
5.7
5.7
382
384
404
8.4
11.9
5.9
35.4
49.8
24.7
3.2
3.1
3.0
11.5
11.1
10.8
14.4
13.8
15.2
11.3
10.7
11.8
0.09
0.09
0.08
6.4
5.7
5.9
0.06
0.06
0.05
4.0
4.1
3.2
0.12
0.13
0.12
8.5
9.0
8.3
1999March
June
Sept
Dec
13.9‡
13.9‡
14.1‡
13.3‡
11.0‡
10.9‡
10.9‡
10.3‡
5.7‡
5.6‡
5.7‡
5.7‡
411‡
402‡
406‡
430‡
3.6‡
8.1‡
11.9‡
6.3‡
15.4‡
34.4‡
49.7‡
26.3‡
2.9‡
3.1‡
2.9‡
2.9‡
10.8‡
11.2‡
10.5‡
10.4‡
17.7‡
13.7‡
13.3‡
15.6‡
14.0‡
10.7‡
10.3‡
12.1‡
0.06‡
0.09‡
0.05‡
0.08‡
4.4‡
6.4‡
3.5‡
5.8‡
0.04‡
0.06‡
0.04‡
0.05‡
2.5‡
4.2‡
2.5‡
4.0‡
0.10‡
0.12‡
0.09‡
0.11‡
7.4‡
8.3‡
6.2‡
8.2‡
2000 March
13.7‡
10.8‡
5.9‡
433‡
17.2‡
13.5‡
0.09‡
6.3‡
0.06‡
4.2‡
0.11‡
7.8
Northern Ireland
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
31.8
26.4
27.3
28.2
26.3
20.7
17.3
17.8
18.0
16.5
1.2
1.3
1.9
3.6
5.3
38
50
70
127
202
12.2
9.9
9.6
10.2
9.2
..
..
45.4
..
37.7
0.3
0.6
1.4
1.5
2.3
..
..
4.2
..
6.8
17.6
17.0
16.3
16.1
15.1
12.8
11.2
10.6
10.3
9.4
0.72
0.48
0.36
0.36
0.19
0.88
0.59
0.42
0.42
0.22
27.2
22.3
15.3
15.3
8.4
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
24.9
24.3
23.9
24.6
24.3
23.9
23.2‡
15.3
14.9
14.5
14.8
14.5
14.2
13.7‡
5.5
5.4
5.5
6.4
6.4
6.8
7.0‡
219
220
231
259
266
283
301‡
9.0
8.7
8.6
8.3
8.1
7.8
..
..
..
..
..
..
2.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.5
..
..
..
..
..
..
15.6
15.1
15.3
15.2
15.0
15.0
15.7‡
9.6
9.2
9.3
9.1
9.0
8.9
9.3‡
0.18
0.15
0.17
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.15‡
7.1
6.1
7.1
5.8
5.6
5.6
6.4‡
0.12
0.10
0.13
0.09
0.10
0.09
0.11‡
4.9
4.2
5.5
3.7
4.2
3.9
4.8‡
0.22
0.24
0.25
0.23
0.21
0.20
0.23‡
8.8
9.7
10.4
9.4
8.6
8.1
10.0‡
1998June
Sept
Dec
6.1
6.2
5.5
14.5
14.7
13.0
1.7
1.8
1.6
273
285
294
2.2
3.4
1.4
..
..
..
0.6
0.6
0.6
..
..
..
3.8
3.5
3.6
9.1
8.2
8.5
0.04
0.03
0.02
7.1
5.5
4.0
0.03
0.02
0.02
4.4
3.5
3.3
0.05
0.05
0.05
7.7
8.0
8.2
1999March
June
Sept
Dec
6.0‡
5.9‡
6.1‡
5.2‡
14.3‡
14.0‡
14.3‡
12.2‡
1.8‡
1.8‡
1.8‡
1.6‡
302‡
297‡
303‡
303‡
0.9‡
2.2‡
..
..
0.7‡
0.6‡
0.5‡
0.5‡
..
..
..
..
4.7‡
3.7‡
3.5‡
3.8‡
11.3‡
8.7‡
8.1‡
8.9‡
0.03‡
0.04‡
0.04‡
0.03‡
5.7‡
7.4‡
5.9‡
6.5‡
0.02‡
0.03‡
0.03‡
0.03‡
4.0‡
5.8‡
4.4‡
5.2‡
0.06‡
0.07‡
0.05‡
0.05‡
10.2‡
11.5‡
8.2‡
10.1‡
2000 March
5.8‡
13.8‡
1.8‡
317‡
4.7‡
11.2‡
0.03‡
4.5‡
0.02‡
3.8‡
0.04‡
7.4‡
Notes: 1. Rates for the most recent quarters will be particularly subject to revision, even
when standard detail is given, as they are based on provisional numbers or on
estimates derived from events registered in the period.
2. Figures for England and Wales represent the numbers of deaths registered in each
year up to 1992, and the number of deaths occurring in each year from 1993.
Provisional figures are registrations.
National Statistics
38
19.9
14.8
11.3
8.8
7.1
22.7
18.3
13.2
13.2
7.4
1.17
0.67
0.47
0.34
0.29
0.51
0.35
0.23
0.23
0.12
13.5
10.3
6.9
5.2
4.4
15.9
13.3
8.3
8.3
4.6
2.15
1.20
0.81
0.67
0.58
24.5
18.3
11.6
10.2
8.6
3. From 1972 figures for England and figures for Wales each exclude events for
persons usually resident outside England and Wales.These events are however
included in the totals for England and Wales combined, and for the United
Kingdom.
Population Trends 101
Table 2.2
Key demographic and health indicators
Numbers (thousands), rates, percentages, mean age
Constituent countries of the United Kingdom
Dependency ratio
Population
Live births
Deaths
Children*
Elderly†
United Kingdom
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
55,928.0
56,216.1
56,357.5
56,858.5
57,813.8
58,197.7
58,400.8
58,611.7
58,807.2
59,014.0
59,237.0
59,500.9
901.6
675.5
730.8
755.0
792.5
761.7
750.7
732.0
733.4
726.8
717.1
700.2‡
645.1
680.8
658.0
660.7
646.2
658.5
627.6
645.5
636.0
629.7
629.2
629.4‡
43.8
42.1
37.1
33.5
33.1
33.3
33.6
33.8
33.8
33.6
33.4
28.0
29.5
29.7
29.6
29.9
29.9
29.9
29.8
29.7
29.6
29.5
England
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
46,411.7
46,659.9
46,820.8
47,342.4
48,208.1
48,532.7
48,707.5
48,903.4
49,089.1
49,284.2
49,494.6
49,752.9
740.1
550.4
598.2
623.6
660.8
636.5
629.0
613.2
614.2
608.6
602.5
589.5‡
532.4
560.3
541.0
544.5
534.0
541.1
517.6
532.6
524.0
519.1
519.6
517.1‡
42.9
41.4
36.4
33.1
32.8
33.1
33.4
33.6
33.6
33.4
33.3
Wales
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2,740.3
2,799.3
2,813.5
2,819.6
2,891.5
2,906.5
2,913.0
2,916.8
2,921.1
2,926.9
2,933.3
2,937.0
43.1
33.4
35.8
37.0
38.1
36.6
35.4
34.5
34.9
34.5
33.4
32.1‡
34.8
36.3
35.0
34.7
34.1
35.9
33.9
35.6
34.6
34.6
34.0
34.9‡
Scotland
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
5,235.6
5,233.4
5,180.2
5,123.0
5,107.0
5,120.2
5,132.4
5,136.6
5,128.0
5,122.5
5,120.0
5,119.2
86.7
64.9
69.1
65.8
67.0
63.3
61.7
60.1
59.3
59.4
57.3
55.1‡
Northern Ireland†††
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
1,540.4
1,523.5
1,543.0
1,573.5
1,607.3
1,638.3
1,647.9
1,654.9
1,669.1
1,680.3
1,688.6
1,691.8
31.8
26.4
27.3
28.2
26.3
24.9
24.3
23.9
24.6
24.3
23.9
23.2‡
‡
*
†
**
††
C
Autumn 2000
Live births
Outside
marriage as
percentage
of total
live births
Mean age
of mother
at birth
(years)
Agestandardised
mortality
rate††
Males
Females
Infant
mortality
rate***
2.41
1.74
1.82
1.78
1.82
1.76
1.74
1.71
1.72
1.72
1.72
8.2
9.0
12.5
21.0
29.8
31.8
32.0
33.6
35.5
36.7
37.6
38.8‡
26.2
26.4
26.8
27.0
27.6
28.1
28.4
28.5
28.6
28.8
28.9
10,448
10,486
9,506
8,897
8,107
8,037
7,622
7,706
7,522
7,370
7,290
7,274 ‡
68.8
69.6
70.8
71.9
73.2
73.7
73.9
74.1
74.3
74.6‡
75.0
75.2
76.8
77.7
78.8
79.1
79.2
79.4
79.5
79.6‡
17.9
14.5
11.2
9.5
7.4
6.3
6.2
6.2
6.1
5.9
5.7‡
5.8‡
28.1
29.7
29.9
29.8
29.9
30.0
29.9
29.8
29.8
29.6
29.5
2.37
1.70
1.79
1.87
1.81
1.76
1.74
1.71
1.73
1.72
1.72
1.69‡
8.5
9.2
12.9
21.4
30.1
32.0
32.2
33.7
35.5
36.7
37.5
38.5‡
26.4
26.8
27.0
27.7
28.1
28.4
28.6
28.7
28.8
29.0
29.0‡
10,278
10,271
9,298
8,694
7,941
7,825
7,440
7,526
7,333
7,190
7,128
7,079 ‡
43.4
42.0
37.6
34.4
34.4
34.6
34.9
35.1
35.0
34.7
34.5
29.8
30.9
31.6
32.5
33.4
33.6
33.6
33.6
33.6
33.5
33.5
2.44
1.79
1.87
1.86
1.88
1.84
1.79
1.78
1.82
1.82
1.79
1.73‡
7.2
8.7
11.2
21.1
32.3
35.2
36.0
38.1
41.2
42.8
44.4
46.1‡
26.0
26.6
26.5
27.0
27.4
27.7
27.8
27.8
28.0
28.0
28.1‡
11,175
10,858
9,846
9,012
8,074
8,227
7,753
7,953
7,664
7,578
7,366
7,548 ‡
61.6
65.3
63.8
63.5
61.0
64.0
59.3
60.5
60.7
59.5
59.2
60.2‡
48.2
44.7
38.2
33.5
32.2
32.3
32.5
32.6
32.5
32.3
32.0
27.1
28.4
28.4
28.0
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.6
28.7
28.7
28.8
2.53
1.80
1.84
1.67
1.70
1.62
1.58
1.55
1.55
1.57
1.54
8.1
9.3
12.2
20.6
29.1
31.3
31.2
33.7
36.0
37.7
38.9
41.2‡
26.0
26.3
26.6
27.4
27.9
28.2
28.4
28.5
28.6
28.8
17.6
17.0
16.3
16.1
15.1
15.6
15.1
15.3
15.2
15.0
15.0
15.7‡
56.6
56.1
50.6
46.5
44.0
43.6
43.3
42.9
42.3
41.6
40.8
24.0
25.3
25.3
24.7
25.6
25.4
25.4
25.2
25.1
24.9
25.0
3.13
2.70
2.60
2.46
2.18
2.01
1.95
1.91
1.95
1.93
1.91
3.8
5.0
7.0
12.7
20.2
21.9
22.0
23.1
25.9
26.6
28.3
30.1‡
27.4
27.6
27.6
28.0
28.4
28.6
28.8
28.8
29.0
29.1
Provisional.
Percentage of children under 16 to working population (males 16–64 and females 16–
59).
Percentage of males 65 and over and females 60 and over to working population (males
16–64 and females 16–59).
TFR (the total fertility rate) is the number of children that would be born to a woman if
current patterns of fertility persisted throughout her childbearing life. It is sometimes
called the TPFR (the total period fertility rate).
Per million population. The age-standardised mortality rate makes allowances for
changes in the age structure of the population. See Notes to tables.
TFR**
Expectation of
life (in years)
at birth
77.0
77.9
79.0
79.3
79.4
79.6
79.7
79.9‡
17.5
14.2
10.9
9.5
7.3
6.3
6.1
6.1
6.1
5.9
5.6‡
5.7‡
70.4
71.6
73.2
73.5
73.5
73.8
74.0
74.4‡
76.4
77.6
78.9
79.0
79.0
79.2
79.2
79.4‡
18.4
13.7
12.6
9.5
6.6
5.5
6.1
5.8
5.6
5.9
5.6‡
6.4‡
11,444
11,675
10,849
10,135
9,254
9,529
8,840
8,887
8,868
8,623
8,533
8,652 ‡
67.3
68.2
69.1
70.2
71.4
71.7
71.9
72.1
72.2
72.4‡
73.7
74.4
75.3
76.2
77.1
77.3
77.4
77.6
77.8
77.9‡
19.9
14.8
11.3
8.8
7.1
6.5
6.2
6.2
6.2
5.3
5.5‡
5.0‡
11,607
11,746
10,567
10,071
8,564
8,600
8,256
8,255
8,057
7,810
7,438
7,726 ‡
67.6
67.5
69.2
70.9
72.6
73.0
73.1
73.5
73.8
74.2‡
73.7
73.8
75.5
77.1
78.4
78.7
78.6
78.9
79.2
79.5‡
22.7
18.3
13.2
10.2
7.4
7.1
6.1
7.1
5.8
5.6
5.6‡
6.4‡
71.1
72.0
73.4
74.0
74.1
74.4
74.6
74.9‡
*** Deaths under one year per 1,000 live births.
††† Northern Ireland data has been revised to take account of changed Northern Ireland
population estimates from 1981.
Notes: 1. Some of these indicators are also in other tables. They are brought together to
make comparison easier.
2. Figures for England and Wales represent the number of deaths registered in each
year up to 1992, and the number of deaths occurring in each year from 1993.
39
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 3.1
C
Autumn 2000
Live births: age of mother
Numbers (thousands), rates, mean age and TFRs
England and Wales
Age of mother at birth
Year and
quarter
All
ages
Under
20
20–24
25–29
30–34
Age of mother at birth
35–39
40 and
over
All
ages
Under
20
Total live births (numbers)
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
40 and
over
Mean
age
(years)
TFR†
Age-specific fertility rates*
1961
1964(max)†
1966
1971
1976
1977(min)†
1981
1986
1991
811.3
876.0
849.8
783.2
584.3
569.3
634.5
661.0
699.2
59.8
76.7
86.7
82.6
57.9
54.5
56.6
57.4
52.4
249.8
276.1
285.8
285.7
182.2
174.5
194.5
192.1
173.4
248.5
270.7
253.7
247.2
220.7
207.9
215.8
229.0
248.7
152.3
153.5
136.4
109.6
90.8
100.8
126.6
129.5
161.3
77.5
75.4
67.0
45.2
26.1
25.5
34.2
45.5
53.6
23.3
23.6
20.1
12.7
6.5
6.0
6.9
7.6
9.8
89.2
92.9
90.5
83.5
60.4
58.1
61.3
60.6
63.6
37.3
42.5
47.7
50.6
32.2
29.4
28.1
30.1
33.0
172.6
181.6
176.0
152.9
109.3
103.7
105.3
92.7
89.3
176.9
187.3
174.0
153.2
118.7
117.5
129.1
124.0
119.4
103.1
107.7
97.3
77.1
57.2
58.6
68.6
78.1
86.7
48.1
49.8
45.3
32.8
18.6
18.2
21.7
24.6
32.1
15.0
13.7
12.5
8.7
4.8
4.4
4.9
4.8
5.3
27.6
27.2
26.8
26.2
26.4
26.5
26.8
27.0
27.7
2.77
2.93
2.75
2.37
1.71
1.66
1.80
1.77
1.82
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999‡
689.7
673.5
664.7
648.1
649.5
643.1
635.9
621.9
47.9
45.1
42.0
41.9
44.7
46.4
48.3
48.4
163.3
152.0
140.2
130.7
125.7
118.6
113.5
110.7
244.8
236.0
229.1
217.4
211.1
202.8
193.1
181.9
166.8
171.1
179.6
181.2
186.4
187.5
188.5
185.3
56.7
58.8
63.1
65.5
69.5
74.9
78.9
81.3
10.2
10.5
10.7
11.3
12.1
12.9
13.6
14.3
63.5
62.6
61.9
60.4
60.5
59.8
59.1
57.5
31.7
31.0
29.0
28.5
29.8
30.2
30.7
30.6
86.2
82.7
79.4
76.8
77.5
76.6
75.4
73.1
117.3
114.1
112.1
108.6
106.9
104.8
102.6
99.4
87.2
87.0
88.7
87.3
88.6
88.8
89.9
89.1
33.4
34.1
35.8
36.2
37.2
38.9
39.9
39.9
5.8
6.2
6.4
6.8
7.2
7.6
7.8
8.1
27.9
28.1
28.4
28.5
28.6
28.8
28.9
29.0
1.80
1.76
1.75
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.70
1997
March
June
Sept
Dec
158.1
163.3
164.9
156.8
11.5
11.3
11.8
11.8
29.8
29.5
30.3
29.0
50.4
51.6
52.1
48.7
45.7
48.4
48.1
45.4
17.7
19.2
19.3
18.7
3.1
3.3
3.3
3.2
59.6
60.9
60.8
57.8
31
30
30
30
77
76
78
75
105
107
107
101
88
92
90
86
38
40
40
38
7
8
8
7
28.7
28.9
28.8
28.8
1.70
1.75
1.78
1.70
1998
March
June
Sept
Dec
155.8
158.6
166.1
155.4
11.7
11.4
12.7
12.4
27.8
27.5
29.8
28.5
47.9
48.6
50.6
46.1
46.2
48.1
48.9
45.4
18.8
19.7
20.7
19.6
3.3
3.3
3.6
3.4
58.7
59.1
61.2
57.3
31
29
32
31
74
73
79
75
102
103
107
98
89
92
93
86
39
40
41
39
8
8
8
8
28.9
29.0
28.9
28.9
1.68
1.71
1.81
1.70
1999
March‡
June ‡
Sept ‡
Dec ‡
152.1
157.2
160.1
152.5
12.0
11.8
12.5
12.0
27.1
27.2
28.7
27.8
45.0
46.2
46.8
43.8
45.1
48.0
47.5
44.8
19.6
20.5
20.9
20.3
3.4
3.6
3.7
3.6
57.1
58.4
58.7
55.8
31
30
31
30
73
72
75
72
98
101
102
96
88
92
91
86
39
40
41
39
8
8
8
8
28.9
29.1
29.0
29.0
1.68
1.72
1.74
1.66
2000
March‡ 148.6
11.4
26.4
42.5
44.1
20.6
3.7
55.1
29
69
95
86
40
8
29.1
1.64
* Births per 1,000 women in the age-group; all quarterly age-specific fertility rates are adjusted for days in the quarter.They are not adjusted for seasonality, and therefore have been revised
from those previously published.
† TFR (the total fertility rate) is the number of children that would be born to a woman if current patterns of fertility persisted throughout her childbearing life. It is sometimes called the
TPFR (the total period fertility rate). During the post Second World War period the TFR reached a maximum in 1964 and a minimum in 1977.
‡ Provisional.
Note:
The rates for women of all ages, under 20, and 40 and over are based upon the populations of women aged 15–44, 15–19, and 40–44 respectively.
National Statistics
40
Population Trends 101
Table 3.2
Live births outside marriage: age of mother and type of registration
Numbers (thousands), mean age and percentages
Age of mother at birth
Year and
quarter
All
ages
Under
20
20–24
25–29
30–34
C
Autumn 2000
England and Wales
Age of mother at birth
35–39
40 and
over
Mean
age
(years)
All
ages
Under
20
20–24
25–29
30–34
Registration*
35–39
40 and
over
Joint
Sole
Same Different
address† address†
Live births outside marriage (numbers)
Percentage of total live births
As a percentage of all
births outside marriage
{
in age-group
65.7
53.8
81.0
21.6
19.8
26.4
22.0
16.6
28.8
11.5
9.7
14.3
6.2
4.7
7.9
3.2
2.3
1.3
1.1
0.7
0.9
23.7
23.3
23.4
8.4
9.2
12.8
26.1
34.2
46.7
7.7
9.1
14.8
4.7
4.4
6.6
5.7
5.2
6.2
7.0
8.6
3.9
9.0
10.1
12.5
45.5
51.0
58.2
54.5
49.0
41.8
1986
1991
1992
141.3
211.3
215.2
39.6
43.4
40.1
54.1
77.8
77.1
27.7
52.4
55.9
13.1
25.7
28.9
5.7
9.8
10.9
1.1
2.1
2.3
23.8
24.8
25.2
21.4
30.2
31.2
69.0
82.9
83.7
28.2
44.9
47.2
12.1
21.1
22.8
10.1
16.0
17.3
12.6
18.3
19.3
14.7
21.3
22.9
46.6
54.6
55.4
19.6
19.8
20.7
33.8
25.6
23.9
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999‡
216.5
215.5
219.9
232.7
238.2
240.6
241.9
38.2
35.9
36.3
39.3
41.1
43.0
43.0
75.0
71.0
69.7
71.1
69.5
67.8
67.5
57.5
58.5
59.6
62.3
63.4
62.4
61.2
31.4
34.0
37.0
40.5
42.2
43.9
45.0
11.9
13.4
14.4
16.2
18.2
19.6
20.8
2.5
2.7
3.0
3.2
3.7
3.9
4.3
25.4
25.8
25.9
26.0
26.2
26.3
26.4
32.2
32.4
33.9
35.8
37.0
37.8
38.9
84.8
85.5
86.6
88.0
88.7
89.1
89.0
49.4
50.6
53.3
56.5
58.6
59.7
61.0
24.4
25.5
27.4
29.5
31.3
32.3
33.6
18.4
18.9
20.4
21.7
22.5
23.3
24.3
20.2
21.2
22.0
23.4
25.0
24.8
25.6
23.5
25.2
26.2
26.7
28.6
29.0
30.2
54.8
57.5
58.1
58.1
59.5
60.9
61.8
22.0
19.8
20.1
19.9
19.3
18.3
18.2
23.2
22.7
21.8
21.9
21.2
20.8
19.9
1997 March
June
Sept
Dec
58.5
58.9
61.4
59.3
10.2
10.1
10.5
10.4
17.4
17.1
17.9
17.2
15.7
15.5
16.5
15.7
10.2
10.6
10.9
10.4
4.2
4.7
4.7
4.6
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
26.1
26.3
26.2
26.2
37.0
36.1
37.3
37.8
88.7
89.1
88.8
88.3
58.4
58.0
58.9
59.2
31.0
30.1
31.8
32.2
22.4
22.0
22.7
23.0
23.9
24.3
24.4
24.8
28.7
28.4
27.8
29.3
58.4
59.6
59.9
60.0
19.5
19.4
18.9
19.2
22.1
21.0
21.2
20.7
1998 March
June
Sept
Dec
58.5
58.4
63.2
60.5
10.4
10.3
11.3
11.0
16.5
16.2
17.9
17.2
15.3
15.4
16.3
15.4
10.7
10.8
11.5
10.9
4.6
4.7
5.2
5.0
1.0
0.9
1.0
1.0
26.3
26.4
26.3
26.3
37.5
36.8
38.1
38.9
89.0
89.6
89.2
88.5
59.5
59.1
60.0
60.4
31.9
31.8
32.3
33.3
23.1
22.5
23.6
24.0
24.4
24.0
25.2
25.6
29.6
28.3
28.5
29.6
60.5
61.0
60.9
61.2
18.4
18.2
18.4
18.4
21.1
20.8
20.7
20.4
1999 March‡
June‡
Sept‡
Dec‡
59.0
59.8
62.9
60.1
10.8
10.5
11.1
10.6
16.4
16.5
17.7
17.0
15.0
15.3
16.0
14.9
10.9
11.2
11.7
11.1
5.0
5.2
5.4
5.3
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.1
26.3
26.4
26.4
26.4
38.8
38.0
39.3
39.4
89.7
89.2
88.7
88.4
60.5
60.6
61.7
61.2
33.4
33.0
34.1
34.0
24.1
23.4
24.7
24.8
25.4
25.3
25.6
26.2
29.5
31.3
29.3
30.8
61.4
61.6
62.2
62.0
18.2
18.2
18.1
18.4
20.4
20.1
19.6
19.5
2000 March‡
58.9
10.2
16.5
14.8
10.9
5.4
1.2
26.5
39.6
89.7
62.6
34.7
24.7
26.1
31.7
62.5
18.1
19.4
{
1971
1976
1981
* Births outside marriage can be registered by both the mother and father (joint) or by the mother alone (sole).
† Usual address(es) of parents.
‡ Provisional.
