MARILYN POTTS
WIN LIBRARY ,
HATFIELD MARINE
OREGON STATE
SCIENCE
UNIVERSMY
tiEWPoRT. OREGON 97355
tNIEP
COOS BAY DRAINAGE BASIN
WATER QUALITY REPORT
Elaine A. Glendening
John E. Jackson
OREGON DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY
522 S.W. Fifth Ave.
(P. 0. Box 1760)
Portland, Oregon 97207
This project has been financed in part with federal funds from the
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency under Grant Identification
Number P-2171-01. The contents do not necessarily reflect the views or
policies of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.
JUNE 1983
TABLE OF CONTENTS
COOS BAY DRAINAGE BASIN
WATER QUALITY REPORT
List of Figures List of Tables
i, ii
iii, iv
Acknowledgments I.
II.
III.
IV.
Summary Introduction
Description of Study Area Sampling Strategy and Analytic Methods -
-
-
-
-
-
-
V.
1
6
Description of Potential Fecal Waste Sources
Sample Site Selection Sampling Strategy Water Sampling Methods - Parameters Tested . . .
Oyster Sampling Methods .......• • • • •
Methods of Bacteria Analysis for Water Samples
Method of Bacteria Analysis for Oyster Meat . . .
Data Analyses Bacterial Water Quality Results for the Coos Bay Drainage
January 22 to 25, 1982 -
Weather and Soil Conditions .
. . ... . Tributary Water Quality Water Quality Results for Sewage Treatment
Plants and Sewage Collection Systems .
Bay Water Quality .......... .
Oyster Meat Quality Klebsiella Analyses VI.' Bacterial Water Quality Results for Follow-Up Sampling
in the Coos Bay Drainage February 2 and 3, 1982 -
Weather and Soil Conditions Tributary Water Quality Water Quality Results for Sewage Treatment
Plants and Sewage Collection Systems Bay Water Quality
Oyster Meat Quality 18
18
18
24
24
25
26
27
29
30
30
30
37
40
49
49
49
49
49
54
54
54
VII. Bacterial Water Quality Results from the Coos Bay Drainage
June 15 and 1 6, 1982
. ....... . . . . . ...
-
-
VIII.
. .
Weather and Soil Conditions .......
Tributary Water Quality Water Quality Results for Sewage Treatment
Plants and Sewage Collection Systems . . . . .
Bay Water Quality .........
Oyster Meat Quality Klebsiella Analyses Predictive Model for Estimating Bacterial Densities
in Coos Bay and South Slough ..... . .. . . . . .
-
IX.
X.
59
59
59
63
63
67
70
• 71
71
71
76
Introduction Simulating the Bay's Circulation Patterns . .
Simulating the Impact of Fecal Sources Results of Simulation for Input of Individual
Fecal Sources 81
92
Conclusions References
. . . . . . . ...... . .. .... .
Appendices
A.
Glossary of Terms
B.
Water Quality Data for Tributary Sampling Sites
C.
Water Quality Data for Bay Sampling Stations
D.
Water Quality Data for Sewage Treatment
Plant Effluent
E.
Oyster Meat Quality
F.
DEQ Coos Bay Dye Work - April, 1982
96
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Page
Location of Coos Bay Estuary
. . . . . . . Coos Bay Drainage Basin . .
Mean Annual Precipitation (1940-1970) Coos Bay Estuary Commercial Oyster Leases in South Slough . . . . • • •
Approximate Oyster Plat Boundaries for Upper
Coos Bay, Oregon . . . . . . . . Oregon State Health Division Shellfish Growing
Water Classification for Coos Bay and
South Slough Clam Digging Areas .
Coos Bay Water Quality Study
Tributary Sampling Sites •
• •
Coos Bay Water Quality Study
Bay Water Sampling Stations Tributary Log Mean Fecal Coliform Values
January 22 to 25, 1982 Tributary Log Mean Fecal Coliform Values
January 22 to 25, 1982 Bay Station Median Fecal Coliform Values
January 22 to 25, 1982 Silver Point 7 and 8 Bay Stations
Median Fecal Coliform Values
January 22 to 25, 1982 Tributary Fecal Coliform Values for
Low Tide February 2, 1982 Tributary Fecal Coliform Values for
Low Tide February 2, 1982
Tributary Fecal Coliform Values for
Low Tide February 3, 1982 Tributary Fecal Coliform Values for
Low Tide February 3, 1982
Bay Station Fecal Coliform Values for
Low Tide February 2, 1982 Bay Station Fecal Coliform Values for
High and Low Tide February 3, 1982
.
Silver Point 7 and 8 Bay Stations
Fecal Coliform Values for High and Low
Tide February 3, 1982 . Tributary Log Mean Fecal Coliform Values
. . .
June 15 and 16, 1982 Tributary Log Mean Fecal Coliform Values
June 15 and 16, 1982 . . ....... . Bay Station Median Fecal Coliform Values
June 15 and 16, 1982 . . . . . . ....... . 7
8
10
11
14
15
16
17
19
22
34
36
43
44
50
51
52
53
55
56
57
61
62
65
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figures
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
Silver Point 7 and 8 Bay Station
Median Fecal Coliform Values
66
June 15 and 16, 1982 Example of Upper Coos Bay Nodes and
.... .
72
Junctions Used in Computer Model . . . .
Representative Tidal Amplitudes Used in
Predictive Computer Model for Main
Channel of Coos Bay Near Empire 73
Representative Tidal Amplitudes
Used in Predictive Computer Model for
Tideflat and Channels in Upper Sough Slough 73
Hydraulic Model Prediction Showing
. •
• . 74
Channels of Flow for Outgoing Tide
Hydraulic Model Prediction Showing
75
Channels of Flow for Incoming Tide
. ... .. . .
Hydraulic Model Prediction Showing
Direction of Net Water Movement in
24 Hours When Inflow From the Coos
River is 2500 Cubic Feet per Second
77
Hydraulic Model Prediction Showing
Direction of Net Water Movement in
24 Hours When Inflow From the Coos
78
River is 500 Cubic Feet per Second .
..
Hydraulic Model Prediction Showing
Direction of Net Water Movement in
24 Hours When Inflow From the Coos
River is 30 Cubic Feet per Second .
. ..
79
Areas of Upper Coos Bay and Sough Slough
Reviewed by Predictive Model for
82
Bacterial Densities ii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Tables
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Lengths, Drainage Areas and Fresh Water Yields
of Coos Bay Tributaries •
9
Tributary Sampling Sites - Site Name
.
. 20
and Description
.20
. . .••••••••
. . . . . . . ..
23
Bay Sampling Stations Located in Main Channel . . . Bay Sampling Stations Located Over Shellfish
Plats and Other Intertidal Areas . . . . ..... . 23
Food and Drug Administration and State of Oregon
Shellfish Growing Water and Market Oyster
Meat Standards Applicable to Estuarine
and Fresh Waters in the Coos Bay Drainage
28
Basin U.S. Weather Bureau Recorded Rainfall Amounts
at North Bend Airport; North Bend, Oregon, 1982 . . 31
Evaluation of Fecal Coliform Values for Adherence
to Water Contact Recreation Standard at
Tributary Sampling Sites in Coos Bay
. 32
Drainage, January 22-25, 1982 Observed Discharges from the Coos Bay and
North Bend Sewage Collection Systems,
January 22 to February 2, 1982 . . . 38
Evaluation of Coos Bay and North Bend Sewage
Treatment Plant Effluent Discharges for
Adherence to NPDES Permit ,Requirements . . . . . 39
Evaluation of Fecal Coliform Values for Adherence
to Shellfish Growing Water and Water Contact
Recreation Standards at Sampling Stations
in Coos Bay, January 22-25, 1982
Coos Bay Oyster Meat Quality Samples from . 46
. .
.
Silver Point 8 .. .. . . . . . . . .
South Slough Oyster Meat Quality Samples
From Joe Ney and Sough Sloughs 46
Percent Klebsiella to Total Coliform by Day at
Silver Point 7 and 8 Bay Stations,
147
January 23-25, 1982 Percent Klebsiella to Fecal Coliform by Day at
Silver Point 7 and 8 Bay Stations
48
January 23-25, 1982
Evaluation of Fecal Coliform Values for Adherence
to Water Contact Recreation Standard at
Tributary Sampling Stations in the Coos Bay
60
Drainage, June 15-16, 1982 Evaluation of Fecal Coliform Values for Adherence
to Shellfish Growing Water and Water Contact
Recreation Standard at Sampling Stations
64
in Coos Bay, June 15-16, 1982 ..... . .
•
iii
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Tables
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
Percent Klebsiella to Total Coliform by Day at
Silver Point 7 and 8 Bay Stations,
68
June 15-16, 1982 Percent Klebsiella to Fecal Coliform by Day
at Silver Point 7 and 8 Bay Stations,
June 15-16, 1982 . 69
Summary Of Flow and Fecal Coliform Input
Scenarios Used to Generate Estimated
Winter Fecal Coliform Densities per 100 ml
83
in Specific Areas of Coos Bay and South Slough . . . Summary of Flow and Fecal Coliform Input
Scenarios Within South Slough Used to
Generate Estimated Winter Fecal Coliform
Densities per 100 ml in Specific Areas
86
of South Slough Summary of Flow and Fecal Coliform Input
Scenarios Used to Generate Estimated Fall
and Spring Fecal Coliform Densities
per 100 ml in Specific Areas of Coos Bay
88
• •
and South Slough Summary of Flow and Fecal Coliform Input
Scenarios Within South Slough Used to
Generate Estimated Fall and Spring Fecal
Coliform Densities per 100 ml in Specific
89
Areas of South Slough Summary of Flow and Fecal Coliform Input
Scenarios Used to Generate Estimated
Summer Fecal Coliform Densities
per 100 ml in Specific Areas of
90
Coos Bay and South Slough Summary of Flow and Fecal Coliform Input
Scenarios Within South Slough Used to
Generate Estimated Summer Fecal Coliform
Densities per 100 ml in Specific Areas of
91
South Slough . . . . . iv
,ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish to acknowledge the following groups and individuals that.
contributed to the success of the Water Quality Study in the Coos
Bay Drainage Basin:
-
The DEQ water sampling crew for their round-the-clock efforts
during storm conditions, especially, Andy Schaedel, Mary
McGlothlin, Greg Pettit, Peter Ressler, Ruben Kretzschmar,
and Bruce Hammon
-
The DEQ and OSHD Microbiological Labs for their round-the-clock
efforts in analyzing water and oyster samples within holding
times, especially Dick Avedovech, Sigrid Schwind, Donna Larson,
Ken Mitchner, and Bill Harmon.
-
The DEQ Word Processing staff for their many revisions of this
report, especially Anna Kingsfather, Eleanore Mueller, Linda Wirth
and Sherry Chew.
•
The Coos-Curry Council of Governments for their coordination and
dissemination of information to local citizens on the Study,
especially Sandra Diedrich and Terry McGourty.
-
The Coos Bay Citizen and Technical Water Quality Committees for
their review and support of the Study, timely comments and keen
interest.
The EPA Region X Staff, especially John Yearsley and Bruce Cleland
for their expertise in model applications,assistance given, to
DEQ and subsequent data analysis on Coos Bay.
I
SUMMARY
The Coos Bay drainage basin, located on the Southern Oregon Coast, is
Oregon's largest estuary. Many acres of tideflats in the bay have the
potential to support shellfish cultivation but are not actively cultivated
because of limitations placed on them due to bacterial pollution.
The principal objectives of the Coos Bay Water Quality Study were (1) to
assess bacterial water quality in Coos Bay and the tributaries that flow
into it, (2) to identify fecal sources that impact water quality, (3) to
identify impaired beneficial uses and (4) to develop methods to protect the
beneficial uses through a Water Quality Management Plan.
The approach taken in this study was to review all past water quality work
and studies completed in the drainage basin. This information was used to
design an intensive sampling program for the bay, tributaries and known
point source discharges. The program specified sampling during selected
weather conditions to identify fecal sources. Additionally, the relative
impact of identified fecal sources on water quality in the bay was assessed
using a predictive model.
Results of the intensive water sampling both for wet and dry weather
periods are as follows:
1.
During a wet weather event of 2.9 inches in 24 hours sampled
January 22 to 25, 1982:
a.
All potential and current shellfish growing areas in upper
Coos Bay and South Slough exceeded the growing water standard
of 14 fecal coliform per 100 ml.
b. Many tributaries exceeded the water contact recreation standard
of 200 fecal coliform per 100 ml.
c.
Identified fecal sources impacting water quality included:
(1)
Bypasses of diluted untreated sewage from Coos Bay's and
North Bend's sewage collection systems.
(2)
Animal waste sources in the Haynes Inlet and Catching
Slough drainages.
(3)
On-site subsurface sewage disposal systems.
(4)
Discharge of treated sewage effluent that exceeded permit
limits at one of the three sewage treatment plants.
d. Five of six oyster meat samples exceeded the allowed market
standard of 230 fecal coliform per 100 grams.
2.
During a dr y weather event sampled June 15 and 16, 1983:
a. All potential and current shellfish growing areas in upper Coos
Bay and South Slough were within the shellfish growing water
standard of 14 fecal coliform per 100 ml.
b.
Some tributaries continued to exceed the water contact recreation
standard of 200 fecal coliform per 100 ml. Their impact in the
bay was not detected since large amounts of seawater in the upper
bay and mouths of sloughs provided dilution.
c.
No sewage bypasses from municipal collection systems occurred.
d. All sewage treatment plants operated properly and discharged
treated effluent within permit limits.
e.
f.
Identified fecal sources impacting water quality of some
tributaries included:
(1)
Animal waste sources in the Haynes Inlet and Catching
Slough drainage.
(2)
On-site subsurface sewage disposal systems.
All oyster meat samples were within the marketable meat standard
of 230 fecal coliform per 100 grams.
Based on the intensive sampling program and subsequent data analyses
several conclusions can be drawn, as presented below:
1. Beneficial uses of water in the Coos Bay drainage basin are seasonally
impaired by fecal waste inputs.
Water Quality in shellfish growing areas is affected as follows:
(i) Upper Coos Bay frequently meets shellfish growing water
quality standards necessary for shellfish harvesting during
the summer and fall months (June through September) when no
rain occurs and no sewage collection system bypasses occur.
However, during the winter heavy rainfall season, waters in
this area often do not meet the shellfish growing water
standard.
A multitude of fecal sources have been identified that have
the potential to impact the bacterial water quality of upper
Coos Bay. Untreated, diluted sewage bypass discharges from
the sewage collection systems for Coos Bay #1 and North Bend
have a major impact on large areas of the bay especially the
upper bay, when they discharge and for a time period after
they cease discharging.
Coliform counts in the upper bay shellfish growing areas were
not significantly elevated by the presence of Aebsiella. a
coliform bacteria associated with wood and wood products.
(iii South Slough meets water quality standards necessary for
shellfish growing waters except during rainy periods in the
winter. Fecal sources within South Slough impact water
quality more than fecal sources outside of the Slough.
b. Fecal sources located within tributary boundaries in the drainage
basin can have localized impacts in the tributaries and can cause
the standard for water contact recreation to be exceeded. However,
fecal source inputs may be diluted by the time they reach shellfish growing waters and consequently have little impact to water
quality.
2. Factors influencing the impact of a fecal source on beneficial
uses in the drainage basin are:
a.
Distance from shellfish growing waters.
b.
Volume of fecal source discharge and bacterial concentration.
c.
Volume of seawater in the bay, especially in upper Coos Bay,
available to provide dilution.
d.
Volume of freshwater inflow from the Coos River and other
tributaries and the associated bacterial load they add to
the bay.
e.
Circulation patterns in the bay.
Please refer to the conclusion section for area specific conclusions.
EAG:1
TL2362
II
INTRODUCTION
Coos Bay is Oregon's largest estuary and is located on the Southern Oregon
coast. Currently the bay .is used for log storage, commercial shipping and wildlife habitat. Commercial oyster growing occurs only in South Slough,
a tributary to the bay.
Approximately 25 years ago the oyster industry in Coos Bay was much
larger. Hundreds of acres were in production on tideflats along the east
side of upper Coos Bay and in Haynes Inlet. In the early 1950s the Oregon
State Board of Health closed upper Coos Bay to commercial oyster harvesting
because public health was being threatened by fecal contamination of the
growing waters from raw sewage. This left South Slough as the only area
for commercial oyster cultivation. Since that time, much has been done to
address raw sewage inputs to the bay including major upgrading of sewage
treatment plants. Renewed interest in an upper bay oyster industry has
been expressed by local citizens. Requests have been made to the Oregon
State Health Division (OSHD) for recertifying the upper bay and allowing
the industry to reestablish.
Over the last ten years ambient bacterial water quality data collected by
the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), at main channel sites of
upper Coos Bay often exceeded shellfish growing water standards, especially
during periods of rainfall. No specific causes were identified for these
elevated bacterial counts. Also, no ambient sampling was conducted over
the upper bay tide flats where commercial oyster cultivation was being
considered. Citing the lack of water quality data in the shellfish growing
areas of upper Coos Bay, the OSHD could not support reclassifying the area
to allow for year-round conditional shellfish harvesting.
In response to request-for information from state and federal agencies for
in-depth water quality information and support from the local community,
the DEQ applied for and received a Section 208 grant from the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) to conduct a two-year bacterial water quality study
in the Coos Bay Drainage Basin.
The purposes of the study were:
1. Review all existing data and information.
. Determine potential fecal waste sources in basin.
3.
Assess bacterial water quality in Coos Bay and its tributaries,
during various weather situations.
4.
Identify sources of fecal contamination.
5.
Identify impaired beneficial uses.
6.
Develop, with local water quality committees, a water quality management plan outlining corrective measures, responsible implementing
parties, and a schedule for implementation.
-4-
Adopt a management plan locally and as part of-DEQ's Water Quality
Management Plan.
The Coos Bay Drainage Water Quality Report, addresses items two through
five. The intent is to provide the reader with an overview of bacterial
water quality in the tributaries and the bay during a winter storm event
sampled January and February 1982 and during a no-rain steady state period
sampled June 1982. In addition, fecal source types and locations impacting
water quality are identified. Finally, each identified fecal source is
assessed for its relative impact on bay water quality, especially in
shellfish growing waters, using a predictive computer model.
EAG:1
TL2339
III
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
Coos Bay, Oregon's largest estuary, and its associated watershed are
located approximately 200 miles south of the mouth of the Columbia River
(Figure 1). The bay is the estuary of the Coos Drainage Basin. Oregon
Division of State Lands estimates that in this estuary approximately 6,200
acres is submersible land between high water and mean low water and 6,180
acres is submerged land below mean low water.
The drainage basin of Coos Bay (Figure 2) contains about 30 tributaries
draining approximately 605 square miles. The major tributary is the Coos
River with most of its drainage area divided into the Millicoma River (35
miles in length) and South Fork Coos River (31 miles long). Other smaller
tributaries contributing smaller amounts of fresh water to the estuary
include Isthmus, Catching, North, South, Pony, Kentuck, Willanch and
Coalbank sloughs and Haynes Inlet.