41
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 3.3
C
Autumn 2000
Live births within marriage: age of mother, and birth order*
Numbers (thousands) and mean age
Age of mother at birth
Year and
quarter
All
ages
Under
20
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
40 and
over
Mean
age
(years)
England and Wales
Age of mother at birth
All
ages
Under
20
Live births within marriage
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
40 and
over
Mean
age
(years)
Live births within marriage to remarried women
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
717.5
530.5
553.5
519.7
487.9
474.4
61.1
38.1
30.1
17.8
8.9
7.8
263.7
165.6
165.7
138.0
95.6
86.2
235.7
211.0
201.5
201.3
196.3
188.9
103.4
86.1
118.7
116.4
135.5
137.9
42.1
23.9
31.5
39.8
43.8
45.7
11.6
5.8
6.0
6.4
7.7
7.9
26.4
26.6
27.2
27.9
28.8
29.1
19.4
26.7
38.8
41.7
39.4
38.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.1
2.9
3.6
2.6
1.6
1.4
6.6
10.5
13.4
13.2
10.8
9.9
6.1
8.7
14.1
15.4
15.8
15.4
3.4
3.6
6.2
8.7
9.1
9.2
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.7
2.1
2.2
33.1
30.4
30.9
31.7
32.4
32.7
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999‡
456.9
449.2
428.2
416.8
404.9
395.3
379.8
6.9
6.1
5.6
5.4
5.2
5.3
5.3
77.0
69.2
67.0
54.7
49.1
45.7
43.1
178.5
170.6
157.0
148.8
139.4
130.2
120.6
139.7
145.6
144.2
145.9
145.3
143.5
140.4
46.9
49.7
51.1
53.3
56.7
58.4
60.4
8.0
8.0
8.4
8.9
9.2
9.3
9.9
29.4
29.6
29.8
30.0
30.3
30.3
30.7
35.9
35.2
33.3
32.6
31.4
30.2
27.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.6
0.4
8.7
8.1
7.2
6.4
5.8
5.1
4.3
14.8
14.9
14.0
13.9
13.1
12.4
11.3
9.0
9.1
9.1
9.3
9.5
9.7
9.1
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
32.9
33.1
33.2
33.5
33.7
34.0
34.2
1997 Sept
1997 Dec
103.5
97.5
1.3
1.4
12.5
11.8
35.5
33.0
37.2
34.9
14.6
14.1
2.4
2.3
30.4
30.4
8.0
7.6
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.1
1.4
1.3
3.4
3.2
2.4
2.4
0.6
0.6
33.7
33.9
1998 March
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
97.3
100.1
102.9
94.9
1.3
1.2
1.4
1.4
11.3
11.3
11.9
11.2
32.6
33.1
34.3
30.2
35.6
37.2
37.3
33.4
14.2
15.0
15.5
13.7
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.1
30.5
30.6
30.5
29.5
7.4
7.6
8.0
7.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.2
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.0
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.3
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.6
33.9
34.0
34.0
34.1
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
1999 Dec‡
93.1
97.4
97.1
92.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4
10.7
10.7
11.0
10.7
29.9
31.0
30.8
28.9
34.2
36.7
35.8
33.7
14.6
15.3
15.6
14.9
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.5
30.6
30.7
30.7
30.7
6.9
7.0
7.0
6.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
2.8
2.9
2.9
2.7
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
0.6
0.6
0.6
0.5
34.1
34.1
34.2
34.0
2000 March‡
89.7
1.2
9.9
27.7
33.2
15.2
2.5
30.8
6.4
0.0
0.1
1.0
2.6
2.2
0.6
34.2
First live births
Second live births
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
283.6
217.2
224.3
206.9
193.7
187.3
49.5
30.2
23.6
13.8
6.7
6.0
135.8
85.4
89.5
74.7
51.2
45.9
74.8
77.2
77.2
79.3
84.5
81.7
17.2
19.7
27.8
30.8
40.2
41.8
5.1
3.9
5.4
7.5
9.7
10.4
1.2
0.7
0.7
0.9
1.3
1.5
23.9
24.8
25.3
26.2
27.4
27.8
240.8
203.6
205.7
189.2
178.3
174.0
10.7
7.4
6.1
3.6
2.0
1.7
93.6
62.5
59.0
47.5
32.8
29.6
94.1
91.8
82.7
78.9
73.9
70.7
31.8
34.7
47.7
45.5
53.0
54.5
8.9
6.2
9.1
12.3
14.7
15.5
1.7
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.9
2.0
26.2
26.8
27.4
28.0
28.9
29.2
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999‡
178.1
176.0
168.1
163.0
157.0
155.7
153.5
5.2
4.7
4.3
4.2
4.1
4.2
4.3
40.4
36.4
32.3
28.9
25.9
24.3
23.4
77.6
75.7
71.0
67.2
63.1
60.6
57.3
42.7
46.1
46.6
47.7
48.1
49.5
50.2
10.8
11.6
12.1
13.1
13.8
15.0
16.0
1.5
1.6
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
28.0
28.3
28.5
28.8
29.0
29.2
29.4
169.4
166.3
158.1
153.8
150.4
146.9
139.4
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.9
26.8
23.9
20.6
18.5
16.6
15.5
14.4
66.7
62.7
57.3
53.4
50.0
46.4
41.7
55.9
58.6
58.5
59.1
59.4
58.9
56.6
16.3
17.6
18.1
19.2
20.7
22.2
22.6
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.7
2.8
3.1
29.4
29.7
30.0
30.2
30.5
30.7
30.9
1997 Sept
1997 Dec
40.3
39.0
1.1
1.1
6.6
6.4
16.2
15.5
12.3
12.1
3.6
3.6
0.5
0.5
29.0
29.1
38.3
35.2
0.3
0.3
4.1
3.9
12.7
11.4
15.2
13.9
5.3
5.0
0.7
0.7
30.6
30.6
1998 March
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
37.4
38.1
41.4
38.8
1.0
0.9
1.1
1.2
5.8
5.9
6.5
6.1
14.8
15.0
16.2
14.6
11.8
12.2
13.2
12.4
3.5
3.6
4.0
3.9
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.6
29.2
29.2
29.2
29.3
36.4
38.5
37.8
34.1
0.3
0.2
0.3
0.3
4.0
3.9
3.9
3.7
11.6
12.3
12.0
10.5
14.6
15.7
15.0
13.6
5.3
5.7
5.8
5.4
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.7
30.6
30.7
30.8
30.8
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
1999 Dec‡
36.6
38.1
40.1
38.6
1.0
1.0
1.2
1.2
5.7
5.8
6.1
5.9
13.8
14.4
15.0
14.2
11.9
12.4
13.1
12.6
3.7
4.0
4.1
4.2
0.5
0.5
0.6
0.6
29.3
29.4
29.4
29.4
34.6
37.1
35.1
32.6
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
10.6
11.1
10.4
9.6
13.8
15.6
14.3
12.9
5.5
5.8
5.8
5.5
0.7
0.8
0.8
0.8
30.8
31.0
31.0
31.0
2000 March‡
35.5
0.9
5.2
12.9
11.8
4.1
0.5
29.6
33.0
0.2
3.4
9.6
13.3
5.8
0.7
31.0
Third live births
Fourth and higher order live births†
1971
1976
1981
1986
111.7
71.0
82.4
80.8
0.9
0.5
0.4
0.3
26.6
14.4
14.1
12.7
43.6
29.8
29.5
30.2
27.9
19.5
28.7
25.6
10.4
5.8
8.7
10.5
2.2
1.1
1.0
1.5
28.7
28.8
29.5
29.9
81.4
38.8
41.1
42.7
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
7.6
3.3
3.1
3.1
23.2
12.2
12.0
13.0
26.5
12.1
14.5
14.5
17.6
8.0
8.3
9.4
6.5
3.1
3.2
2.8
30.7
30.7
31.1
31.2
1991
1992
76.1
74.2
0.2
0.1
9.4
8.6
26.8
25.7
27.5
27.2
10.5
10.8
1.8
1.7
30.4
30.6
39.8
39.0
0.0
0.0
2.3
2.1
11.1
10.7
14.8
14.3
8.9
9.0
2.7
2.7
31.6
31.7
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999‡
71.8
69.7
66.7
65.3
63.2
60.4
56.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
7.9
7.1
6.5
5.8
5.3
4.7
4.2
24.0
22.6
20.5
19.6
18.1
16.4
14.7
26.9
26.8
26.1
26.0
25.1
24.0
22.3
11.0
11.4
11.7
12.0
12.7
13.1
13.0
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.1
30.8
31.0
31.1
31.3
31.6
31.8
32.0
37.5
37.1
35.3
34.7
34.2
32.3
30.6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.8
1.8
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.1
10.1
9.7
9.0
8.6
8.1
7.4
6.8
14.1
14.1
13.1
13.1
12.7
12.1
11.3
8.9
9.1
9.2
9.0
9.4
9.0
8.8
2.6
2.4
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
31.8
32.0
32.0
32.2
32.5
32.7
32.8
1997 Sept
1997 Dec
16.3
14.8
0.0
0.0
1.4
1.2
4.6
4.2
6.5
5.8
3.3
3.1
0.5
0.5
31.6
31.7
8.6
8.5
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
2.0
2.0
3.2
3.1
2.4
2.5
0.7
0.6
32.5
32.5
1998 March
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
15.2
15.4
15.5
14.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
4.3
4.1
4.2
3.8
6.0
6.3
6.1
5.6
3.2
3.4
3.4
3.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
31.7
31.9
31.9
31.8
8.3
8.1
8.2
7.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.9
1.8
1.8
1.8
3.1
3.1
3.1
2.9
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
0.7
0.6
0.7
0.6
32.6
32.7
32.7
32.7
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
1999 Dec‡
14.1
14.6
14.2
13.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.0
3.7
3.7
3.8
3.5
5.7
5.9
5.4
5.3
3.1
3.4
3.4
3.1
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
31.9
32.0
32.0
31.9
7.8
7.6
7.8
7.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
2.9
2.8
2.9
2.8
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.1
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.6
32.7
32.8
33.0
32.6
2000 March‡
13.6
0.0
1.0
3.6
5.3
3.2
0.6
32.0
7.6
0.0
0.3
1.7
2.8
2.2
0.6
32.7
* Birth order is based on all live births within marriage to the mother by her present or any former husband.
† Mean age at birth refers to fourth births only. ‡ Provisional.
National Statistics
42
Population Trends 101
Table 4.1
C
Autumn 2000
Conceptions: age of woman at conception
Numbers (thousands) and rates; and percentage terminated by abortion
England and Wales (residents)
Age of woman at conception
Year and quarter
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998‡
1996 March
June
Sept
Dec
1997 March
June
Sept
Dec
1998 March‡
June‡
Sept‡
Dec‡
1999 March‡
June‡
All ages
Under 16
(a) numbers (thousands)
871.5
8.1
853.7
7.5
828.0
7.2
819.0
7.3
801.6
7.8
790.3
8.1
816.9
8.9
800.4
8.3
795.9
8.4
206.3
200.8
202.6
207.2
194.1
198.5
199.2
208.6
196.6
195.9
200.7
202.7
191.5
190.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.1
2.0
2.2
2.0
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.1
1.9
2.0
Under 18
Under 20
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–39
40 and over
44.8
40.1
37.6
35.8
36.1
37.9
43.5
43.4
44.1
113.3
101.6
93.4
87.2
85.4
86.6
94.9
96.0
101.5
244.5
233.3
215.9
203.6
190.4
181.1
179.8
167.3
163.0
284.2
281.5
274.9
271.7
261.8
250.3
252.6
242.6
232.2
161.4
167.5
172.0
181.0
185.0
190.3
200.0
200.9
201.1
56.0
57.6
59.6
63.0
66.2
68.7
75.5
78.9
82.7
12.0
12.1
12.2
12.6
12.9
13.2
14.1
14.7
15.4
10.9
10.9
10.5
11.2
10.6
11.0
10.4
11.4
11.2
11.0
10.7
11.1
10.4
10.4
24.2
23.7
22.6
24.2
23.2
23.9
23.3
25.6
25.3
25.3
24.7
26.2
24.9
24.4
47.3
44.6
43.1
44.9
41.6
41.8
40.4
43.5
41.2
40.5
40.0
41.4
39.6
39.0
64.0
61.9
63.2
63.5
59.4
59.9
60.7
62.6
57.7
56.8
59.1
58.7
54.3
53.8
49.2
48.7
50.8
51.2
47.7
49.8
51.2
52.2
48.9
49.0
51.9
51.3
48.4
47.9
18.3
18.2
19.2
19.8
18.6
19.5
19.9
20.8
19.9
20.5
21.1
21.2
20.6
21.2
3.4
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.8
3.6
3.8
3.6
3.8
3.9
4.0
3.8
4.1
(b) rates (conceptions per thousand women in age-group)
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998‡
79.2
77.7
76.3
76.1
74.7
73.7
76.1
74.4
73.9
9.5
8.9
8.4
8.1
8.3
8.6
9.5
8.9
8.9
47.7
44.6
43.6
42.5
42.0
42.0
46.4
45.9
47.0
68.0
64.1
61.9
59.9
58.9
58.9
63.3
62.6
64.9
124.0
120.2
114.0
110.8
107.8
106.3
110.9
108.0
108.3
138.0
135.1
131.7
131.4
128.1
125.0
127.9
125.4
122.9
89.7
90.1
89.9
92.0
91.3
91.7
95.1
95.2
95.9
33.6
34.4
35.1
36.5
37.5
37.9
40.4
41.0
41.7
6.6
6.6
6.9
7.4
7.6
7.9
8.4
8.7
8.9
1996 March
June
Sept
Dec
1997 March
June
Sept
Dec
1998 March‡
June‡
Sept‡
Dec‡
1999 March‡
June‡
77.3
75.2
75.0
76.7
73.2
74.1
73.5
76.9
74.1
73.0
73.9
74.6
72.1
70.9
10.0
9.8
9.1
9.0
8.6
9.4
8.5
8.9
9.1
9.0
8.9
8.8
8.0
8.6
47.5
46.9
44.4
47.3
45.5
46.8
43.9
47.8
48.3
47.1
45.4
46.9
45.1
44.8
65.6
63.9
59.9
63.8
61.9
62.6
60.2
65.6
66.0
65.0
62.6
66.1
64.1
61.9
115.1
109.8
106.3
112.0
107.1
107.5
103.8
112.7
109.7
107.5
105.3
108.8
106.7
104.1
129.6
125.9
127.7
128.9
123.6
123.8
124.9
129.6
122.7
120.1
124.6
124.7
119.6
118.5
94.6
93.4
96.1
96.7
91.7
94.6
96.3
98.4
94.3
93.7
98.3
97.3
94.3
92.7
39.8
39.4
40.8
41.6
39.6
40.8
41.0
42.4
41.3
41.7
42.1
41.9
41.4
41.8
8.1
8.6
8.5
8.5
8.5
8.9
8.3
8.9
8.5
8.9
9.0
9.1
8.8
9.3
(c) percentage terminated by abortion
19.9
50.8
41.1
19.4
51.1
39.9
19.3
48.6
39.1
19.2
49.9
39.2
19.5
50.3
39.8
19.7
47.6
38.7
20.8
49.2
40.0
21.3
49.7
40.6
22.3
52.5
42.0
35.7
34.5
33.9
34.3
34.7
34.6
36.2
36.8
37.8
22.3
22.2
22.3
22.8
23.4
24.2
25.7
26.7
27.9
13.5
13.4
13.9
13.9
14.3
14.8
15.6
16.4
17.1
13.8
13.7
13.9
13.5
13.6
13.6
14.1
14.2
14.9
23.1
22.0
22.2
21.5
21.1
20.7
21.2
21.0
21.6
43.2
41.6
41.5
40.2
40.9
38.0
37.6
38.0
38.0
36.1
36.6
35.2
37.0
36.0
36.7
36.6
37.6
37.3
38.2
37.9
37.9
38.0
38.6
25.5
26.5
24.7
26.3
26.6
27.1
25.8
27.2
27.7
28.4
27.3
28.1
27.8
28.6
15.9
16.0
14.9
15.8
16.6
16.8
15.8
16.5
17.3
17.6
16.6
17.1
17.2
18.0
14.4
14.4
13.3
14.2
14.5
14.6
13.5
14.3
15.2
15.3
14.4
14.8
14.7
15.4
21.8
21.8
20.2
21.0
21.0
21.9
20.7
20.6
21.7
22.2
21.3
21.1
21.6
21.4
37.1
38.2
37.3
37.9
38.6
39.1
36.4
37.8
37.0
38.9
37.6
38.5
36.2
37.6
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998‡
1996 March
June
Sept
Dec
1997 March
June
Sept
Dec
1998 March‡
June‡
Sept‡
Dec‡
1999 March‡
June‡
21.0
21.3
19.7
21.1
21.4
21.7
20.5
21.6
22.3
22.8
21.7
22.3
22.3
22.9
47.2
49.2
50.4
50.2
48.4
49.5
48.1
52.5
51.4
52.7
52.5
53.3
51.4
52.8
39.5
40.7
39.1
40.8
39.7
40.3
40.6
41.6
41.2
42.2
42.2
42.4
41.9
43.4
‡ Provisional
Notes: 1. Conceptions are estimates derived from birth registrations and abortion notifications.
2. Rates for women of all ages, under 16, under 18, under 20 and 40 and over are based on the population of women aged 15–44, 13–15, 15–17, 15–19 and 40–44 respectively.
43
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 5.1
C
Autumn 2000
Expectation of life (in years) at birth and selected age
Constituent countries of the United Kingdom
Males
Year
At
birth
Females
At age
Year
5
20
30
50
60
70
80
At
birth
At age
5
20
30
50
60
70
80
United Kingdom*
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
68.8
69.6
70.8
71.9
73.2
65.3
66.0
66.9
67.8
68.9
50.9
51.4
52.3
53.2
54.3
41.3
41.9
42.7
43.6
44.7
23.0
23.4
24.1
24.9
26.0
15.3
15.7
16.3
16.8
17.7
9.5
9.6
10.1
10.5
11.1
5.5
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.4
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
75.0
75.2
76.8
77.7
78.8
71.4
72.0
72.7
73.5
74.4
56.7
57.3
57.9
58.7
59.6
47.0
47.5
48.1
48.9
49.7
28.3
28.7
29.2
29.8
30.7
19.8
20.3
20.8
21.2
21.9
12.5
12.9
13.3
13.8
14.4
6.9
7.2
7.5
7.9
8.4
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997‡
73.7
73.9
74.1
74.3
74.6
69.3
69.5
69.7
69.9
70.2
54.6
54.8
55.0
55.2
55.5
45.1
45.2
45.5
45.7
45.9
26.4
26.5
26.8
26.9
27.2
18.0
18.1
18.4
18.5
18.8
11.3
11.3
11.5
11.6
11.8
6.5
6.5
6.6
6.6
6.7
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997‡
79.1
79.2
79.4
79.5
79.6
74.6
74.7
74.9
75.0
75.1
59.8
59.9
60.1
60.1
60.3
50.1
50.1
50.3
50.3
50.5
30.9
31.0
31.2
31.2
31.4
22.1
22.2
22.4
22.4
22.6
14.5
14.5
14.6
14.6
14.7
8.4
8.4
8.5
8.5
8.5
England and Wales
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
69.0
69.9
71.0
72.1
73.4
65.6
66.2
67.1
68.0
69.1
51.1
51.6
52.5
53.4
54.5
41.5
42.1
42.9
43.8
44.9
23.1
23.5
24.3
25.0
26.2
15.4
15.8
16.4
16.9
17.9
9.5
9.7
10.1
10.6
11.2
5.5
5.7
5.8
6.1
6.4
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
75.2
76.0
77.0
77.9
79.0
71.6
72.2
72.9
73.6
74.6
56.9
57.4
58.1
58.9
59.8
47.1
47.7
48.3
49.0
49.9
28.4
28.8
29.4
30.0
30.8
20.0
20.4
20.9
21.4
22.1
12.6
13.0
13.4
13.9
14.5
7.0
7.2
7.5
7.9
8.4
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997‡
74.0
74.1
74.4
74.6
74.8
69.6
69.7
70.0
70.2
70.4
54.9
55.0
55.2
55.4
55.7
45.3
45.4
45.7
45.9
46.1
26.5
26.7
26.9
27.1
27.4
18.2
18.3
18.5
18.7
18.9
11.4
11.4
11.6
11.7
11.8
6.5
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997‡
79.3
79.4
79.6
79.7
79.8
74.8
74.9
75.1
75.2
75.3
60.0
60.1
60.3
60.3
60.5
50.2
50.3
50.4
50.5
50.7
31.1
31.2
31.3
31.4
31.6
22.3
22.3
22.5
22.6
22.7
14.6
14.6
14.7
14.7
14.8
8.5
8.5
8.6
8.6
8.6
England
1981
1986
1991
71.1
72.2
73.4
67.1
68.1
69.1
52.5
53.4
54.5
42.9
43.8
44.9
24.3
25.1
26.2
16.4
17.0
17.9
10.1
10.6
11.2
5.8
6.1
6.4
1981
1986
1991
77.0
77.9
79.0
72.9
73.7
74.6
58.2
58.9
59.8
48.4
49.1
49.9
29.4
30.0
30.9
20.9
21.4
22.1
13.4
13.9
14.5
7.5
7.9
8.4
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997‡
74.0
74.1
74.4
74.6
74.9
69.6
69.7
70.0
70.2
70.5
54.9
55.0
55.3
55.5
55.7
45.3
45.5
45.7
45.9
46.2
26.6
26.7
27.0
27.2
27.4
18.2
18.3
18.5
18.7
18.9
11.4
11.4
11.6
11.7
11.9
6.5
6.6
6.6
6.7
6.8
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997‡
79.3
79.4
79.6
79.7
79.9
74.9
74.9
75.1
75.2
75.4
60.0
60.1
60.3
60.4
60.5
50.2
50.3
50.5
50.6
50.7
31.1
31.2
31.4
31.4
31.6
22.3
22.4
22.5
22.6
22.7
14.6
14.6
14.7
14.7
14.8
8.5
8.5
8.6
8.6
8.6
Wales
1981
1986
1991
70.4
71.6
73.2
66.5
67.5
68.9
51.9
52.9
54.2
42.2
43.3
44.6
23.6
24.6
25.9
15.8
16.6
17.6
9.7
10.4
11.0
5.5
6.0
6.4
1981
1986
1991
76.4
77.6
78.9
72.3
73.3
74.4
57.5
58.5
59.6
47.7
48.7
49.8
28.9
29.7
30.7
20.4
21.1
21.9
13.1
13.8
14.4
7.4
7.8
8.4
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997‡
73.5
73.5
73.8
74.0
74.4
69.1
69.1
69.4
69.5
69.9
54.4
54.4
54.7
54.8
55.2
44.9
44.9
45.2
45.4
45.7
26.1
26.2
26.5
26.6
27.0
17.8
17.9
18.1
18.3
18.6
11.2
11.1
11.3
11.4
11.6
6.6
6.5
6.6
6.5
6.7
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997‡
79.0
79.0
79.2
79.2
79.4
74.5
74.5
74.7
74.7
74.9
59.7
59.7
59.8
59.8
60.0
49.9
49.8
50.0
50.0
50.2
30.8
30.8
30.9
31.0
31.1
22.0
22.0
22.2
22.2
22.4
14.4
14.4
14.5
14.5
14.6
8.4
8.4
8.5
8.5
8.5
Scotland
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
67.3
68.2
69.1
70.2
71.4
64.0
64.4
65.2
66.0
67.1
49.5
49.9
50.6
51.4
52.5
40.1
40.4
41.1
41.9
43.0
22.0
22.3
22.9
23.5
24.6
14.6
14.9
15.4
15.8
16.6
9.1
9.2
9.5
9.9
10.4
5.4
5.3
5.5
5.7
6.1
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
73.7
74.4
75.3
76.2
77.1
70.1
70.6
71.2
71.9
72.6
55.4
55.9
56.4
57.1
57.8
45.6
46.1
46.7
47.3
48.1
27.2
27.6
27.9
28.4
29.1
19.0
19.4
19.7
20.1
20.6
11.9
12.4
12.7
13.0
13.4
6.7
6.9
7.2
7.5
7.8
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997‡
71.7
71.9
72.1
72.2
72.4
67.3
67.5
67.7
67.8
67.9
52.7
52.8
53.1
53.1
53.3
43.2
43.4
43.6
43.7
43.9
24.8
24.9
25.2
25.3
25.5
16.8
16.9
17.2
17.3
17.5
10.5
10.6
10.8
10.9
11.0
6.0
6.1
6.2
6.2
6.3
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997‡
77.3
77.4
77.6
77.8
77.9
72.8
72.9
73.2
73.2
73.4
58.0
58.1
58.3
58.4
58.6
48.2
48.3
48.6
48.7
48.8
29.3
29.4
29.6
29.7
29.9
20.7
20.8
21.0
21.1
21.3
13.4
13.5
13.7
13.7
13.8
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.9
Northern Ireland*
1981
69.2
1986
70.9
1991
72.6
65.4
66.8
68.2
50.9
52.2
53.6
41.5
42.7
44.1
23.2
24.2
25.5
15.6
16.4
17.3
9.7
10.4
11.0
5.8
6.2
6.4
1981
1986
1991
75.5
77.1
78.4
71.6
72.9
74.0
56.8
58.1
59.2
47.1
48.3
49.4
28.3
29.3
30.3
20.0
20.8
21.6
12.8
13.4
14.2
7.3
7.8
8.3
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997‡
68.6
68.8
69.1
69.4
69.7
54.0
54.2
54.5
54.7
55.0
44.6
44.7
45.0
45.2
45.5
25.8
26.0
26.3
26.5
26.8
17.6
17.8
18.0
18.2
18.3
11.1
11.2
11.3
11.3
11.5
6.5
6.6
6.6
6.6
6.6
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997‡
78.7
78.6
78.9
79.2
79.5
74.3
74.2
74.5
74.7
75.0
59.4
59.4
59.6
59.9
60.2
49.6
49.6
49.8
50.0
50.3
30.6
30.6
30.8
30.9
31.2
21.8
21.9
22.0
22.1
22.4
14.3
14.3
14.4
14.4
14.5
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
8.4
73.0
73.1
73.5
73.8
74.2
Note: Figures from 1981 are calculated from the population estimates revised in the light of the 1991 Census. All figures are based on a three-year period; see Notes to tables for further
information.
Provisional.
United Kingdom and Northern Ireland data has been revised to take account of changed Northern Ireland population estimates from 1981.
‡
*
National Statistics
44
Population Trends 101
Table 6.1
C
Autumn 2000
Deaths: age and sex**
Numbers (thousands) and rates
England and Wales
Age group
Year and quarter
All ages
Under 1*
1–4
5–9
10–14
15–19
20–24
25–34
35–44
45–54
55–64
65–74
75–84
85 and over
Numbers (thousands)
Males
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
288.4
300.1
289.0
287.9
277.6
7.97
4.88
4.12
3.72
2.97
1.23
0.88
0.65
0.57
0.55
0.92
0.68
0.45
0.32
0.34
0.69
0.64
0.57
0.38
0.35
1.54
1.66
1.73
1.43
1.21
1.77
1.66
1.58
1.75
1.76
3.05
3.24
3.18
3.10
3.69
6.68
5.93
5.54
5.77
6.16
21.0
20.4
16.9
14.4
13.3
55.7
52.0
46.9
43.6
34.9
89.8
98.7
92.2
84.4
77.2
71.9
80.3
86.8
96.2
95.8
26.1
29.0
28.5
32.2
39.3
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999‡
279.6
267.6
274.4
268.7
264.9
264.7
263.2
2.41
2.37
2.31
2.27
2.14
2.07
2.08
0.51
0.43
0.39
0.44
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.28
0.28
0.27
0.24
0.27
0.24
0.22
0.34
0.33
0.34
0.29
0.33
0.29
0.29
0.91
0.84
0.91
0.93
0.95
0.88
0.91
1.60
1.55
1.53
1.41
1.44
1.29
1.27
3.81
4.07
4.04
4.06
3.94
4.01
3.98
5.78
5.77
5.88
5.84
5.71
5.90
5.92
13.4
12.9
13.5
13.6
13.5
13.6
13.6
33.3
31.3
31.0
30.1
28.9
29.1
28.5
78.9
76.3
75.0
71.0
68.0
66.1
64.0
93.8
88.2
92.3
90.7
90.2
90.5
90.0
44.5
43.2
47.1
47.8
49.1
50.4
52.0
Females
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
278.9
298.5
288.9
293.3
292.5
5.75
3.46
2.90
2.59
2.19
0.98
0.59
0.53
0.49
0.44
0.57
0.45
0.30
0.25
0.25
0.42
0.42
0.37
0.27
0.22
0.63
0.62
0.65
0.56
0.46
0.79
0.67
0.64
0.67
0.64
1.84
1.94
1.82
1.65
1.73
4.53
4.04
3.74
3.83
3.70
13.3
12.8
10.5
8.8
8.4
30.8
29.6
27.2
25.8
21.3
64.0
67.1
62.8
58.4
54.2
95.0
104.7
103.6
106.5
103.3
60.4
72.1
73.9
83.6
95.7
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999‡
299.2
285.6
295.2
291.5
290.4
290.3
290.4
1.84
1.75
1.68
1.69
1.66
1.56
1.56
0.37
0.36
0.33
0.32
0.30
0.31
0.31
0.19
0.19
0.20
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.25
0.20
0.21
0.20
0.21
0.19
0.22
0.39
0.36
0.38
0.43
0.43
0.41
0.40
0.58
0.54
0.50
0.51
0.49
0.48
0.48
1.80
1.77
1.86
1.85
1.72
1.72
1.71
3.63
3.67
3.64
3.66
3.74
3.68
3.77
8.6
8.7
9.0
8.9
9.0
9.1
9.0
20.4
19.0
18.9
18.2
18.0
17.9
17.9
55.2
53.9
53.0
50.2
48.3
46.9
45.0
100.9
94.2
97.2
96.7
95.5
94.7
93.4
105.0
101.0
108.4
108.7
110.9
113.2
116.5
Rates (deaths per 1,000 population in each age group)
Males
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
12.1
12.5
12.0
11.8
11.2
19.8
16.2
12.6
11.0
8.3
0.76
0.65
0.53
0.44
0.40
0.44
0.34
0.27
0.21
0.21
0.37
0.31
0.29
0.23
0.23
0.90
0.88
0.82
0.71
0.69
0.93
0.96
0.83
0.82
0.86
0.97
0.92
0.89
0.87
0.94
2.31
2.09
1.83
1.67
1.76
7.07
6.97
6.11
5.27
4.62
20.1
19.6
17.7
16.6
13.8
50.5
50.3
45.6
42.9
38.5
113.0
116.4
105.2
101.1
93.6
231.8
243.2
226.5
214.8
197.1
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999‡
11.1
10.6
10.8
10.5
10.3
10.3
10.2
7.0
6.9
6.9
7.0
6.5
6.4
6.5
0.36
0.31
0.28
0.32
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.13
0.15
0.14
0.12
0.21
0.20
0.21
0.18
0.19
0.17
0.17
0.59
0.55
0.58
0.58
0.58
0.53
0.55
0.83
0.83
0.86
0.83
0.89
0.82
0.80
0.91
0.96
0.95
095
0.93
0.96
0.95
1.67
1.66
1.67
1.62
1.54
1.55
1.56
4.24
3.99
4.08
4.02
3.94
3.94
3.95
13.3
12.4
12.3
12.0
11.5
11.3
11.1
37.9
36.2
36.1
34.5
33.2
32.4
31.4
93.3
89.5
89.4
85.1
82.5
81.2
80.8
202.3
188.6
196.0
192.1
190.3
187.2
192.9
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
10.0
9.3
10.8
6.1
5.6
7.2
0.30
0.29
0.28
0.14
0.13
0.12
0.17
0.16
0.13
0.55
0.51
0.51
0.87
0.78
0.70
0.99
0.92
0.94
1.58
1.51
1.53
3.88
3.82
3.97
11.1
10.5
11.7
31.5
29.6
33.8
78.9
73.4
86.3
177.8
162.1
207.1
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
1999 Dec‡
11.8
9.4
9.1
10.5
7.1
6.2
6.4
6.4
0.36
0.24
0.30
0.33
0.11
0.13
0.12
0.14
0.20
0.15
0.15
0.18
0.59
0.49
0.56
0.55
0.80
0.82
0.79
0.80
0.94
0.97
0.87
1.02
1.66
1.53
1.52
1.52
4.23
3.80
3.68
4.10
12.0
10.8
10.4
11.3
35.9
29.5
28.1
32.2
95.1
74.4
71.1
82.9
239.0
168.2
161.9
203.1
2000 March‡
11.9
6.4
0.33
0.13
0.15
0.54
0.96
0.96
1.72
4.23
12.7
35.0
95.8
245.6
Females
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
11.0
11.8
11.3
11.4
11.3
15.1
12.2
9.4
8.0
6.4
0.63
0.46
0.46
0.40
0.33
0.29
0.24
0.19
0.17
0.16
0.24
0.21
0.19
0.17
0.15
0.39
0.35
0.32
0.29
0.28
0.42
0.40
0.35
0.33
0.33
0.60
0.56
0.52
0.47
0.45
1.59
1.46
1.26
1.12
1.06
4.32
4.30
3.80
3.23
2.91
10.0
10.1
9.5
9.2
8.1
26.1
26.0
24.1
23.4
22.0
73.6
74.6
66.2
62.5
58.6
185.7
196.6
178.2
171.0
163.8
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999‡
11.4
10.9
11.2
11.0
10.9
10.9
10.9
5.6
5.4
5.3
5.4
5.3
5.0
5.1
0.28
0.27
0.25
0.24
0.23
0.24
0.24
0.12
0.11
0.12
0.10
0.10
0.11
0.10
0.16
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.13
0.12
0.13
0.27
0.25
0.26
0.29
0.28
0.26
0.25
0.31
0.30
0.29
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.32
0.45
0.44
0.46
0.45
0.42
0.43
0.43
1.06
1.06
1.05
1.03
1.03
0.99
1.02
2.73
2.68
2.72
2.62
2.63
2.62
2.61
7.9
7.3
7.3
7.1
6.9
6.8
6.8
22.0
21.3
21.4
20.7
20.2
19.9
19.0
59.4
56.9
57.1
55.8
54.6
53.9
53.1
156.5
146.6
153.1
150.8
151.8
151.5
155.9
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
10.4
9.7
11.7
4.4
4.7
5.7
0.24
0.20
0.29
0.10
0.08
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.13
0.26
0.28
0.22
0.30
0.29
0.32
0.47
0.42
0.40
0.95
1.00
1.01
2.67
2.48
2.73
6.7
6.3
7.2
19.1
18.0
20.8
51.8
47.9
57.6
142.8
132.1
165.9
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
1999 Dec‡
13.2
9.9
9.5
11.2
5.5
5.1
4.9
5.0
0.29
0.24
0.19
0.25
0.12
0.07
0.10
0.11
0.17
0.11
0.11
0.14
0.31
0.21
0.24
0.26
0.35
0.33
0.28
0.33
0.47
0.41
0.40
0.43
1.06
1.00
0.95
1.06
2.79
2.53
2.47
2.63
7.3
6.5
6.5
7.1
22.1
17.5
17.1
19.5
64.1
48.1
46.2
54.3
198.1
136.8
129.2
160.1
2000 March‡
13.0
5.5
0.23
0.10
0.13
0.28
0.32
0.45
1.11
2.85
7.6
21.1
62.9
197.9
* Rates per 1,000 live births. ‡ Provisional registrations.
** 1998 deaths figures for England and Wales in Health Statistics Quarterly 03 and 04 were incorrectly shown as being final when they were still provisional.The final 1998 figures are those shown here.
Note: Figures represent the numbers of deaths registered in each year up to 1992 and the numbers of deaths occurring in each year from 1993.
45
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 6.2
Year and
quarter
C
Autumn 2000
Deaths: subnational**
Rates
Northern and
Yorkshire
Health Regional Office areas of England*
Trent
Eastern
London
South
East
South
West
West
Midlands
North
West
Total deaths (deaths per 1,000 population of all ages)
1993
11.8
11.4
1994
11.2
10.8
1995
11.3
11.0
1996
11.2
10.9
1997
11.0
10.8
1998
11.3
11.0
1999‡
10.9
10.8
10.4
10.1
10.4
10.2
10.1
10.1
10.2
9.9
9.4
9.6
9.2
8.9
8.6
8.6
10.9
10.4
10.7
10.6
10.4
10.2
10.3
12.0
11.4
11.9
11.5
11.5
11.3
11.5
11.0
10.5
10.9
10.6
10.5
10.5
10.6
12.1
11.5
11.6
11.5
11.4
11.5
11.3
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
10.0
11.9
9.6
12.1
9.2
10.9
7.9
9.2
9.2
10.7
10.2
11.7
9.4
11.3
10.3
12.3
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
1999 Dec‡
12.9
10.0
9.6
11.4
12.9
9.8
9.5
11.2
12.2
9.3
8.9
10.4
9.9
7.9
7.5
9.1
12.2
9.4
9.1
10.6
13.5
10.6
10.2
11.6
12.6
9.6
9.1
11.2
13.6
10.3
10.0
11.3
2000 March‡
12.9
12.6
12.1
10.2
12.5
14.0
12.5
12.8
Infant mortality (deaths under 1 year per 1,000 live births)
1993
6.8
7.0
1994
6.8
7.2
1995
6.6
6.4
1996
6.3
6.3
1997
6.2
5.9
1998
6.1
6.0
1999‡
6.0
6.1
5.4
5.3
5.2
5.3
4.8
5.0
4.6
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.3
5.8
6.0
6.0
5.4
4.9
5.2
5.4
5.0
4.5
4.9
5.8
5.3
5.3
5.5
5.8
4.8
4.6
7.0
7.2
7.1
6.8
7.0
6.5
6.9
6.5
6.2
6.6
6.4
6.7
6.3
6.6
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
5.1
6.3
5.4
6.9
4.6
5.9
5.0
7.5
4.0
5.5
4.9
5.1
5.9
6.8
6.0
7.1
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
1999 Dec‡
7.1
6.1
4.9
5.7
6.0
6.1
6.4
5.7
4.5
4.9
4.6
4.6
5.5
6.1
6.4
6.0
5.9
4.3
4.8
4.7
5.6
4.1
3.9
4.9
7.2
7.8
6.0
6.8
7.8
5.7
6.9
6.0
2000 March‡
7.7
6.0
4.3
5.7
5.2
5.1
7.3
6.2
Neonatal mortality (deaths under 4 weeks per 1,000 live births)
1993
4.2
4.7
3.7
1994
4.5
5.0
3.4
1995
4.5
4.5
3.4
1996
4.1
4.2
3.5
1997
4.1
3.9
3.3
1998
3.8
4.2
3.4
1999‡
4.0
4.4
3.0
4.5
4.2
4.3
4.4
3.6
4.1
4.0
3.7
3.3
3.5
3.6
3.4
2.9
3.2
3.7
3.4
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.3
3.2
4.8
5.4
5.3
4.9
5.0
4.8
4.8
4.0
3.9
4.2
4.1
4.3
4.1
4.4
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
3.1
4.2
3.8
4.3
3.4
3.7
3.8
5.1
2.8
3.4
3.4
3.4
4.2
5.0
4.3
4.3
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
1999 Dec‡
4.8
4.2
3.4
3.9
4.3
4.7
5.1
3.5
2.8
2.9
3.6
2.8
3.6
4.0
4.8
3.8
3.5
2.9
3.7
2.9
3.7
2.6
2.6
4.0
4.9
5.6
4.4
4.2
4.8
3.7
4.7
4.3
2000 March‡
5.2
4.3
3.0
4.2
3.3
3.0
4.7
4.6
Perinatal mortality (stillbirths and deaths under 1 week per 1,000 total births)†
1993
9.3
8.9
8.1
1994
9.2
9.1
7.8
1995
9.5
9.3
7.7
1996
8.5
8.7
7.5
1997
8.2
7.9
7.3
1998
8.6
8.7
7.4
1999‡
8.3
8.1
7.1
9.5
9.5
9.7
9.6
8.9
9.0
8.9
8.4
7.6
7.5
7.8
7.3
6.8
6.9
7.9
7.9
7.4
7.5
8.7
7.3
7.8
9.9
10.6
10.1
10.2
9.6
9.3
9.9
8.9
9.2
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.8
8.6
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
7.0
8.8
8.8
8.5
6.4
8.6
8.4
9.9
6.9
7.5
7.6
8.2
8.0
9.4
7.0
9.7
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
1999 Dec‡
9.6
9.0
7.6
7.0
9.0
8.6
8.9
6.2
7.0
7.5
6.9
6.9
9.0
9.0
8.5
9.1
7.9
6.4
6.8
6.7
8.5
7.1
7.8
8.0
10.6
10.7
9.9
8.5
8.5
7.8
9.3
8.8
2000 March‡
10.0
6.8
7.1
10.0
7.7
6.4
9.9
8.9
* The Regional Office boundaries were revised from 1 April 1999. See Health Statistics Quarterly 03 In Brief for details of the changes. Earlier years’ figures have been revised to reflect the new
boundaries.
† In October 1992 the legal definition of a stillbirth was changed, from a baby born dead after 28 completed weeks of gestation or more, to one born dead after 24 completed weeks of
gestation or more.
‡ Provisional registrations.
** 1998 deaths figures for England and Wales Health Statistics Quarterly 03 and 04 were incorrectly shown as being final when they were still provisional. The final 1998 figures are those shown here.
Note: Figures represent the numbers of deaths registered in each year up to 1992 and the number of deaths occurring in each year from 1993.
National Statistics
46
Population Trends 101
Table 7.1
United Kingdom
International migration: age and sex
Numbers (thousands)
All ages
Year and quarter
C
Autumn 2000
Persons
Males
Inflow
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
200
191
153
250
267
216
103
100
83
120
122
99
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
213
253
245
272
285
332
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
0–14
Females
15–24
25–44
Persons
Males
Females
Persons
Males
Females
Persons
97
91
71
130
144
117
33
32
30
45
48
33
17
16
16
22
20
17
17
17
14
23
28
16
65
64
48
79
83
66
28
32
24
34
36
25
37
32
24
45
47
41
81
77
60
101
109
91
101
126
130
130
143
167
112
127
115
143
142
165
34
36
28
32
40
33
17
22
20
13
20
16
17
14
9
19
21
18
73
76
88
97
116
114
28
30
40
40
51
51
44
47
48
57
65
63
66
139
68
30
66
40
37
73
28
7
14
7
3
8
2
3
7
5
15
58
20
7
24
11
1999 March‡
1999 June ‡
1999 Sept‡
74
67
136
40
32
72
34
35
64
9
6
12
5
5
9
4
2
4
22
24
57
Outflow
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
240
210
233
213
239
227
124
118
133
107
120
113
116
93
100
106
119
114
51
40
49
37
39
35
26
20
25
17
17
17
24
21
24
20
22
19
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
216
191
192
216
225
199
113
92
102
105
121
100
103
98
90
111
103
99
32
26
29
33
25
20
20
15
14
13
13
12
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
41
74
45
18
35
23
23
39
22
4
7
3
1999 March‡
1999 June ‡
1999 Sept‡
50
51
74
27
29
37
23
22
37
Males
45 and over
Females
Persons
Males
Females
48
43
34
49
54
44
33
34
26
51
55
48
21
18
15
25
27
26
10
9
9
16
12
14
11
9
7
10
15
12
87
117
107
117
105
163
44
60
57
61
59
88
43
57
50
56
46
75
20
24
22
26
24
21
12
15
14
15
13
12
8
9
8
11
11
9
8
33
8
40
60
36
17
30
23
22
29
13
5
7
5
2
3
3
2
4
2
11
7
25
11
17
32
38
32
57
22
17
32
16
15
25
6
4
9
3
3
6
3
1
3
64
52
51
47
59
58
28
26
29
19
31
25
36
25
22
28
29
33
99
97
108
98
113
110
57
59
64
55
58
57
42
38
44
43
55
52
27
21
25
32
28
24
12
12
14
17
15
14
15
9
11
15
13
10
11
11
15
20
11
8
49
48
54
49
66
52
20
19
24
17
34
20
30
29
31
32
32
31
106
95
85
117
112
105
56
49
52
64
61
55
51
46
33
53
51
50
28
23
24
18
22
22
17
10
13
11
13
12
11
13
11
6
9
10
1
4
2
3
3
1
8
25
12
4
10
4
5
15
8
22
37
24
12
18
13
10
19
12
7
5
5
2
3
4
5
2
1
6
4
9
4
2
8
2
1
2
11
14
21
5
7
10
5
7
11
28
27
34
13
15
17
14
11
17
6
7
9
4
5
3
2
2
6
Balance
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
–
–
–
+
+
–
40
19
79
37
28
11
– 22
– 18
– 50
+13
+ 2
– 14
– 19
– 1
– 29
+24
+26
+ 3
– 17
– 8
– 19
+ 8
+ 8
– 3
– 10
– 4
– 9
+ 5
+ 3
–
– 8
– 4
+ 10
+ 3
+ 5
– 2
+ 1
+12
– 2
+32
+24
+ 8
–
+ 6
– 5
+ 15
+ 6
–
+1
+7
+2
+18
+18
+8
– 18
– 20
– 48
+ 3
– 3
– 18
– 10
– 16
– 31
– 5
– 4
– 13
– 9
– 4
– 18
+ 8
+ 1
– 5
– 6
– 3
– 10
– 7
– 1
+ 1
–
–
–
–
–
–
2
3
5
1
3
1
– 4
–
– 4
– 6
+ 2
+ 2
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
– 2
+ 62
+ 54
+ 56
+ 60
+133
– 12
+ 34
+ 28
+ 24
+ 22
+ 68
+10
+ 28
+ 26
+ 32
+ 38
+ 66
+ 2
+ 10
–
– 1
+ 16
+ 13
– 3
+ 6
+ 6
–
+ 7
+ 4
+ 6
+ 3
– 6
– 1
+ 9
+ 10
+ 23
+ 29
+ 34
+ 48
+ 49
+ 62
+ 8
+ 11
+ 16
+ 23
+ 16
+ 31
+ 15
+ 17
+ 17
+ 25
+ 33
+ 32
– 20
+ 22
+ 22
–
– 7
+59
– 11
+ 11
+ 5
– 3
– 1
+33
– 8
+ 11
+ 17
+ 3
– 6
+ 25
–
+
–
+
+
–
–
+
+
+
6
5
1
4
–
–
–
–
–
+
+
–
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
+ 25
+ 65
+ 23
+11
+31
+17
+14
+33
+ 6
+ 3
+ 8
+ 4
+ 2
+ 4
–
–
+ 4
+ 4
+ 7
+33
+ 8
+ 3
+ 15
+ 7
+4
+18
+1
+ 17
+23
+12
+ 5
+13
+11
+ 12
+ 10
+ 1
– 2
+ 1
– 1
+ 1
–
– 1
– 3
+ 1
–
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
+ 24
+ 16
+ 63
+14
+ 3
+35
+11
+13
+28
+ 3
+ 3
+ 3
+ 1
+ 2
+ 1
+ 2
–
+ 2
+11
+10
+36
+ 5
–
+ 15
+6
+10
+21
+10
+ 5
+23
+ 8
+ 2
+16
+ 2
+ 4
+ 7
–
– 3
–
– 1
– 2
+ 3
+ 1
– 1
– 2
9
2
1
8
2
1
3
4
2
5
2
1
‡ Provisional.
Note: Figures in this table are derived from the International Passenger Survey and exclude migration between the UK and the Irish Republic. It is highly likely that they also exclude persons
seeking asylum after entering the country and other short-term visitors granted extensions of stay. For adjustment required, see Notes to tables.
47
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 7.2
C
Autumn 2000
International migration: country of last or next residence
Numbers (thousands)
United Kingdom
Commonwealth countries
Year and quarter
Other foreign countries
All
countries
European
Union*
Australia,
New
Zealand,
Canada
South
Africa
India,
Bangladesh,
Sri Lanka†
Pakistan†
Caribbean
Other
USA
Middle
East**
Other**
Inflow
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
200
191
153
250
266
216
21
33
25
72
75
72
52
40
20
30
47
34
8
9
3
18
8
7
24
15
18
16
12
9
:
12
9
10
12
8
5
4
3
5
3
2
36
32
19
25
33
24
22
16
17
26
25
18
:
7
11
15
8
5
31
23
27
34
44
36
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
213
253
245
272
285
56
78
71
82
92
36
34
39
40
44
9
8
4
11
13
13
10
11
12
19
7
6
5
9
7
2
1
2
3
3
19
28
27
25
28
23
30
27
33
24
9
11
11
12
13
40
48
48
44
42
1998
332
96
70
21
13
7
4
27
39
10
45
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
66
139
68
11
54
17
18
20
17
6
6
5
2
4
3
2
1
1
1
2
1
7
11
3
8
15
12
2
4
3
9
21
7
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
74
67
136
18
12
42
19
15
17
10
5
5
3
4
6
1
3
3
–
2
1
6
5
12
6
5
14
2
1
5
9
14
31
Outflow
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
240
210
232
213
239
227
31
39
33
62
72
60
99
63
78
50
53
44
21
21
23
2
6
5
8
4
2
4
5
3
:
2
1
2
3
2
8
3
3
2
2
3
23
17
20
13
19
15
17
21
25
34
32
37
:
6
23
16
13
13
34
33
23
28
34
46
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
216
191
192
216
225
199
67
55
55
72
70
60
48
38
44
50
49
48
3
4
5
5
7
5
4
2
2
4
4
3
2
3
2
1
2
1
3
3
2
1
3
2
17
17
13
21
20
13
33
24
28
23
25
24
9
11
9
6
11
7
30
33
33
33
34
36
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
41
74
45
13
26
13
9
12
14
1
2
2
–
2
1
–
1
–
–
–
–
2
6
2
5
9
5
1
3
1
9
14
6
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
50
51
74
19
15
31
12
12
15
1
2
2
1
–
–
–
–
–
–
1
1
2
3
3
7
8
8
1
2
2
6
9
10
Balance
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
– 40
– 19
– 79
+ 37
+ 27
– 11
– 10
– 6
– 8
+ 9
+ 4
+12
–
–
–
–
–
–
46
23
58
21
6
10
– 13
– 12
– 20
+ 16
+ 2
+ 2
+
+
+
+
+
+
16
12
15
12
8
6
:
+10
+ 8
+ 8
+ 8
+ 6
– 3
–
+ 1
+ 3
+ 2
– 1
+ 14
+ 15
– 2
+ 12
+ 13
+ 8
+
–
–
–
–
–
6
4
8
8
7
19
:
+ 1
– 12
–
– 5
– 7
–
–
+
+
+
–
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
– 2
+ 62
+ 54
+ 56
+ 60
+133
– 11
+23
+16
+10
+22
+36
–
–
–
–
–
+
12
5
4
10
5
22
+ 6
+ 4
– 1
+ 7
+ 6
+ 16
+ 9
+ 8
+ 9
+ 8
+ 15
+ 9
+
+
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
+
+
+
1
3
1
2
1
3
+ 2
+ 11
+ 14
+ 4
+ 7
+ 14
– 10
+ 6
–
+ 10
– 2
+ 14
– 1
–
+ 3
+ 5
+ 2
+ 3
+ 10
+ 15
+ 15
+ 11
+ 8
+ 9
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
+ 25
+ 65
+ 23
– 2
+28
+ 3
+ 9
+ 9
+ 3
+ 5
+ 4
+ 3
+ 2
+ 3
+ 3
+ 2
+ 1
+ 1
+ 1
+ 2
–
+ 6
+ 5
–
+ 3
+ 6
+ 7
+ 1
+ 1
+ 2
– 1
+ 7
+ 1
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
+ 24
+ 16
+ 63
– 1
– 3
+11
+ 7
+ 4
+ 2
+ 8
+ 4
+ 3
+ 3
+ 3
+ 6
+ 1
+ 3
+ 3
–
+ 2
–
+ 4
+ 1
+ 9
– 1
– 3
+ 5
–
–
+ 3
+ 3
+ 5
+ 21
‡
*
†
**
5
3
4
8
5
6
3
10
5
6
9
9
Provisional.