DrainageLlsula
The drainage basin yields an average of 2.2 million acre feet of fresh
water annually (Table 1). Runoff follows the pattern of precipitation.
Soils provide minimum water retention and snowfall is light. Annual
precipitation in the basin ranges from 61 inches per year at North Bend
to over 100 inches per year at the headwaters of the Millicoma River.
Precipitation records show that January is the wettest month at North
Bend, averaging 10.9 inches, and July the driest month with an average of
0.44 inches precipitation (Figure 3). Winds during the winter months of
October through March are generally from the south and southwest and in
the summer, April through September, they are from the north-northwest.
Stream gradients of the main tributaries are slight for several miles
in the lower watershed allowing tidal effects to extend many miles
upstream. These gentle gradients provide waterborne transportation of
logs from the forested areas of the drainage basin (80% of the land use
of the basin) and provide long narrow alluvial plains adjacent to the
streams for cropland and pasture (3% of the land area).
The urban area of the watershed comprises 7% of the land area. Population
in 1980 of the major urban centers for the study area are: Coos Bay
14,424; North Bend 9,779; and Eastside 1,601. All these cities are located
on the south side of the bay. Small rural communities (unincorporated)
include Millington, located next to Isthmus Slough, Dellwood, on the South
Fork of Coos River and Allegany located on the West Fork of the Millicoma
River and Charleston located at the juncture of South Slough and the mouth
of Coos Bay.
Three sewage treatment plants (STP) are located in the bay watershed and
discharge to the bay (Figure 4). Coos Bay No. 1 services greater Coos Bay
and the Eastside/Bunker Hill area. Coos Bay No. 2 services Charleston and
Empire. The North Bend STP services the city of North Bend.
The current economic base of the area is primarily the wood products
industry -- timber export, lumber, wood chips, and paper. There is also
0 Tillamook
0 Portland
Newport
OREGON
o Eugene
COOS BAY ESTUARY
0 Grants Pass
CALIFORNIA
Figure 1. Location of Coos Bay Estuary (Gaumer, et al 1973).
-7-
Table 1. Lengths, Drainage Areas, and Fresh Water Yields of Coos
Bay Tributaries (from Descrintigns and Informatipn Sources
for Orson Estuaries. Percy, K. L.; et al., Sea Grant
Program 1974)
Stream
Coos River
South Fork Coos River
Millicoma River
Length Drainage
areas
(miles)
(sq. mi.)
Fresh water annual yield 1
(ac-ft)
minimum
malimum
5.52
415
2,200,000
1,130,000
1,590,000
31.33
254
1,280,000
660,000
930,000
8.74
151
880,000
450,000
630,000
330,000
East Fork Millicoma River
23.9
79
460,000
230,000
West Fork Millicoma River6
34.9
46.9
254,000
127,000
182,000
1 Yields were estimated for 1930 to 1961 by correlations from available records
(consisting of spot observations with no complete water years of record.)
2 To the confluence of the South Fork Coos River and Millicoma River.
3 To the confluence of the Willams River and Tiogs Creek.
4 To the confluence of the West Fork Millicoma River and the east Fork Millicoma
River.
5 Total Coos Bay drainage area is not the sum of these individual drainage areas.
6 Data from Water Resources Data for Oregon, USGS.
T01159.1
Figure 3. Mean Annual Precipitation (1940-1970) Monthly Distribution
at North Bend Airport North Bend, Oregon.
SO
61.66
60 20
10,47
10.90
7.68 7.11
5.21
2.83
0,44
JAN
FE 3
MAR APRIL
MAY
E JULY
194 1- - 19 7 0
Source: Climatography of the United
States No. 81 (Cregon) NCAA
-10-
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Figure 4. Coos Bay Estuary
-11-
a large fishery resource with most of the fishing fleet based
in the
Charleston area of South Slough. The harbor area of Coos Bay/North Bend
also supports loading and unloading of ocean vessels. Agriculture consists
primarily of dairy and livestock operations.
Coos Bay,
Coos Bay is considered a flooded river mouth that was invaded by the sea
after the last Ice Age. The bay is approximately 13 miles long and is
shaped like an inverted ' 411" with the bend pointing north. The west side
of the bay is bordered by a recent dunal deposit forming a spit of land
between the bay and the ocean. The mean tidal range is 5.2 feet and the
diurnal range is 7.0 feet with extremes of 11 feet. The tidal prism
has a mean range of 1.86 x 10 9 cubic feet and a diurnal range of
2.51 x 10 9 cubic feet, (Johnson 1972)
Tidal effects extend up the tributaries of the bay as far as Dellwood on
the south fork of the Coos River and Allegeny on the Millicoma fork. Both
are a pproximately 27 miles from the mouth of the estuary. The average
tidal current velocity is 2 knots (2.4 feet per second) and has a maximum
ebb current of up to 7 knots (12.8 feet per second), and maximum flood
currents are up to 3.9 knots (5.9 feet per second). Based on work done by
Burt and McAllister (1959), Coos Bay is considered a well mixed estuary in
terms of temperature and salinity during periods of low runoff and a
partially mixed estuary during periods of maximum runoff. Sediment transported to the estuary from its drainage basin averages 72,000 tons annually
(Percy, et al., 1974). Littoral drift in the summer is to the south and in
the winter to the north with the net transport being to the south.
Prior to 1937, there was no main shipping channel through the bay. The bay
was described at low tide as one big mud flat with a very shallow channel.
In 1937, the Army Corps of Engineers embarked on a project to dredge a main
channel to a depth of 24 feet to allow Coos Bay and North Bend to become
shipping ports (Johnson, 1972). Dredge spoils have been disposed in the
bay by the formation of spoils islands and on surrounding tidelands.
During the period of 1920 to 1970, approximately 1,500 acres of the 4,500
acres of tideland were filled and an additional 2,000 acres were diked for
agricultural use. Currently the Corps maintains the dredged channel to a
depth of 37 feet.
Commercial uses of the bay include shipping, log storage, and oyster and
clam harvesting. Coos Bay is the leading lumber shipping port in the
United States. The main harbor for large ocean vessels is located in the
upper bay area adjacent to the cities of North Bend and Coos Bay. There
are three moorage facilities in the Coos Bay estuary for smaller boats with
a total capacity of 612 permanent spaces and 690 seasonal or transient
spaces (LCDC, 1979). Ninety-eight percent of the spaces are located at
Charleston at the mouth of South Slough.
Log storage occurs in the upper part of the bay and the lower reaches
of Coos River, Isthmus and Catching sloughs. It is estimated that
approximately 500 acres of the bay and tributaries are used at some time
during the year for log storage.
-12-
Another commercial use of the bay is cultivation and harvesting of Pacific
oysters (Crassostrea adzes),. Presently commercial oysters exist in South
Slough (Figure 5) and in the upper bay opposite North Bend (Figure 6).
Currently, 1200 acres in upper Coos Bay (Figure 6) are plated and leased by
Coos County for oyster production. South Slough has a maximum of 206 acres'
available for oyster production, most being privately based.
According to 03,1.2 and Demory (1976), Coos Bay, including South Slough, has
a potential of 2,875 acres suitable for oyster culture. However, they site
the heavy harbor and ship traffic, maintenance dredging of the main
shipping channel, and the discharges from three sewage treatment plants
as limiting factors for commercial oyster production. Oregon State Health
Division limits commercial harvesting to those areas identified in
Figure 7. Local citizens and representatives of the Oregon Department of
Fish and Wildlife, (Snow 1982) have indicated that a much larger oyster
industry existed in Coos Bay 25 years ago than the levels of today They
cite a combination of increased industrialization, dredging and a depressed
oyster market for the decline of the industry since the 1950's. Extensive
intertidal and subtidal clam beds with sport and commercial clamming
potential (Figure 8) may also limit areas available to oyster growers. An
important commercial clam digging area occurs on the south side of the bay
from Fossil Point up to Sitka Dock.
TL2184.5
Figure S. Commercial Oyster Leases in South Slough (Jambor and Rilette 1977).
Current acreage leased but not necessarily in use in 1982 is 206.7 acres
(Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife).
-14-
Figure 7. Oregon State Health Division
.Shellfish Growing Water Classification
for Coos Say and South Slough. See
Glossary for definitions.
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ACT H CI. 57
Boundaries for Limper Coos Bay, Oregon.
Consult Coos County Assessor's Office
records for exact boundary location.
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Figure 8. Clam Digging Areas of . Coos Bay, Oregon.
!!!g'
6
NORTH BEND
COOS BAY
Commercial Clamming Area
RECREATIONAL DIGGING
1. Gaper, cockle, softshell
2. Gaper cockle, butter
3. Cockle, littleneck, butter
4. Caper, butter, cockle
5. Gaper, cockle
6. Gaper, cockle,softshell
7. Softshell
Coos Bay
8. Softshell
9. Softshell
E SOW
-17-
SAMPLING STRATEGY AND ANALYTIC METHODS
Descri p tion of Potential Fecal Waste Sources
Prior to any water sampling in the Coos Bay Drainage Basin, an inventory
of known and potential fecal waste sources was prepared. This was
accomplished by evaluating information gained from past studies conducted
by DEQ and OSHD, and by preliminary basinwide sampling to assess fecal
waste sources. A list of potential fecal waste sources that can impact
bacterial water quality is presented below:
1. Improperly treated sewage
2. Discharges of raw sewage from sewage collection system
3. Failing or improperly installed on-site subsurface sewage systems
(septic tanks)
4. Animal wastes
5. Discharges of raw sewage from boats.
Sampling sites were then selected to measure and evaluate these potential
fecal waste inputs.
Samp le 4,itp Selection
Tributary water sample site selection (Figure
9 and Table 2) was based on:
1.
Areas already identified as having fecal source contributions,
2.
Land use--above and below a specific land use or a change in land use
along the stream continuum, such as the forest--agricultural boundary,
3.
Small watersheds having only one or two land uses such as forestry
or forestry-agriculture or urban,
.
Potential fecal source locations such as areas with failing subsurface
systems or animal wastes.
.
Accessibility to the sample sites and safety considerations,
6.
Potential for dilution by residual seawater.
Bay water sampling stations (Figure 10 and Tables 3 and 4) were selected
by considering:
Previous ambient water quality sample stations,
Potential fecal source locations that discharge directly to the bay,
such as sewage treatment plant outfalls and bypass points,
Shellfish growing area locations,
.
Accessibility to the station during low tides,
.
Safety in taking a sample during a storm.
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Table 2
E 1
Tributary Sampling Sites - Name and Description
Chickses Creek at Lakaabore Drive
and Pump Station
E 2 First Creek at Empire Parket
Total and fecal coliform (TC, FC),
Membrane Filtration (MF), Salinity (S),
and Temperature (11
TC, FC, (MF), S, and
Second Creek at Wygant Street
TC, FC, (MF), S. and T
Third Creek at culvert near Kellogg Street
TC, FC, (MF), S, and
E 5
Fourth Creek at Empire-Charleston Highway
near Pomp Station
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
E 6
Tarheel Reservoir outlet at foot bridge
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
E 7
Unnamed Creek at Pigeon Point Beach near
Pump Station
TC, FC, (MF), S, and
E 8
Unnamed Creek at Fossil Point Lane
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
E 3
E4
SS 2 South Slough at west end of boat basin
IC, FC, Most Probable Number
Analysis (MPN), S, and T
S5 4 South Slough at public dock
TC, FC, S, and T
SS 5 South Slough at Hansen Dock
TC, FC, (MPN), S, and T
SS 11 Joe Ney Slough at Cram Point Bridge
(Southside)
TC, PC, (MPN), S, and I
SS 11a Joe Ney Slough at Crown Point Bridge
(Northside)
TC, FC, (MWN), S, and T
N 1
North Creek at Highway 101
TC, PC, (MPN), s, and 7
N 2
1
North Slough at mouth
Tr, FC, (MF), S, and T
Palouse Creek at mouth
TC, FC, (MF), S, and I
Larson Creek at mouth
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
Haynes Inlet at Highway 101 Bridge
TC, FC, (MPN), S, and T
K 1
Kentuok Creek at private drive below quarry
Tc, FC, (MF),
K 2
Kentuck Creek at east end of golf course
near Mettman Road
TC, FC, (MF), 5, and T
K 3
Mettman Creek at mouth
TC, FC, (MF), S, and
K 4
Kentuok Creek at mouth behind tide gate
TC, FC, (MF),
W 1
Willanch Creek at Russell Road
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
H2
3
S, and T
S, and T
EC 1 Echo Creek on East Bay Drive at
Echo Valley Road
TC, FC, (WE), S, and T
P 1
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
Pony Creek at Woodland Drive
—20—
Twice daily at or before
low tide taken from land
base
Table 2
Station
Tributary Sampling Sites - Name and Description (cont'd)
Sampling
•
41, ∎ • n
Pony Creek at south end of high school lot
at footbridge
Pony Slough at Virginia Boulevard
TC, FC, (MP). S, and T
C 1
East Fork of Millicoma River at private
logging road bridge
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
C 2
West Fork of Millicoma River at Allegany
C 3
Mill-icon River at Rooks-Higgins County Past. IC, FC, (KF), S, and T
C 4
Matt Davis Creek at County Boat Ramp
C 5
Millie= River at Dock at County Boat Rene
P 2
P 3
TC, FC, (MF),
S,
and T
TC, FC, (MF), S, and
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
C 6
South Fork Coos River below Dellwood
C 7
South Fork Coos River at bridge at
Daniels Creek Road
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
C 8
Coos River at Chandler Bridge
TC, FC, (MPN), S, and T
CS 1
Catching Slough at Lone Tree Bridge TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
CS 2
Catching Slough at dock below Matson Creek
TC, FC, (ME), S, and T
CS 3
Stock Slough at mouth
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
CS 4
Catching Slough at dock below Stock Slough TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
CS 5
Ross Slough at Ross Slough Road TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
CS 6
CS 7
Drainage ditch near mouth of Catching Slough TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
Catching Slough at mouth
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
IS 1
Isthmus Slough below Green Acres
IS 2
IS 3
IS 4
IS 5
Cb 1
Cb 2
Cb 3
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
Isthmus Slough at Coos City Bridge
Shinglehouse Slough at mouth
Isthmus Slough below Millington
TC, FC, (MPN), S, and T
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
Isthmus Slough at Eastside Bridge
Coalbank Slough at tide gate
TC, FC, (MEN), S, and T
TC, FC, (MPN), S; and T
Coalbank Slough at Englewood Market
Coalbank Slough at Highway 101
TC, FC, (MF), S, and
TC, FC, (MF), S, and T
TC, FC, (MEN), S, and T
•
Ft KM
a
3
r 24S
Figure 10. Coos Bay Water Quality Study
Bay Water Sampling Stations
Tose WM Came* F. FM mei 4972 Awe
Whew" rws
49•494tcolch Omar 4972
Cerna Foam C G S 0914.
5989. U G 5 Qom
01W1 $194. Oser co, home Fowl Caw Won
39•01 9.494 has C.rowei So#
Table
3.
Bay Sampling Stations Located in Main Channel
Sampling
Station
."-
•
.4-•• •
4
Red light #16. 1/4 mile north of Empire Dock
Total and Fecal Coliform (TC, FC),
Moat Probable Numbers Analysis (MEN),
Salinity (5), and Temperature (T)
5
Green light #23 opposite Henderson Marsh
TC, FC, (MPN), S t and T
6
Black can #27, 1/4 mile west of
railroad bridge
TC, FC, (MPN), S, and T
7
Green light #35 mouth of Rentuck Slough
TC, FC, (MPN), S, and T
8
Red light #36, opposite mouth of
CoostonWillanch Channel
TC, FC, (MPN), S, and T
9
Coos Bay Yacht Club (opposite McCurdy Marina)
TC, FC, (MPM), S, and T
10
Shipping channel opposite mouth of
Marshfield Channel
TC, FC, (MEN), S, and
11
Red light 1 mile up Marshfield Channel
TC, FC, (MPN), S, and T
12
Green light #43 opposite Downstream from
Coalbank Slough
Table 4
Station
Name
Twice daily if possible
on daylight high and low
tides.
FC, (MPN), 39 and T
Bay Sampling Stations Located Over Shellfish Plats and Other Intertidal areas
Itatior Deseclaim
16
Kentuck Inlet in Caannel west
of Glascow Point
17
Ientuck Inlet in channel at Glascow Point
18
Silver Pt. 7 at SE corner of plate
19
Silver Pt. 8 at Willanch Point
20
Cooston Channel at Pierce Point
21
0003 0131133.1
23
Silver Pt. 7 due south of #16 200 yds.
24
Silver Pt. 8 north of #21 200 yds.
25
Parameters Sameled
Sampling
Frspuoncv
TO, FC, (MPN)
TC, FC, Klebaiella (4F) Pick colonies
friss FC (ME) Plate for Ile).
identification by API method,
Salinity (S), and Temperature (T)
Once daily on incoming
tide, during daylight hours.
If tides permit sample
outgoing tide.
East of Dol 50 yds on mud flat
TC, FC, (MPN), S, and T
Twice daily at daylight
high and low tides
if possible
26
East side of Highway 101 Bridge
TC, FC, (MPN), S, and T
zr
Russell Point
TC, PC, (MPN), S, and T
28
Jordan Point
TC, FC, (MPN), S, and T
P4
Mouth of Pony Slough
TC, PC, (MPN), S, and
west of Pierce Point 200 yds.
— 23
Sewage collection and treatment systems sampling and observation stations
were selected by considering:
1.
Known discharge points to the bay of treated effluent from the
treatment plants,
2.
Known discharge points to the bay of raw sewage from sewage
collection systems.
Samp ling Strateev
A sampling schedule was designed to collect bacterial data during periods
of both unacceptable and acceptable bacterial water quality. Conditions
that contribute to a period of unacceptable bacterial water quality are:
1.
2.
3.
Soil saturation
Heavy rainfall
Moderate to high surface water runoff.
These conditions usually occur during the "rainy" season in the winter.
During a 76-hour period, beginning 1200 hours, January 22 and ending 1600
hours, January 25, 1982, a winter storm providing these conditions was
sampled. Total rainfall was 5.87 inches with 2.98 inches falling within
the first 24 hours. Tributaries were sampled every 12 hours, one hour
before low tide, to maximize freshwater input at those tidally influenced
stations. Bay stations were sampled daily on daylight high and low
tides. Raw sewage bypass points were observed for flow every 8 hours.
Sewage treatment plants were sampled every 8 hours.
Conditions that contribute to periods of acceptable bacterial water quality
include:
1.
2.
3.
Unsaturated soils
No rainfall
Minimal surface water runoff.
These conditions usually occur during the "dry" season in the summer.
On June 15 and 16, 1982, the Coos Bay drainage basin was sampled. During
this 48-hour period no rain fell and streamflows were low. Tributaries
were sampled every 12 hours, one hour before low tide. Bay stations were
sampled daily on the daylight high and low tides. Sewage treatment plant
effluents were sampled every 8 hours. Raw sewage bypass points were
observed for flow every 8 hours.
Water Sampling Methods - Parameters Tested
Fecal contamination of the surface waters of Coos Bay and its drainage
basin was demonstrated by isolating fecal coliform and total coliform
bacteria from selected bay and tributary sample sites.
All tributary sites were sampled for total colif orm, fecal coliform, and
temperature. Some selected sites were sampled for dissolved oxygen and
salinity. Tributary water sampling was accomplished using the Department
of Environmental Quality's (DEQ) grab sample bucket containing a sterile
100 ml bottle for the bacteria sample which was filled via a sterile glass
tube from the lid of the bucket to the lower portion of the sterile
bottle. At sites with low water flows, the sterile bottle was hand held
with the open bottle mouth pointed upstream.
All bay stations were sampled for total and fecal coliform, temperature,
and salinity. Temperature and .salinity were measured on site. Bay water
sampling used the same type of grab sample bucket as used for the
tributaries sampling. Water samples for bacteria analysis were collected
at seven to nine foot depths. Shallower water samples located over the
shellfish beds were taken near the bottom.
Total and fecal coliform water samples taken at stations 16 to 24, in the
Silver Point 7 and 8 shellfish plats, were assessed for the presence
of Klebsiella. a bacteria that can appear as positive on the total and
fecal coliform analysis, to see if it significantly elevated those
bacterial counts.
Treated sewage treatment plant effluent was sampled for total and fecal
coliform and residual chlorine. Residual chlorine was measured on site
using a Hach kit. Samples were collected by placing a 100 ml sterile glass
bottle into the treated effluent as it left the plant. Raw sewage bypasses
were not sampled for their total or fecal coliform content since they
discharged directly to the bay and were not always accessible due to tidal
conditions. Instead, bypass points were monitored for presence of a
discharge. Where possible, a record was kept of run-time on pumps.
Tributary flow discharge information for river and streams was not available
during this study. Until December 1981, the United States Geological Survey
(USGS) operated a gauge on the West Fork of the Millicoma River at river mile
6.8. River and stream flow discharges were estimated. Estimations were
based on past relationships between river discharge and rainfall, observed
river and streamflow response and rainfall amount and intensity, and through
discussions with Cliff Benoit, Hydrologist, with the U.S. Forest Service,
and Cal Heckard of the Coos Bay-North Bend Water Board.
All water samples, tributary and bay, were packed in ice after collection
and during transportation via air freight to Portland, Oregon, to the DEQ
laboratory within approximately 6 to 8 hours of collection. From there
samples were distributed according to analytic method to either the Oregon
State Health Department (OSHD) laboratory or the DEQ laboratory for immediate
processing.
O yster Samoling Methods
Oysters were collected from the Silver Point 8 oyster plat and from Qualman's
oyster farm, which grows oysters in South Slough and Joe Ney Slough. At
least 12 oysters were collected from each site. They were collected and
-25-
transported in an iced chest to the OSHD laboratory in Portland, Oregon,
for meat bacteria analysis within approximately 12 to 16 hours.
lialasulaaZaglaria_Anallaszamaga
Tributary water samples were analyzed by membrane filtration for total and fecal, coliform by the DEQ Microbiology Lab.
Media preparation was accomplished according to manufacturer's labels.
Sample filtration, incubation, counting, confirmation and quality assurance
procedures were done according to those outlined in Standard Methods of
Water az Wilatewater, 14 ed., and in EPA Bulletins EPA600/8-78-008 and
EPA600/8-78-017.
Water samples collected from the bay, including samples from stations
16 to 24, were analyzed by the Oregon State Health laboratory in Portland
for total and fecal coliform using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method.
Media preparation was accomplished according to manufacturer's labels.
Sample innoculation, incubation, confirmation and quality assurance
procedures were done according to those outlined in Standard Methods of
Water and Wastewater. 14 ed., and in EPA Bulletins 600/8-78-008 and
EPA600/8-78-017.
Additional bay water samples collected at stations 16 to 24 were analyzed
by membrane filtration for total and fecal coliform and Klebsiella sp.
Klebsiella analytic methods were both direct and indirect as follows:
A.
Direct Membrane Filtering Enumeration of Ylebsiella:
Volumes of 10, 1 amd 0.1 ml of water sample were membrane filtered
and put onto MacConkey Inositol Carbenicillin agar plates and incubated
for 24 hours at 35°C. Large, pink to red mucoid colonies were
enumerated and recorded. All positive Klebsiella counted plates were
saved and refrigerated for later confirmation by the Analytical
Profile Index (API) for identifying gram negative bacteria.
MacConkey-Inositol-Carbenicillin (MIC) medium was prepared in 500 ml
to one liter amounts and poured into sterile agar plates for membrane
filtering of water samples. The medium consists of the following:
MacConkey Agar Base (DIFCO)
( 140 grams)
Inositol (myo-inositol-Sigma) (10 grams)
Distilled Water
( 1 liter)
Autoclave 15 minutes at
121°C, then cool to 50°C
in a water bath.
For each liter of medium add 0.05 grams of Carbenicillin (Geopen-RoerigPfizer, inc.) dissolved in 5 ml of sterile water to give a final
concenration of 50 micrograms per ml. Mix well, pour into sterile
petri plates and refrigerate at 4°C. Use plates within 72 hours.
Klebsiej.la colonies appear as large pink to red (sometimes clear) colonies
that are mucoid. Other coliform colonies appear yellow and smaller.
-26-
B.
Indirect Determination of Klebsiella on FC Plates:
After enumeration of fecal coliforms on m-FC agar, the membranes were
lifted off the plates and asceptically transferred to Bile-Esculin agar
plates, where they were incubated at 44.5°C for three hours. Colonies
that produced a blackening of the underside of the medium were picked
and transferred to nutrient agar or brain-heart infusion agar slants or
streaked plated on Endo agar for pure culture isolation. Slants and/or
plates were incubated at 35°C for 24 hours.
Pure culture isolates of potential Klebsiella sp. were then stab
inoculated into Motility-Indole-Ornithine decarboxylase tubes and
allowed to incubate 24 hours at 35°C. Each tube was examined for
motility along the stab line and then decarboxylase activity was noted
by the presence or absence of yellowing of the purple medium. Indole
production was then tested by adding Kovac's reagent to the medium.
After recording this data all positive (+) motility tubes were discarded
while the non-motile cultures were kept for further testing.
Motility negative () cultures were then inoculated into API 20E
identification strips and incubated 24 hours at 35°C. The biochemical
patterns were then examined and identified by means of the API 20E
catalog, or referenced to the computer data base in New York City.
When identifications indicated mixed cultures and/or contamination,
the cultures were restreaked for isolation on Endo agar plates or MIC
plates, reinoculated into MIO tubes and API 20E strips.
Bile Esculin Agar medium: (BEA)
For this project we used DIFCO Bacto Bile Esculin Agar and added per liter
of medium: Peptone, 5 grams; Lactose, 10 grams; Dipotassium phosphate,
2 grams; in order to simulate the recipe used by Jay Vasconcelos, EPA
laboratory, Manchester, Washington (Personel Communication). The medium
was autoclaved 10 minutes at 15 pounds of pressure, and pH was adjusted to
7.1 if required. The sterile agar medium was poured in sterile petri plates,
and refrigerated at 4°C.
Motility-Indole-Ornaithine decarboxylase medium: (MID)
DIFCO Bacto MI0 agar medium was used as a screening medium for Klebsiella.
The medium was dissolved in distilled water as directed, heated to melt the
agar, and poured into culture tubes. Tubes were capped, autoclaved 15
minutes at 15 pounds pressure and stored at 4° C. or at room temperature
after cooling.
O yster Meat Bactgria . Analvses Methods
Oyster samples were processed and analyzed for total and fecal coliform
content using the "Recommended Procedure for the Examination of Seawater
and Shellfish," American Public Health Association, 4th Ed., 1970.
Table 5. Food and Drug Administration and State of Oregon Shellfish Growing
Water, Water Contact Recreation, and Market Oyster Meat Standards
Applicable to Estuarine and Freshwaters in the Coos Bay Drainage Basin
Estuarine
Shellfish Growing
Marketed
Freshwater, Water
Contact Recreation
and Non Shellfish
Growing Estuarine
k
Økl..110
Federal
Food and Drug
Administration
(FDA)
Oregon State
Health
Division
(OSHD)
Oregon
Department of
Environmental
Quality
(DEQ)
For 100 grams oyster
meat:
total coliform 60,000
fecal coliform
230
count
500,000
Same as FDA
For 100 milliliters
of sample:
median of 70 total
coliform; 10% of
samples not greater
than 230 per 100
milliliters
Same as FDA
For 100 milliliters
of sample:
median of 14 fecal
coliform; 10% of
samples not greater
than 43 per 100
milliliters
No Standard
TG1159.4
- 28-
.•
No standard
No Standard
For 100 milliliters
of sample:
log mean of 200
fecal coliform for
5 samples in 30
days; 10% of samples
not greater than
400 for period
Data Analyses
Analysis consisted of comparing the applicable water quality standard,
(Figure 5) to each sampling point, tributary and bay, for the January and
June samplings. In the case of tributary sampling sites, the fecal
coliform log mean was calculated for each site and the number of values
that exceeded 400 fecal coliform were noted for comparison to the total
number of samples. Where tributary sites exceeded the bacterial water
quality standard for water contact recreation, likely fecal waste sources
were identified.
The median fecal coliform value was calculated for all bay stations. The
number of values greater than 43 fecal coliform were noted to compare
against the total number of samples. Bay data was reviewed for impacts
from land based fecal waste sources.
Kiebsiella sp. is a gram negative, rod shaped, enteric coliform bacterium
capable of growth in total and fecal coliform test media. Its natural
habitats range from the gastrointestinal tract of warm blooded animals to
wood and wood products waste waters, e.g., pulp and paper mill sulfite
wastes. The question was raised: Could total and fecal coliform values
in Coos Bay, especially shellfish growing areas, be elevated by the
presence of Klebalella, since large areas of the bay are used to store
logs? To address this question, Klebsiella sp. were enumerated from a set
of 8 samples, stations 16 to 24, for each sample period using a direct and
indirect method.
Data obtained using direct method were analyzed in the following manner:
8 samples for a given sample period was considered one data
1.
Each set of
set.
2.
The total number of colonies on the 10 ml MIC plates was compared
against the total number of colonies on the 10 ml total coliform
plates.
3.
From this, the percent Kiebsiella per day was calculated.
Data obtained using the indirect method were analyzed in a similar manner:
8 samples was considered one data
1.
For each sample period, each set of
set.
2.
The total number of Klebsiella isolated by API from the 10 ml fecal
coliform plates was compared to the total number of colonies on the 10
ml fecal coliform plates.
From this, the percent Klebsiella per day was calculated.
TL2184.I
V
BACTERIAL WATER QUALITY RESULTS FOR THE COOS BAY DRAINAGE
JANUARY 22 to 25, 1982
Weather and So,i1 Conditions
Soils in the Coos Bay drainage basin were saturated during the sample period,
January 22 to 25. Higher than normal rainfall amounts during November and
December of 1981 provided these saturated conditions. To measure maximum
bacteria runoff, DEQ decided to sample a 1 to 2 inch rainfall situation.
Consultation with the U.S. Weather Bureau placed a weather system off the
coast of Oregon on January 19, and sampling crews were dispatched that
evening, and began collecting samples at 0100 hour, January 20. The
predicted weather front did not materialize and sampling crews returned to
Portland. Samples were collected prior to aborting the run. At first this
was viewed as a failed attempt but later it was determined that this sampling
run provided excellent background-baseline water quality data. On
January 21, the Weather Bureau placed a storm system off the coast and
sampling crews again were dispatched. Tributary sampling began on January 22
at 1200 hours, prior to the brunt of the storm. At this time some rain,
approximately 0.3 inches, had fallen. The majority of the rainfall, 2.7
inches, fell between 2000 hours and 2400 hours on January 22. The rainfall
continued throughout the remainder of the sampling period although the
intensity was less. See Table 6 for total rainfall amounts. Sampling ended
at 1700 hours on January 25. The bay water quality sampling was accomplished
during daylight hours in same time period.
The storm period was followed by a period of dry weather. Follow-up sampling
on a reduced scale was done to assess water quality improvement in the bay.
Tributary Water Quality
Tributary in this report means any natural body of water that flows into
Coos Bay. This includes sloughs (with the exception of South Slough),
creeks, and the Coos River. South Slough will be discussed in the section
on bay water quality. To facilitate presentation and discussion, these
tributaries are grouped into hydrologically similar areas (Table 7).
Coos River
The first area, the Coos River system, drains approximately 415 square miles
via the South Fork of the Coos River and the Millicoma River. The headwaters
of this system are steep actively logged forest lands. The river valleys of
each fork support agricultural activities and are extensively diked. The
predominant agriculture uses are dairy operations and beef cattle husbandry.
Private dwellings are scattered and often near the river. On-site subsurface
sewage systems are used for fecal waste treatment.
During the January storm, flows from this watershed ranged from an estimated
base flow of 1500 cfs to 8500 ofs. These estimated flows were determined
by discussions with U.S. Forest Service Hydrologist, Cliff Benoit, U.S.
Geological Survey Hydrologist, Bill Higbee, and Cal Heckard of the Coos BayNorth Bend Water Board. These flows represent the majority of freshwater
input to Coos Bay.
-30-
TABLE 6
U.S. Weather Bureau Recorded Rainfall Amounts
at
North Bend Airport; North Bend, Oregon 1982
Inches of
Inches of
January 17
.41
.January 26
1.11
18
27
.30
19
.90
.11
28
.00
20
.17
29
.00
21
.29
30
.00
22
2.98
31
.01
23
1.03
February 1
.00
24
1.01
2
.00
25
.85
1
-
2
T
3
4
June
.05
9
10
-
.33
.09
11
T
12
5
.18
13
.10
.03
6
7
.08
14
-
-
15
.00
8
June
16
17
TL2184.8
- 31-
T
TABLE 7
Evaluation of Fecal Colin:nu Values for Adherence to Water Contact Recreation
Standard at Tributary Sampling Sites in the CODS Bay Drainage, January 22-25, 1982
Station
Square Miles
Meets Log Mean
200 Fecal Colifcrm
of Samples
Znat Exceed 400
NO.
Lot:
•410,1
Log Mean
Values
Probable
Fecal Source
Impacting
kw,*
+I r•-•
( ) Total No.
of Samples
Coos River
@Mouth
South Fork
Millicoma River
C8
C7
C5
415
Yes
Yes
Yes
92
51
173
1
0
0
(7)
(7)
(5)
Catching Slough
@ Mouth
Head of Tide
Stock Slate
Ross Slough
CV'
CS1
C53
CS5
26
No
No
No
Yes
600
6111558
141
5
4
4
2
(7)
(7)
(5)
(7)
Animal Wastes
Animal Wastes
Yes
No
No
172
1121
235
3
4
2
(7)
(7)
(7)
Subsurface Sewage
Subsurface Sewage
Animal Wastes
Isthmus Slough
@ Eastside Br.
Green Acres
Shinglebcuse SI
Coalbank Sl.
@ Mouth
Above Tidegate
East Bay II-Rut:vies
Elio Cr.
Willandh Cr.
Kentuek Cr.
@ Mouth
Haynes Inlet
Palouse Q'eek
Larson cewk
Myth Ceeek
Pony Creek
@ Virginia St.
High School
moire-Barview
Creeks
Cnickees Cr.
First Creek
Second Creek
Tird Creak
Fourth Creek
Tarheel Cr.
Pidgeon Pt. Cr.
Cr at Fossil
Pt. Lane
3
D26
IS1
IS3
Cb3
Cb1
5.8
No
No
297
381
2
3
(7)
(6)
Eel
W1
1
7
No
Yes
258
157
2
3
(5)
(7)
IC4
14.5
No
395
3
(7)
Subsurface Sewage
Animal Wastes
H1
H2
NI
14
11.5
10
No
No
No
683
2199
488
6
7
4
(7)
(7)
(7)
Animal Wastes
P3
P2
5
No
No
3161
1125
7
6
(7)
(7)
Collection System
Sewage Overflow
Ei
E2
E3
F34
1
0.6
0.4
0.2
2
2
0.2
0.3
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
2564
64
536
924
61
49
2142
1214
6
0
4
6
0
0
6
5
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(5)
(5)
(7)
(7)
Eh
E7
ffi
112184 .A
- 32-
II
IT
IT
II
Sewage Overflow
or Straight Pipe
Subsurface Sewage
Subsurface Sewage
II
tt
Bacterial water quality of this river system was within the fecal coliform
water contact recreation standard. Figure 11 shows log mean fecal coliform
values for the Coos River drainage. Table 7 shows a more detailed analysis
of water quality for this and other drainages. Fecal conform values in the
Coos drainage met or were below the water quality standard for water contact
recreation. If major fecal sources were present in the Coos Drainage they
were likely being diluted by the large volume of fresh water during this
sample period. The lowest site in the Coos River drainage (C8) had zero
salinity for the sample period.
Catching Slough
Another hydrologic area, Catching Slough, is bordered by diked farmland that
supports dairy and beef cattle operations and hobby farms. This farmland is
backed by steep forested hills that form the headwaters for the drainage.
Housing of low to moderate rural density, due to the proximity of the City of
Coos Bay, is located in the flood plain and in the surrounding hills. Onsite subsurface sewage systems are used for fecal waste. treatment. Catching
Slough has a drainage area of 28 square miles. Peak water discharge during
the sample period was estimated to be 400 cf s. The lowest site in the
drainage (Cs7) had zero salinity during the sample period.
Water discharged from Catching Slough between January 22 to 25, exceeded the
water contact recreation standard (Figure 11). Fecal sources that impact
this drainage are animal wastes and some on-site subsurface sewage disposal.
Stock Slough, (Cs3), and Catching Slough at head of tide, (Cs1), show areas
of high fecal coliform input that impact downstream sample sites.
Isthmus Slough
Isthmus Slough drains 26 square miles. Estimated peak discharges during the
sample period were 400 of s. The drainage basin is characterized by diked or
tidally influenced land adjoining the slough that is surrounded by steep low
hills. Near the headwaters of the drainage is Green Acres, a small rural
community using on-site subsurface sewage systems. Many small farms are
located in this area. The unincorporated community of Millington is located
further downstream. This area represents a rural subdivision that adjoins a
mill site and uses on-site subsurface sewage systems. The cities of
Eastside, Bunker Hill and Coos Bay adjoin the slough near its mouth. All
have sewage collection and treatment facilities. A tributary to Isthmus
Slough, Coalbank Slough, has its headwaters in the unincorporated area of
Libby. Libby is an area of rural development where hobby farms with a few
head of animals and use of on-site subsurface sewage systems to treat human
fecal wastes are common. The City of Coos Bay provides sewerage service to
homes bordering the mouth of Coalbank Slough.