For 1971 the European Union figures are for the original six countries only. From 1976 onwards the European Union is as currently constituted.
For 1971 Pakistan is included with India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
For 1971 Middle East is included in the Other category of Other Foreign Countries.
Note: Figures in this table are derived from the International Passenger Survey and exclude migration between the UK and the Irish Republic. It is highly likely that they exclude persons
seeking asylum after entering the country and other short-term visitors granted extensions of stay. For adjustment required, see Notes to tables.
National Statistics
48
Population Trends 101
Table 7.3
International migration: citizenship
Numbers (thousands)
United Kingdom
Citizenship (numbers)
Year and quarter
All countries
British
Non-British
C
Autumn 2000
European
Commonwealth
Other
foreign
Union*
All
Old
New
British citizens as
percentage of all
citizens
Inflow
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
200
191
153
250
267
216
92
87
60
120
117
99
108
104
93
130
150
116
:
19
12
36
32
24
53
57
43
50
64
52
17
17
12
19
27
18
36
40
31
31
37
34
54
28
38
44
54
40
46
45
39
48
44
46
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
213
253
245
272
285
332
92
118
91
104
97
111
122
135
154
168
188
221
25
31
41
54
61
68
50
50
59
63
80
94
23
20
28
30
33
58
27
31
31
32
47
36
46
55
54
52
47
59
43
47
37
38
34
33
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
66
139
68
28
40
24
39
98
44
8
39
12
20
31
22
15
16
16
5
15
6
10
29
10
42
29
36
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
74
67
136
28
21
41
46
46
96
11
8
29
26
23
31
17
15
11
9
8
19
10
15
36
37
31
30
Outflow
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
240
210
232
213
239
227
171
137
164
132
137
133
69
73
68
81
102
94
:
18
16
13
32
17
29
30
29
29
35
29
13
16
14
19
17
15
16
13
15
10
18
14
40
25
24
40
35
48
71
65
71
62
57
59
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
216
191
192
216
225
199
127
108
118
139
131
111
89
82
74
77
94
88
23
23
20
24
32
26
30
27
26
28
34
29
16
12
16
16
18
19
14
14
9
12
16
10
35
33
28
25
28
33
59
57
62
64
58
56
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
41
74
45
20
47
17
21
27
28
5
6
11
7
9
9
5
4
7
2
5
2
10
12
8
48
63
38
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
50
51
74
27
25
36
23
26
38
10
8
17
7
7
8
6
5
5
1
2
4
6
11
12
54
50
49
40
19
79
37
28
11
– 79
– 50
–104
– 11
– 20
– 34
+
+
+
+
+
+
39
31
24
49
47
23
:
+ 1
– 4
+ 22
–
+ 8
+
+
+
+
+
+
24
27
14
21
29
23
+ 4
+ 1
– 2
–
+ 10
+ 3
+
+
+
+
+
+
20
27
16
21
19
20
+ 14
+ 3
+ 15
+ 5
+ 19
– 8
:
:
:
:
:
:
+
+
+
+
+
+
20
24
33
35
46
65
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
13
16
22
21
32
26
+
+
+
+
+
+
11
22
26
26
20
26
:
:
:
:
:
Balance
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
–
–
–
+
+
–
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
– 2
+ 62
+ 54
+ 56
+ 60
+133
–
+
–
–
–
35
10
27
36
34
–
+ 33
+ 53
+ 81
+ 92
+ 94
+133
+
+
+
+
+
+
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
+ 25
+ 65
+ 23
+
–
+
8
7
7
+ 17
+ 71
+ 16
+ 4
+ 33
+ 1
+ 14
+ 21
+ 12
+ 10
+ 11
+ 8
+ 3
+ 10
+ 4
–
+ 17
+ 2
:
:
:
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
+ 24
+ 16
+ 63
+
–
+
1
4
5
+ 23
+ 20
+ 58
+
+ 19
+ 16
+ 22
+ 11
+ 10
+ 7
+ 8
+ 6
+ 16
+ 4
+ 4
+ 23
:
:
:
2
8
21
30
29
42
1
–
+ 12
7
7
11
14
14
39
‡ Provisional.
* For 1971 citizens of the European Union are included in Other Foreign category. From 1976 onwards the European Union is as currently constituted.
Note: All citizenship groups for 1976 onwards are as currently constituted. Figures in this table are derived from the International Passenger Survey and exclude migration between the UK and
the Irish Republic. It is highly likely that they also exclude persons seeking asylum after entering the country and other short-term visitors granted exetnsions of stay. For adjustment
required, see Notes to tables.
49
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 8.1
C
Autumn 2000
Recorded movements between constituent countries of the United Kingdom and
Government Office Regions of England
Internal migration
Numbers (thousands)
Government Office Regions of England
Year and quarter
England
Wales
Scotland
Northern North East
North
Ireland
West and
Merseyside
Yorkshire
and the
Humber
East
Midlands
West
Midlands
East
London
South
East
Inflow
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
105.4
94.3
115.6
95.8
99.3
52.0
44.6
55.2
51.5
51.9
50.4
46.9
43.9
55.8
54.7
9.7
7.2
8.8
12.5
11.7
39.2
31.1
36.5
40.2
40.3
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
98.6
103.4
108.1
111.1
110.9
111.2
51.5
52.0
54.7
55.3
58.5
56.3
54.1
51.7
48.5
47.0
55.3
52.6
10.7
10.9
14.1
11.4
10.2
11.7
1998 March
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
23.6
25.1
37.5
25.0
11.8
11.7
20.5
12.3
12.6
11.7
15.7
12.6
1999 March
1999 June
1999 Sept
21.1
26.3
38.8
10.6
11.9
21.5
Outflow
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
104.8
92.8
100.7
112.2
110.7
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
93.0
79.3
90.0
96.1
97.9
78.2
68.3
78.6
85.0
88.1
84.0
76.6
101.9
89.6
91.5
75.7
66.9
87.1
82.7
83.8
146.3
121.4
144.6
122.1
121.6
..
155.2
182.8
148.8
152.5
215.4
201.8
243.3
197.6
202.5
123.8
108.4
148.8
120.7
121.3
38.3
37.1
37.9
38.6
38.6
39.0
97.1
99.7
103.7
105.0
106.5
103.8
87.8
87.6
90.8
90.8
92.6
92.9
93.3
96.4
101.3
102.1
107.7
107.9
83.0
84.8
90.0
90.6
92.7
93.4
123.3
130.6
134.6
139.5
145.0
142.8
150.5
160.4
170.7
168.0
167.3
171.2
206.3
215.5
218.6
228.0
229.6
226.1
121.1
127.7
131.6
138.5
144.0
138.6
2.8
2.6
3.8
2.5
7.9
7.8
14.8
8.5
21.2
22.5
36.6
23.4
17.2
18.4
37.0
20.3
21.0
22.8
40.2
23.8
18.7
20.3
32.9
21.5
30.3
32.7
46.7
33.1
37.1
38.5
56.3
39.3
46.0
50.1
77.2
52.8
28.5
31.4
47.4
31.3
11.7
10.5
17.0
3.0
3.0
2.8
7.3
7.5
15.3
19.4
23.0
39.2
16.6
18.9
37.7
20.5
23.5
41.4
18.0
20.2
33.1
30.9
33.6
47.3
35.8
36.1
52.7
46.1
50.5
78.4
26.1
33.4
49.0
43.9
41.9
49.8
47.4
48.4
54.5
48.2
57.9
46.7
47.5
14.2
10.1
15.1
9.3
11.0
40.2
39.1
45.6
40.9
40.1
102.9
98.6
115.8
104.9
106.7
78.5
73.4
90.5
85.4
86.1
77.2
71.8
84.8
81.4
81.9
89.5
78.5
94.8
87.9
90.3
115.6
104.4
128.1
113.0
114.3
..
187.1
232.4
202.1
204.0
181.7
166.0
204.1
184.6
186.9
94.7
88.1
102.5
98.9
100.3
108.2
106.3
107.9
105.3
114.8
111.3
48.3
50.4
53.1
53.3
54.4
54.2
46.9
49.0
52.0
54.5
53.2
53.8
11.5
12.2
12.3
11.8
12.6
12.4
41.7
43.5
45.6
44.5
44.5
43.7
105.7
109.8
115.8
114.0
117.5
115.8
87.5
91.9
97.6
98.2
100.0
97.9
83.2
86.2
91.9
94.3
97.4
97.0
92.2
95.1
98.1
101.0
103.7
100.7
113.1
115.5
118.7
121.1
124.8
124.3
203.4
206.3
207.6
213.4
221.7
217.9
183.1
190.4
195.8
198.9
205.7
207.5
100.6
103.9
108.0
109.8
112.4
110.9
1998 March
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
25.3
24.2
36.7
25.1
11.4
12.4
18.4
12.0
11.7
12.4
17.3
12.5
2.4
2.1
5.0
2.8
9.0
9.8
15.2
9.7
23.9
25.6
40.6
25.7
19.8
22.2
33.7
22.1
19.8
21.5
33.9
21.9
20.6
22.0
36.0
22.1
25.0
25.7
45.4
28.3
46.9
48.1
71.2
51.7
42.5
45.4
72.2
47.4
22.3
23.5
40.0
25.1
1999 March
1999 June
1999 Sept
23.4
23.5
38.3
10.4
12.4
18.3
10.5
13.3
18.3
2.2
2.5
5.1
8.7
9.7
15.5
22.7
25.5
40.7
19.1
22.0
33.6
19.3
21.0
33.9
19.2
22.0
37.0
24.7
25.9
45.4
47.0
50.1
74.0
40.6
44.7
73.5
21.6
23.1
40.0
Balance
1976
1981
1986
1991
1992
+ 0.6
+ 1.5
+14.9
–16.4
–11.4
+ 8.1
+ 2.7
+ 5.4
+ 4.0
+ 3.5
– 4.1
– 1.3
–14.1
+ 9.2
+ 7.2
–
–
–
+
+
4.5
2.9
6.3
3.2
0.7
–
–
–
–
+
1.0
8.0
9.1
0.7
0.2
– 9.8
–19.3
–25.8
– 8.8
– 8.8
– 0.3
– 5.1
–11.9
– 0.4
+ 1.9
+ 6.8
+ 4.8
+17.1
+ 8.1
+ 9.6
–13.8
–11.6
– 7.8
– 5.2
– 6.5
+30.7
+17.0
+16.5
+ 9.1
+ 7.2
..
– 32.0
– 49.6
– 53.3
– 51.5
+33.7
+35.8
+39.2
+13.0
+15.6
+29.1
+20.2
+46.4
+21.8
+21.1
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
–
–
+
+
–
–
9.7
2.9
0.2
5.8
3.8
0.1
+ 3.2
+ 1.5
+ 1.6
+ 2.0
+ 4.1
+ 2.1
+ 7.2
+ 2.6
– 3.5
– 7.5
+ 2.2
– 1.2
–
–
+
–
–
–
0.8
1.2
1.8
0.4
2.4
0.8
–
–
–
–
–
–
3.4
6.4
7.7
5.9
5.9
4.7
– 8.6
–10.1
–12.1
– 9.0
–11.0
–12.0
+
–
–
–
–
–
0.3
4.4
6.8
7.4
7.3
5.0
+10.1
+10.2
+ 9.4
+ 7.8
+10.3
+10.9
– 9.2
–10.3
– 8.1
–10.4
–11.1
– 7.3
+10.2
+15.1
+15.9
+18.3
+20.3
+18.5
– 52.9
– 45.9
– 36.9
– 45.4
– 54.4
– 46.7
+23.3
+25.1
+22.7
+29.1
+23.8
+18.6
+20.5
+23.8
+23.6
+28.7
+31.6
+27.7
1998 March
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
–
+
+
–
1.7
0.9
0.8
0.1
+ 0.4
– 0.7
+ 2.1
+ 0.3
+
–
–
+
1.0
0.6
1.7
0.1
+ 0.3
+ 0.5
– 1.2
– 0.4
– 1.1
– 2.0
– 0.4
– 1.2
– 2.6
– 3.1
– 4.0
– 2.3
–
–
+
–
2.6
3.8
3.2
1.8
+
+
+
+
–
–
–
–
1.9
1.7
3.1
0.6
+ 5.3
+ 7.1
+ 1.2
+ 4.8
–
–
–
–
9.8
9.6
14.9
12.4
+ 3.5
+ 4.8
+ 5.0
+ 5.3
+ 6.2
+ 7.9
+ 7.4
+ 6.1
1999 March
1999 June
1999 September
– 2.3
+ 2.7
+ 0.5
+ 0.2
– 0.4
+ 3.2
+ 1.2
– 2.8
– 1.4
+ 0.8
+ 0.5
– 2.2
– 1.4
– 2.2
– 0.2
– 3.3
– 2.4
– 1.5
– 2.5
– 3.1
+ 4.1
– 1.2
– 1.8
– 3.9
+ 6.2
+ 7.7
+ 2.0
– 11.2
– 14.0
– 21.3
+ 5.4
+ 5.8
+ 4.8
+ 4.5
+10.4
+ 9.0
1.3
1.3
6.3
2.0
+ 1.3
+ 2.5
+ 7.5
Note: Figures are derived from re-registrations recorded at the National Health Service Central Register.
See Notes to tables for effects of computerisation of National Health Service Central Register at Southport on time series data.
National Statistics
50
South
West
Population Trends 101
Table 9.1
First marriages*: age and sex
Numbers (thousands), rates, percentages, mean and median age
All ages
C
Autumn 2000
England and Wales
Persons marrying per 1,000 single population at ages
Per cent aged
under 20
Mean age
(years)
Median age
(years)
Year and quarter
Number
Rate†
16–19
20–24
25–29
30–34
35–44
45 and over
Males
1961
1966
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
308.8
339.1
343.6
274.4
259.1
253.0
222.8
74.9
78.9
82.3
62.8
51.7
44.6
37.0
16.6
22.1
26.1
18.5
11.1
6.0
3.4
159.1
168.6
167.7
123.7
94.1
63.5
42.2
182.8
185.4
167.3
132.5
120.8
104.3
77.5
91.9
91.1
84.6
78.7
70.3
73.7
64.6
39.8
36.4
33.8
32.0
31.1
30.9
29.5
9.3
8.6
8.0
7.1
5.4
4.8
4.8
6.9
9.9
10.1
9.8
7.2
3.8
2.1
25.6
24.9
24.6
25.1
25.4
26.3
27.5
24.0
23.4
23.4
23.7
24.1
25.1
26.5
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
224.2
213.5
206.1
198.2
193.3
187.4
186.3
36.8
34.7
33.1
31.2
29.8
28.3
27.5
3.0
2.5
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.7
2.2
39.0
34.2
30.5
27.2
24.3
21.9
30.3
76.4
72.3
69.1
64.0
60.0
56.2
77.4
64.0
59.9
56.9
54.9
53.9
52.3
49.0
31.2
30.7
30.4
30.3
30.5
29.7
23.2
5.3
5.3
5.1
5.1
5.4
5.4
4.3
1.7
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
27.9
28.2
28.5
28.9
29.3
29.6
29.8
26.8
27.2
27.5
27.9
28.3
28.6
28.9
1996 March
1996 June
1996 Sept
1996 Dec
22.9
56.1
83.9
30.4
14.2
34.8
51.5
18.7
1.4
1.8
2.4
1.5
13.0
28.3
41.3
14.5
25.5
71.4
108.9
34.0
25.2
61.9
92.5
35.7
16.5
34.7
47.5
23.0
3.5
6.3
7.2
4.5
1.9
1.0
0.9
1.6
29.4
29.2
29.0
29.7
28.3
28.2
28.2
28.7
1997 March
1997 June
1997 Sept
1997 Dec
21.8
53.2
82.7
30.5
13.3
32.2
49.5
18.3
1.4
1.7
2.2
1.5
11.8
24.4
38.0
13.3
23.8
64.8
103.1
33.4
23.5
59.8
91.4
34.9
15.5
33.8
47.4
22.6
3.5
6.1
7.3
4.8
2.0
1.0
0.9
1.6
29.7
29.6
29.3
30.1
28.6
28.6
28.5
29.0
1998 March
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
21.0
52.3
81.8
31.3
12.6
31.0
47.9
18.3
1.4
1.6
2.2
1.6
10.7
22.0
34.7
13.2
22.1
62.3
100.2
32.5
22.9
59.2
90.3
35.8
14.7
31.8
45.8
23.1
3.4
6.3
7.0
5.0
2.1
1.0
0.9
1.7
30.0
29.9
29.6
30.4
28.9
28.9
28.7
29.4
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
20.8
51.0
80.7
12.5
30.2
47.3
1.3
1.6
2.3
9.8
19.7
31.1
21.3
58.9
95.4
23.7
60.1
94.3
15.7
34.7
50.2
3.5
6.3
7.9
2.1
1.0
0.9
30.2
30.2
29.9
29.3
29.2
29.0
Females
1961
1966
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
312.3
342.7
347.4
276.5
263.4
256.8
224.8
83.0
89.3
97.0
76.9
64.0
55.7
46.6
77.0
82.6
92.9
66.7
41.5
24.1
14.0
261.1
263.7
246.5
185.4
140.8
102.4
73.0
162.8
153.4
167.0
140.7
120.2
108.8
90.6
74.6
74.1
75.7
77.6
67.0
67.1
62.7
29.8
30.2
30.3
31.6
28.7
28.6
28.1
4.6
4.3
4.8
4.0
2.8
2.7
4.6
28.7
32.5
31.1
31.1
24.0
13.9
7.9
23.1
22.5
22.6
22.8
23.1
24.1
25.5
21.6
21.2
21.4
21.5
21.9
23.1
24.6
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998‡
225.6
215.0
206.3
198.6
192.7
187.5
187.4
46.3
43.8
41.6
39.3
37.3
35.4
34.6
12.4
10.6
9.5
8.9
8.0
7.3
7.1
69.0
62.1
56.3
50.6
45.5
42.1
39.6
90.8
88.2
84.4
80.6
77.2
73.7
72.1
63.7
59.7
58.5
56.2
56.3
55.0
55.6
29.4
28.7
28.5
28.5
28.7
27.8
27.1
3.1
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.3
3.4
6.6
5.7
5.2
5.1
4.9
4.7
4.7
25.9
26.2
26.5
26.8
27.2
27.5
27.7
25.0
25.3
25.7
26.0
26.4
26.7
27.0
1996 March
1996 June
1996 Sept
1996 Dec
22.5
56.3
84.1
29.9
17.5
43.8
64.7
23.0
6.1
8.2
11.2
6.5
21.1
54.7
81.3
24.7
31.9
91.7
140.1
44.9
26.3
65.1
94.5
39.1
16.6
33.0
41.8
23.2
2.4
3.5
4.2
2.9
7.9
4.2
3.9
6.4
27.3
27.2
27.0
27.7
26.3
26.3
26.3
26.8
1997 March
1997 June
1997 Sept
1997 Dec
21.4
53.6
83.4
30.0
16.4
40.6
62.5
22.5
5.5
7.3
10.7
5.9
20.0
47.8
76.5
24.5
29.4
86.2
135.9
43.7
25.7
63.7
93.2
37.8
15.4
31.3
42.4
22.7
2.1
4.1
4.3
2.8
7.7
4.1
3.9
6.0
27.4
27.6
27.3
27.9
26.5
26.7
26.6
27.1
1998 March
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
20.7
52.8
82.7
31.1
15.5
39.1
60.6
22.8
5.4
7.1
9.9
6.1
17.9
44.4
72.2
23.7
28.2
82.8
132.5
43.8
24.7
63.4
93.5
40.3
14.6
30.6
40.5
22.7
2.2
4.1
4.2
3.2
7.9
4.2
3.8
6.1
27.7
27.8
27.5
28.2
26.9
27.0
26.8
27.4
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
20.6
51.4
81.7
15.4
38.1
59.8
5.0
6.8
9.2
16.9
40.3
66.9
27.9
80.6
130.7
25.5
65.5
98.5
16.0
33.0
45.0
2.4
3.6
4.8
7.4
4.1
3.5
28.0
28.0
27.8
27.2
27.3
27.1
* Figures for all marriages may be found in Table 2.1.
† Per 1,000 single persons aged 16 and over.
‡ Provisional.