Water quality results for Isthmus Slough during the sample period show high
fecal coliform input at sample site Isl, Green Acres (Figure 11). Downstream
sample sites 132 and 135, show decreased coliform counts, a probable result
of dilution, due to increased runoff and seawater intrusion from the bay.
Salinities near the mouth of Isthmus and Coalbank sloughs ranged from 1 to 10
parts per thousand during the sample period. Coalbank Slough reflects the same
sort of fecal input in the upper parts of the drainage with subsequent dilution
downstream. Fecal waste input is likely from animal and human origin.
-33-
-a=*1111 111.721514.
,
FIGURE 11. TRIBUTARY
.1.01488
LOG MEAN
;
--;
FECAL COLIFORM VALUES
83
1.1
JANUARY 22 TO 25, 1982
SEVEN SAMPLES PER SITE.
1
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East Bay Tributaries
Tributaries found along the east side of Coos .,Bay are Echo, Willanch and
Kentuck creeks. All discharge directly to the Bay. Willanch , and Kentuck
discharge to the southern and northern boundaries of the shellfish growing
beds.
Echo Creek is a very small drainage with medium rural housing density and
small hobby farms. Willanch Creek has several beef farms on it and medium
to low rural housing density. Kentuck Creek, the largest drainage on the
eastside of the bay, 14.5 square miles, has low to medium rural housing
density and dairy and beef operations. Estimated peak flows of 250 cfs were
generated from this drainage. Salinity measurements on each creek were
between zero and less than one part per thousand. Figure 11 and Table 7
show bacterial water quality results for Echo and Kentuck creeks that. exceed
the water contact recreation standard.
Haynes Inlet
Palouse and Larson creeks flow into Haynes Inlet. Housing of low rural
density is situated on elevated ground adjoining pasture land that abuts the
creeks. Pastures can become inundated by high tides or heavy runoff. Beef
and dairy operations are found on both drainages. North Creek flows into
North Slough which in turn enters Haynes Inlet. Housing and land uses are
the same as in the Palouse and Larson creek drainages.
Estimated peak flows for these drainages were 250 cfs for Palouse and
Larson and 200 cfs for North Creek. Salinities ranged from zero to three
parts per thousand for Palouse and Larson creeks during the sample period.
Zero salinity was measured at North Creek site (N1). During the sample
period a debris avalanche occurred in the upper part of Larson Creek,
causing new stream channels to be formed. Some of those channels caused
pastures to flood. Figure 11 and Table 7 show bacterial water quality
results that exceed the water contact recreation standard for each of these
drainages.
Pony Creek
Pony Creek drainage flows through sewered urban areas of North Bend before
entering Pony Slough. The creek's headwaters form the publicly owned water
supply for Coos Bay and North Bend, and access is restricted upstream of
the urban area. Creek flows are controlled by discharge from upstream
reservoirs. During the sample period, the highest mean peak flow was 108
cfs. Figure 11 and Table 7 show water quality results. The increase in
bacterial counts at P 2 and P 3 are probably the result of either a sewage
collection system overflow in the area or homes not connected to the sewer
or both. Salinities at P 3 ranged from zero to four parts per thousand.
Empire-Barview Creeks
Figure 12 and Table 7 show water quality results for several small urban
drainages that enter the bay between Empire and Barview. These drainages
are not tidally influenced. Sites El and E2 represent water quality from
-35-
FIGURE 12. TRIBUTARY
LOG MEAN
FECAL COLIFORM VALUES
JANUARY 22 TO 25, 1932
SEVEN SAMPLES PER SITE,
the sewered drainages in Empire that are served by the Coos Bay No. 2 STP.
but it is probably due
to a direct discharge of raw sewage. Site E2 reflects the good water
E7 and E8, (in the
quality expected in a sewered area. Sites E3,
Charleston Sanitary District), reflect water quality that is degraded
primarily by subsurface sewage sources. Sites E5 and E6, also within the
same district and located below the outfalls of small reservoirs, did not
have a large number of homes nearby.
Why El shows such a high bacterial value is unknown,
Systems
The communities of Coos Bay, Eastside Bunker Hill, North Bend and Empire,
are sewered. The collected waste is processed at three local sewage
treatment plants (STPs). Depending on the age of the community, the
sewage collection system may also receive storm water runoff (inflow) or
groundwater seepage through cracks in the sewer lines (infiltration).
This extra water is carried along with the sewage to the sewage treatment
plant for processing. If more water enters the collection system, due to
a rainfall event, than can be treated at the STP, then it must be
discharged from the collection system before reaching the STP. This is
known as bypassing.
The City of Coos Bay operates two sewage treatment plants, Coos Bay No. 1
in Coos Bay and Coos Bay No. 2 in Empire. The collection system for Coos
Bay No. 1 serves Eastside, Bunker Hill and Coos Bay and is subject to
infiltration and inflow problems. During the sampling period, January 22
to January 25, 1982, flows at the STP ranged from 2.8 MGD to 3.8 MGD and
the plant operated at its design capacity. Excess water/sewage in the
collection system was pumped into Coos Bay via Pump Station No. 1. The
bypass pump at this pump station is metered, making it was possible to
determine the volume of water/sewage that entered the bay, (Table 8).
Total volume of bypass during the sample period was 2.9 million gallons.
During the same period the treatment plant effluent met the
bacteriological requirements of its permit (Table 9).
The collection system for Coos Bay No. 2 STP serves portions of Coos Bay,
Empire, and the Charleston Sanitary District. This system is newer than
the Coos Bay No. 1 collection system and therefore is subject to less
inflow and infiltration. During the sampling period no bypassing of
excess water/ sewage occurred from this system. All sewage was processed
at the sewage treatment plant. Flows at the STP went from 1.35 MOD to
2.6 MOD. The hydraulic load caused a loss of solids from the secondary
clarifier during the storm. With the increased flows and extra solids,
the chlorine feed rate was not sufficient to disinfect the effluent to
meet required permit fecal coliform levels as noted by the high fecal
coliform count (Table 9).
The collection system for the North Bend STP serves the City of North
Bend. Portions of this system are old with numerous storm drains and
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catch basins connected to the system. Thus, large volumes of water enter
the system during storms, some greater than the carrying capacity of the
system. The main pump station that delivers sewage to the STP has a
maximum pumping capacity of 3.0 MGD. When flows in the system are greater
than 3.0 MGD, the excess is bypassed over a weir into Pony Slough at Bypass
Point No. 5 (Table 8). Bypass No. 5 has a maximum discharge capability of
approximately 2 MGD or 3 cfs, considering the pipe diameter. Observations
during the period of January 23 and 24 showed the pipe to be running full.
Bypass Point No. 9 discharges to Pony Slough and is activated after Bypass
Point No. 5, when water backs up in the collection system. Neither of
these bypass points have flow measuring devices and were observed only to
verify discharge (Table 8).
It is reasonable to assume that Bypass No. 5 may have discharged un to a
maxima of approximately 4 million gallons into the Pony Slough during that
48-hour period on January 23 and 24. The reader is reminded that without
flow measuring devices, actual flow may be less than 4 million gallons.
Bypass No. 9 has a heavy steel tidegate attached to the end of the pipe.
At no time was the gate observed to be open. The bypassing identified in
Table 8 is the leakage around the tidegate. Flows were estimated to be
approximately 10 gallons a minute. Total flows out of No. 9 into Pony
Slough for the period of January 23-24, are estimated to be approximately
280,000 gallons during that 148 hours.
No bacterial samples were collected from either bypass (North Bend or Coos
Bay). However, by inference, an estimate of bacterial density was made.
It is known that during the dry weather period the fecal coliform value of
raw sewage ranges from 6 to 8 million fecal coliform per 100 milliliters.
During the period of bypassing, collection system flows exceeded the normal
dry weather flows by a ratio of approximately 3 to 1. Taking this into
account, bacterial densities during the bypass period are estimated to be
about 2 million fecal coliform per 100 milliliters, or one-third the
coliform density during the dry weather period.
The North Bend sewage treatment plant during the sample period, January 22
to 25, produced effluent that met the bacteriological permit requirements
(Table 9). Influent at the plant varied between 2.5 MGD to 3.15 MGD,
Although design capacity of the North Bend STP is 6.0 MGD, inflows to the
plant are restricted by the 3.0 MGD influent pump station.
Cops Ba y Water Quality
Bacterial water quality results in this section reflect the interaction that
occurs in an estuarine environment when freshwater and seawater meet. Many
factors influence bacterial density in this environment, such as, volume of
freshwater, tidal amplitude, circulation patterns, channel depth and
location, location of fecal waste inputs, etc. Table 10 shows fecal coliform
median and log mean values for various areas of Coos Bay and South Slough.
Figure 13 shows fecal colifbrm median values arranged by location in the
bay.
Upper Bay - Dredged Channel
Upper Coos Bay (South of Hwy 101 Br.) is a freshwater mixing area and
reflects suppressed salinities when this occurs. The main freshwater input
is the Coos River which enters the bay via two channels. The Cooston
Channel branches from the Coos River at Graveyard Point, before the river
enters the bay.
The Cooston Channel carries freshwater along the east side of the bay
before it turns west at Pierce Point and joins the main shipping channel.
Cooston Channel forms the southern boundary of the Silver Point 8 shellfish
plat. The Coos River enters the bay via the Marshfield Channel near
Station 11. Stations 12 through 7, located in the main shipping channel
which is dredged to a depth of 37 feet by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
adjoin the upper bay shellfish plats.
In order to evaluate bacterial water quality data from bay waters that are
contiguous to shellfish growing waters and to assess water quality impacts,
the data was reviewed in two ways:
1.
2.
for adherence to the shellfish growing water standard;
for adherence to the non-shellfish estuarine water contact
recreation standard.
Fecal coliform medians were found to exceed the shellfish growing water
standard at stations 7 through 12. Stations 11, 12, 8 and 7 met the fecal
coliform log mean water contact recreation standard and stations 9 and 10
exceeded it. This is in large part due to the Coos Bay No. 1 STP bypass
point located in between these stations. Salinities in the upper bay
shipping channel were suppressed. At stations 9 and 10 they ranged from
' less than 1 to 12 and at stations 7 and 8 from 2 to 15 parts per thousand.
Upper Bay - Intertidal Areas
Stations 16 through 24 in the intertidal area of upper Coos Bay are located
in the Silver Point 7 and 8 shellfish plats. Currently OSHD requires
shellfish harvested from that area be depurated or relayed to clean water
before they can be sold. Here the shellfish growing standard is the only
applicable standard. Bacterial water quality exceeded this standard. The
median fecal coliform value for all eight stations was 240 with all sample
values being greater than 43 fecal coliform. Individual fecal coliform
medians for each station can be found in Figure 14. These high fecal
coliform values are due to the various fecal waste sources; bypasses,
animal wastes, subsurface sewage; and the many factors that affect their
dispersal to the ocean. Salinities at these stations during the sample
period were suppressed, in the range of 0 to 6 parts per thousand.
Stations 25 and 26 also exceeded the shellfish standard but not by as much
as the Silver Point 7 and 8 area. This is perhaps due to fewer number of
samples or greater seawater dilution.
TARE 10
Evaluation of Fecal CoLW= Values
ft • Aoterenoe to Shellfish Grazing Water
and water cliatact Recreation stardoms at SaReim Stations
In Ooze Bay, Jaaiary 22-a, 1962
Estuarine Stn-Stellf Ian
Water Standard
Sbelltiam Crowing; Water Standard
Meets Median
of Staples ?hots Log ttato
No. of SUPles
That Exceed 43 200 Fecal Colifora 'Oat Exceed 400 Tide
No.
of 14 Fecal
ttettan
Value
( ) Total No,
of Samples
Log Pam
Value
Samples
) Tote/ No.
of Samples
Upper Bay (Stith of
Big. 101 Br.)
• relidead aiannel
Minified amine
No
No
11
Mouth of Imams maigi
12
Main Canal South of Coastal
Cbacel-.above and ham STP 10
discbergs ant *ass pith
9
Main Charnel North of
Cote= (lame
8
7
109
u
(7)
93
5 (7)
193
us 77
Yee 106
0 (7)
1 (7)
2 (7)
4 (7)
High
"
and Lad 114e
"
"
No
No
4 (7)
7 (7)
Yes 134
1100
No
424
No
No
193
93
7 (7)
5 (7)
Yes
15)
115
0 (7)
1 (7)
Not Applicable
Nat Applicable
High Tide Orly
Not Applicable
Not:. Applicable
High Tide Only
Yes
W
1T
0
W
0
!I
WNW
11
11
21
11
- Intertidal Ana
7 & 8
16 Ulm
Other Oyster Plats
25 & 26
Silver Part
%fedi, Flats
214
No
240
No
93
4 (5) -
No
93
93
4 (8)
(7)
Yes
No
6
Yes
74
103
0 (8)
0 (7)
30 (30)
Mid Bey (West of Hwy. 101
to Weyertneenerlagoon)
-
pt edged Chattel
Due West of R.R. 2r
Opposite North Bend SIP
Higo and Lai Tide
"
"
"
- Hawes Inlet
H3
No
240
7 (7)
No
435
3 (7)
- North Slaigh
N2
No
2110
6 (7)
No
219
2 (7)
No
No
No
240
75
240
3 (3)
No
2 (3)
7 (7)
Yes
298
50
0 (3)
No
220
2 (7)
High and Lad Tide
No
93
5
Yes
90
0 (6)
High and Low Tide
No
No
No
No
No
43
93
43
91
3
4
3
4
-
Lad Tide Only
11
VI
II
Arms
Russel Point
ZT
Jenne Ibizt
28
Pm
Youth of Pony Slcugn
1 (3)
High Tide Only
11
Lover Bay (Saab of Weyerhaeuser
Lagoon to Mouth)
Dredgod Channel
Above Coos No. 2 SIP
• South Slough
- Boat Basin
- Mr. Charleston Br.
- At Hansoms Dock
- Jae Ney Slough
- Jae Nay Slough
22184.F
SS 2
SS 4
SS 5
SS 11
SS 11a
(6)
(7)
(7)
(7)
(7)
3 (7)
u3
-42-
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Low Tide Only
0
W
11
0
W
W
A
*
N
T 24S
FIGURE 13. BAY STATION
• MEDIAN FECAL COLIFORM VALUES
JAN, 22 TO JAN. 25, 1982
SEVEN SAMPLES PER STATION
• FIGURE 14. SILVER POINT 7 AND 8 BAY STATIONS
MEDIAN FECAL COLIFORM VALUES
JAN. 22 TO JAN. 26, 1982
FOUR SAMPLES PER STATION
34
r
Immatnal
Vtinitt
•Ve/T.1.
2.81ai•o•I 1,•}'
&Aram nor;
.
3 ▪
--
.. ..
. . .
.
.
. PArtase;;
• ...;;7172 .111Sh
7••-
- ..*nn•-etr11941/*
Petty
.
Penen
...
•
,
- float
1 1,1on0
1
----
•
P4 fr.
0.1.,...go..t. .-i7.
- '
.....',
-.--1.-.
-
• -----7- " -
,
•
-6-
-%
,
_.
.
' -, + g•a
.....
1C
•••:?4'
--.•
w.
1
.r; water n
- - —
....1
C.\
-‘'-
•-' • --s...—...kt
-----"Im
.
4siOsr”,
---717
--" — se Tt
I
w p.,..s--..---,
....,,
.--,-.--- -- •
1
_
•
— .7,71;'
I •
•
• i.-- -
NARK .916''''''‘f""79141.4
•
"
n;rgr
•
.n
COAIn ••••• -
•
'1'
..
.:—
s2 3
4
-
... .--st •4.......,r-
"i •oe, 1
...I. • s ......1.•
aim •
-
--,
--r.-:-.".7
-_- _-"` _ ''N - r'"*--••••----../' \
I'
'' 7 -,,,,
1
= i2
74
2.,..J r\-1 1...u..-,.,
40
.
erl---2--o•---
- 7
2
_
-
C,.....
I
\ •'b.zn-'1
/-".. .7.
i
\ . t;;Z: .Z.'- -. ••.-
//. =,:
\ n
‘'..=
) \•-Z -: --- i
(,..._.4 --...'
\s
- 11
., - \.
.,,z,.\\.
,
_ - ...7 _
--
1/
•
—
.
Mid Bay
Currently the OSHD prohibits the commercial growing and harvesting of shellfish from this area. Median fecal coliform values for stations 5 and 6 are
lower than Upper Bay values (Figure 13). Salinities were higher ranging
from 5 to 16 parts per thousand. However, one might anticipate fecal
coliform values to be even lower since these stations are nearer the mouth
of the bay and seawater would provide dilution. During the sample period
this was not the case.
Additional fecal wastes inputs enter this part of the bay from Haynes Inlet,
North Slough and Pony Slough (Table 10) and helped maintain high fecal
coliform values. Samples from intertidal areas, stations 27 and 28, also
reflect high fecal coliform counts due to continued fecal inputs.
Lower Bay
Station 4 did not reflect the anticipated dilution of fecal coliform due to
the continuous input of fecal wastes into the upper and middle bays during
the sample period. High fecal coliform density in the Coos Bay No. 2 STP
effluent also served to maintain higher than anticipated fecal coliform
values in the bay. Stations 1 through 3 were not sampled due to hazards
associated with high winds and waves and time limitations.
South Slough
South Slough, a tributary to Coos Bay, is located one mile from the mouth of
Coos Bay on the south side of the bay. South Slough differs hydrologically
from other sloughs in the bay because it is influenced by the ocean more
than the bay, as evidenced by salinities that ranged from 11 to 22 parts per
thousand during the sample period. The mouth of South Slough is bordered by
the unincorporated communities of Charleston to the south and Barview to the
north. Both are within the boundaries of the Charleston Sanitation
District. The commercial district of Charleston is sewered. This includes
a holding tank pumpout facility for commercial fishing boats that moor in
the boat basin. Not all residential areas in Charleston and Barview are
served by sewer. Sizable areas still utilize on-site subsurface sewage
disposal systems due to the expense involved in laying sewer lines.
The OSHD classifies South Slough as an approved growing area which means
shellfish may be commercially grown and harvested from these waters. The
applicable standard in all South Slough waters is for shellfish growing
waters. During the sample period all stations in South Slough exceeded the
standard (Table 10). Stations SS2, 4 and 5, reflect water quality outside
the shellfish growing areas and the probable impact of fecal input from
boats, subsurface sewage, and direct discharges of sewage from straight
pipes. Such a pipe was discovered and sampled during the June survey.
Stations SS11 and 11a are located in the Joe Ney Slough oyster growing area
and show similar water quality to those South Slough stations already
discussed. It is likely that fecal wastes enter Joe Ney and that this
slough's water quality may be influenced by additional sources outside of
its boundaries.
-45-
Table 11.