51
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 9.2
C
Autumn 2000
Remarriages*: age, sex, and previous marital status
Numbers (thousands), rates, percentages, mean and median age
England and Wales
Remarriages of divorced persons
Year and quarter
All ages
Persons remarrying per 1,000 divorced population at ages
Remarriages of widowed
persons
Per cent
aged
under 35
Mean
age
(years)
Median
age
(years)
Number
Rate**
Number
Rate†
16–24
25–29
30–34
35–44
45 and over
Males
1961
1966
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
18.8
26.7
42.4
67.2
79.1
83.4
74.9
162.9
192.2
227.3
178.8
129.5
90.8
62.4
478.6
737.8
525.2
656.8
240.7
138.6
79.0
473.6
522.5
509.0
359.7
260.9
157.8
106.6
351.6
403.1
390.7
266.8
205.8
141.0
97.8
198.3
244.4
251.3
187.9
141.9
105.8
72.0
88.6
89.4
124.8
94.0
63.9
49.9
38.4
33.9
40.8
42.8
46.7
46.1
38.5
34.3
40.5
39.3
39.8
38.4
38.1
39.1
40.3
39.2
37.4
37.0
36.0
35.9
37.7
39.0
19.1
18.7
18.7
16.9
13.8
11.6
9.0
28.8
28.3
27.5
24.7
19.7
16.7
12.3
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
78.5
77.0
76.6
77.0
78.0
76.8
74.0
61.9
57.4
54.2
52.0
50.6
47.9
44.6
84.7
92.0
102.2
115.8
112.8
133.8
151.9
103.9
98.0
98.3
95.8
96.7
95.1
91.9
99.5
93.6
89.3
87.4
84.7
83.0
77.2
71.9
66.5
62.8
61.4
60.7
58.3
55.7
38.5
36.5
34.8
33.2
32.9
31.1
29.2
33.4
32.4
31.5
30.3
28.2
27.0
24.8
40.6
40.8
41.1
41.3
41.7
42.0
42.4
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
40.2
40.5
40.8
8.9
8.7
8.4
7.8
7.7
7.4
6.9
12.2
11.9
11.5
10.7
10.6
10.2
9.6
1996 March
1996 June
1996 Sept
1996 Dec
12.2
22.4
27.8
15.7
31.8
58.4
71.7
40.5
95.6
112.0
159.2
84.0
65.0
112.0
141.8
67.8
50.8
99.3
127.3
61.2
36.9
69.7
88.2
48.1
21.4
37.9
43.2
29.0
28.2
28.5
29.7
25.3
42.0
41.7
41.1
42.5
40.4
40.2
39.6
41.2
1.4
2.2
2.4
1.7
7.7
12.2
13.1
9.3
1997 March
1997 June
1997 Sept
1997 Dec
11.9
21.4
28.1
15.5
30.1
53.5
69.5
38.3
122.4
133.9
154.0
124.6
64.7
98.3
147.4
69.2
49.0
93.1
127.8
61.2
34.0
64.9
87.4
46.4
20.9
35.4
41.2
26.6
26.9
26.4
28.5
24.9
42.4
42.1
41.4
42.5
41.1
40.6
39.8
41.1
1.3
2.1
2.4
1.7
7.3
11.6
13.1
9.3
1998 March
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
11.2
20.7
26.3
15.9
27.3
50.1
62.8
37.9
117.7
175.3
170.9
143.1
59.3
101.4
135.7
70.5
45.2
87.7
114.4
61.0
32.9
61.8
81.0
46.5
18.7
33.1
38.3
26.5
24.6
24.9
26.0
23.0
42.7
42.4
41.8
43.0
41.2
40.9
40.2
41.5
1.2
2.0
2.2
1.5
6.7
11.2
11.9
8.4
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
10.5
20.1
26.4
25.7
48.6
63.1
111.5
120.1
152.8
53.7
87.8
116.3
41.4
79.7
111.8
30.2
61.6
81.6
18.3
32.9
40.2
23.9
22.9
24.4
43.1
42.8
42.3
41.6
41.3
40.7
1.1
2.0
2.0
6.4
11.0
11.0
Females
1961
1966
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
18.0
25.1
39.6
65.1
75.1
80.0
73.4
97.1
114.7
134.0
122.2
90.7
68.7
50.3
542.2
567.8
464.4
458.9
257.5
190.6
111.9
409.6
411.2
359.0
272.3
202.1
156.2
118.1
250.2
254.8
232.7
188.0
142.9
111.7
89.7
111.5
135.9
139.8
124.0
95.5
75.5
55.3
35.6
37.8
49.3
40.9
29.0
24.4
20.9
46.8
52.4
57.0
59.8
57.9
51.2
47.4
37.2
36.2
35.7
34.9
35.1
36.0
37.1
35.9
34.3
33.0
32.4
33.4
34.7
35.7
16.5
16.8
17.7
17.0
13.5
11.2
8.6
6.5
6.3
6.3
5.9
4.6
3.8
2.9
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998‡
77.5
75.9
76.9
76.9
78.9
77.1
73.3
50.6
47.1
45.7
43.8
43.4
41.0
37.8
117.8
112.2
131.1
131.1
146.9
155.5
151.4
117.1
107.1
107.3
103.0
102.9
101.0
97.1
93.0
88.2
86.4
85.3
85.2
81.2
76.6
56.4
53.8
52.3
52.2
52.8
51.1
48.5
21.7
20.9
20.4
19.5
20.0
19.1
17.9
46.5
44.9
44.4
42.8
40.8
39.0
37.1
37.4
37.7
37.9
38.1
38.6
38.9
39.3
35.9
36.2
36.3
36.6
37.1
37.4
37.9
8.4
8.3
7.9
7.5
7.3
7.0
6.6
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.3
1996 March
1996 June
1996 Sept
1996 Dec
12.8
22.2
27.7
16.3
28.3
49.1
60.6
35.7
119.1
156.4
191.3
120.5
71.7
114.8
148.2
76.6
52.9
96.9
123.5
67.3
33.2
59.5
74.0
44.6
13.3
22.8
26.4
17.4
41.4
40.6
42.0
38.5
38.5
38.7
38.3
39.0
37.0
37.3
36.8
37.6
1.2
2.2
2.3
1.6
1.7
3.1
3.2
2.2
1997 March
1997 June
1997 Sept
1997 Dec
12.3
21.1
27.6
16.1
26.5
45.0
58.2
33.9
132.9
159.3
193.2
135.9
65.8
108.5
143.3
85.7
51.2
89.1
120.6
63.4
32.2
56.4
73.4
42.1
12.6
21.4
25.8
16.6
39.3
38.5
39.8
38.1
38.9
39.0
38.7
39.1
37.4
37.6
37.2
37.7
1.2
1.9
2.3
1.5
1.7
2.7
3.2
2.1
1998 March
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
11.6
20.4
25.4
16.1
24.2
42.1
51.9
32.8
115.7
153.3
192.3
143.5
65.5
103.3
137.8
80.9
49.0
83.2
108.6
64.9
30.2
54.5
67.4
41.6
11.3
20.6
23.1
16.3
38.2
35.8
38.1
36.2
39.1
39.5
39.0
39.6
37.6
38.2
37.6
38.2
1.1
1.9
2.1
1.5
1.6
2.6
3.0
2.1
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
10.9
19.9
25.5
22.8
41.2
52.1
113.8
136.0
168.3
58.4
89.9
115.0
43.9
81.3
105.4
29.0
54.7
71.7
11.1
20.5
24.1
36.5
34.3
34.9
39.5
39.8
39.5
38.1
38.4
38.2
1.0
1.8
2.0
1.5
2.6
2.8
* Figures for all marriages may be found in Table 2.1.
† Per 1,000 divorced persons aged 16 and over.
** Per 1,000 widowed persons aged 16 and over.
National Statistics
‡ Provisional.
52
Population Trends 101
Table 9.3
Year and
quarter
Divorces: age and sex
Numbers (thousands), rates, percentages, mean and median age
Petitions
filed*
Decrees made absolute
All
divorces
1st
marriage
England and Wales
Divorce decrees per 1,000 married population
2nd or
later
marriage
16 and over
C
Autumn 2000
16–24
25–29
30–34
35–44
45 and over
Per cent
aged
under 35
Mean age
at divorce
Median
age at
divorce
Numbers
Males
1961
1966
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
13.7
18.3
44.2
43.3
46.7
49.7
..
25.4
39.1
74.4
126.7
145.7
153.9
158.7
23.5
36.4
69.3
115.7
127.6
128.0
129.8
1.9
2.7
5.2
11.0
18.1
25.9
29.0
2.1
3.2
5.9
10.1
11.9
12.9
13.5
1.4
2.6
5.0
13.6
17.7
30.9
25.4
3.9
6.8
12.5
21.4
27.6
31.2
31.0
4.1
6.8
11.8
18.9
22.8
25.1
27.8
3.1
4.5
7.9
14.1
17.0
18.0
20.0
1.1
1.5
3.1
4.5
4.8
5.2
5.6
38.3
44.2
44.8
48.6
48.6
45.6
42.7
..
38.6
39.4
38.0
37.7
37.8
38.6
..
36.4
36.6
35.4
35.4
36.2
37.0
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998‡
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
160.4
165.0
158.2
155.5
157.1
146.7
145.2
130.5
133.5
127.5
125.1
125.8
117.3
116.0
29.8
31.5
30.7
30.4
31.3
29.4
29.2
13.8
14.3
13.8
13.6
13.9
13.0
13.0
26.2
29.5
30.2
30.9
32.2
30.4
30.4
31.2
32.3
31.2
31.6
33.2
31.4
32.2
28.7
30.0
29.1
29.0
29.6
28.3
28.3
20.9
22.1
21.5
21.4
21.9
20.9
21.3
5.9
6.1
6.1
6.2
6.4
6.1
6.1
41.7
40.8
39.7
38.7
37.5
35.9
34.3
38.8
39.0
39.3
39.6
39.8
40.2
40.4
37.2
37.3
37.6
37.9
38.1
38.4
38.7
1997 March
1997 June
1997 Sept
1997 Dec
..
..
..
..
34.9
39.6
37.2
35.0
28.0
31.6
29.7
27.9
6.8
8.0
7.5
7.1
12.6
14.1
13.1
12.4
29.4
34.1
29.6
28.4
30.1
34.5
31.4
29.5
27.5
30.7
28.3
26.7
20.0
22.6
21.3
19.7
5.9
6.5
6.1
5.9
36.0
36.2
35.6
35.7
40.1
40.1
40.2
40.3
38.4
38.4
38.4
38.5
1998 March
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
..
..
..
..
37.0
36.6
37.1
34.4
29.7
29.2
29.7
27.5
7.4
7.4
7.5
7.0
13.4
13.1
13.2
12.2
34.9
30.5
29.3
27.1
33.8
32.9
32.9
29.1
29.2
28.7
28.6
26.6
22.0
21.5
21.6
20.1
6.3
6.2
6.2
5.8
34.6
34.5
34.2
33.8
40.3
40.4
40.4
40.5
38.6
38.7
38.8
38.8
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
..
..
..
36.4
35.7
36.6
28.9
28.3
29.2
7.4
7.3
7.4
13.2
12.8
13.0
27.5
25.5
26.2
30.5
28.2
28.2
28.4
26.7
27.3
22.0
21.5
22.2
6.3
6.3
6.3
33.1
31.9
31.8
40.7
40.9
40.9
39.1
39.2
39.3
18.2
28.3
66.7
101.5
123.5
130.7
..
25.4
39.1
74.4
126.7
145.7
153.9
158.7
23.4
36.2
69.3
115.9
127.7
128.8
130.9
2.0
2.8
5.1
10.8
18.0
25.1
27.8
2.1
3.2
5.9
10.1
11.9
12.9
13.4
2.4
4.1
7.5
14.5
22.3
30.7
28.7
4.5
7.6
13.0
20.4
26.7
28.6
30.7
3.8
6.1
10.5
18.3
20.2
22.0
25.0
2.7
3.9
6.7
12.6
14.9
15.8
17.3
0.9
1.2
2.8
4.0
3.9
4.1
4.5
49.3
54.7
54.4
56.6
58.0
55.0
52.7
..
35.8
36.8
36.0
35.2
35.3
36.0
..
33.6
33.6
33.1
33.2
33.6
34.3
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998‡
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
160.4
165.0
158.2
155.5
157.1
146.7
145.2
131.6
134.9
128.9
126.0
126.9
118.3
116.8
28.7
30.2
29.3
29.5
30.2
28.4
28.5
13.7
14.2
13.7
13.5
13.8
13.0
12.9
29.5
32.3
31.8
33.2
34.4
31.9
32.9
31.3
33.3
32.2
32.3
33.9
32.3
32.8
26.1
27.1
26.8
26.7
27.6
26.4
26.8
18.1
19.2
18.5
18.8
19.2
18.5
18.8
4.7
4.9
4.9
4.9
5.1
4.9
4.9
51.9
51.3
50.2
48.8
47.7
45.9
44.3
36.3
36.4
36.7
37.0
37.3
37.7
37.9
34.5
34.7
34.9
35.3
35.6
36.0
36.3
1997 March
1997 June
1997 Sept
1997 Dec
..
..
..
..
34.9
39.6
37.2
35.0
28.3
32.0
29.9
28.1
6.5
7.7
7.3
6.9
12.5
14.0
13.0
12.3
31.3
35.7
31.2
29.5
31.2
35.3
32.8
29.9
25.4
28.7
26.6
25.0
17.7
20.0
18.6
17.5
4.8
5.2
4.9
4.8
45.9
46.2
45.9
45.3
37.6
37.6
37.6
37.8
36.0
35.9
36.0
36.1
1998 March
1998 June
1998 Sept
1998 Dec
..
..
..
..
37.0
36.6
37.1
34.4
29.8
29.4
29.8
27.7
7.3
7.2
7.3
6.7
13.4
13.1
13.1
12.1
36.2
32.6
32.4
30.4
34.1
33.4
33.3
30.3
27.9
27.3
27.1
25.0
19.5
19.0
19.0
17.8
5.0
5.0
5.1
4.7
44.8
44.5
44.1
43.7
37.8
37.9
37.9
38.0
36.2
36.3
36.3
36.5
1999 March‡
1999 June‡
1999 Sept‡
..
..
..
36.4
35.7
36.6
29.0
28.4
29.3
7.4
7.2
7.3
13.1
12.7
12.9
29.3
27.7
27.7
31.2
29.3
29.7
27.1
26.1
26.1
19.6
19.0
20.0
5.2
5.2
5.1
42.6
41.9
41.4
38.3
38.5
38.4
36.7
36.9
36.9
Females
1961
1966
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
Note: The Divorce Reform Act 1969 became operative on 1 January 1971 – the Matrimonial and Family Proceedings Act came into effect on 12 October 1984.
Note: An error has been discovered in the quarterly figures for mean age at divorce. The series has been suspended for this publication only.
Divorce petitions entered by year and quarter 1992–99, Numbers (thousands)
Year
1992
1993
1994
1995
March Qtr
48.8
49.6
46.2
46.7
June Qtr
Sept Qtr
Dec Qtr
Year
March Qtr
45.5
43.4
43.1
41.7
48.3
47.5
44.9
45.3
46.8
44.1
42.0
40.3
1996
1997
1998
1999
45.3
35.5
42.9
41.3
June Qtr
44.3
43.5
40.0
40.4
Sept Qtr
45.1
43.9
41.9
40.8
‡ Provisional.
53
National Statistics
Dec Qtr
43.3
40.8
40.1
40.3
Population Trends 101
C
Autumn 2000
Notes to tables
Changes to tables
With the introduction of Health Statistics
Quarterly, the previous Population Trends
tables have been reviewed and some small
changes introduced, in particular, a new table,
Table 2.2, showing key demographic and
health indicators for the constituent countries
of the United Kingdom.
For most tables, years start at 1971 and then
continue at five-year intervals until 1991.
Individual years are shown thereafter. If a year
is not present the data are not available.
Population
The estimated and projected populations of an
area include all those usually resident in the
area, whatever their nationality. Members of
HM forces stationed outside the United
Kingdom are excluded. Students are taken to
be resident at their term-time addresses.
Figures for the United Kingdom do not include
the population of the Channel Islands or the
Isle of Man.
The population estimated for mid-1991
onwards are final figures based on the 1991
Census of Population with allowance for
subsequent births, deaths and migration.
Live births
For England and Wales, figures relate to
numbers occurring in a period; for Scotland
and Northern Ireland, figures relate to those
registered in a period. See also Note on page
63 of Population Trends 67.
Perinatal mortality
In October 1992 the legal definition of a
stillbirth was changed, from baby born dead
after 28 completed weeks of gestation or more,
to one born dead after 24 completed weeks of
gestation or more.
Expectation of life
The life tables on which these expectations are
based use current death rates to describe
mortality levels for each year. Each individual
year shown is based on a three-year period, so
that for instance 1986 represents 1985–87.
More details may be found in Population
Trends 60, page 23.
Deaths
Figures for England and Wales represent the
numbers of deaths registered in each year up to
1992, and the number of deaths occurring in
each year from 1993. Provisional figures are
registrations.
Figures for both Scotland and Northern Ireland
represent the number of deaths registered in
each year.
Age-standardised mortality
Directly age-standardised rates make
allowances for changes in the age structure of
the population. The age-standardised rate for a
National Statistics
54
particular condition is that which would have
occurred if the observed age-specific rates for
the condition had applied in a given standard
population. Table 2.2 uses the European
Standard Population. This is a hypothetical
population standard which is the same for both
males and females allowing standardised rates
to be compared for each sex, and between
males and females.
Migration
Figures in Tables 7.1–7.3 are derived from the
International Passenger Survey (IPS), a sample
survey of all passengers travelling through
major air and seaports of the United Kingdom.
Routes to and from the Irish Republic are
excluded. Migration between the Channel
Islands or the Isle of Man and the rest of the
world was previously included in the total
migration to the United Kingdom. From 1988
this has been excluded.
It is highly likely that the IPS data also
exclude persons seeking asylum after entering
the country and short-term visitors granted
extensions of stay, for example as students or
on the basis of marriage. After taking account
of persons leaving the UK for a short-term
period who stayed overseas for periods longer
that originally intended, the adjustment needed
to net migration ranges from about 10
thousand in 1981 to 50 thousand in the latest
year available.
A migrant into the United Kingdom is defined
in these tables as a passenger entering the
United Kingdom with the declared intention of
residing here for at least a year having lived
abroad for at least a year; and vice versa for a
migrant from the United Kingdom.
Old Commonwealth is defined as Australia,
Canada, New Zealand and South Africa; New
Commonwealth is defined as all other
Commonwealth countries.
Middle East is defined as Bahrain, Iran, Iraq,
Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar,
Saudi Arabia, Syria, the United Arab Emirates,
and Yemen.
Figures in Table 8.1 are based on the
movement of NHS doctors’ patients between
Family Health Services Authorities (FHSAs)
in England and Wales, and Area Health Boards
in Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Yearly and
quarterly figures have been adjusted to take
account of differences in recorded cross-border
flows between England and Wales, Scotland
and Northern Ireland.
The NHS Central Register (NHSCR) at
Southport was computerised in early 1991,
prior to which a three month time lag was
assumed between a person moving and their
re-registration with an NHS doctor being
processed onto the NHSCR. Since
computerisation, estimates of internal
migration are based on the date of acceptance
of the new patient by the FHSA (not
previously available), and a one month time
lag assumed.
Marriages and divorces
Marriages are tabulated according to date of
solemnisation. Divorces are tabulated
according to date of decree absolute, and the
term ‘divorces’ includes decrees of nullity.
Government Office Regions
Figures refer to Government Office Regions
(GORs) of England which were adopted as the
primary classification for the presentation of
regional statistics from April 1997.
Health Regional Office areas
Figures refer to new health regions of England
which are as constituted on 1 April 1996.
Sources
Figures for Scotland and Northern Ireland
shown in these tables (or included in totals for
the United Kingdom or Great Britain) have
been provided by their respective General
Register Offices, except for the projections in
Table 1.2 which are provided by the
Government Actuary. The International
Passenger Survey (Tables 7.1–7.3) is conducted
by the Social Survey Division of ONS.
Rounding
All figures are rounded independently;
constituent parts may not add to totals.
Generally numbers and rates per 1,000
population are rounded to one decimal place
(e.g. 123.4); where appropriate, for small
figures (below 10.0), two decimal places are
given (e.g. 7.62). Figures which are
provisional or estimated are given in less detail
(e.g. 123 or 7.6 respectively) if their reliability
does not justify giving the standard amount of
detail. Where, for some other reason, figures
need to be treated with particular caution, an
explanation is given as a footnote.
Latest figures
Figures for the latest quarters and years may
be provisional (see note above on rounding)
and will be updated in future issues when later
information becomes available. Where figures
are not yet available, cells are left blank.
Population estimates and rates based on them
may be revised in the light of results from
future censuses of populations.
Population Trends 101
Autumn 2000
Report:
Internal migration
estimates for local and
health authorities in
England and Wales, 1999
This report provides estimates of internal migration within the United
Kingdom. This year, for the first time, ONS are publishing summary
data for all health and local authorities including London boroughs,
metropolitan districts, unitary authorities and county districts. Table 1
shows total migration (in, out and net) by gender for all local
authorities in England and Wales, grouped by Government Office
Region (GOR) for mid-1998 to mid-1999. Table 2 shows total
migration (in, out and net) by gender for all health authorities in
England and Wales, grouped by Health Region for mid-1998 to mid1999. Summary tables for the period mid-1997 to mid-1998 are
available on the National Statistics Website.
KEY OBSERVATIONS
●
●
●
●
By definition, the average net migration for all local authorities
is zero, as migration within the United Kingdom must sum to
zero, but in general, London boroughs and metropolitan districts
were net losers of population to migration, while shire areas
gained population. The same pattern was observed for 1998.
The highest levels of migration activity (gross flows in and out)
were also observed in London and metropolitan areas. For
example, the top five in descending order were Birmingham,
Manchester, Leeds, Wandsworth and Lambeth. These five areas
also had the highest levels of migration activity in 1998.
In 1998, seven of the London Boroughs showed a net gain in
migration, the other 26 showed a net loss. City of London was
the only Inner London Borough with a net gain in 1998.
Migration in 1999 followed a similar pattern. Wandsworth and
Lambeth had the greatest migration activity for both years.
Of the health authorities, in 1998, the highest net inflow occurred
in East Sussex, Brighton and Hove, the highest net outflow was
in Birmingham. West Sussex had the largest net in-migration in
1999, while Brent and Harrow had the largest net out-migration.
BACKGROUND SUMMARY
ONS is responsible for producing estimates of internal migration in
England and Wales. Measuring migration is not straightforward, as
there is no compulsory system within the UK to record the movement
of the population. Therefore, it is necessary to use proxy data.
Migration estimates are based on patients moving and changing their
doctor as they change address. The NHS Central Register (NHSCR) at
Southport records movements of patients between former Family
Health Service Authority Areas (FHSAs). Historically therefore,
internal migration estimates were available at the FHSA level; these
were equivalent to shire counties, metropolitan districts and groupings
of London boroughs. FHSA-level migration estimates are available
from 1975 on both a quarterly and annual basis, and are published in
Population Trends, Key Population and Vital Statistics and other ONS
publications such as Social Trends and Regional Trends. However, until
now, no migration estimates were published below this geographical
level.
For the first time, internal migration estimates, by age and gender, are
now available for all local and health authority areas. These estimates
are made by combining the existing migration estimates at the FHSA
level, with information from the patient registers held by the individual
health authorities. This combination essentially allows the existing
county level migration estimates to be disaggregated to local authority
districts. The two systems are complementary; the patient register data
will not replace the NHSCR data. Data are currently available for the
periods mid 97-mid 98 and mid 98-mid 99. In the future, ONS intends
to publish these data annually. Summary data are published here in
Population Trends and are available on the National Statistics Website.
More detailed data are available from ONS on request. A description of
the methodology used to estimate migration from patient registers can
be found in this edition of Population Trends (The Use of Patient
Registers to Estimate Migration).
55
National Statistics
C
Population Trends 101
C
Autumn 2000
Table B
RESULTS
Please note that throughout this section, ‘1998’ refers to the period midyear 1997 to mid-year 1998, and ‘1999’ is mid-year 1998 to mid-year
1999.
Local Authorities
Table 1 shows migration flows by gender for all local authorities in
England and Wales, grouped by county and Government Office Region
(GOR) for 1999. As in 1998, 76% of local authorities demonstrated a
net inflow of between –1000 and +1000 migrants. In 1998, the local
authority with the highest net inflow was Tendring, (2900 migrants).
The highest net outflow was observed in Birmingham, (9,700).
However, by 1999, the highest net inflow was found in East Riding
(3100), and the highest net outflow was in Brent, with a net loss of
8,200 migrants.
Net migration gives no indication of the levels of migrant inflow and
outflow in a local authority. Table A shows those local authorities with
the greatest inflows and outflows for 1998 and 1999. In both 1998 and
1999, the same five local authorities showed the greatest migrant inflow
and outflow levels, although the migration out of these areas is
consistently higher than the inflow, causing a net outflow of migrants.
There is also some consistency in those local authorities with the lowest
migration activity. In both 1998 and 1999, inflows and outflows were
consistently lowest in two local authorities – Isles of Scilly and City of
London. This is unsurprising given that these are the two smallest local
authorities in England and Wales. Other local authorities with a small
amount of population movement include Berwick upon Tweed, Merthyr
Tydfil UA and Teesdale.
Table A
Migrant activity in Local Authorities, England and Wales
(‘000s of migrants)
1998
Birmingham
Manchester
Leeds
Wandsworth
Lambeth
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
30.7
26.5
26.1
23.7
22.8
40.4
31.9
28.5
27.0
25.1
-9.7
-5.4
-2.4
-3.3
-2.3
32.2
25.8
25.2
23.9
22.6
38.0
28.4
27.1
27.0
25.0
-5.8
-2.6
-1.9
-3.1
-2.4
London
In 1998, Barnet showed the largest net gain of all the London boroughs,
with a net inflow of 700 migrants; Haringey had the greatest net
outflow at 4,700. Migrant activity was higher in 1999; Bromley had the
largest net gain (1,500), and Brent the largest net loss (8,200). Ignoring
net migration and concentrating on inflow and outflow, Table B shows
the five London boroughs that had the greatest migration activity in
1998 and 1999. Wandsworth had the highest migrant activity in both
years, and Lambeth the second highest.
56
1998 Inflow
Wandsworth
Lambeth
Barnet
Southwark
Ealing
1999 Inflow
23.7
22.8
21.5
18.6
18.4
Wandsworth
Lambeth
Ealing
Barnet
Camden
1998 Outflow
Wandsworth
Lambeth
Haringey
Ealing
Barnet
23.9
22.6
20.7
20.4
18.6
1999 Outflow
27.0
25.1
21.6
21.5
20.8
Wandsworth
Lambeth
Brent
Ealing
Camden
27.0
25.0
23.0
22.3
21.1
Health Authorities
Table 2 shows migration flows by gender for all health authorities in
England and Wales, grouped by county and Health Region for 1999. In
1998, the highest net inflow occurred in East Sussex, Brighton and
Hove, with a net migration of 7,800 migrants. In the same year,
Birmingham demonstrated the largest net outflow of migrants (9,700).
West Sussex had the largest net in-migration in 1999 (7,800), while
Brent and Harrow had the largest net out-migration (10,300).
Table C shows the five health authorities with the greatest migrant
activity, both in and out, for 1998 and 1999. Three health authorities
consistently had the greatest inflow and outflow in both years. In each
case, the inflow was less than the outflow, giving a net outflow of
between 3,000 and 7,000
Table C
1999
National Statistics
Migration Activity in London Boroughs
(‘000 of migrants)
Migration Activity in Health Authorities, England and Wales
(‘000 of migrants)
1998 Inflow
Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham
Ealing, Hammersmith and Hounslow
Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth
Berkshire
Avon
1999 Inflow
47.9
38.9
38.5
36.2
36.1
1998 Outflow
Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham
Ealing, Hammersmith and Hounslow
Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth
Birmingham
East London and The City
Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham
Ealing, Hammersmith and Hounslow
Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth
Avon
North Essex
45.0
42.1
38.7
35.5
35.2
1999 Outflow
51.0
45.8
42.5
40.4
40.1
Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham
Ealing, Hammersmith and Hounslow
Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth
East London and The City
Berkshire
51.2
47.3
42.3
39.0
38.8
Population Trends 101
EXPLANATORY NOTES
Estimating migration at FHSA level
The NHSCR at Southport provides a comprehensive system to assist
with NHS patient administration in England and Wales. One of its roles
is to record the transfer of patients between FHSAs. These data are
collected and used as a proxy for internal migration. When a NHS
patient moves to a new FHSA and changes his GP, this change of GP is
recorded by the NHSCR. However, the NHSCR does not record
information on the actual change of address. For the purpose of making
migration estimates, it is assumed that a change of doctor to a new
FHSA represents a change of address to a new FHSA area. It is also
assumed that the average delay between moving house and registering
with a new GP is about one month. Migration estimates have been
derived from this source since 1975. However, as the patient’s address
is not available, NHSCR cannot provide migration estimates at levels
below the administrative area – the FHSA.