Coos Bay Oyster Meat Quality *
Samples From Silver Point 8
Fecal Colif orm
per 100 grams meat
Total Colif arm
per 100 grams meat
790
-330
700
330
2,400
-2,300
24,000
1,700
2;300
1.,300
5,400
1,700
- 82/5/18
220
790
82/6/15
82/6/16
40
490
230
Date
82/1/20
82/1/22
82/1/23
82/1/24
82/1/25
82/2/2
82/2/3
78
< = Less than
Table 12 ,South Slough Oyster Meat Quality *
Samples From Joe Ney and South Slough
Fecal Colif orm
per 100 grams meat
Date
Total Colif orm
per 100 grams meat
82/1/22
82/1/23
.J.N.
S.S.
45
460
1,700
82/2/2
82/2/3
J.N.
S.S.
45
78
790
1,700
82/6/15
82/6/16
J.N..
130
20
3,300
S.S.
460
790
J.N.
Joe Ney Slough
S.S. = South Slough
Oyster meat standard allows for up to 60,000 total coliform and 230 fecal
coliform per 100 grams of oyster meat.
-46-
TABLE 13
Percent Klebsiella to Total Coliform by Day
At Silver Point 7 and 8 Bay Stations
January 23-25, 1982
# of Total Colif orm
y
# of Klebsiella
O.
y
"
January 21
16
23
17
18
19
20
21
24
41
10
19
11
1.00
7
46
13
10
28
14
112
38
56
30
43
Total TC
20
374
Total K
%
K
=
30%
January 24
16
23
17
18
19
440
320
400
360
400
4
3
4
3
20
420
1
21
24
320
390
3,050
5
4
25
Total TC
1
Total K
% K = 1%
Januar y 25
5
23
17
18
19
20
34
30
27
23
6
20
28
9
21
24
3
16
24
3
9
1
22
Total TC
3
Total K
3,632
% K = 16%
TL1859
3/1/83
-47-
34
TABLE 14
Percent Klebsiella to Fecal Coliform by Day
At Silver Point 7 and 8 Bay Stations
• January 23 - 25, 1982
# of Fecal Coliform
k
4 of Klebsiella
• •
kai
II
•
I
January 21
0
8
20
16
23
17
18
19
20
21
24
27
310
8
20
0
50
8
0
10
12
46
22
40
Total FC
Total K
195
% K = 24%
January 24
16
5
2
23
3
16
0
7
25
14
4
1
0
17
18
19
20
21
24
Total FC
0
35
1
12
117
0
8
Total K
= 7%
January 2S
16
23
17
18
19
20
21
24
Total FC
12
17
14
13
10
11
0
0
0
15
0
15
107
0
10
9
0
1
Total K
= 9%
TL1859
3/1/83
-48-
II
Oyster Meat Quality
Oyster meats were collected and analyzed for total and fecal coliform
levels whenever bay waters were sampled for coliform levels. Samples
from the upper bay shellfish plat, Silver Point 8, were collected directly
from the bay floor (Table 11). Samples from South Slough were collected
from Qualman Oyster's daily harvest (Table 12). No samples were collected
or analyzed for Saturday and Sunday, January 24 and 25, because Qualman's
was closed. Samples from the upper bay exceeded the market standard on
all samples, even the sample taken January 20, before the rainfall event.
Samples from the South Slough area met the standard the day of heaviest
rainfall but exceeded it the following day. One can conclude oyster
meat bacteria quality mirrors bay bacteria densities in their growing
water.
Klebsjalla Analyses
To determine whether Klebsiella sp. elevate total and fecal coliform counts
in bay waters, the eight stations in Silver Point 7 and 8 shellfish plats
were analyzed for its presence. This was done in 2 ways as discussed
in the methods sections. Table 13 shows results for total coliform
comparisons. Table 14 shows results for the fecal coliform comparisons.
In both cases Klebsiella did not constitute a significant percentage of
the total or fecal coliform densities that could lower those counts to
within shellfish growing water standards. It is interesting to note the
large percentage decrease that occurred January 24, when runoff from the
2.98 inch rainfall of January 23 entered the bay.
VI
BACTERIAL WATER QUALITY RESULTS IN THE COOS BAY DRAINAGE
FEBRUARY 2 AND 3, 1982
Weather and Soil Conditions
The heavy rainfall events of January 22 through 25 were followed by a
relative dry period beginning January 28 extending through February 3.
Soils in the area were basically saturated at the end of the rainfall and
drained out during the dry weather. The purpose of this survey was to see
if tributary and bay sampling sites improved in bacterial water quality.
Tributary Water Quality
Figures 15 to 18 show daily fecal coliform values for tributary sites
sampled on the low tide, February 2 and 3. Not all sites were sampled due
to limited staff. Bacterial water quality improved during this dry period
as shown by the overall decrease in fecal coliform counts relative to that
of January 22 and 25. This is due in part to the lack of land runoff,
caused by rainfall, which transports fecal material away from its source.
Even though fecal coliform counts are lower, the impact of fecal waste
sources still can be seen.
For example, on Catching Slough samples above and below Stock Slough, CS2
and CS4, show an increase in fecal coliform. Samples from Larson Creek (H2)
-49-
FIGURE 15. TRIBUTARY
FECAL COLIFORIY1 VALUES
FOR LOW TIDE
FEBRUARY 2, 1982
FIGURE16. TRIBUTARY
FECAL COLIFORM VALUES
FOR LOW TIDE
FEBRUARY 2, 1982,
"*".-
-
7.1
1.7>L%;';'7•:1*;-
se-
•
-
-
FIGURE
Some Ail
Lis
IS-
18.
TRIBUTARY
I.
Lem
2
FECAL COLIFORM VALUES
0
0; es
FOR LOW TIDE
FEBRUARY 3, 1982.
O
7 - 0.90.•
/
e.....:.
,.....
,
....
--,---
.41
..
r
-
.., •,,,,,-,,,* s--_ -7.., -,"-_
--,..:;,-..
..L-..........„,,,...
_ ,...-.!
...
-,......-
'CSC -'' si-.1-7:1„:._
)10fai,....,,i
,— ,,,---- i.l.
-=.-7...
..',"
,....ty
• - '
ri
n ,3 ..• '' I /11"1---'...:
..6.,%`
-
,,,,": 471:..Z
03Z.0. 17...1 3 0.-0
- ' • ....-^„,.. `,..7.1•4*--'
"'"-JT- T.....,....„
;.,.......
,-....,_/-...--......
...,/ .,
=
,
-
.777,771. ;
70
•*".9.
-
ce.44.-s.';f1
77-10— •.;
'
_53_
..
-_.........
: , ,....,:_•,,;.:.—,' ' • ;
.-..T.:.,1-,,,,...3. • ''
i....c.',.- L,...".:.1 "..r..7-,
e—s----.F.---, -
,,.. •;,.....,
tie
I
4
: ../.. .. . ,..":t) ,
and North Creek (N1) reflect fecal inputs. Pony Creek at Virginia Street
(P3) on February 2, showed high fecal coliform counts. The Empire-Barview
creeks showed an occasional high fecal coliform count. Chickses Creek (El)
which had high fecal coliform counts in January, had low counts reflecting
negligible fecal input.
SLItelP
Effluent samples from the 3 STPs were not collected on February 2 and 3.
Local DEQ personnel continued to monitor bypass points in the Coos Bay
and North Bend collection systems after sampling crews left on January 25
(Table 8). The Coos Bay collection system ceased bypassing January 30.
By February 2, North Bend had stopped bypassing according to staff
observations. However, • it is likely that bypassing ceased January 31 or
February 1, although no observations were made over that weekend. The
high flows in the collection systems which continued bypassing were
probably due to the infiltration of groundwater.
Bay Water Quality
On February 2, all main channel stations in Coos Bay and South Slough
Stations 2, 4, 5, 11 and 11a, were sampled on low tide (Figure 19). On
February 3 high and low tides were samples (Figures 20 and 21). On the
high tide all main channel stations and upper bay shellfish plats were
sampled. Only main channel stations were collected on the low tide since
the shellfish plats were out of the water.
Bay bacterial water quality was improving by February 2 and 3. This can be
seen by comparing low tide fecal coliform values on the 2nd and 3rd. It
appears that fecal conform inputs continued from areas around the bay.
Pony Slough (P4) acted as a reservoir for North Bend's bypass and slowly
bled out water with high fecal coliform densities to Coos Bay on the
outgoing tide.
Other areas that showed fecal input were Haynes Inlet, Coalbank and
Catching sloughs,. around the Coos Bay No.1 STP, and North Bend
STP. The largest hydraulic input to the bay, the Coos River, had low
fecal coliform densities. The water samples taken on February 3 over
Silver Point 7 and 8 shellfish plats, stations 16 through 24, exceeded the
shellfish growing water standard although they were lower than samples
taken January 22 and 25.
The persistence of fecal coliform densities above the shellfish growing
water standard in the bay after dry weather is perplexing. It serves to
exemplify the complex nature of an estuarine, system and the need for
additional information on how it operates.
Oyster Meat Quality
Oyster meat samples from the Silver Point 8 shellfish plat in upper Coos
Bay did not reflect the same decreasing bacterial densities as bay waters.
-54-
• W
2
3
T .3 4 S
• FIGURE 19. BAY STATION
FECAL COLIFORM VALUES
FOR LOW TIDE
FEBRUARY 2, 1932,
NNW
3
FIGURE 20. BAY STATION,
FECAL COLIFOR11 VALUES
FOR HIGH/LOW TIDE
FEBRUARY 3, 1982,
- .. •
.
.
7 I
••
•
to.
FIGURE 21. SILVER POINT 7 AND 8 BAY STATIONS
FECAL COLIFORII VALUES
FOR HIGH/LOW TIDE.
FEBRUARY 3, 1932.
r
7 0"
.„0"!.?••—
*S.
teiehi4
.Ic
.ik
.....-,
•...r.i.414r......7,,r
7".""'"—..."Ibba ?OM! . ,
Wise ot) ..4„,
........,
...,..-4-"
•., • _t•
,
_.-}_...
--..-___:-.-;„. ....,...
.•••••:„.., 2
_.,
/ '';',..•.:
• •
_ 1=----
,
' ..•4--- ''S'7:., , • ,. C,'::_ti,:.:-.
Jo.
I
•-' )_ .-7,77-7,-,-,--=--%
,:.•'.: :
.......wor-r...
• 7.-, r--.----w'. : ...„,
----..
17'/---:---7:7
7 ....I
a
.......,..,„
. ."----
-..---: ,-;
-,-...,......_
_ .5,-...t..,,::• \• 1,-,...
' k.:::
I
--.
......n
.,
%-...
y-.4
,•%
-
7'
.
ik
...........--.:.
\ "::".7.--2
Instead they increased and were higher than oyster meats collected in
January (Table 11). This is possibly due to the continued presence of
fecal coliform densities greater than the growing water standard in the
upper bay and increased pumping activity of the oyster itself which
tends to concentrate bacteria in the animal.
Oyster samples from South Slough were within the market meat standard
(Table 12). Waters in South Slough were also within the shellfish
growing standard supporting the idea that acceptable bacterial oyster
meat quality reflects bacterial water quality that meets standards.
TL2184
-58-
VII
BACTERIAL WATER QUALITY RESULTS FOR THE COOS BAY DRAINAGE
JUNE 15 AND 16, 1982
Weather and
40.1 Collations
The June water quality survey was designed to sample the drainage basin
during a no rain situation when soils were unsaturated and freshwater
inflow entering Coos Bay was low. During this survey no rain fell,
although a small amount had fallen the two days prior to the survey
(Table 6). Groundwater levels were probably lower than winter time
heights since rainfall amounts were tapering off by May 1982.
Tributar y Water OuaLitv
Not all tributary sites were sampled in June. Those sampling sites that
did not reflect fecal waste inputs in January were deleted. Figures 22 and
23 show where samples were taken and-their fecal coliform log mean values.
Table 15 presents an evaluation.of fecal coliform data at specific sites in
each drainage.
Coos River
Sites in the upper tributaries of the Coos River were not sampled. Flow in
the Coos River was low and estimated to be 250 cfs. Site C8 was within the
water contact recreation standard for fecal coliform. Salinities at this
site ranged from 4 to 9 parts per thousand and reflect the greater amounts
of seawater in the upper bay and river during reduced freshwater inflow.
Catching Slough
Sampling sites on Catching Slough at the head of tide (Cs1) and Stock Slough
(Cs3) exceeded water quality standards. These high fecal coliform values
probably reflect animal waste input to the slough. Even though Cal and Cs3
exceeded the bacterial water contact recreation standard, water quality at
the slough mouth (Cs7), was within the standard due to dilution by
seawater. Salinities at Cs7 ranged between 9 and 13 parts per thousand.
Isthmus Slough
Isthmus Slough was within the fecal coliform standard for water contact
recreation. Salinities at the Eastside Bridge (Is 5) ranged between 20
and 21 parts per thousand. Coalbank Slough, a tributary, had a log mean
fecal coliform value at its upper site (Cb1) that exceeded the standard.
The mouth of Coalbank Slough (Cb3) was within standard apparently due to
dilution. Salinities at Cb3 ranged from 18 to 19 parts per thousand and
at Cb1 they ranged from 3 to 4.
East Bay Tributaries
Echo Creek was not sampled because it was dry. Willanch Creek had low
flows, approximately 1 of s, measured zero salinity, and exceeded the fecal
coliform water contact recreation standard. Kentuck Creek also had low
flows, approximately 2 to 4 cf s, measured 1 to 4 parts per thousand salinity
and exceeded the bacterial water contact recreation standard.
-59-
TABLE 15
Evaluation of Fecal Colitorm Values fcr ice of Water Contact Recreation
Standard at Tributary Pmrpli ng Sites in the Coos Bay Drainage, 'rune 15 and 16, 1982
Meets Log Mean
Station Square Miles 200 Fecal Col./form
No. of Sanples
That Exceed 400
*AM
Oar-
Mean
Values
Log
Coos Rive'
@ Mbuth
South Fork
Millicama River
Catching Slough
# Mouth
Head a Tide
Stock Slough
Row Slough
C8 415
LS
CZ/
CS1
C33
Yee
3
No
No
CS5
Yes
of Samples
(5)
Pony Creek
@ Virginia St.
@ High School
Empire-Barview
Creeks
Chickses Cr.
El
First Creek
E2
Second Creek
E3
Third Creek
Fourth Creek
E5
Tarimel Cr.
E8
Pidgeon Pt. Cr.
E7
Cr at Fossil
ES
Pt. Lane
N.S.. Not Sanpi
TL2184.A
41 1162
1157
N.S.
5
12
0
4
(5)
(5)
(5)
Animal Wastes
Animal Wastes
(5)
N.S.
N.S.
N.S.
Yes
No
100
236
Ec1
tri
4K-._ 0A-
( ) Total NO.
N.S.
N.S.
CT
# Mouth
Haynes Inlet
Palouse Creek
Larson Creek
North Creek
25
Yes
Isthmm Slough
East,t4e Br.
IS5
Green Acres
IS1
ainglehame Si
I53
Coallmuic Si.
@ Mouth
Cb3
Above Tidegates Cb1
East Bay 'fritutari.
Echo Cr.
WiLlanch Cr.
Kentuck Cr.
Probable
Fecal Scarce
Impacting
(5)
(5)
N.S.
7
407
(5)
Animal Wastes
14.5
2e5
(5)
SUbsurface Sewage
Animal Wastes
Animal Wastes
14 11.5
10
0.6
0.4
0.2
2
2
0.2
0.3
No
Yes
z
511
139
0
4
0
(5)
(5)
(5)
Yes
No
144
272
1
1
(5)
(5)
No
1171
5
(5)
Yes
Sewage input
N.S.
Yes
Yes
(5)
(5)
171
181
N. S.
N.S.
2047
9590
-60-
5
(5)
5
(5)
Subsurface Sewage
fir
n
FIGURE 22.
TRIBUTARY
LOG MEAN
FECAL COLIFORM VALUES
JUNE 15 AND 16, 1982
FIVE SAMPLES PER SITE
......._. " .....-^ • 0 • • 1' \ .f
',„,..,-,. -'• _.
-...,
•.%,-.1,7.,..114-.-
; -1.ii. ••i ?"- 7 : •••.. .- •,:.'..1.•A
0",...' .-- T--•.i
'-14,47i
,-.... i
10
0
-;,...-*••:-•••fr. 'ft,? n-• -4•1 :-.•:••••..77
-'7-4 )).-;
• -...' ,...c.:14.. -.....--t\--...1... .0- ,--,.. ,t -,--,--,. ;.1.•
*-
.-?' .1 /2
-,-"*---:- ' - '''' .':•,,......'"f.,-"^ '"'•-•
''
--7."'''. -7 T. . - 74-,,,,, ,
- •--v.., ' • ' : `-.1., • '• ...,
...mn
1...%
..44:L%.";'
*"'":,?!.:._,:.-1:-----"1-41*4-':.tt .-ii';''::-.
%
'..""ir
-"----.--..
n..„.....t...^Moor..-...1.-71-.......
.- ''''
,....-"_.
4.4.:.',- i' ' ', '.;., r -1. •,..
,-... - ....=-•
,,u. 4.,...,:,...: - ,W -7•,,
-'4..)-'""i7,77:7-
,,
„.•• ..•
\ .., • - ,
_.
,•
.
∎
1-'
- -
:is7.77.7.....,;----;,r,,..../f-,.:,
.,..47
• ' ti' :".•
- c.:••••.‘•
-1C
.71,..0•?;7 =471
- "e••• !•_ .•;. ....:;.r...t::\;:i..,,i
7., •••,....7'4A .-
-=.:,-'•'".:•- : ''''",:.• `, •:.
"'•--,-"?..=
.,..,4,,..' •.-'1:•',„' ....,..,,,
-"•t ,• ....
'' -•,,.'''.- '••=,..,;
• -,.". 1-,1r7"t‘t-..-Ptir,-•
_........,- - •*•-n.•
. (..:di.:0"a!, :- 3,-7-47,..,:,.,..A'="-•
--..711-,.
' . i 4, -;,.. ,,.?'",,-..`",
'-'''''-..-' '
,.. ,"5.7,..0.;.....7,..„ ,, „...;.„7:_-:;,... , ..
, ..f..--,,
-
'''
' ,'-i
1` ''---..'5'\
•%?•••:i . 4,..
•,r'-.1-...J.--..",-;, :71,1.-- ' '
' . ..... 4.7 ,i.,.
. . . !"="%vnn
FIGURE 23. TRIBUTARY
LOG MEAN
FECAL COLIFORM VALUES
JUNE 15 AND 16, 1982
FIVE SAMPLES PER SITE
a.'7..3••
C.;
?..:n•••••."T"L'l
.
„.
ow/
181 I )
•
•
T.z
tf„?7
.2‘,••
4.62
•
) ^
'441
•
21 .3 ‘3.41
•
s
-=
•
„sr
.
'
j7....7q•C's•sii,.:
-
-62-
•
”
• 7'
• •
..1
I
Haynes Inlet
Flows in Palouse Creek (H1) and Larson Creek (H2) were low, approximately
2 to 3 cf s each. Salinities for Hi and H2 ranged from 14 to 20 parts per
thousand. Fecal coliform values were within the water contact recreation
standard for Palouse Creek but were exceeded by Larson Creek due to input
from animal waste sources in that drainage. Flows in North Creek (N1) were
equally low and salinity measured zero. North Creek met the water contact
recreation standard.