It should be noted that these do not represent perfect estimates of
migration. The accuracy depends on migrants promptly re-registering
with a new GP when they change their address. It is known that reregistration patterns vary by sex and age group. For example, young
children, their mothers and the elderly usually re-register quite quickly
after moving, while young men take longer to re-register than women
of the same age. In addition, some students register at their term time
address while others remain registered at their parents’ address.
While this data source can provide quarterly and annual estimates of
migration at FHSA level by age and gender, it cannot provide any
estimates below that level, since this information is not recorded as part
of the administrative process. This limitation prompted ONS to
investigate the use of patient registers to produce estimates for smaller
geographical areas.
Estimating migration below FHSA level
Every former FHSA (now health authority (HA)) holds a register of the
patients registered with GPs within their area of responsibility. This
contains the NHS number, gender, date of birth, date of acceptance at
the health authority (HA) and importantly the postcode of address, for
each patient. By obtaining a download from each patient register on an
annual basis and by combining all 105 patient register extracts together,
ONS can create a total register for the whole of England and Wales.
Comparing records in one year with those of the previous year by
linking on NHS number enables identification of people who change
their postcode. A migrant is defined as a person who, between one year
and the next, changes their area of residence. The download is taken at
31 July each year, to enable migration estimates to be made for the year
ending 30 June each year. This is consistent with the assumption used
above.
The patient register data are a new data source for making migration
estimates and have been used for the first time to produce migration
estimates for mid-1998 and mid-1999. ONS carried out research to
investigate whether these could be used to measure migration. That
research is described elsewhere (1),(2). The main conclusions were that
data from the patient registers could be used to provide migration
estimates that are consistent and plausible over time. Importantly, by
aggregating postcodes, the data can be used to provide annual estimates
of migration for local and health authority areas. In addition, the quality
of the information held on patient registers has been improving over
time and is expected to continue to improve. However, migration
estimates derived solely from the patient registers have two problems.
The first is that a small number of records had a missing data item.
This was particularly important if the postcode was missing. This
missing data item has been completed using the information held on
Autumn 2000
other patient records. In addition, by comparing patient registers in two
consecutive years, certain groups of moves that occur during the year
will be missed. This is because it cannot capture the movement of those
migrants, who for one reason or another were not registered with a
doctor in one of the two years, but who moved during the year. The
largest group of these is migrant babies aged less than one year, who
would not be on a register at the start of the year. Other people, who are
not on the register at the start of the year but who move after joining the
NHS and before the end of the year, would not be captured. Such
people could include those leaving the armed forces or international inmigrants. Similarly, people who move within the year but are not on a
register at the end of the year would also not be captured. Such people
would include anyone who moved and then, before the end of the year,
either died or enlisted in the armed forces or left the country. All within
year moves are included in the existing migration estimates derived
from the NHSCR, and so the more complete information from the
NHSCR has been combined with the more geographically detailed data
from the patient registers, to produce migration estimates for local and
health authority areas. Further small adjustments are then made to take
account of the relocation of patient records following health authority
reorganisation and differences in recorded cross-border flows between
England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.
While using the patient registers alone would not capture all patient
movements, combining the existing NHSCR data with patient register
data to produce migration estimates gives rise to several potential
advantages. In the patient registers, information is held on the
residential address of the patient i.e. the postcode. For the first time, up
to date migration estimates can be produced for all local and health
authorities, by age and gender. In addition, as these estimates are
derived by aggregating postcodes, they can be produced for any
geographic level above postcode (although, at present, migration
estimates are not available for areas smaller than local authorities).
DATA AVAILABILITY
Internal migration data have been disseminated via Population Trends,
Social Trends & Social Focus, Regional Trends and Key Population and
Vital Statistics. The new patient register data has been introduced to
complement the existing internal migration data.
The following migration outputs are available from ONS for twelvemonth periods ending March, June, September and December. The
earliest is that ending December 1975. The latest is usually ready about
five months after the end of the period:
Table 1 – Numbers to and from an FHSA, from and to the rest of the
UK, by gender and five-year age group
Table 2a – Matrix of numbers to and from every FHSA, from and to
each other FHSA – totals
Table 2b – Numbers to and from an FHSA, from and to each other
FHSA by broad age group
Table 3 – For a Government Office Region (GOR) of choice,
numbers by broad age group in square matrix tables of
origin and destination
Local authority estimates derived from the combination of NHSCR and
patient register data are available annually only. Currently, tables are
available for the periods mid-1997 to mid-1998, and mid-1998 to mid1999. The table in this report will be reproduced on the National
Statistics Website alongside an equivalent table for mid-1997 to mid-
57
National Statistics
C
Population Trends 101
C
Autumn 2000
1998. Two further tables will be available free of charge from the
Website:
A small charge will be made to cover the costs of production and
distribution:
Table 5a – Numbers to and from a local authority, from and to the rest
of the UK, by gender and broad age group
For information or to request migration tables please contact the ONS
Migration Statistics Unit at migstatsunit@ONS.gov.uk or write to:
Table 5b – Numbers to and from a health authority, from and to the rest
of the UK, by gender and broad age group
Migration Statistics Unit
Office for National Statistics
Room 2300
Segensworth Road
Titchfield
Fareham
Hampshire
PO15 5RR
Two further tables are obtainable from ONS on request:
Table 5c – Numbers to and from a local authority, from and to the rest
of the UK, by gender and 5 year age group
Table 5d – Numbers to and from a health authority, from and to the rest
of the UK, by gender and 5 year age group
The National Statistics Website can be found at www.statistics.gov.uk
In addition, further information can be provided on an ad hoc basis:
REFERENCES
1. Chappell R., Vickers L., Evans H., The Use of Patient Registers to
Estimate Migration, Population Trends 101, 2000
∨
∨
∨
FROM OR TO:
∨
∨
∨
∨
SCOTLAND
∨
∨
N. IRELAND
∨
∨
BY SEX AND:
ENGLAND
WALES
∨
∨
HEALTH
AUTHORITY
GROUPED
AREAS
OLD FHSA
∨
LOCAL
AUTHORITY
∨
IN, OUT AND NET
FLOW TO OR FROM:
∨
∨
∨
∨
SINGLE YEAR
OF AGE
FIVE-YEAR
AGE GROUPS
BROAD AGE
GROUPS
BESPOKE
GROUPS
National Statistics
58
2. Scott A., Kilbey T., Can Patient Registers give an improved
measure of internal migration in England and Wales?, Population
Trends 96, 1999
Population Trends 101
Table 1
C
Autumn 2000
Internal migration within the United Kingdom: local authorities in England and Wales,
gross and net flows, by gender, mid–1998 - mid–1999
England, Wales, government
office regions, local authorities
(thousands)
Area
Persons
Males
Females
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
NORTH EAST GOR
Darlington UA
Hartlepool UA
Middlesbrough UA
Redcar and Cleveland UA
Stockton on Tees UA
3.4
1.9
4.6
3.3
5.6
3.3
2.0
5.9
4.4
4.8
0.0
-0.2
-1.4
-1.1
0.8
1.6
0.9
2.3
1.6
2.8
1.6
1.0
3.0
2.2
2.4
0.0
-0.1
-0.7
-0.6
0.4
1.7
0.9
2.2
1.7
2.9
1.7
1.0
2.9
2.2
2.5
0.0
-0.1
-0.7
-0.5
0.4
Durham
Chester-le-Street
Derwentside
Durham
Easington
Sedgefield
Teesdale
Wear Valley
2.5
2.6
6.2
1.9
2.9
1.4
2.1
2.3
2.5
5.9
2.6
3.1
1.1
2.4
0.2
0.2
0.3
-0.7
-0.2
0.3
-0.3
1.2
1.3
3.1
0.9
1.4
0.7
1.0
1.1
1.2
2.9
1.3
1.5
0.5
1.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
-0.4
-0.1
0.1
-0.2
1.3
1.4
3.1
1.0
1.4
0.7
1.1
1.2
1.2
3.0
1.3
1.5
0.6
1.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
-0.1
Northumberland
Alnwick
Berwick-upon-Tweed
Blyth Valley
Castle Morpeth
Tynedale
Wansbeck
1.7
1.3
3.0
2.8
2.7
1.9
1.4
1.1
3.0
2.6
2.3
2.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
-0.1
0.8
0.6
1.5
1.3
1.3
0.9
0.6
0.5
1.4
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.0
0.9
0.7
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.0
0.8
0.6
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
-0.1
6.1
14.0
7.2
3.0
6.1
6.5
16.0
6.9
3.6
7.5
-0.4
-2.0
0.3
-0.7
-1.4
3.1
6.7
3.4
1.5
2.9
3.3
7.7
3.4
1.9
3.7
-0.2
-0.9
0.0
-0.4
-0.8
3.1
7.2
3.8
1.5
3.2
3.2
8.3
3.5
1.7
3.8
-0.2
-1.1
0.3
-0.3
-0.6
Blackburn with Darwen UA
Blackpool UA
Halton UA
Warrington UA
4.1
8.0
3.4
6.2
5.3
8.0
3.6
6.0
-1.2
0.0
-0.2
0.3
2.1
4.2
1.7
3.0
2.7
4.1
1.7
3.0
-0.6
0.2
-0.1
0.0
2.1
3.8
1.7
3.2
2.6
4.0
1.8
3.0
-0.6
-0.1
-0.1
0.2
Cheshire
Chester
Congleton
Crewe and Nantwich
Ellesmere Port and Neston
Macclesfield
Vale Royal
6.8
4.8
4.2
2.8
6.7
5.2
7.2
4.3
3.9
3.1
6.8
4.4
-0.4
0.5
0.3
-0.3
-0.1
0.8
3.2
2.3
2.1
1.4
3.2
2.5
3.4
2.1
1.9
1.6
3.3
2.1
-0.2
0.2
0.2
-0.2
-0.1
0.4
3.7
2.5
2.1
1.5
3.5
2.6
3.8
2.2
2.0
1.5
3.5
2.3
-0.2
0.3
0.1
-0.1
0.0
0.4
Cumbria
Allerdale
Barrow-in-Furness
Carlisle
Copeland
Eden
South Lakeland
2.9
1.6
3.4
1.6
2.3
5.0
2.8
2.0
3.4
2.0
1.8
4.4
0.1
-0.3
0.0
-0.4
0.5
0.6
1.5
0.8
1.6
0.8
1.1
2.5
1.4
1.0
1.6
1.0
0.9
2.1
0.0
-0.2
0.0
-0.2
0.2
0.4
1.4
0.8
1.8
0.8
1.2
2.6
1.4
1.0
1.8
1.0
0.9
2.3
0.0
-0.2
0.0
-0.3
0.3
0.2
7.3
6.7
25.8
5.4
6.8
8.7
10.1
6.1
8.1
7.2
7.8
7.1
28.4
6.4
7.1
10.7
10.2
6.9
9.4
6.9
-0.5
-0.4
-2.6
-0.9
-0.2
-2.0
-0.1
-0.8
-1.3
0.3
3.6
3.3
12.7
2.7
3.4
4.5
4.8
3.0
3.9
3.5
3.9
3.6
13.8
3.1
3.5
5.3
4.9
3.5
4.5
3.4
-0.3
-0.2
-1.0
-0.4
-0.1
-0.8
-0.1
-0.5
-0.6
0.1
3.7
3.4
13.0
2.7
3.4
4.2
5.3
3.1
4.2
3.7
3.9
3.6
14.6
3.3
3.5
5.4
5.3
3.4
4.9
3.5
-0.2
-0.2
-1.6
-0.5
-0.1
-1.2
0.0
-0.3
-0.7
0.2
Tyne and Wear (Met County)
Gateshead
Newcastle upon Tyne
North Tyneside
South Tyneside
Sunderland
NORTH WEST
Greater Manchester
Bolton
Bury
Manchester
Oldham
Rochdale
Salford
Stockport
Tameside
Trafford
Wigan
59
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 1 continued
C
Autumn 2000
Internal migration within the United Kingdom: local authorities in England and Wales,
gross and net flows, by gender, mid–1998 - mid–1999
England, Wales, government
office regions, local authorities
(thousands)
Area
Persons
Males
Females
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
2.8
4.4
4.4
2.8
7.5
2.7
6.1
3.0
2.9
4.4
4.7
5.0
3.5
4.1
3.7
3.3
7.1
3.5
6.7
2.3
2.9
4.0
4.7
4.6
-0.7
0.3
0.6
-0.5
0.5
-0.8
-0.6
0.6
0.0
0.4
0.1
0.4
1.4
2.1
2.1
1.4
3.5
1.3
2.9
1.5
1.5
2.2
2.2
2.5
1.7
2.0
1.8
1.6
3.3
1.7
3.2
1.2
1.4
1.9
2.2
2.2
-0.3
0.1
0.3
-0.2
0.2
-0.4
-0.4
0.3
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.2
1.4
2.3
2.3
1.4
4.0
1.4
3.2
1.5
1.5
2.2
2.5
2.5
1.8
2.1
2.0
1.7
3.8
1.8
3.4
1.2
1.5
2.0
2.5
2.4
-0.4
0.2
0.3
-0.3
0.2
-0.4
-0.2
0.3
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.2
4.1
14.7
4.2
8.3
7.2
5.2
17.6
4.4
7.9
7.7
-1.1
-2.9
-0.2
0.4
-0.5
2.0
6.9
2.1
4.1
3.6
2.6
8.3
2.2
3.9
3.8
-0.6
-1.4
-0.1
0.2
-0.2
2.1
7.8
2.1
4.2
3.6
2.6
9.3
2.2
4.0
4.0
-0.5
-1.4
-0.1
0.2
-0.3
15.7
7.9
4.0
4.4
10.2
12.6
11.2
4.6
4.5
9.1
3.1
-3.3
-0.6
-0.1
1.1
7.4
3.8
2.0
2.2
4.9
6.0
5.3
2.3
2.3
4.3
1.4
-1.4
-0.2
-0.1
0.6
8.3
4.0
1.9
2.3
5.4
6.5
5.9
2.3
2.3
4.8
1.8
-1.9
-0.4
0.0
0.6
North Yorkshire
Craven
Hambleton
Harrogate
Richmondshire
Ryedale
Scarborough
Selby
2.7
4.2
7.4
2.6
2.5
4.8
4.0
2.4
3.9
6.2
2.6
2.2
4.3
3.5
0.3
0.3
1.1
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.4
1.3
1.9
3.3
1.1
1.3
2.3
1.9
1.2
1.8
2.8
1.1
1.1
2.1
1.7
0.1
0.1
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
1.4
2.3
4.0
1.5
1.3
2.5
2.1
1.2
2.1
3.4
1.5
1.1
2.3
1.9
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.2
South Yorkshire
Barnsley
Doncaster
Rotherham
Sheffield
5.3
7.4
5.7
17.9
5.6
7.8
6.5
19.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.8
-1.4
2.6
3.7
2.8
8.8
2.8
3.9
3.2
9.5
-0.2
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
2.7
3.7
2.9
9.1
2.8
3.9
3.3
9.8
-0.1
-0.2
-0.4
-0.7
West Yorkshire
Bradford
Calderdale
Kirklees
Leeds
Wakefield
13.1
5.7
11.9
25.2
8.5
15.7
6.2
12.1
27.1
7.9
-2.6
-0.5
-0.2
-1.9
0.6
6.3
2.7
5.9
12.0
4.1
7.8
3.0
6.0
12.8
3.8
-1.5
-0.3
-0.1
-0.8
0.3
6.8
2.9
6.1
13.2
4.4
7.9
3.1
6.1
14.3
4.1
-1.1
-0.2
0.0
-1.1
0.3
9.8
13.5
16.6
2.6
10.1
16.1
19.3
2.1
-0.3
-2.6
-2.7
0.5
4.8
6.6
8.2
1.2
4.9
7.8
9.5
1.0
-0.1
-1.3
-1.3
0.2
4.9
7.0
8.5
1.4
5.1
8.3
9.9
1.1
-0.2
-1.3
-1.4
0.3
5.1
3.2
3.4
3.6
4.7
3.8
4.6
4.7
4.2
3.2
3.3
3.0
4.4
3.6
4.4
3.9
0.8
0.0
0.1
0.6
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.8
2.4
1.6
1.6
1.7
2.3
1.9
2.3
2.3
2.0
1.6
1.6
1.5
2.1
1.8
2.0
1.9
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.4
2.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.4
2.0
2.3
2.4
2.2
1.6
1.7
1.6
2.2
1.9
2.3
2.0
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
0.4
Lancashire
Burnley
Chorley
Fylde
Hyndburn
Lancaster
Pendle
Preston
Ribble Valley
Rossendale
South Ribble
West Lancashire
Wyre
Merseyside
Knowsley
Liverpool
St. Helens
Sefton
Wirral
YORKSHIRE AND THE HUMBER
East Riding of Yorkshire UA
Kingston upon Hull UA
North East Lincolnshire UA
North Lincolnshire UA
York UA
EAST MIDLANDS
Derby UA
Leicester UA
Nottingham UA
Rutland UA
Derbyshire
Amber Valley
Bolsover
Chesterfield
Derbyshire Dales
Erewash
High Peak
North East Derbyshire
South Derbyshire
National Statistics
60
Population Trends 101
Table 1 continued
C
Autumn 2000
Internal migration within the United Kingdom: local authorities in England and Wales,
gross and net flows, by gender, mid–1998 - mid–1999
England, Wales, government
office regions, local authorities
(thousands)
Area
Persons
Males
Females
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
Leicestershire
Blaby
Charnwood
Harborough
Hinckley and Bosworth
Melton
North West Leicestershire
Oadby and Wigston
4.9
8.4
4.6
4.1
2.4
4.0
4.1
4.5
8.0
4.0
4.0
2.1
3.4
4.0
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.1
0.3
0.6
0.1
2.4
4.4
2.2
2.0
1.1
2.0
2.0
2.1
4.3
1.9
2.0
1.0
1.6
1.9
0.3
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.1
2.5
4.0
2.4
2.2
1.3
2.0
2.1
2.4
3.7
2.0
2.1
1.1
1.7
2.1
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.0
Lincolnshire
Boston
East Lindsey
Lincoln
North Kesteven
South Holland
South Kesteven
West Lindsey
2.2
8.4
5.7
6.0
3.7
6.5
4.5
2.3
6.0
5.6
4.4
2.5
5.7
4.2
-0.1
2.5
0.1
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
1.1
4.1
2.6
2.7
1.8
3.1
2.2
1.1
2.9
2.6
2.0
1.2
2.7
2.0
0.0
1.3
0.0
0.7
0.6
0.3
0.2
1.1
4.3
3.0
3.3
1.9
3.4
2.3
1.2
3.1
3.0
2.4
1.3
3.0
2.2
-0.1
1.2
0.0
0.9
0.6
0.4
0.1
Northamptonshire
Corby
Daventry
East Northamptonshire
Kettering
Northampton
South Northamptonshire
Wellingborough
1.6
4.6
5.0
3.9
9.2
5.8
3.4
1.8
3.9
3.6
3.0
9.1
4.7
3.3
-0.1
0.7
1.4
0.9
0.1
1.1
0.1
0.8
2.2
2.5
1.9
4.4
2.9
1.7
0.9
2.0
1.8
1.5
4.3
2.3
1.6
-0.1
0.3
0.7
0.4
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.8
2.3
2.6
2.0
4.8
2.9
1.7
0.9
1.9
1.8
1.5
4.8
2.4
1.7
0.0
0.4
0.7
0.5
0.0
0.5
0.0
Nottinghamshire
Ashfield
Bassetlaw
Broxtowe
Gedling
Mansfield
Newark and Sherwood
Rushcliffe
4.3
4.1
6.0
5.4
3.6
4.9
7.3
4.0
3.6
6.3
5.6
3.8
4.5
6.7
0.3
0.5
-0.3
-0.2
-0.2
0.4
0.6
2.1
2.0
2.9
2.5
1.8
2.3
3.4
2.0
1.8
3.0
2.7
1.9
2.1
3.2
0.1
0.3
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
0.2
0.2
2.2
2.1
3.1
2.9
1.9
2.6
3.9
2.0
1.8
3.3
3.0
2.0
2.4
3.5
0.2
0.2
-0.2
-0.1
-0.1
0.2
0.4
Herefordshire UA
Stoke on Trent UA
Telford and Wrekin UA
7.0
8.1
6.3
6.1
9.5
5.8
1.0
-1.4
0.5
3.4
3.9
3.1
2.9
4.5
2.9
0.5
-0.7
0.2
3.6
4.2
3.2
3.1
4.9
3.0
0.5
-0.7
0.3
Shropshire
Bridgnorth
North Shropshire
Oswestry
Shrewsbury and Atcham
South Shropshire
2.7
3.4
1.6
4.1
2.5
2.4
2.8
1.5
3.8
2.0
0.3
0.5
0.2
0.2
0.5
1.3
1.6
0.7
2.0
1.2
1.2
1.3
0.7
1.9
0.9
0.1
0.3
0.0
0.1
0.2
1.4
1.7
0.9
2.1
1.3
1.2
1.5
0.8
2.0
1.0
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.3
Staffordshire
Cannock Chase
East Staffordshire
Lichfield
Newcastle under Lyme
South Staffordshire
Stafford
Staffordshire Moorlands
Tamworth
3.3
4.4
4.5
5.8
4.5
5.2
3.6
2.9
3.1
3.9
4.6
5.5
5.0
4.9
3.3
3.1
0.2
0.5
-0.1
0.3
-0.5
0.3
0.4
-0.2
1.6
2.1
2.1
2.7
2.1
2.7
1.8
1.4
1.5
1.9
2.2
2.5
2.4
2.5
1.6
1.5
0.1
0.2
-0.1
0.2
-0.3
0.2
0.2
-0.1
1.6
2.2
2.4
3.1
2.4
2.6
1.9
1.5
1.6
1.9
2.4
3.0
2.6
2.4
1.7
1.6
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.1
-0.2
0.1
0.2
-0.1
Warwickshire
North Warwickshire
Nuneaton and Bedworth
Rugby
Stratford on Avon
Warwick
2.9
3.7
3.7
6.3
6.1
3.0
3.9
3.5
6.0
6.0
-0.1
-0.2
0.2
0.3
0.1
1.3
1.8
1.9
3.0
2.9
1.5
1.9
1.7
2.8
2.8
-0.1
-0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
1.5
1.9
1.8
3.3
3.2
1.5
2.0
1.8
3.1
3.1
0.0
-0.1
0.0
0.2
0.0
WEST MIDLANDS
61
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 1 continued
C
Autumn 2000
Internal migration within the United Kingdom: local authorities in England and Wales,
gross and net flows, by gender, mid–1998 - mid–1999
England, Wales, government
office regions, local authorities
(thousands)
Area
Persons
Males
Females
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
West Midlands
Birmingham
Coventry
Dudley
Sandwell
Solihull
Walsall
Wolverhampton
32.2
11.3
8.5
8.7
8.1
7.6
7.8
38.0
11.8
8.6
10.4
8.6
7.9
9.1
-5.8
-0.5
-0.1
-1.7
-0.5
-0.3
-1.3
15.3
5.6
4.1
4.1
3.9
3.7
3.8
18.4
5.8
4.2
5.0
4.2
3.9
4.3
-3.1
-0.2
-0.1
-0.9
-0.3
-0.2
-0.5
16.9
5.7
4.4
4.6
4.2
4.0
4.0
19.7
6.0
4.4
5.4
4.4
4.1
4.8
-2.8
-0.3
0.0
-0.8
-0.2
-0.1
-0.8
Worcestershire
Bromsgrove
Malvern Hills
Redditch
Worcester
Wychavon
Wyre Forest
4.5
4.6
2.9
5.1
6.3
3.2
4.9
4.0
3.3
4.7
5.4
3.3
-0.4
0.7
-0.4
0.4
0.9
-0.1
2.2
2.3
1.4
2.4
3.1
1.5
2.4
2.0
1.6