Pony Creek
Pony Creek at Virginia Street (P3) met the fecal coliform standard for
water contact recreation while P2, less than one mile upstream, exceeded
it. Dilution by bay water may have accounted for this difference since the
and easily
volume of flow in Pony Creek was low ranging from 1 to .02
diluted by seawater. Salinities at P3 were between 6 to 14 and at P2 were
2 to 7 parts per thousand.
es
Empire-Barview Creeks
Drainages in this area are not tidally influenced so no dilution by
seawater occurred. Sites E2, E5, and E6, were not sampled this survey
because they did not demonstrate high fecal coliform input in January.
Chickses Creek (El) located within the boundaries of the Coos Bay No. 2
STP service area, exceeded the fecal coliform water contact recreation
standard as it did in January (Figure 23). The specific source of this
fecal input has not been identified.
Sites E3, E4, E7 and ES, are located in the Charleston Sanitation
District. In January E3 and E4 exceeded the fecal coliform standard.
Inputs from subsurface sewage systems were suspect contributors. In June
both sites were within the fecal coliform standard. Since soils were no
longer saturated, it appears subsurface sewage systems in this area were
capable of treating sewage adequately. Sites E7 and E8, exceeded the fecal
coliform water contact standard as they did in January. Here again,
subsurface sewage system failures are suspected.
During the sample period, June 15 and 16, STPs in the basin met their
permit requirements for fecal coliform discharges, (Table 9). At the same
time, no bypasses were observed from either the Coos Bay No. 1 or North
Bend collection systems.
Ba y Water Quality
Upper Bay - Dredged Channel
With the exception of station 10, all upper bay main channel stations were
below a median of 14 fecal coliform and met the shellfish growing water
TABLE 16
Evaluatias of Fecal CoLifaut Values fa Admire= to Shellfish Graang Water
at Waite, Canact Reireatnen Standards at Sampling Static=
In Cow Bay, Ana 15 and 16, 1982
&tsarina Nen-Sailfish
Water Standard
Shellfish Growing Water Starklind
No. of Samples
No. of Sambas Wets Leg Main
list Exceed 43 MO Fecal Colifcria non Exceed 400 Tide Simples
mete Malian
of 14 Fecal
..
.. •
•
Median
Value
( ) Total No.
of Simples
• n••
lag Wen
Value
•
( ) Taal No.
of Samples
OW Bar (Smith of
lbw* 101 Br.)
Diddged Comm all
11
MarsbfieLd Osertel
12
Moth of Tiaras awaits
Main Quasi Santa of Coostim
Ocannal.-.etove ard velar SIP 10
discharge art hypos point
Mein Oarrel North of
Yea
Yes
Yes
Yea
9
Omer= (bawd
-
High at Lcw Tide
7
7
0
(4)
Yes
8
0
(4)
0
(4)
Yea.
7
0
(4)
•
n
19
0
0
(4)
16
11
0
(4)
If
(4)
Yes
Yea
0
(4)
X
0
(4)
Yea
6
0
(4)
(4)
9
Yes
Yes
0
Yes
0 (12)
(4)
5
Yes
0
n
III
•
It
II
W
n
•
*
W
•
•
II
•
III
n
Intertidal Area
Silver Point. 7 & 8
16 tbru 24
Not Applicable
Net Applicable
Bigler Tide Only
App, (phi e
Kit Tide Only
Crater Plats
Other %%Ur Plata
25 & 25
0
(4)
Net APplicabl
Mid Bay (West of Pee. 10
Br. to Weyerhaeuser Lagoon)
- Dredged Charnel
Due West of H.R. Er
(20
Yea
3
0
(4)
o
(5)
Yes
1
0
(4)
6
EiMp and Lai Tide
Opposite Herta Bat
SIT
5
Yes
4
*
Yes
<3
- &yam Inlet
3
Yes
4
0
(5)
Yea 5
0
(5)
- North Slags
N2
Yes
<3
0
(5)
Yes
1
0
(5)
27
28
arta= Point
P4
Mouth of Pony Slcuga
Later Bay (South of Weyerhaeuser
Yea
3
Yea
0
(2)
High Tide Only
3
0
0
(2)
Yes
Yes
(2)
Yes
0
<3
o
(4)
Yea
0
(2)
(II)
High and Lad Tide
Yes
<3
0
(4)
Yes
0
(4)
High and Lao Tide
-
Lai Tide Only
•
Intertidal Areas
Russel Point
lag= to Mouth)
- Dredged Clantal
Above ads No. 2 SIP
1
•
If
W
South Slough
' - Boat Basin
- Nr. Cria•lesten Br.
- At Hamer Dock
- doe Ney Moral
-
Jai Nay Slows
< = less than
1I2184.7
SS 2
Yes
3
0
(5)
Not Applicable
SS 4
Yes
0
0
1
(5)
(5)
(5)
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
0
(5)
SS 5
SS 11
Yea
Yes
4
<3
4
SS 11a
Yea
9
-64-
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Not Applicable
Lac Tide Only
N
•
•
•
W
R
W
R
•
•
•
'MY/
1
3
FIGURE 24. BAY STATION
MEDIAN FECAL COLIFORM VALUES
JUNE 15 AND 16, 1982
FOUR SAMPLES PER STATION
of NA* al 0 3 nu.
.esweou tu. Ca.
SO. R. et inuay
SW um op JO a.*
wumlowno.M.0.1•41
Muni. AI T.
era yes
s
i-
n
L. 1
NNI 11
3sas
4.9
I
. •••
4.1
Nan
FIGURE 25. SILVER POINT 7 AND 8 BAY STATIONS
MEDIAN FECAL COLIFORM VALUES
JUNE 15 AND 16, 1982
ONE AND TWO SAMPLES PER STATION
23-
„,.1•0153ali•dan•n•••••maish..•
4
7
inenSaaa Wants
',ores 1.•6;c6.1
6
•w7.:
....... . .......
-
• ,..U..Ipecnnc•"...0
'" "' •
3 «
-
Senreoll;
• •
2
sr
1.`
- Teener'
.:"Rtd
--'2"-fgeeRI
- /artist* Core
tr
3
I
L(Pe
e
McCullougn
_
•
_
•
r% •
9.00ailee=
MORIN
PMere
xr`
N•1
7,,
1 4 3.
•
—,
try
Pare
•
Maw.,
n‘
•
•
4
. -----:,
-
.., Slain Towers
......
;
Z
'''''
I
..
-- t-----„„
.. .
1
10
ass sr
Snalaan
A5:1±".,7
,. Tice Gate
nose
S
Seaton _ •• ger
— S46--
_
• sop
•
c3
16 •
ISIC7SAL At ft P'0R7
t
tertroes ;LI .
ann
:oat n=. •
zb-Y1-1 0
toant
---z-0-0603r 7
- None
Poen
-oe,1
'
\ 1
`.1
' --
-..
/)
,--,-- — 1
_
- • "7:12=S?--
23
vs
Water
•
Ts.
%
Ts
1
24
•
C.:v*0 • .
BEND
Cm posit III
1n:;:f
3
ars'
.2a
I
}01Seit
Htda S
••
z_`
f -.40 21114
z 21•
lothiz
.w ean
W
saw.
' warrwzree
".
•
\
•
'
,
3
4 '
water
•
Jr MS
20
•
;
T..
t
• a4:_
Staell
• si•
•
li
fa
•-tar•-.."
et U0
L41113.'
_
le
.C.Mweeret,
Pant
.....131!)..L •
3END
c7437•11;riln...r.....".7CORP,
2•
•
ral
4,7 "3-;_..,„arstvarree.: r
• C6Sne.rt Treater
; Cow
•
•
Cy .t•
a
Id
1•4 U 0
•••=.
. it
„.
.
-Tramar
Pan.
-
caos 131
-66-
,
•
0:seloset•
•••n•,..
N..,
ur
tiNlta •.
,.....
:‘,
standard (Figure 24 and Table 16). Salinities in the upper bay ranged from
14 to 24 at station 11 in the Marshfield Channel and from 26 to 28 parts
per thousand at station 7.
Upper Bay-Intertidal Area
Salinities at stations 16 to 24 ranged between 25 and 27 parts per thousand.
The daylight high tide of June 15 did not cover the Silver Point 7 and 8
plats with sufficient water to allow complete access by boat to all
stations. As a result only one sample was collected at stations 18, 19, 23,
and 24, on June 16. Figure 25 shows individual fecal coliform values and
medians for these stations. The median fecal coliform for the eight stations
met the shellfish growing water standard (Table 16), even though Kentuck
and Willanch creeks inflows exceeded the fecal coliform standard for water
contact recreation. Since flows in these creeks were low, any fecal input
was apparently being diluted by the large amount of seawater in the bay.
Mid Bay
All stations; main channel, intertidal and mouths of slough, had median
fecal coliform values that met the shellfish growing water standard
(Table 16). Salinities in and near the main channel ranged from 28 to 30
parts per thousand. Any fecal coliform inputs that entered the bay in this
area during this period were diluted out by the large amount of seawater
present.
Lower Bay
During the June survey, bay station 3 was sampled. Both stations 4 and 3
were within the shellfish growing water standard. Salinities ranged from
28 to 31 parts per thousand.
South Slough
All stations in South Slough met the shellfish growing water standard June
15 and 16, (Table 16). Salinities in the lower part of the slough (SS2, 4,
5), ranged from 27 to 29 parts per thousand. In Joe Ney Slough, salinities
ranged from 16 to 23 parts per thousand. During the June sampling, a grab
sample was taken from a concrete pipe that enters the slough next to the
public fishing dock (SS4). Flow in the pipe was estimated to be less than
0.1 of s. The fecal coliform value was 134,000 organisms per 100 ml. A
subsequent grab sample taken on August 5, 1982, measured greater than
11,000 fecal coliform per 100 ml, confirming this pipe to be a direct
source of sewage input. The presence of this pipe near the public dock
and possibly others can impact bacterial water quality in South Slough.
The impact to water quality from this fecal source was not seen in June
due to dilution by seawater.
O yster (eat Quality
Oyster meat samples from upper Coos Bay, (Silver Point 8 shellfish plat),
and South Slough, were below the market meat standard, (Tables 11 and 12),
and reflected good shellfish growing water quality.
-67-
TABLE 17
Percent Klebsiella to Total Coliform by Day
At Silver Point 7 and 8 Bay Stations
June 15-16, 1982
# of Klebsiella
# of Total Coliform
June 15
16
23
17
1
18
-
19
20
1
21
0
24
-
0
mlb
0
Total TC
0
Total K
5
%K
0%
June 16
16
23
17
9
18
0
19
20
21
24
2
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Total TC
Total K
16
= 0%
TL1859
3/1/83
0
TABLE 18
Percent Klebsiella to Total Calif arm by Day
At Silver Point 7 and 8 Bay Stations
June 15-16, 1982
S,
# of Total Colif orm
I
# of
Klebsiella
t
•
it
June 19
16
23
17
18
19
20
21
24
.•n
0
0
• n• n
410
0
0
1
Total FC
Total K
0
% K =0%
June 16
16
23
17
18
19
20
21
24
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
Total FC
*
Total K
6
% K = 4% *
* 24% of all colonies picked for API identification Jan 1982, were confirmed
to be Klebsiella. Since API identification was not done in June, this
factor was applied to arrive at 4%. 1 to 6 = 16.7% x 24% = 4%
TL1859
3/1/83
Klebsiella Analyses
The presence of Klebsiella in total and fecal coliform counts was investigated in June. The same methodology was used as in the previous sampling
period, with one exception, API identification of suspect Klebsiella
colonies on fecal coliform membranes was not done. Instead, a percent
recovery based on API identifications done during January was applied.
Analysis of total and fecal coliform samples from bay stations 16 through
24 showed Klebsiella, were not a significant portion of total or fecal
coliform counts (Tables 17 and 18).
TI,2184 H
VIII
THE PREDICTIVE MODEL FOR ESTIMATING BACTERIAL DENSITIES IN COOS BAY AND
SOUTH SLOUGH
Introduqtion
DEQ's water sampling of Coos Bay demonstrated that the combined impact of
all the fecal sources in the Coos Bay Drainage Basin was substantial.
There was, however, no manner of assessing the particular (unique)
contribution to water quality attributable to an individual source. To
approach this problem, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the
Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) have developed a computer model
of the water circulation patterns in Coos Bay and South Slough. Through
the use of this model it is possible to simulate the impacts of individual
fecal waste sources on different parts of the bay. Specifically, the model
is capable of showing how fecal sources contribute to the bacterial levels
in the shellfish growing areas of the bay. It should be noted that while
modeling can provide a useful tool to simulate the bay's water quality
under some conditions, the model is too restrictive in its assumptions to
actually simulate water quality in the bay under all conditions.
The model developed for Coos Bay is an adaptation of EPA's Dynamic Estuary
Model (EPA 1982). The model was constructed by the application of the laws
of physics, hydraulics and conservation of materials, to the problems of
understanding how water circulates in bays. The model has been used in a
number of studies on estuaries, including one of Grays Harbor, Washington.
The model's programs are currently maintained in the computer facilities of
EPA's Region X Headquarters in Seattle.
This section of the report will first describe how the model's programs
which simulate water circulation patterns, were adapted for the specific
physical structure and tidal conditions in Coos Bay. Second, a
discussion will be presented on how additional assumptions about the
origin and levels of bacterial inputs allowed the model to simulate
patterns of bacterial densities for various parts of the bay. Finally,
the results of simulating bacterial densities under three different sets
of conditions are presented, and the primary factors affecting these
densities are discussed.
Simulating the Ba y 's Circulation Patterns
The model required the bay to be divided into 118 geographically distinct
"nodes". The common boundaries between the nodes are called "junctions" and
the water that flows across a junction is called a "channel" (Figure 26).
The model was provided with information on the amount of water at mean low
tide in each node, and on the amplitude and timing of the tides (Figures 27
and 28). Given this information, the model calculated the direction and
volume of water that flowed through each channel. The results were used to
build predictions on the direction of water movement (or "channels" of flow)
during both incoming and outgoing tides (Figures 29 and 30). Tidal readings
taken at Charleston during the month of January 1982 were the basis for
the tidal amplitudes used in the model. These readings were judged as
representive of the average tidal conditions in the bay. However, since at
-71-
,
,
zoo -'''_„( r""' — ' :7_..
37"..a
sca
in 47„,,,,,,v
,
'./..1...,24.
,,,:,"'.,4",..
_,
" 12, :::-:
.'
's.,::
-•'. '7'1
-
• - . ..:
,.._, ,
• .
',1
..; . C.,'"*.N0L
--,•- •
•
zdartak
.7.8 •
•-• '
. -
•---; '
-..
Figure 26. Example of Upper Coos Bay Nodes and
Junctions Used in Computer Model.
/
I j
I
191
/'
1
28
,e•
, `,...., ; eks,:;......-- ,
/ -2,':.
. n......."
ir,
—......-. n ., $.71
z-...,
---• rr.''''',-A,...
4.- 's;: --r / .,----:
.e \S• 00(11
n ' Sho. .....,
-s,
".n
..', •'''. *".1g
,,, , . .
.........-.......... -..,,tt.......s........
.. ,r, .
:. •
'1, .
`-
n-T
•
311.01
.
nRAR..
):,: ‘
7.245.1'
k
W - ,
z (41- ,:.
"4
f ..... •
-
\
—
,
1
,....„,
— • — - 4. „- • —I
i; - . ......aaumaam==. ,CI
- ..ii
.,., ' • WT,4,61
,-. I naustrtal Waste
_
suov.alon .•:,,Ponds
onds
.,--k--'' ,
7 25 5 .
-..,====.......=:
_
:"..;;'
;........., : -4..............4.„;,.......Le
. .., S. l
i. -..
.
J.
...:-:'
z
Figure 27. Representative Tidal Amplitudes Used in
Predictive Computer Model for Main
Channel of Coos Say Neer tapire.
.
....
0
.1.
• •
0
0
• e
• 4
0.
..
..
..
0
0
00
.4
.o
0
let
.4
.4
.
61
'
It
• (
•t
n,1
•
•
00
Low Tide
.•
0
0
.0
*a
.4
..
0
• 0
lee
• a
ed
v4
*6
If.
..
.
o.
et
01.
0
-
al
..
0
....
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Representative Tidal Amplitudes
Used in Predictive Computer Model for
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-73-
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F igure 29. Hydraulic Model. Prediction Showing
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-74-
Figure 30. Hydraulic Model Prediction Showing
Channels of Flow for Incoming Tide.
23
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-75-
particular location the tidal amplitude and timing will vary depending on the
local nearby bottom features and its distance from the mouth of the bay, a
month's additional tidal data was collected at two sitea in upper Coos Bay
during April and May of 1982. This data allowed tidal time lags and tidal
height variations to be gauged and subsequently used to fine tune the
models predictions of circulation patterns for the upper bay.
The "channels" of flow depicted in Figures 29 and 30 are primarily determined
by the physical structure of the bay and will remain the same irregardless of
the tide or fresh water input. However, the "net water flow" (i.e., the
volume of water flowing one direction more than another for a given period of
time) will vary depending on both tidal forces and the hydraulic head exerted
on the bay from the input of rivers and streams. Since the amount of Coos
River flow is great enough to have a substantial influence on the bay's
Circulation patterns, three different rates of flow were used to develop the
simulations of net water flow. Rates of 2,500 cubic feet per second (cfs),
500 cfs, and 30 cfs were used. The first represents winter river flows
generated by runoffs over saturated soils from a one inch to one and onequarter inch rainfall in 24 hours; the second is a typical flow of late
spring or early fall when rainfall is generally much less and soils in the
basin are either draining or just becoming saturated; and the third
represents flow that is typical of the summer low flow when rain is
infrequent and there is no runoff from the unsaturated soils.
For a given rate of river flow, the model factored in the effect of the
rising and falling tides, and simulated what the net water movement or
circulation patterns were for a given 24-hour period. Figures 31, 32 and
33 show the predicted patterns for Coos River flows of 2,500, 500 and 30
cfs respectively. Dye work done by the DEQ in August of 1982 supports
the accuracy of these simulated circulation patterns (see Appendix F).
Simulating Wag Impact of Fecal Sources
Having generated the capability to simulate circulation patterns in the
bay, it became possible to also simulate how pollutants such as fecal
coliform inputs would be dispersed throughout the bay under different
tidal and river flow conditions. This was achieved in the following way.
First, the model was provided with assumptions about the levels of bacteria
that would be entering the bay through the primary freshwater input of the
Coos River. Second, simulations were run under these various assumptions
with the model's output being a set of data that could be used to determine
median background bacterial levels for each node in the bay. Finally,
simulations were run in which flow and bacteria inputs from individual fecal
sources were added and resulted in bacteria densities that were over and
above background levels. The discussion to follow will elaborate on each of
these steps.
The model might best be visualized as a bowl filled by primarily one source,
the Coos River. Any bacterial levels which result in the bowl due to this
source are determined by four factors (a) the size of the bowl, (b) how fast
water moves out of the bowl, (c) the volume of freshwater input, and (d) the
concentration of coliforms in the input. Since assumptions made about the
-76-
.1411•441111n11•11
4.4
Figure 31. Hydraulic Model Prediction Showing
Direction of Net Water Movement in
24 Hours When Inflow From the Coos
River is 2500 Cubic Feet per Second.
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-77-
Figure 32. Hydraulic Model Prediction Showing
Direction of Net Water Movement in
24 Hours When Inflow From the
Coos River is 500 Cubic Feet per
Second.
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Direction of Net Water Movement in
24 Hours When Inflow From the Coos
River is 30 Cubic Feet per Second.
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.tomtary 4.?3
first three factors have already been discussed, there remains only to
describe what assumptions were made about how concentrated the bacteria were
in the primary freshwater input. As the volume of primary input was
previously assigned three possible values, the next step was for coliform
concentrations for each of these flows to be set. First, winter flows of
2,500 cfs were assigned 200 fecal coliform per 100 ml. This bacterial
density was chosen because it represents the upper limits of the water
contact recreation standard. Second, spring and fall flows of 500 cfs were
assigned 100 fecal coliform per 100 ml. This bacterial density was set to
reflect the anticipated densities one would expect with reduced land
runoff. Third, summer low flows of 30 cfs were assigned 50 fecal coliform
per 100 ml. This bacterial density was set to reflect a minimal fecal
coliform contribution.
Since simulation runs were also planned to determine the impact of fecal
sources originating in South Slough, it was necessary to set values for the
concentration of bacteria in the background freshwater inputs which filled
that portion of the "bowl". The input was defined as a combination of flow
from the upper arms of South Slough, from Joe Ney Slough, and from Days
Creek. Total flows and concentrations for the three representative times of
the year were: (1) winter flows of 240 cfs with 60 fecal coliform per 100 ml
(2) spring and fall flows of 40 cfs with 40 fecal coliform per 100 ml;
(3) summer low flows of 3.5 cfs with 20 fecal coliform per 100 ml.
The model's programs produced its simulation by first allowing the bowl
to fill and reach hydraulic equilibrium. At that point in time, coliform
levels corresponding to the appropriate scenario were inserted. These
levels were allowed to persist for a period simulating five days. During
this period, it was assumed that no other sources, including the ocean,
were inputting colif orm, and that the coliform neither died nor reproduced
in the bay. To allow time for a thorough mixing of new and old fresh
water inputs, only data for days three, four, and five were analyzed.
This data showed hour by hour what level of coliform existed at every
node in the bay. From this data, the median value for fecal coliform
density at each node was determined. These median values constitute a
background level against which other fecal source impacts can be gauged.
The last step in the simulation was to input the individual fecal sources.
An attempt was made to select flow rates and bacterial concentrations for
each individual fecal source that were consistent with the weather runoff
conditions defined in the background input. The information gained on
actual bacterial densities in the bay from water sampling was also
considered. The simulations were begun by again bringing the model to
hydraulic equilibrium and starting background fecal input on "day one".
This time, however, an additional single fecal source of interest was
inputted on "day three" and the effects it had on parts of the bay were
noted on days three, four, and five. The values produced by the model, for
any given node at a specific hour, represented the impact of both the
background source and the fecal source of interest. The impact of the
individual fecal source at a given node was obtained by subtracting the
background bacterial density from the value for that node.
-80-
∎
•
In this section results of the model's simulations for individual fecal
source inputs will be presented. While these simulations are a useful tool
in assessing increases in bacterial densities in the bay attributable to a
single fecal source, the reader is reminded that the analytic techniques
are not designed to provide a complete picture of water quality at all
times in the bay. Natural conditions in the bay can range over a wider
range than those assumed in the model and an unusual combination of events
may produce water quality conditions not described by the model.
A total of 54 simulations were run on 12 potential fecal sources located in
upper and middle Coos Bay and 3 locations in South Slough. Before
simulations could be run, flow and bacterial concentration inputs for each
fecal source were defined. The values assigned to these inputs were
consistent with background conditions and observed bacterial water quality
data. Tables 19, 21 and 23 display the location of the individual fecal
sources found in upper and middle Coos Bay in the far left column, with
assigned input flows and concentrations in the next two columns to the
right. Note that for each sewage treatment plant listed under the point
source inputs, there are two alternative values for the fecal coliform
inputs. The first represents inadequate disinfection (5,000 fecal
coliform/100 ml) while the second represents adequate disinfection (200
fecal coliform/100 ml) of the plant's effluent. The nonpoint source input
values reflect a total of the fecal source inputs for each of the drainages
listed. The three columns on the table's right contain the results of the
simulations for three specific areas: Silver Point 7 and 8 Oyster Beds,
Haynes Inlet tide flats, and lower South Slough (Figure 34). For the
background inputs a median value of the last day of the three day
simulation period was calculated and presented in the tables (e.g., Table
19 shows Coos River generated 40 FC/100 ml background at Silver Point
Beds). Using these median values gives a more representative picture of
the simulation results than simply using the end values of the three day
simulation runs. These final values could often be unrepresentably high or
low if the tide had just turned. The results displayed for the
simulations, of the individual fecal sources (both point and nonpoint)
inputs are the maximum increase in coliforms over and above the
corresponding background bacterial densities which occurred during the
three day simulation run.
The results for the simulations in South Slough are presented in Tables 20,
22 and 24. These tables are structured in basically the same way as the
three previously described tables: location of fecal source inputs in the
first column on the left, flows and bacterial concentrations in the next
two columns, and results of simulations for three different locations in
the three final columns. Since South Slough has no sewage treatment plant
discharging to it, and is relatively unpopulated except near its mouth, the
most likely fecal source inputs are from inadequately treated subsurface
sewage discharges or vessel waste discharges made directly to the Slough.
Input for a known direct sewage pipe (listed as #3 in the tables) is
included to investigate how it might impact water quality. The three
columns on the table's right display the simulation results for three
-81-
Figure 34. Areas of Upper Coos Bay and South Slough
Reviewed by Predictive Model for
Bacterial Densities.
241
23
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19
Summary of Flow and Fecal Coliform Input Scenarice Used to Generate Estimated (1) Winter
Feca]. Coliform Densities per 1040 .1a1 in Specific Areas of Coos Bay and South Slough
Average
Average Input
Predicted Median Background in
Mid Bay
Lower
Input Bacteria
Upper Bay
Flow
Camentratioa Silver Pt. 7+8 Haynes Inlet South
Background fecal
Coliform Irmut
Coos River
40
2500
17
7
Predicted Maxim= Increase Corer
Background after Three Days of
Feca]. Input for Each Source
•
Point Soiree Fecal
Conform Inputs,
1
0
Coos Bay STP No.
Coos Bay SIP No. 1
Coos Bay srp No. 1 Bypass
6
5
0.5
5000 (2)
200 ( 3)
zd 06 ( 4)
2
<1
45
38
North Bend Sr
North Bend STP
North Bend STP Bypass
+ Pony Creek
4
9000 (2)
3.5
230 (3)
2x106(4)
1
<1
100
1
0
113
5000 (2)
am (3)
1
<1
<1
420
203
350
130
430
300
1500
3
2
2
5
5
10
2
8
1
1
1
2
6
19
Coos Bay STP No. 2
Coos Bay STP No. 2
Nonnotint Same
Tribitary Fecal
Coliform Innuts
Catching Slough
isthnus Slough
Coalbank Slough
WillAmodh Creek
Motu& Creek
North Creek
Baynes Inlet
1.4
33
3
2.7
Cs7
Is5
Cb3
wi
IC4
N1
br3
170
200
45
40
EB
100
170
0
0
14
9)0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(1) Estimated values are computer model predictions for certain conditions only, and
may mt reflect bacteria denies under all flow a*Y1 ri ff eaxlitions.
(2) Inadequate disinfection of STP effluent
(3) Adequate disinfection of STP effluent
(4) Estimated fecal oolifain concentration of starmwater diluted sewage
< = less than
1L21i91.J
-83-
specific areas of South Slough: Joe Ney Slough, lower South Slough, and
upper South Slough. The results are expressed as median values for
background or maximum increase over background for fecal source inputs for
the reason previously discussed.
The results of the model's simulation for bacterial densities in the bay
are best viewed by focusing on the winter scenarios (Tables 19 and 20). Inthese winter scenarios, the relative impact of each individual fecal input
is more easily discernible than in simulations of spring/fall, and summer
conditions. This is because the winter freshwater inputs are both more
highly concentrated with coliforms and flow at considerably higher rate
than in other seasons.
The most important results for the simulations of upper and middle Coos Bay
can be svmmarimed along three lines (figures used refer to winter scenarios
of Table 19 unless otherwise noted.):
1)
The freshwater "background" input of the Coos River itself can
Produce bacterial densities over the shellfish growing water
standard (14 FC/ml) in the "Upper Bay" (40 FC/ml), and "Mid Bay"
(17 FC/ml) locations, though not in the lower South Slouth (7
FC/ml). In the two other scenarios, coliform densities are about
half these winter levels, though they are still at or just below
the water standard for the upper bay locale (see Tables 21 and
23). In interpreting these and other results of these
simulations, the particular numerical values produced by the
model are not as important as the overall portrayal of relative
impacts of different fecal inputs. In the case of Coos River
background inputs, what should be stressed is that only bypassing
from STPs produces impacts of greater magnitude.
2)
The simulations show that adequately treated discharges
(200 FC/100 ml) from STPs have no appreciable affect on the
bay's bacterial densities. Inadequately disinfected effluents
(5000 FC/100 ml) has a very minimal if not negligible effect.
These results are not surprising, since the volume of discharge
relative to the bay's volume is very small, the bacterial
densities are not extreme, and the inputs are thus easily
diluted. (Tables 21 and 23 show these negligible impacts to be
constant across all the scenarios.) In contrast, however, the
bypassing of stormwater diluted sewage during the winter has the
most significant impact on the upper and middle bay's bacterial
levels of all the sources that were simulated. While the volume
of discharge is comparable to the STP discharge flows discussed
above, the bacterial densities are significantly higher -several hundred times greater than even inadequately disinfected
discharges ( 2 x 10 6 vs 5,000 FC/ml).
The location at which these bypasses take place is also an
important factor. For example, the North Bend bypass produces a
moderate impact (14 FC/100 ml) on the lower South Slough, while
the Coos Bay STP #1 bypass which is located further up in the bay
does not (only 1 FC/100 ml). Another locational effect can be
seen in that the Coos Bay STP #1 bypass has impacts primarily on
the upper bay Silver Point 7 and 8 Oyster Beds and secondarily
on the mid bay Haynes Inlet Tide Flats, while the North Bend STP
bypass impacts are the reverse.
3) The simulations show that the impact of the nonpoint sources
depends mainly on the source's location and to a lesser degree on
their volume and bacterial concentration. For example, Willanch
and Kentuck Creeks elevate bacterial densities over Silver Point 7
and 8 Shellfish Beds more than they do in Haynes Inlet Tide Flats.
(5 and 10 FC/100 ml vs 1 and 2 FC/100 ml) Haynes Inlet impact is
similarly twice as great on its neighboring tide flats in
comparison to the more distant Silver Point 7 and 8 Oyster Beds.
(19 FC/100 ml vs 8 FC/100 ml)
The results of the simulations for South Slough can be summarized along
four points (references are again to the winter scenarios in Table 20 unless
otherwise noted):
1)
Fecal inputs from the "background sources" of South Slough did
not produce bacterial densities exceeding the shellfish growing
water standard for either the Joe Ney or lower South Slough
areas. A value slightly in excess of the standard was predicted
for the upper South Slough and would be attributable to the
winter bay circulation patterns. During the winter the shallow
flat structure of upper South Slough together with higher volume
of freshwater inputs from the seasonal rain inhibits the ability
of the area to flush out with each tide change. As a result,
bacteria accumulates within the area. During other seasons this
buildup does not tend to occur (this can be confirmed by
examining Tables 22 and 24).
2)
Simulations show that subsurface sewage inputs to Joe Ney Slough
elevate bacterial densities greatest within Joe Ney Slough
itself. As in the upper South Slough, the water circulation
patterns and physical structure of the slough work to trap the
input and accumulate bacteria in the area.
3)
Finally, the simulation of sewage discharge from the pipe at the
public dock and from boats at the boat basin again highlight the
importance of the location of an input source. The simulations,assume the same rate of flow and bacterial concentration for both
sources but the impacts are dramatically different. A discharge
from the pipe at the public dock can produce acutely elevated
bacterial densities not only in the immediately adjacent lower
South Slough but also back up into both Joe Ney Slough and the
upper reaches of South Slough. These buildups can be linked to
the tidal flows, bay structures, and resulting circulation
patterns as discussed previously. By contrast, a similar
discharge from boats in the boat basin has a minimal effect on
TAMP. 20
Sumum7y of Flow and Fecal Cairo= Input Scenarios Within South Slough
Used to Generate Estimated(1) Witter Fecal Colifama Densities per 100 al
in Specific Areas of South Slam
Average
Predicted Median Fecal =form Values
Average Irput
at Specific Areas of Stith Blair
Input Bacteria
Upper
bower
Concentration Joe Ney
Flow
Background Fecal.
Oaltfonn Input
Coos River
S. Slough
2500
240
200
60
10
7
16
Predicted Maxi= Ircream Over
Backgrcund after 'Three DM of
Fecal Input fay Each Source
Input From Feasible
.22=14.92,0221.11.=LStast
1.
2.
Subsurface Sewage
In Joe Ney Slough
0.5
Discharge of Sewage
fnma Boats at Boat Basin
0.5
Discharge of Sewage
from Pipe at Public rock
0.5 2x105
0.5
5,000 2x105
18
7,600
1
2
24
23
19
(1 ) Estimated values are ommuter model predictions fa y oartaincondittons only, and
may not reflect bacterial densities under all flow-and runoff conditions.
< = less than
1121 .J
bacterial densities. The depth of the adjacent channel and the
closeness of the bay's mouth either dilutes or easily flushes the
discharges out to sea.
In conclusion, the model's importance rests on the fact that prior to its
development the only manner of assessing the input of a fecal source on
the bay was to discharge a dye from a source location and track it. The
predictive model provides not only a useful alternative to that time
consuming method but. additional information about comparative impacts of
sources unobtainable from dye work. DEQ believes that since the information
that went into the model about the bay's structure, tidal flows, freshwater
inputs, and fecal source inputs is correct, and the assumptions upon which
the model is based are reasonable, the simulations can be accepted as
giving, at a minimum, a "ball park" picture of bacterial densities in
Coos Bay and South Slough.
EAG:g
TG2316
TABLE 21
Stsmsry of Flat and Fecal Colin= Input Scenarios Used to Oecerate Estimated(1) Fall and
Siring Fecal CoLifata Densities per 100 ml in Specific Areas of Coos Bay and South Slough
SCatlarisa
BadiampallFecal
Colifama Input
Coos River
Site
C8
Average
Predicted Median Background in
Average Input
Mid Bay
Input Bacteria
Lager
Upper Bay
Concentration Silver Pt. 7+8 Haynes Inlet South
Flow
Tide Flats Slough
Oyster Bela_
FC/100 ml
cfs
14
100
500
8
2
Predicted Maxima Increase Over
BaCkground after tree Days of
Fecal Input for Each Source
yoint Source Feces].,
Calif= Inputs
Coos Bay STP No. 1
Coos Bay STP No. 1
Coos Bay SIP No. 1 Bypass
4
3
0.2
1
2000 (2)
<1
230 ( 3)
2x106(4)11
North Bend
Sl1?<1
5000
3
<1
North Bend STP
( 3)
3
North Bend STP Bypass
0.2
2x105(4)11
4
Edgy Creek
400
Coos Bay SW No. 2
Coos Bay STP No. 2
2.5
2.5
<1
<1
3500 ((23))
0
0
0
1
0
0
12
1
0
lizarainUsanst
Tributar y Fecal
Coliform Inputs
Catching Slough
Isthmus Slough
Ccelbank Slough
Willanch Creak
Kentudk Creek
North Creek
Haynes Inlet
Is5
Cb3
Tel
K4
F33
40
5
2
5
15
15
2)0
1
100
<1
253
300
400
150
600
<1
1
1
<1
<1
<1
0
0
<1
<1
<1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
(1) Estimated values are computer model predictions for certain conditions only, and
may not reflect bacterial densities under all flag and runoff conditions.
(2) Inadequate disinfection of STP effluent
(3) Adequate disinfection of STP effluent
(4) Estimated fecal roliform concentration of
stcrmwater
< 7. less than
TI2184 J
—88—
diluted sewage
TART.F.
22
Sumamnr of Flad and Fecal Cal.:bran Input Scenarios Within South Slough Used
to Generate Estimated(1) Fall and Spring Fecal Coliforn Densities par 100 ml
in Specific Areas of Smith Slough
Predicted Median Fecal Colifam Values
Average
at Specific Areas of South Slough
Average Input
Input Bacteria
Upper
Concentration Jce Ney
Flo,
Backward Fecal
Conform Input,
Coos River
S. Slcugb
100
2
Predicted Maxisman Inoream Over
BaCkground after Three Days of
Fecal Input fcr Each Source
Smut Fran Possible
Emal32.1:211aalutiUlgugli
1.
Subarface Sewage
In Jce Ney Slough
0.2
0.2
5,000
10,000
2.
Dimharge of Swage flan Boats at Scat Basin
0.2
2x105
3.
Discharge of rage
0.2
2x105
10
3
2
8
2
13
frmn Pipe at Public Dock
(1) Estimated values are computer model predictions fa' certain conditions only, and
< = less than
1121814.J
TART 23
Sunnory of Flow and Fecal Calif= Input Scenarios Used to Generate Estimated (1) Sumer
Fecal Oolifomn Densities per 100 ml in. Specific Areas of Coos Bay and South Slnuen
Average
Predicted Median Background in
Average Input
Lower
Mid Bay
Upper Bay
Input Bacteria
Flab Concentration Silver Pt. 7+8 Harm Inlet Scutt
M-
111,1 WI lt
Bankgromd Fecal
Colifonn Input
Coos aver
10
8
2
Predicted Mach= Increase Over
Baskground after Three Days of
Fecal Input far Faith Source
Joint Source Fecal
Coliforn Inputs
1
Coos Bay STP No. 1
Coos Bay STP No. 1
Coos Bay STP No. 1 Bypass
2
2
0
MOO (2)
200 ( 3)
0
1
<1
0
0
0
0
North Bend SIP
North Bend STP
North Pend STP Bypass
5000 (2)
200 (3)
2x106(10
400
<1
0
<1
0
0
0
+ FOn ► Creek
2
2
0.05
0.10
Coos Bay STP No. 2
Coos Bay STP NO. 2
2
2
9300 (2)
200 ( 3)
<1
0
<1
0
0
<1
<1
<1
<1
0
0
0
0
0
<1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Nontaint Source
Thibutarr Fecal
ColiformImputs
Cabdtal;Slough
Isthnt Sicugh
Coalbank Slough
Willa:1th Creek
KentuCk Creek
North Creek
Baynes Inlet
3
Lei
Cb3
2
0.5
0.5
93
100
300
300
K4
1
300
<1
1
100
600
<1
<1
5
(1) Estimated values are computer model predictions fcr certAi nconditions only, and
zip not reflect bacterial densities under all flow md-runoff conditions.