2.2
2.7
1.7
-0.2
0.3
-0.2
0.2
0.4
-0.2
2.3
2.4
1.5
2.6
3.2
1.7
2.5
2.0
1.6
2.5
2.7
1.6
-0.2
0.3
-0.2
0.2
0.5
0.1
Luton UA
Peterborough UA
Southend-on-Sea UA
Thurrock UA
7.6
6.1
7.3
5.6
8.9
7.1
6.7
5.0
-1.3
-1.0
0.6
0.6
3.7
3.0
3.6
2.7
4.4
3.5
3.3
2.4
-0.7
-0.5
0.3
0.3
3.9
3.1
3.7
2.9
4.5
3.7
3.4
2.6
-0.6
-0.6
0.3
0.3
Bedfordshire
Bedford
Mid Bedfordshire
South Bedfordshire
6.6
7.5
5.9
6.1
6.5
5.9
0.5
1.0
0.0
3.2
3.7
2.9
3.0
3.2
2.9
0.2
0.4
0.0
3.4
3.8
3.0
3.2
3.3
3.0
0.2
0.5
0.1
11.1
4.2
4.6
8.1
8.0
11.3
3.4
3.3
7.2
7.9
-0.2
0.8
1.3
0.9
0.1
5.5
2.0
2.2
3.9
3.8
5.5
1.6
1.6
3.4
3.7
0.1
0.4
0.7
0.6
0.1
5.5
2.2
2.4
4.1
4.1
5.9
1.7
1.7
3.8
4.2
-0.3
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.0
Essex
Basildon
Braintree
Brentwood
Castle Point
Chelmsford
Colchester
Epping Forest
Harlow
Maldon
Rochford
Tendring
Uttlesford
7.1
7.5
3.4
3.6
7.1
8.0
6.7
3.7
3.7
4.1
6.7
4.3
7.1
5.6
3.7
3.5
7.8
7.4
6.4
3.2
2.6
3.3
4.7
3.8
0.1
1.9
-0.2
0.1
-0.7
0.5
0.3
0.4
1.2
0.9
2.0
0.5
3.4
3.7
1.7
1.7
3.4
3.8
3.2
1.8
1.8
2.0
3.3
2.1
3.5
2.8
1.9
1.7
3.8
3.6
3.1
1.6
1.3
1.6
2.2
1.8
-0.1
0.9
-0.2
0.0
-0.4
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.5
0.4
1.0
0.2
3.7
3.8
1.8
1.8
3.8
4.2
3.5
1.8
1.9
2.1
3.4
2.3
3.6
2.8
1.8
1.8
4.0
3.9
3.3
1.6
1.3
1.7
2.4
2.0
0.2
1.0
0.0
0.1
-0.3
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.6
0.4
1.0
0.3
Hertfordshire
Broxbourne
Dacorum
East Hertfordshire
Hertsmere
North Hertfordshire
St. Albans
Stevenage
Three Rivers
Watford
Welwyn Hatfield
5.0
6.1
7.1
6.2
5.7
7.3
3.4
5.8
5.2
5.9
4.1
6.6
7.4
5.6
5.8
7.4
3.6
4.9
5.3
5.8
0.9
-0.5
-0.2
0.7
-0.1
-0.1
-0.2
0.8
-0.2
0.1
2.4
2.9
3.4
3.0
2.7
3.5
1.7
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.0
3.3
3.6
2.7
2.8
3.6
1.8
2.3
2.5
2.8
0.3
-0.3
-0.2
0.3
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
0.3
0.0
0.0
2.6
3.1
3.7
3.2
3.0
3.8
1.7
3.1
2.7
3.1
2.1
3.4
3.8
2.9
3.0
3.8
1.8
2.6
2.8
3.0
0.5
-0.2
-0.1
0.3
0.0
0.0
-0.1
0.5
-0.1
0.1
Norfolk
Breckland
Broadland
Great Yarmouth
King’s Lynn and West Norfolk
North Norfolk
Norwich
South Norfolk
6.6
7.3
3.7
5.8
5.0
8.3
6.9
5.0
5.4
3.1
5.0
4.0
9.4
5.5
1.6
1.8
0.5
0.8
1.1
-1.0
1.3
3.1
3.5
1.9
2.9
2.4
4.0
3.3
2.4
2.6
1.6
2.4
1.9
4.4
2.6
0.7
0.8
0.3
0.5
0.5
-0.5
0.7
3.5
3.8
1.8
2.9
2.6
4.4
3.6
2.6
2.8
1.5
2.6
2.1
4.9
2.9
0.9
1.0
0.3
0.3
0.6
-0.6
0.7
EAST
Cambridgeshire
Cambridge
East Cambridgeshire
Fenland
Huntingdonshire
South Cambridgeshire
National Statistics
62
Population Trends 101
Table 1 continued
C
Autumn 2000
Internal migration within the United Kingdom: local authorities in England and Wales,
gross and net flows, by gender, mid–1998 - mid–1999
England, Wales, government
office regions, local authorities
(thousands)
Area
Persons
Males
Females
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
4.4
2.5
4.8
5.0
4.8
5.8
4.5
4.1
2.7
5.1
4.1
4.6
4.8
3.6
0.3
-0.2
-0.3
0.8
0.2
1.0
1.0
2.1
1.2
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.8
2.3
2.0
1.3
2.5
2.0
2.2
2.4
1.8
0.1
-0.1
-0.1
0.3
0.1
0.4
0.5
2.3
1.3
2.4
2.6
2.5
3.0
2.2
2.1
1.4
2.6
2.1
2.4
2.4
1.7
0.2
-0.2
-0.2
0.5
0.2
0.5
0.5
Inner London
Camden
City of London
Hackney
Hammersmith and Fulham
Haringey
Islington
Kensington and Chelsea
Lambeth
Lewisham
Newham
Southwark
Tower Hamlets
Wandsworth
Westminster
18.6
0.9
13.8
15.0
16.4
14.9
10.0
22.6
15.8
12.8
17.8
12.0
23.9
16.4
21.1
0.7
15.3
16.8
20.1
16.5
14.0
25.0
17.5
15.4
19.9
13.1
27.0
19.8
-2.5
0.2
-1.5
-1.7
-3.7
-1.6
-4.0
-2.4
-1.7
-2.5
-2.2
-1.1
-3.1
-3.4
8.5
0.4
6.6
6.6
7.7
6.9
4.7
10.7
7.4
6.2
8.4
6.2
10.5
7.9
9.6
0.3
7.3
7.3
9.4
7.6
6.2
11.7
8.3
7.7
9.4
6.3
12.0
9.0
-1.1
0.1
-0.7
-0.7
-1.7
-0.7
-1.4
-1.1
-0.9
-1.5
-0.9
-0.2
-1.5
-1.2
10.1
0.5
7.2
8.4
8.7
7.9
5.3
11.9
8.4
6.6
9.3
5.9
13.4
8.6
11.4
0.4
7.9
9.4
10.8
8.9
7.9
13.3
9.1
7.6
10.6
6.8
15.0
10.8
-1.4
0.1
-0.7
-1.0
-2.1
-0.9
-2.6
-1.4
-0.8
-1.0
-1.2
-0.9
-1.6
-2.2
Outer London
Barking and Dagenham
Barnet
Bexley
Brent
Bromley
Croydon
Ealing
Enfield
Greenwich
Harrow
Havering
Hillingdon
Hounslow
Kingston upon Thames
Merton
Redbridge
Richmond upon Thames
Sutton
Waltham Forest
9.2
20.4
9.3
14.9
14.0
15.1
20.7
13.8
12.2
12.5
9.6
13.2
14.5
10.3
13.0
12.8
13.6
10.1
10.6
7.8
19.2
9.8
23.0
12.4
18.9
22.3
15.1
14.4
14.6
8.3
14.0
16.4
10.3
14.2
16.3
13.0
9.4
14.2
1.4
1.2
-0.5
-8.2
1.5
-3.8
-1.6
-1.2
-2.2
-2.1
1.3
-0.9
-1.9
0.0
-1.1
-3.6
0.5
0.6
-3.6
4.4
9.9
4.4
7.1
6.7
7.3
9.9
6.5
5.8
6.2
4.6
6.5
7.0
4.9
6.1
6.2
6.3
4.8
5.0
3.8
8.9
4.8
10.9
6.0
9.2
10.5
7.1
6.9
7.0
4.1
6.8
7.7
4.9
6.6
7.7
5.9
4.5
6.8
0.6
0.9
-0.4
-3.9
0.7
-1.9
-0.6
-0.7
-1.1
-0.9
0.5
-0.3
-0.8
0.1
-0.5
-1.6
0.4
0.2
-1.8
4.8
10.6
4.9
7.8
7.2
7.8
10.8
7.4
6.4
6.3
5.0
6.7
7.6
5.4
7.0
6.6
7.3
5.3
5.5
4.0
10.3
5.0
12.1
6.5
9.6
11.8
7.9
7.5
7.6
4.2
7.2
8.7
5.4
7.6
8.6
7.1
4.9
7.3
0.8
0.3
-0.1
-4.3
0.8
-1.9
-1.0
-0.6
-1.1
-1.2
0.8
-0.5
-1.1
0.0
-0.6
-2.0
0.2
0.4
-1.8
6.4
16.0
5.4
9.6
10.8
9.7
9.7
5.2
13.1
7.8
8.5
9.3
7.2
14.9
4.0
9.4
9.2
10.0
10.5
6.6
13.4
8.3
9.5
9.5
-0.8
1.2
1.4
0.2
1.6
-0.3
-0.8
-1.5
-0.3
-0.6
-1.0
-0.2
3.2
8.0
2.6
4.7
5.4
4.9
4.9
2.6
6.9
3.8
4.3
4.4
3.6
7.0
1.9
4.7
4.6
5.0
5.1
3.2
6.7
4.1
4.6
4.6
-0.4
1.0
0.7
0.0
0.8
-0.1
-0.2
-0.6
0.2
-0.3
-0.4
-0.2
3.3
8.0
2.8
4.9
5.4
4.8
4.8
2.6
6.2
4.0
4.3
4.9
3.6
7.9
2.0
4.7
4.6
5.0
5.5
3.5
6.6
4.3
4.8
4.9
-0.4
0.1
0.7
0.2
0.8
-0.2
-0.7
-0.9
-0.4
-0.3
-0.6
0.0
9.0
5.3
4.7
8.2
8.2
5.6
4.2
9.3
0.8
-0.3
0.4
-1.1
4.5
2.5
2.2
3.8
4.0
2.7
2.0
4.4
0.5
-0.2
0.1
-0.6
4.5
2.8
2.5
4.4
4.2
2.9
2.2
4.9
0.3
-0.1
0.3
-0.5
Suffolk
Babergh
Forest Heath
Ipswich
Mid Suffolk
St. Edmundsbury
Suffolk Coastal
Waveney
LONDON
SOUTH EAST
Bracknell Forest UA
Brighton and Hove UA
Isle of Wight UA
Medway UA
Milton Keynes UA
Portsmouth UA
Reading UA
Slough UA
Southampton UA
West Berkshire UA
Windsor and Maidenhead UA
Wokingham UA
Buckinghamshire
Aylesbury Vale
Chiltern
South Bucks
Wycombe
63
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 1 continued
C
Autumn 2000
Internal migration within the United Kingdom: local authorities in England and Wales,
gross and net flows, by gender, mid–1998 - mid–1999
England, Wales, government
office regions, local authorities
(thousands)
Area
Persons
Males
Females
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
East Sussex
Eastbourne
Hastings
Lewes
Rother
Wealden
5.5
4.4
5.8
5.8
8.5
4.2
4.0
5.0
4.4
7.2
1.3
0.4
0.9
1.4
1.3
2.6
2.2
2.6
2.8
4.0
2.0
2.0
2.4
2.1
3.5
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.7
0.5
2.9
2.2
3.2
3.0
4.5
2.2
2.0
2.6
2.3
3.7
0.7
0.2
0.6
0.6
0.8
Hampshire
Basingstoke and Deane
East Hampshire
Eastleigh
Fareham
Gosport
Hart
Havant
New Forest
Rushmoor
Test Valley
Winchester
6.9
6.5
7.1
5.4
3.7
5.2
6.0
8.4
5.5
6.6
8.2
7.1
6.5
5.7
5.2
3.8
5.4
5.7
6.9
6.4
6.0
7.3
-0.2
0.1
1.4
0.2
-0.1
-0.2
0.3
1.5
-0.9
0.6
1.0
3.4
3.1
3.5
2.6
1.7
2.5
2.9
4.1
2.6
3.2
3.9
3.4
3.1
2.8
2.5
1.7
2.6
2.8
3.3
3.0
3.0
3.4
0.0
0.0
0.7
0.1
-0.1
-0.2
0.0
0.7
-0.4
0.2
0.5
3.5
3.4
3.6
2.8
2.0
2.7
3.1
4.4
3.0
3.4
4.3
3.6
3.4
3.0
2.6
2.0
2.8
2.9
3.6
3.4
3.1
3.9
-0.1
0.0
0.7
0.2
0.0
-0.1
0.2
0.8
-0.4
0.3
0.4
Kent
Ashford
Canterbury
Dartford
Dover
Gravesham
Maidstone
Sevenoaks
Shepway
Swale
Thanet
Tonbridge and Malling
Tunbridge Wells
5.6
9.1
4.8
4.3
3.5
7.0
6.3
4.7
5.2
5.6
6.9
6.5
4.3
8.0
4.4
4.1
3.5
7.1
6.5
3.8
4.5
4.6
6.3
6.4
1.3
1.2
0.4
0.2
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2
0.8
0.7
1.0
0.6
0.1
2.7
4.4
2.3
2.1
1.7
3.4
3.0
2.3
2.6
2.8
3.4
3.2
2.1
3.8
2.1
2.1
1.8
3.4
3.2
1.9
2.3
2.4
3.2
3.1
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.2
0.4
0.3
0.4
0.3
0.1
2.9
4.8
2.5
2.2
1.8
3.6
3.4
2.4
2.6
2.8
3.5
3.3
2.2
4.1
2.3
2.0
1.8
3.7
3.3
2.0
2.3
2.2
3.2
3.3
0.7
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.0
-0.1
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.6
0.3
0.0
Oxfordshire
Cherwell
Oxford
South Oxfordshire
Vale of White Horse
West Oxfordshire
7.4
13.3
8.2
6.4
4.7
6.6
12.9
7.8
6.6
4.8
0.8
0.5
0.4
-0.2
-0.1
3.6
6.7
4.0
3.0
2.2
3.1
6.4
3.9
3.1
2.2
0.5
0.3
0.1
-0.1
-0.1
3.8
6.6
4.2
3.3
2.5
3.5
6.5
3.9
3.5
2.6
0.3
0.2
0.3
-0.2
-0.1
Surrey
Elmbridge
Epsom and Ewell
Guildford
Mole Valley
Reigate and Banstead
Runnymede
Spelthorne
Surrey Heath
Tandridge
Waverley
Woking
6.7
4.4
9.1
4.9
7.0
5.6
4.7
5.4
5.3
7.7
5.1
6.8
3.9
9.1
4.7
7.1
5.5
4.7
5.2
4.4
7.9
5.2
-0.1
0.4
0.0
0.2
-0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.9
-0.2
-0.1
3.2
2.0
4.3
2.5
3.4
2.6
2.3
2.5
2.5
3.7
2.5
3.3
1.9
4.3
2.3
3.5
2.6
2.2
2.5
2.1
3.9
2.5
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.5
-0.2
0.0
3.5
2.3
4.8
2.4
3.7
3.0
2.4
2.9
2.7
4.0
2.6
3.5
2.1
4.8
2.4
3.6
2.9
2.5
2.7
2.3
4.0
2.6
0.0
0.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.4
0.0
-0.1
West Sussex
Adur
Arun
Chichester
Crawley
Horsham
Mid Sussex
Worthing
3.4
7.9
6.7
4.4
6.9
7.2
5.4
3.0
5.2
5.5
4.4
5.7
6.3
4.0
0.4
2.8
1.2
0.0
1.1
0.9
1.3
1.7
3.9
3.1
2.2
3.3
3.6
2.6
1.5
2.5
2.6
2.1
2.8
3.2
2.0
0.2
1.4
0.4
0.0
0.5
0.4
0.6
1.7
4.0
3.6
2.3
3.6
3.7
2.8
1.5
2.7
2.8
2.3
2.9
3.2
2.1
0.2
1.3
0.8
0.0
0.7
0.5
0.8
National Statistics
64
Population Trends 101
Table 1 continued
C
Autumn 2000
Internal migration within the United Kingdom: local authorities in England and Wales,
gross and net flows, by gender, mid–1998 - mid–1999
England, Wales, government
office regions, local authorities
(thousands)
Area
Persons
Males
Females
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
9.8
12.0
21.3
8.6
10.2
8.4
12.2
7.0
7.0
9.2
11.2
22.1
7.3
11.4
8.1
10.2
5.9
5.9
0.6
0.8
-0.8
1.3
-1.2
0.3
2.0
1.0
1.2
4.7
6.1
10.5
4.2
5.1
4.1
6.0
3.5
3.5
4.3
5.5
10.7
3.6
5.7
4.0
5.0
2.9
3.0
0.4
0.6
-0.1
0.6
-0.6
0.1
1.0
0.5
0.6
5.0
5.9
10.8
4.4
5.2
4.3
6.2
3.5
3.5
4.9
5.6
11.5
3.7
5.8
4.1
5.2
3.0
2.9
0.2
0.2
-0.7
0.7
-0.6
0.2
1.1
0.5
0.6
Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly
Caradon
Carrick
Isles of Scilly
Kerrier
North Cornwall
Penwith
Restormel
4.0
5.5
0.3
5.0
4.2
3.2
4.9
3.5
4.8
0.2
4.5
3.7
2.9
4.0
0.5
0.6
0.0
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.9
1.9
2.6
0.1
2.4
2.0
1.5
2.4
1.7
2.4
0.1
2.2
1.8
1.5
2.0
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.3
0.1
0.4
2.1
2.9
0.1
2.6
2.2
1.7
2.5
1.9
2.4
0.1
2.3
1.9
1.4
2.0
0.2
0.5
0.0
0.3
0.3
0.2
0.5
Devon
East Devon
Exeter
Mid-Devon
North Devon
South Hams
Teignbridge
Torridge
West Devon
7.5
7.9
4.1
4.4
5.7
7.2
3.4
3.1
5.7
7.0
3.2
3.8
4.9
5.6
2.7
2.6
1.8
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.8
1.6
0.7
0.4
3.6
3.9
2.0
2.1
2.7
3.5
1.7
1.5
2.6
3.3
1.6
1.9
2.3
2.7
1.3
1.3
1.0
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.7
0.3
0.2
3.9
4.0
2.0
2.3
3.0
3.7
1.8
1.6
3.1
3.6
1.7
1.9
2.6
2.8
1.4
1.4
0.8
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.9
0.4
0.3
Dorset
Christchurch
East Dorset
North Dorset
Purbeck
West Dorset
Weymouth and Portland
3.3
5.5
4.0
2.6
6.0
3.5
2.5
4.6
3.6
2.5
5.0
3.4
0.8
1.0
0.5
0.1
1.0
0.2
1.6
2.7
1.9
1.3
2.9
1.7
1.1
2.3
1.7
1.2
2.4
1.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.5
0.1
1.7
2.9
2.1
1.3
3.2
1.8
1.3
2.3
1.9
1.3
2.6
1.8
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.0
0.6
0.0
Gloucestershire
Cheltenham
Cotswold
Forest of Dean
Gloucester
Stroud
Tewkesbury
6.6
5.3
4.2
5.3
4.9
4.9
6.7
4.5
3.4
4.8
4.4
4.2
-0.1
0.8
0.8
0.5
0.5
0.6
3.0
2.5
1.9
2.6
2.4
2.3
3.1
2.1
1.5
2.3
2.1
2.0
0.0
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.3
0.2
3.6
2.8
2.3
2.6
2.5
2.6
3.7
2.4
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.2
-0.1
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
Somerset
Mendip
Sedgemoor
South Somerset
Taunton Deane
West Somerset
5.8
5.3
7.3
5.1
3.0
5.1
4.2
6.2
4.5
2.5
0.7
1.2
1.0
0.6
0.5
2.8
2.7
3.4
2.4
1.6
2.5
2.0
3.0
2.2
1.3
0.3
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
2.9
2.7
3.8
2.7
1.5
2.5
2.1
3.2
2.3
1.2
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.4
0.3
Wiltshire
Kennet
North Wiltshire
Salisbury
West Wiltshire
4.6
6.9
6.0
5.1
4.2
6.8
5.3
4.7
0.4
0.1
0.7
0.4
2.1
3.3
2.7
2.5
2.0
3.2
2.4
2.3
0.1
0.1
0.4
0.2
2.5
3.7
3.3
2.7
2.2
3.6
2.9
2.5
0.3
0.0
0.4
0.2
SOUTH WEST
Bath and North East Somerset UA
Bournemouth UA
Bristol, City of UA
North Somerset UA
Plymouth UA
Poole UA
South Gloucestershire UA
Swindon UA
Torbay UA
65
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 1 continued
C
Autumn 2000
Internal migration within the United Kingdom: local authorities in England and Wales,
gross and net flows, by gender, mid–1998 - mid–1999
England, Wales, government
office regions, local authorities
(thousands)
Area
Persons
WALES
Blaenau Gwent UA
Bridgend UA
Caerphilly UA
Cardiff UA
Carmarthenshire UA
Ceredigion UA
Conwy UA
Denbighshire UA
Flintshire UA
Gwynedd UA
Isles of Anglesey UA
Merthyr Tydfil UA
Monmouthshire UA
Neath Port Talbot UA
Newport UA
Pembrokeshire UA
Powys UA
Rhondda, Cynon,Taff UA
Swansea UA
Torfaen UA
Vale Glamorgan UA
Wrexham UA
Males
Females
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
1.2
3.2
4.0
14.4
5.9
5.6
5.3
4.3
5.4
4.8
2.1
1.0
3.9
3.3
4.1
4.0
5.2
4.8
7.2
2.0
4.6
3.8
1.6
3.1
3.7
14.0
5.2
5.0
4.1
3.9
4.7
5.4
2.4
1.4
3.8
3.5
4.2
4.0
4.7
5.6
7.5
2.2
4.5
3.7
-0.4
0.1
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1.2
0.4
0.8
-0.6
-0.3
-0.4
0.2
-0.1
-0.1
0.0
0.4
-0.8
-0.3
-0.2
0.1
0.1
0.6
1.5
2.0
6.8
2.8
2.8
2.6
2.1
2.6
2.3
1.0
0.5
1.9
1.6
2.1
1.9
2.5
2.3
3.5
1.0
2.2
1.9
0.8
1.5
1.8
6.5
2.5
2.4
2.0
1.9
2.2
2.6
1.2
0.7
1.9
1.7
2.1
1.9
2.3
2.8
3.6
1.1
2.2
1.8
-0.2
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.4
0.6
0.2
0.4
-0.4
-0.1
-0.2
0.0
-0.1
0.0
0.0
0.2
-0.5
0.0
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.6
1.6
2.1
7.6
3.0
2.9
2.7
2.2
2.8
2.5
1.1
0.5
2.0
1.8
2.0
2.1
2.6
2.5
3.7
1.0
2.5
1.9
0.8
1.6
1.8
7.5
2.7
2.6
2.1
1.9
2.4
2.7
1.3
0.7
1.9
1.8
2.1
2.1
2.4
2.9
3.9
1.2
2.3
1.9
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.1
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.2
0.4
-0.2
-0.2
-0.2
0.1
0.0
-0.1
0.0
0.2
-0.4
-0.3
-0.1
0.2
0.0
National Statistics
66
Population Trends 101
Table 2
C
Autumn 2000
Internal migration within the United Kingdom: health authorities in England and Wales,
gross and net flows, by gender, mid–1998 - mid–1999
NHS Regional Offices and
health authorities
(thousands)
Area
Persons
Males
Females
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
Bradford
Calderdale and Kirklees
County Durham
East Riding
Gateshead and South Tyneside
13.1
15.5
15.3
15.3
8.4
15.7
16.2
15.6
15.5
9.4
-2.6
-0.7
-0.2
-0.2
-1.0
6.3
7.5
7.5
7.3
4.2
7.8
8.0
7.7
7.4
4.8
-1.5
-0.4
-0.2
-0.1
-0.6
6.8
8.0
7.8
7.9
4.2
7.9
8.2
7.8
8.1
4.6
-1.1
-0.2
0.0
-0.1
-0.4
Leeds
Newcastle and North Tyneside
North Cumbria
Northumberland
North Yorkshire
25.2
16.6
7.5
10.0
31.4
27.1
18.3
7.4
9.1
27.3
-1.9
-1.7
0.1
0.9
4.1
12.0
8.0
3.7
4.8
14.8
12.8
8.9
3.6
4.3
12.8
-0.8
-0.9
0.1
0.5
1.9
13.2
8.6
3.8
5.2
16.6
14.3
9.4
3.8
4.8
14.4
-1.1
-0.8
0.0
0.4
2.2
6.1
9.6
8.5
7.5
11.4
7.9
-1.4
-1.8
0.6
2.9
4.7
4.1
3.7
5.7
3.8
-0.8
-0.9
0.3
3.2
4.8
4.4
3.8
5.7
4.1
-0.6
-0.9
0.3
Barnsley
Doncaster
Leicestershire
Lincolnshire
North Derbyshire
5.3
7.4
29.4
27.3
11.6
5.6
7.8
29.0
20.9
10.9
-0.3
-0.4
0.5
6.4
0.7
2.6
3.7
14.6
13.0
5.6
2.8
3.9
14.5
9.8
5.3
-0.2
-0.2
0.1
3.2
0.3
2.7
3.7
14.9
14.3
6.0
2.8
3.9
14.5
11.0
5.6
-0.1
-0.2
0.4
3.2
0.4
North Nottinghamshire
Nottingham
Rotherham
Sheffield
Southern Derbyshire
12.4
22.7
5.7
17.9
18.9
11.4
25.4
6.5
19.2
17.1
1.0
-2.7
-0.8
-1.4
1.9
6.0
11.1
2.8
8.8
9.3
5.5
12.4
3.2
9.5
8.3
0.5
-1.4
-0.4
-0.6
1.0
6.4
11.7
2.9
9.1
9.7
5.8
13.0
3.3
9.8
8.7
0.5
-1.3
-0.4
-0.7
0.9
7.5
8.2
-0.7
3.7
4.1
-0.3
3.8
4.2
-0.4
Bedfordshire
Cambridgeshire
East and North Hertfordshire
Norfolk
North Essex
21.8
31.5
22.1
26.4
35.2
21.6
29.7
21.6
20.3
29.1
0.2
1.9
0.4
6.1
6.2
10.6
15.5
10.6
12.8
17.0
10.7
14.1
10.5
9.8
14.1
-0.1
1.4
0.1
3.0
2.9
11.1
16.0
11.5
13.6
18.2
10.8
15.5
11.1
10.4
14.9
0.3
0.5
0.4
3.2
3.3
South Essex
Suffolk
West Hertfordshire
20.5
21.5
24.1
18.5
18.7
23.4
2.0
2.8
0.7
9.9
10.4
11.5
9.2
9.3
11.3
0.8
1.2
0.2
10.6
11.0
12.6
9.3
9.4
12.1
1.3
1.6
0.5
LONDON
Barking and Havering
Barnet
Bexley and Greenwich
Brent and Harrow
Bromley
16.3
20.4
17.4
23.0
14.0
13.6
19.2
20.0
33.3
12.4
2.7
1.2
-2.7
-10.3
1.5
7.8
9.9
8.2
11.1
6.7
6.7
8.9
9.7
15.9
6.0
1.1
0.9
-1.5
-4.7
0.7
8.5
10.6
9.1
11.9
7.2
6.9
10.2
10.3
17.4
6.5
1.6
0.3
-1.1
-5.5
0.8
Camden and Islington
Croydon
Ealing, Hammersmith and Hounslow
East London and The City
Enfield and Haringey
30.6
15.1
42.1
34.1
25.2
34.8
18.9
47.3
39.0
30.2
-4.1
-3.8
-5.2
-4.9
-5.0
14.1
7.3
19.6
16.8
11.8
16.0
9.2
21.8
19.1
14.1
-1.9
-1.9
-2.1
-2.4
-2.3
16.5
7.8
22.4
17.4
13.4
18.8
9.7
25.5
19.9
16.1
-2.3
-1.9
-3.0
-2.5
-2.6
Hillingdon
Kensington & Chelsea and Westminster
Kingston and Richmond
Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham
Merton, Sutton and Wandsworth
13.2
23.5
22.5
45.0
38.7
14.0
30.9
21.9
51.2
42.3
-0.9
-7.4
0.6
-6.3
-3.6
6.5
11.2
10.5
21.3
17.6
6.8
13.9
10.1
24.2
19.4
-0.3
-2.6
0.4
-2.9
-1.8
6.7
12.2
12.0
23.6
21.1
7.2
17.0
11.8
27.0
22.9
-0.5
-4.8
0.2
-3.4
-1.8
Redbridge and Waltham Forest
20.7
27.9
-7.2
10.0
13.4
-3.4
10.7
14.5
-3.8
NORTHERN & YORKSHIRE
Sunderland
Tees
Wakefield
TRENT
South Humber
EASTERN
67
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
Table 2 continued
C
Autumn 2000
Internal migration within the United Kingdom: health authorities in England and Wales,
gross and net flows, by gender, mid–1998 - mid–1999
NHS Regional Offices and
health authorities
(thousands)
Area
Persons
Males
Females
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
In
Out
Net
Berkshire
Buckinghamshire
East Kent
East Surrey
East Sussex, Brighton and Hove
34.0
32.5
23.2
22.0
34.2
38.8
31.1
18.7
20.4
27.8
-4.8
1.4
4.6
1.6
6.4
16.8
15.7
11.2
10.7
16.8
18.9
15.1
9.3
9.9
13.4
-2.0
0.6
2.0
0.8
3.4
17.2
16.8
12.0
11.3
17.4
19.8
16.0
9.4
10.5
14.3
-2.6
0.8
2.6
0.8
3.1
Isle of Wight
Northamptonshire
North and Mid Hampshire
Oxfordshire
Portsmouth and South East Hampshire
5.4
23.3
28.1
31.1
17.8
4.0
19.3
28.3
29.8
17.5
1.4
4.1
-0.2
1.3
0.3
2.6
11.4
13.5
15.3
8.6
1.9
9.4
13.6
14.5
8.6
0.7
2.0
-0.1
0.7
0.0
2.8
11.9
14.6
15.8
9.2
2.0
9.8
14.7
15.2
8.9
0.7
2.1
-0.1
0.6
0.3
Southampton and South West Hampshire
West Kent
West Surrey
West Sussex
23.4
32.2
31.5
31.7
20.4
30.7
31.8
23.9
3.0
1.5
-0.3
7.8
11.9
15.6
15.0
15.3
10.1
15.1
15.3
11.8
1.7
0.5
-0.3
3.5
11.5
16.6
16.5
16.4
10.2
15.6
16.4
12.1
1.3
1.0
0.1
4.3
Avon
Cornwall and Isles of Scilly
Dorset
Gloucestershire
North and East Devon
35.5
19.2
28.4
21.2
22.8
32.4
15.9
23.7
18.2
17.4
3.1
3.4
4.7
3.0
5.4
17.5
9.2
14.1
10.0
11.0
15.7
7.8
11.5
8.5
8.2
1.8
1.4
2.5
1.5
2.8
18.0
10.1
14.3
11.2
11.8
16.7
8.1
12.1
9.6
9.2
1.4
2.0
2.2
1.6
2.6
Somerset
South and West Devon
Wiltshire
21.9
23.9
24.0
17.9
21.6
21.3
4.0
2.3
2.7
10.7
11.8
11.4
8.9
10.8
10.0
1.8
1.0
1.3
11.2
12.1
12.7
9.0
10.8
11.3
2.2
1.3
1.4
Birmingham
Coventry
Dudley
Herefordshire
North Staffordshire
32.2
11.3
8.5
7.0
10.5
38.0
11.8
8.6
6.1
11.2
-5.8
-0.5
-0.1
1.0
-0.8
15.3
5.6
4.1
3.4
5.0
18.4
5.8
4.2
2.9
5.3
-3.1
-0.2
-0.1
0.5
-0.3
16.9
5.7
4.4
3.6
5.4
19.7
5.9
4.4
3.1
5.9
-2.7
-0.3
0.0
0.5
-0.5
Sandwell
Shropshire
Solihull
South Staffordshire
Walsall
8.7
15.5
8.1
19.6
7.6
10.4
13.3
8.6
19.5
7.9
-1.7
2.2
-0.5
0.1
-0.3
4.1
7.5
3.9
9.5
3.7
5.0
6.4
4.2
9.6
3.9
-0.9
1.0
-0.3
-0.1
-0.2
4.6
8.1
4.2
10.1
4.0
5.4
6.8
4.4
9.9
4.1
-0.8
1.3
-0.2
0.2
-0.1
Warwickshire
Wolverhampton
Worcestershire
19.1
7.8
19.4
18.9
9.1
18.4
0.2
-1.3
1.0
9.2
3.8
9.4
9.1
4.3
9.2
0.1
-0.5
0.3
9.9
4.0
10.0
9.8
4.8
9.3
0.1
-0.8
0.7
Bury and Rochdale
East Lancashire
Liverpool
Manchester
Morecambe Bay
12.3
11.2
14.7
25.8
12.2
13.0
13.7
17.6
28.4
11.5
-0.6
-2.5
-2.9
-2.6
0.7
6.1
5.6
6.9
12.7
5.9
6.5
6.8
8.3
13.8
5.4
-0.3
-1.2
-1.4
-1.0
0.4
6.2
5.6
7.8
13.0
6.4
6.5
6.9
9.3
14.6
6.0
-0.3
-1.3
-1.4
-1.5
0.3
North Cheshire
North West Lancashire
St Helen’s and Knowsley
Salford and Trafford
Sefton
8.8
16.7
7.3
15.4
8.3
8.7
16.2
8.6
18.7
7.9
0.1
0.5
-1.3
-3.3
0.4
4.3
8.4
3.6
7.7
4.1
4.3
8.0
4.3
9.1
3.9
0.0
0.4
-0.7
-1.4
0.2
4.5
8.3
3.7
7.7
4.2
4.4
8.2
4.3
9.5
4.0
0.1
0.1
-0.6
-1.8
0.2
South Cheshire
South Lancashire
Stockport
West Pennine
Wigan and Bolton
24.5
10.9
10.1
11.1
13.0
23.6
10.2
10.2
12.5
13.2
0.9
0.7
-0.1
-1.4
-0.2
11.6
5.3
4.8
5.5
6.3
11.4
4.9
4.9
6.2
6.5
0.3
0.4
-0.1
-0.7
-0.2
12.8
5.6
5.3
5.6
6.7
12.1
5.2
5.2
6.3
6.7
0.7
0.4
0.0
-0.7
0.0
7.2
7.7
-0.5
3.6
3.8
-0.2
3.6
3.9
-0.3
19.1
17.4
10.5
11.1
18.6
19.8
15.7
10.6
11.4
17.0
-0.7
1.7
-0.1
-0.4
1.6
9.0
8.5
5.1
5.4
9.2
9.4
7.6
5.3
5.5
8.3
-0.4
0.9
-0.1
-0.1
0.8
10.2
9.0
5.3
5.7
9.4
10.1
7.9
5.3
5.8
8.6
0.1
1.1
0.1
-0.1
0.8
SOUTH EAST
SOUTH WEST
WEST MIDLANDS
NORTH WEST
Wirral
WALES
Bro Taf
Dyfed Powys
Gwent
Morgannwg
North Wales
National Statistics
68
Population Trends 101
Autumn 2000
Annual Update:
Marriages and divorces
during 1998, and adoptions
in 1999: England and Wales
I NTRODUCTION
MARRIAGES
This article provides commentary on recent marriage, divorce and
adoption statistics which links with the annual reference volume1,
published in July 2000.
The number of marriages2 solemnised in England and Wales continues
to fall - there were 267 thousand marriages in 1998, 2 per cent fewer
than in 1997 (Table A). The number of first marriages also continues to
fall - 157 thousand marriages in 1998 were the first for both parties,
compared with 220 thousand in 1988 (Table A).
SUMMARY BOX
This article summarises recent trends in marriages and
divorces up to 1998, and adoptions up to 1999 in
England and Wales. In particular, it analyses:
●
●
●
marriages in 1998, and general trends over the last
ten years;
changes in the pattern of divorces between 1988 and
1998; and
statistics on children adopted between 1989 and 1999.
MARITAL STATUS OF THE POPULATION
In recent years falling marriage rates and high divorce rates have had a
large effect on the number of married people in the population of
England and Wales.
Population estimates by legal marital status show that in the ten years to
mid-1998 the population of England and Wales increased 4 per cent to
52.4 million, of whom 41.7 million were aged 16 or over, and so legally
able to marry. Over the same period the estimated number of married
people decreased by more than 1.3 million (6 per cent) to 22.4 million,
and the single population of marriageable age increased by 1.6 million
(15 per cent), to 12.2 million by mid-1998. The estimated number of
divorced people rose 55 per cent, from 2.3 million in mid-1988 to
3.6 million by mid-1998.
In 1998, 81 per cent of marriages involved a person marrying for the
first time, compared with 83 per cent in 1988. First marriage rates have
fallen steadily over the last ten years (Figure 1), with first marriage
rates for women being higher than those for men. In 1998, 35 women
married for the first time per 1,000 single (never married) female
population, compared with 28 men; the corresponding rates for 1988
were 54 and 43 respectively. Remarriage rates for divorced persons
continued to fall, but not as quickly as observed between 1988 and
1991. Unlike first marriage rates, remarriage rates are higher for
divorced men than divorced women: 45 divorced men in every
1,000 divorced male population married in 1998, while the rate for
divorced women was 38.
The number of marriages to those in their twenties fell most in the ten
years to 1998. This continues the trend from the previous decade, with
both men and women marrying at a later age. Only a sixth of bachelors
who married in 1998 were aged under 25, compared with over two
fifths in 1988. Similarly, one third of spinsters who married in 1998
were aged under 25, whereas nearly two thirds were in this age group
in 1988.
This is reflected in the falling first marriage rates for those in their
twenties. In 1998, the first marriage rate for bachelors aged 20 to 24
was 20 per 1,000 single males, compared with 58 in 1988. The rates
for 25 to 29 year bachelors fell from 94 to 54 over the same period. A
similar change is seen in the first marriage rates for spinsters: the rate
for 20 to 24year olds fell from 96 per 1,000 single females to 40 in the
ten years to 1998, while the rate for those aged 25 to 29 fell from 103
69
National Statistics
C
Population Trends 101
Table A
C
Autumn 2000
England and Wales
Summary of marriages, divorces and adoptions, 1988–1999
Year
Marriages
Divorces*
First marriage
for both
parties
Total
Remarriage
for both
parties
Adoptions
Persons marrying
per 1,000
population
of all ages
Total
Number of
couples with
children#
under 16
Persons divorcing
per 1,000
married
population
1988
1989
1990
348,492
346,697
331,150
219,791
218,904
209,043
59,282
58,608
55,094
13.8
13.7
13.1
152,633
150,872
153,386
84,268
82,795
84,751
12.8
12.7
13.0
7,390
7,044
6,533
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
306,756
311,564
299,197
291,069
283,012
192,238
191,732
181,956
174,200
166,418
51,359
53,536
52,690
52,860
52,619
12.0
12.2
11.6
11.3
10.9
158,745
160,385
165,018
158,175
155,499
88,346
91,425
94,915
88,491
85,867
13.4
13.7
14.2
13.7
13.6
7,170
7,342
6,854
6,239
5,797
1996
1997
1998
1999
278,975
272,536
267,303
160,680
156,907
156,539
53,642
52,718
50,122
10.7
10.4
10.2
157,107
146,689
145,214
86,933
80,670
80,476
13.8
13.0
12.9
5,962
5,306
4,387
4,317
*
#
includes decrees of nullity
these are children aged under 16 at the date of petition for divorce not at decree absolute.
The children referred to here are those who have been treated as children of the family, and may include step children and adopted children.
to 72 over the same period. First marriage rates for bachelors and
spinsters aged 35 or over have remained at about the same level in
recent years.
The mean age at marriage has increased in the last decade: in 1998 it
was 34.1 years for men and 31.6 years for women. Bachelors marrying
in 1998 were on average 29.8 years of age, and spinsters 27.7 years, in
both cases about three years older than those who first married in 1988.
Figure 1
Marriage and divorce rates, 1988–1998, England
and Wales
Rate per 1,000
90
Remarriages of
divorced males†
60
Remarriages of
divorced females†
50
40
First marriages
of females*
30
First marriages
of males*
20
Divorces#
10
0
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
Eighty four per cent of couples marrying by civil ceremonies gave
identical addresses at marriage, much higher than the 51 per cent of all
couples marrying by religious ceremony. This was due in part to a
higher proportion of divorced persons marrying by civil rather than
religious ceremony: less than half the marriages between bachelors and
spinsters in 1998 were solemnised by civil ceremonies, whereas nearly
nine out of ten of couples where both parties had previously been
divorced were married this way.
Altogether, more than six out of ten marriages in England and Wales in
1998 were solemnised by civil ceremonies. Figure 2 shows the regional
differences in the type of ceremony and denomination. Regional figures
are compiled on the basis of where the marriage took place, rather than
the residence of the parties either before or after the marriage. Couples
have been able to marry in Register Offices or ‘Approved premises’4
outside the area in which they live since 1995. Marriages by religious
ceremonies should take place only in the usual place of worship of at
least one of the couple; this may be in a different area from the one(s)
the parties reside in.
80
70
Whether the residential addresses of the couple immediately before
marriage were identical has been shown to be a good indicator of
whether a couple were cohabiting at that time3. In 1998, identical
residential addresses were given by 87 per cent of couples where both
parties had previously been divorced, markedly higher than the
64 per cent for marriages between bachelors and spinsters.
1993 1994
Year
1995
1996
1997
1998
* First marriage of bachelors/spinsters per 1,000 single male/female population.
† Remarriages of divorced men/women per 1,000 divorced male/female population.
# Persons divorcing per 1,000 married population.
National Statistics
70
The London Government Office Region has the largest proportion of
civil marriages with 71 per cent of all marriages in the region taking
place in a Register Office and 4 per cent in ‘Approved Premises’. The
proportion of those marrying in London who are single is also higher
than that for other regions - over 75 per cent of men and women are
single at the time of marriage, compared with around 70 per cent for
other areas.
Marriages in ‘Approved Premises’ are most popular in the South East
and North West, with around 14 per cent of all marriages in those
regions taking place in them.
Population Trends 101
Figure 2
C
Autumn 2000
Marriages by type of ceremony, 1998, Government Office Regions and Wales
Percentage
Percentage
100
0
90
10
80
20
70
30
60
40
50
50
40
60
30
70
20
80
10
90
0
North East
North West
Church of England and
Church in Wales
Yorkshire and
The Humber
Roman
Catholic
East Midlands
West Midlands
Other Christian
bodies
The proportion of marriages solemnised by ‘Other Christian bodies’ is
highest in Wales (Figure 2), due to the large number of Baptist,
Congregationalist and Methodist Churches and Chapels found there.
DIVORCES
The divorce rate fell to 12.9 persons divorcing per 1,000 married
population (Table A, Figure 1) in 1998, the lowest rate since 1989.
There were 145 thousand divorces granted (including 360 annulments)
in England and Wales in 1998, a decrease of 1.5 thousand (1 per cent)
on the previous year. The majority of these, 71 per cent, were to couples
where the marriage had been the first for both parties. This proportion
has fallen steadily from 75 per cent in 1988, a similar trend to that in
recent years of fewer first marriages.
East
London
Other religious
bodies
South East
South West
Civil in
'Approved Premises'
Wales
100
Civil in
'Register Office'
24. This is due to the falling number of women aged under 25 choosing
to marry over the last decade.
Fifty five per cent (80 thousand) of all couples divorcing in 1998 had at
least one child5 aged under 16 at the time of petition for divorce (Table
A), a similar percentage to that of recent years. These divorces involved
150 thousand children aged under 16, and 18 thousand children aged
16 or over. A further 20 thousand couples divorcing in 1998 had
42 thousand children aged 16 or over only. For nearly a third of all
divorcing couples in 1998 there were no children in the family.
The average age at divorce, as measured by the mean, has risen
gradually to 40.4 years for men and 37.9 years for women in 1998,
from 38.3 and 35.7 years respectively in 1988.
For divorces granted in 1998, the interval between petition and decree
absolute was less than 6 months in 45 per cent of all cases which did
not involve children aged under 16. This proportion fell to 34 per cent
of all cases that did involve children. Relatively few cases (2.5 per cent)
had taken three years or more. Divorces where the facts proven are of
‘two years separation and consent’ were granted the fastest, with half
granted within 6 months of petition.
The median duration of marriages ending in divorce in 1998 was
10.2 years, compared with 9.7 years in 1988. The median duration of a
marriage to divorce was longer for couples where the wife was aged
under 25 at marriage - 17 years for couples where the wife was aged
under 20 at marriage and 11 years where the wife was between 20 and
Seventy per cent of all divorces were granted to the wife in 1998 about the same percentage as in 1988. Over half of these, 54 thousand,
were granted because of the husband’s behaviour, and just over a fifth
because of adultery. In contrast, a third (14 thousand) of divorces
granted to the husband were because of his wife’s adultery.
71
National Statistics
Population Trends 101
C
Autumn 2000
ADOPTIONS
Figure 3
Just over 4.3 thousand children were adopted in 1999 (Table A),
slightly fewer (1.6 per cent) than in 1998, and 39 per cent fewer than in
1989, continuing the downward trend over recent years. Between 1998
and 1999 adoptions of children under 5 years old rose for both girls and
boys (Figure 3) but fell for children at other ages. The ratio of boys to
girls born in any year is about 105 boys to every 100 girls. This ratio is
found for numbers of boys and girls aged under 5 adopted each year,
but is not present at older ages. For children aged between 5 and 9 the
number of boys adopted, as compared with girls varies from one year to
another, with more girls than boys adopted in some years. Over the age
of 9, fewer boys than girls were adopted in most years since 1991.
The total number of children adopted aged 5 or over varied little over
the five years to1996, but between 1996 to 1999 fell by 38 per cent. In
contrast, there was a fall in the number of adoptions of under 5s
between 1992 and 1996, and since 1996 the number has remained at a
broadly similar level.
Adoptions by age group and sex, 1991–1999,
England and Wales
Number
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
CONCLUSIONS BOX
0
1991
●
●
●
●
●
There were 267 thousand marriages in 1998,
2 per cent fewer than in 1997.
Civil marriages are more popular in the London
region than in any other, with three quarters of all
marriages solemnised with civil ceremonies.
There were 145 thousand divorces in 1998
(including 360 annulments), 1 per cent fewer than
in 1997. The divorce rate fell to 12.9 divorces per
1,000 married persons.
The proportion of couples divorcing stating that
they have children aged under 16 has remained
broadly at the same level over the ten years to
1998, at 55 per cent of all couples divorcing.
There were 4.3 thousand adoptions in 1999, slightly
fewer than 1998 - but adoptions of children aged
under 5 rose 8 per cent in 1999 to 1.8 thousand.
NOTES AND REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ONS (2000). Marriage, divorce and adoption statistics, 1998,
Series FM2 no 26. The Stationery Office, London.
Marriage figures are based on marriages solemnised in England and
Wales; they include marriages to non-residents occurring in
England and Wales, but exclude marriages to residents that take
place outside England and Wales.
Haskey, J. (1997). ‘Spouses with identical residential addresses
before marriage: an indicator of pre-marital cohabitation’,
Population Trends, Vol. 89, 1997 pp.13–23. The Stationery Office,
London.
The 1994 Marriage Act came into force during 1995. This made
provision for civil marriages to be solemnised in premises approved
for the purpose by local authorities. A marriage in ‘Approved
Premises’ is the exact equivalent of a civil marriage in a register
office.
In this context, ‘children’ are children of the family, and include
both step children and adopted children treated as children of the
family. Their ages are as at the date of petition, as this is an
indication of a start to divorce proceedings.
National Statistics
72
1992
1993
1994
1995
Year
1996
1997
Males under 5
Females under 5
Males 5–9
Females 5–9
Males over 9
Females over 9
1998
1999
C
Other population and health articles, publications and data
Health Statistics Quarterly 08
Population Trends 102
Publication 09 November 2000
Publication 5 December 2000
Planned
articles:
•
•
•
•
Implementation of ICD10 for
mortality in England and Wales
from January 2001
Cancer trends 1950–1999
Linking congenital anomaly and
birth records
Analysis of risk factors for
neonatal mortality in England
and Wales, 1993–97
Report:
•
Infant and perinatal mortality by
social and biological factors 1999
(England and Wales)
Annual updates:
•
Morbidity and treatment data
from general practice, 1998,
England and Wales
Congenital anomalies statistics:
notifications, 1999, England and
Wales
Mortality Statistics: general,
1998, England and Wales
Legal Abortions in England and
Wales, 1999
•
•
•
Forthcoming Annual Reference Volumes
Title
Mid-1999 Population estimates for England & Wales PE no. 02
Abortion statistics 1999, AB no.26
Mortality statistics: general, 1998, DH1 no.31
Cancer statistics: registrations, 1994 MB1 no. 27
International migration, 1999, MN no.25
Congential anomaly statistics, 1999, MB3 no.14
Birth Statistics, 1999, FM1 no.28
Mortality statistics: cause, 1999, DH2 no.26
Planned
articles:
●
●
●
●
●
Annual update:
Report:
Projections of the ethnic
minority populations: a
sufficiently interesting or a
definitely necessary exercise
to undertake?
Geographic variations in
conception rates in the UK
True birth order
Longitudinal perspectives on
family change
Population Review 1999,
England and Wales
●
Births, 1999
●
Divorces, 1999
Vital Statistics data – annual data for each Health
and Local Authority in England and Wales
Publication
August 2000
September 2000
September 2000
September 2000
October 2000
December 2000
December 2000
December 2000
VS1 Births and deaths summary data:
Population, births and deaths, fertility and mortality rates, comparisons with
the region, and with England and Wales.
VS2 Births:
Births by age of mother, number of previous children, place of confinement
and birthweight.
VS3 Deaths by cause:
Deaths by cause, sex and age.
VS4 Vital Statistics for wards:
Live births, stillbirths and deaths (by age).
VS4D Deaths for wards:
Deaths for wards in local authorities by 12 selected causes.
VS5 Infant mortality:
Live births, stillbirths and infant deaths. Numbers and rates.
Live births and stillbirths by birthweight.
Stillbirths by gestation period.
How to order:
Most Vital Statistics data are available on paper, disk and CD-ROM for each
year 1993–98. Prices range from £30 to £40. To order contact:
Vital Statistics Outputs Branch
Room 1300
Office for National Statistics
Segensworth Road
Titchfield
Hampshire PO15 5RR
Tel: 01329 813758