(2) Inadequate disinfection of STP effluent
(3) Adequate di qinfection of STP effluent
(4) Estimated fecal coliform concentration of stormwater diluted sewage
< = less than
rL2184.J
- 90-
=LEN
&a wry at Flow and Fecal COlifonn Input Scenarios W'fh i n South Slough
Used to Generate Estimated( 1) Summer Fecal Califs Densities per 100 ml
in Specific Areas of South Slough
Average
Input
Annie
Input Bacteria
Caoceedo-#.ion
Flow
.
•
1.;.:11 17n 4111
•
SI
Background Fecal.
Coliform Input
Coos River
S. Slough
30
3.5
Predicted Median Fecal Colifam Values
at Specific Areas of South Slough
II
Joe Ney
Lower
Upper
.1 • r°411
2
2
PretntedMencham Increase Over
Backgrcuad after Three Lays of
Fecal Input far Each Source
;mut Fran Possible
.Fecal Sources
1.
2.
in 4citith Slcush
Subsurface Sewage
In Joe Ney Slough
0.05
5,000
0.05 10,000
Discharge of Sewage
from Boats at Boat Basin
0.50
2x105
0.05
2x105
3 Discharge of Savage
<1
<1
5
/4
2
from Pipe at Public Dock
(1) Estimmted values are =alter model predictions for certain conditions only, and
ILRIDOLDICAOtagagria...deLlatiOLICCISDvVIZSALUCL=1"221:41==.
< 7. less than
EAG:1
'11.2184..1
Revised 5/3/83
IX
CONCLUSIONS
Based on the intensive sampling program and subsequent data analysis the
following conclusions can be drawn.
General Conclusions
1. Beneficial uses of water in the Coos Bay drainage basin are seasonally
impaired by fecal waste inputs.
a.
Water quality in shellfish growing areas is affected as follows:
i.
Upper Coos Ba y frequently meets shellfish growing water quality
standards necessary for shellfish harvesting during the summer
and fall months (June through September) when no rain occurs and
no sewage collection system bypasses occur. However, during the
winter heavy rainfall season, waters in this area often do not
meet the shellfish growing water standard.
A multitude of fecal sources have been identified that have the
potential to impact the bacterial water quality of upper Coos
Bay. Bypass sewage discharges from the collection systems for
the Coos Bay No. 1 and North Bend sewage treatment plants have a
major impact on large areas of the bay, especially the upper
bay, when they discharge and for a time period after they cease
discharging.
Coliform counts in the upper bay shellfish growing areas were not
significantly elevated by the presence of Klebsiella. a coliform
bacteria associated with wood and wood products.
ii.
•
•
South Slouch meets water quality standards necessary for
shellfish growing waters except during winter rain periods.
Fecal sources within South Slough impact water quality more than
fecal sources outside of the slough.
Fecal sources located within tributary boundaries in the drainage
basin can have localized impacts in the tributaries and can cause the
standard for water contact recreation to be exceeded. However, fecal
source inputs may be diluted by the time they reach shellfish growing
waters and consequently have little impact to water quality.
Factors influencing the impact of fecal sources on beneficial uses in the
drainage basin are:
a.
•
Distance from shellfish growing waters.
Volume of fecal source discharge and bacterial concentration.
c.
Volume of seawater in the bay, especially in upper Coos Bay,
available to provide dilution.
d.
Volume of freshwater inflow from the Coos River and other
tributaries and their.associated bacterial load to the bay.
e.
Circulation patterns in the bay.
Area SoecificSonclusions
1.
2.
Sanitary Districts
a.
The bypassing of storm water diluted raw sewage from the collection
systems for the Coos Bay No. 1 and North Bend sewage treatment plants
has the greatest impact on bacterial water quality degradation in Coos
Bay. Impacts occur primarily in upper Coos Bay (above the Highway 101
Bridge) and the bay area between the Highway 101 Bridge and the
railroad bridge.
b.
The treated effluent from sewage treatment plants, Coos Bay No. 1,
Coos Bay No. 2 and North Bend have no impact on bacterial water
quality in the bay when effluents meek permitted discharge limits.
Isthmus and Coalbank Sloughs.
On high rainfall-runoff situations fecal contaminated water from these
watersheds can degrade bacterial water quality in the shellfish growing
areas of upper Coos Bay. Within the watersheds there is some localized
water quality degradation caused by homes with inadequately functioning onsite subsurface sewage disposal systems and animal wastes from occasional
farm animals.
3.
4.
Catching Slough
a.
Fecal contamination of water from this watershed can cause bacterial
water quality degradation in the shellfish growing areas especially
during high rainfall-runoff events.
b.
Stock Slough, a tributary to Catching Slough, has a very large fecal
source contaminating the surface water.
c.
The localized impact to water quality from fecal sources near the
Sumner area is believed to be a combination of farm animal wastes and
inadequately functioning on-site subsurface sewage disposal systems.
Coos River
a.
In the Coos River system no specific fecal sources were identified
from the data. Localized water quality degradation can occur near a
fecal source if it should discharge fecal bacteria. Degradation
downstream of such a discharge is likely to be minimized due to
dilution by higher river flows, especially during the winter.
-93-
b.
Even though no significant fecal sources were identified to be
contaminating the rivers, wild animal populations, an occasional
malfunctioning 0n-site sewage system, etc. create "background" levels
of fecal bacteria that, when combined with the large volume of water
coming out of the Coos River during heavy rainfall, can introduce a
large loading of fecal coliform to the bay and thus may exceed fecal
coliform standards in the shellfish growing areas.
Echo Creek
Moderate levels of fecal coliform are found in the water but since this
watershed has a low volume discharge, no significant bacterial water
quality degradation in the bay can be attributed to this watershed.
6. Willanch and Kentuck Creeks
Moderate to high levels of fecal coliform were measured during rainfallrunoff events from these watersheds indicating the presence of fecal
sources. These streams, with their relative concentration of fecal
bacteria, volume of water discharge and close proximity to shellfish
growing areas, are identified as contributing to the bacterial water
quality degradation of the shellfish growing waters of Silver Point Oyster
Plats 3 through 8, especially during rainy periods.
Glasgow Area
This area was not sampled during this study. However, previous studies by
the Oregon State Health Division have identified inadequately functioning
on-site subsurface sewage disposal systems. With this in mind, and the
close proximity of this area to the shellfish growing area, the Glasgow
area is considered a potential threat to the bay bacterial water quality in
the shellfish growing areas during storms.
Haynes Inlet
Fecal sources, animal wastes and subsurface sewage, in the Palouse and
Larson Creek watersheds degrade bacterial water quality in Haynes Inlet
especially during rainfall-runoff events. The water quality of Haynes
Inlet can impact upper Coos Bay and the area of the bay between the
railroad bridge and the Highway 101 Bridge.
North Slough and Creek
In the watershed fecal sources cause localized water quality degradation
during rainfall events. Relatively low volumes of water flow into the bay
does not significantly load the upper bay with fecal bacteria. The area of
the bay between the Highway 101 bridge and the railroad bridge is most
impacted.
10.
Pony Creek
Water sampling data indicate fecal source(s) are located above and below
the foot bridge near the North Bend High School. This source, a probable
sewage bypass, is adding large amounts of fecal wastes to Pony Slough
during periods of heavy rainfall.
11.
Pony Slough
Two untreated, storm water diluted, raw sewage bypass points discharge into
Pony Slough during heavy rains. Amounts of discharge vary according to the
intensity of rainfall and cause severe bacterial water quality degradation
in the slough and in the bay above the railroad bridge.
12.
13.
Empire - Barview Area
a.
An unidentified fecal source(s) degrades the bacterial water quality
of Chickses Creek year-round.
b.
Small creeks draining watersheds having sewage collection systems
demonstrate no significant fecal contamination.
c.
Small creeks draining watersheds without a sewage collection system
have significant fecal contamination year-round from inadequately
functioning on-site subsurface sewage, systems. Water quality
degradation will be localized and greater in'the summer due to low
flows than in the winter. Impacts in the bay and especially shellfish
growing areas by these contaminated creeks is mitigated by their small
flows, distance from shellfish growing areas, and dilution by the
large volume of seawater in the bay.
South Slough
a.
Fecal coliform counts during rainfall-runoff events are consistently
lower than elsewhere in Coos Bay.
b.
Fecal coliform counts are attributable to fecal sources located
mainly within the slough watershed.
c.
A fecal discharge located beneath the public fishing dock north of the
Charleston Bridge is contributing an identified share of the fecal
loading in South Slough.
d.
Based on computer model predictions, any inadequately functioning onsite subsurface sewage disposal systems located within the Joe Ney and
lower South Slough areas could add significantly to fecal
contamination of Joe Ney Slough and, to a lesser degree, the fecal
contamination of the upper arms of South Slough where shellfish
harvesting occurs.
TG2122
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-4 •
•
- • • • -
• • •
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TG2210
APPENDIX A
GLOSSARY
1.
APPROVED GROWING AREA - A shellfish growing area that does not receive
dangerous concentrations of pathogenic organisms, radionuclids,
and/or harmful industrial wastes. Shellfish may be sent directly
to market.
2.
BYPASS - A term describing the unauthorized discharge of untreated
sewage from a sewage collection system. Bypassing can occur when
a collection system receives more water than can be transported
to the sewage treatment plant. The bypass point usually occurs
before sewage arrives at the sewage treatment plant. •
3.
CFS - Cubic feet per second. A unit of measurement dealing with the
volume of water flowing by a fixed point during a set period of
time. It is the unit of measurement used to describe the flow of
a river or stream.
.3. CONDITIONALLY APPROVED GROWING AREA - A shellfish growing area that
sporadically receives discharges from sewage treatment plants
directly or indirectly and/or a dock or harbor facility affecting
the sanitary quality of the area. Shellfish may be sent directly
to market only after specified precautions have been taken to
insure the sanitary quality of the shellfish.
4.
DEQ - The Oregon Department of Environmental Quality. The state
agency with overall responsibility for water pollution control.
5.
DEPURATION - Placing shellfish in an environment of controlled
salinity, temperature, bacterial water quality for the purpose of
self-cleansing and removal of collected bacteria, especially
fecal coliform, from their tissue. This process is used to
ensure that shellfish offered for sale are low in fecal coliform
values and are safe for consumption.
6.
EFFLUENT - Treated wastewater discharged by a treatment facility.
Wastewater is treated by screening, settling, biological activity
and disinfection which removes the major portion of nutrients,
organic and inorganic material, and reduces the concentration of
bacteria being discharged to the receiving body of water.
7.
EPA - The United States Environmental Protection Agency. The federal
agency with national responsibility for water pollution control.
8.
FDA - The United States Food and Drug Administration. The federal
agency with national responsibility for protecting the commercial
harvesting and sale of shellfish.
A-1
9.
FC - Fecal, coliform. Coliform bacteria that are found in the
intestines of warm-blooded animals. Fecal coliform are a portion
of the total coliform bacteria population.
10.
I/I - Infiltration and Inflow. Infiltration is water that enters a
sewage collection system by seeping through cracks or joints in
the system. This water is usually groundwater from an elevated
water table. Inflow is water that enters a sewage collection
system from surface runoff, usually in the form of
parking lot drains, roof drains and other forms of stormwater
runoff.
11.
INFLUENT - Wastewater entering a treatment facility. Wastewater flows
are composed primarily of water, household and commercial
sanitary and grey water wastes, .and may occasionally include
industrial process wastewaters.
12.
INTER-TIDAL - The land that is exposed between high tide and low tide.
13.
KLEBSIELLA - Coliform bacteria that are associated with wood and the
production of wood products. In the total and fecal coliform
analysis Klebsiella may be included as part of the total or fecal
coliform values.
14.
MF - Membrane Filtration - An analytical, bacteriological method where
known volumes and dilutions of water are passed through a
membrane filter and the membrane is incubated on growth medium.
Bacteria colonies that grow on the membrane represent individual
bacteria present in the water sampled. This method is used for
total and fecal coliform analysis.
15.
MOD - Million gallons per day. A term used to describe the volume of
water coming into and being discharged from a sewage treatment
plant.
16.
ml - Milliliter. A volumetric measurement which is one thousandths
(1/1000) of a liter or approximately 20 drops of water.
17.
MPN - Most probably number. A statistical, bacteriological analysis
using lactose broth and gas tube fermentation to give total and
fecal coliform values from water samples. This method is used in
the analysis of all estuarine waters in the state because it is
not affected by salinity.
18.
NPDES PERMIT - A waste discharge permit issued in accordance with
requirements and procedures of the National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System required by the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act Amendments of 1972 (Public Law 92-500) and OAR
340-45-005 through 340-45-085. This document is signed by the
DEQ Director which by its conditions may authorize the permittee
to construct, install, modify, or operate specified facilities,
conduct specified activities or emit, discharge, or dispose of
wastes in accordance with specified limitations.
19.
NSSP - The National Shellfish Sanitation Program. The Federal Food
and Drug Administration's program for shellfish sanitation
nationwide.
20.
ODFW - The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. The responsible
state agency for shellfish resource management for recreation.
21.
OSHD - The Oregon State Health Division. The responsible state agency
that administers the sanitary shellfish harvesting and packaging
in Oregon.
22.
OSSP - The Oregon Shellfish Sanitation Program. The Oregon State
Health Division's program for sanitary shellfish harvesting and
packaging in Oregon.
23.
pH - Measurement of acidity or alkalinity using the concentration of
hydrogen ions available. Neutral pH is 7. Acid pH is 1 and
alkaline pH is 14.
24.
PROHIBITED GROWING AREA - A shellfish growing area that receives
potentially dangerous numbers of pathogenic micro-organisms.
Shellfish are prohibited from being sent directly to market from
this area.
25.
RELAYING - The physical moving of shellfish from one body of water,
usually contaminated, to a clean body of water for the purpose of
self cleansing.
26.
RESTRICTED GROWING AREA - A shellfish growing area receiving a limited
degree of pollution which would make it unsafe to harvest
shellfish for direct marketing. Shellfish from such areas may be
marketed after purifying or relaying.
27.
STP -Sewage Treatment Plant. A facility designed to receive raw
sewage and process it, removing solid materials, nutrients and
bacteria. The treated effluent is usually discharged to a nearby
body of water.
28.
SALINITY - A measurement of the saltiness of water, usually expressed
in parts per thousand.
29.
SUBTIDAL - Land that borders tidally exposed areas that is always
covered by water on both low and high tide.
30.
TC - Total coliform. Gram negative rod shaped bacteria that do not
form spores that can ferment lactose and form gas within 48 hours
when incubated at 35 C. Total coliforms are found in the
environment, soil, animal sources and from wood.
A-3
31.
208 - A section of the Federal Clean Water Act, Public Law (92-500)
that deals with nonpoint sources of pollution. Nonpoint sources
of pollution, identified as diffuse sources as opposed to a
single pipe or discharge, can be, for example, runoff from animal
feeding facilities, improperly treated sewage from septic tanks,
or irrigation return water.
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APPENDIX D
CITY OF NORTH BEND SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
Flow
MGD
Total Coliform
MF Indo/100 ml
Date
Time
82/1/20
82/1/22
82/1/22
82/1/23
82/1/23
82/1/23
82/1/24
82/1/24
82/1/24
82/1/25
0725
1430
2215
0620
1355
2145
0800
1405
2145
0615
N.A.
2.50
3.00
2.90
3.05
3.00
3.00
3.15
3.10
2.90
3,100
1,000
2,000
<1,000
<1,000
100
<100
2,800
2,000
100
82/6/15
82/6/15
82/6/15
82/6/16
82/6/16
82/6/16
82/6/17
0010
0745
1550
0005
0910
1545
0005
1.50
1.10
1.20
1.20
1.60
1.40
1.40
230
18,000
490
510
280
<10
<10
= Less Than
<
= Greater Than
>
N.A. = Not Available
TG1631
Fecal Coliform
MF KF Agar/10 ml
<10
10
<100
<100
200
300
<100
60
30
<10
Log Mean
a
40
140
10
30
20
<10
<10
Log Mean
12.
APPENDIX 0
CITY OF COOS BAY SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT #2
Date
Time
Flow
MOD
Total Coliform
MF Indo/100 ml
82/1/20
82/1/22
82/1/22
82/1/23
82/1/23
82/1/23
82/1/24
82/1/24
82/1/24
82/1/25
0650
1610
2330
0725
1445
2210
0830
1430
2225
0700
N.A.
1.35
2.60
2.60
2.25
2.28
2.20
1.62
2.20
1.50
300
36,000
9,000,000
1,700,000
180,000
60,000
83,000
300,000
5,000
1,000
•
Fecal Coliform
BF Agar/10 ml
MY
- <10
27,000
>600,000
460,000
116,000
2,000
10,000
35,000
<100
<100
Log Mean
82/6/15
82/6/15
82/6/15
82/6/16
82/6/16
82/6/16
82/6/17
0040
0810
1620
0015
0850
1600
0020
0.50
0.55
0.80
0.50
0.50
0.55
0.42
<100
<10
20
<10
<10
<10
30
<10<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
<10
Log Mean
<
= Less Than
>
= Greater Than
N.A. = Not Available
aan
ila
APPENDIX D
CITY OF COOS BAY SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT #1
Total Coliform
MF Indo/100 ml
Fecal Colif orm
MY ICF Agar/10 ml
Date
Time
Flow
MOD
82/1/20
82/1/22
82/1/22
82/1/23
82/1/23
82/1/23
82/1/24
82/1/24
82/1/24
82/1/25
0600
1500
2300
0600
1400
2300
0700
1415
2200
0600
N.A.
2.80
3.80
3.80
3.80
3.80
3.75
3.80
3.80
3.55
100
1,700
2,000,000
18,000
8,000
13,000
4,000
330,000
29,000
1,700
<10
<100
30,000
<100
300
1,200
<1,000
90
60
<10
/1
Log Mean
82/6/15
82/6/15
82/6/15
82/6/16
82/6/16
82/6/16
82/6/17
0050
0830
1640
0020
0800
1620
0040
0.90
1.40
1.50
1.40
1.30
0.95
0.90
590
140
260
<10
<10
160
290
10
20
10
<10
<10
20
10
ii
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= Less Than
<
>
= Greater Than
N.A. = Not Available
APPENDIX E
COOS BAY OYSTER MEAT QUALITY *
SAMPLES FROM SILVER POINT 8
Total Coliform
per 100 grams meat
Date
Fecal Coliform
per 100 grams meat
81/10/12
260
81/12/7
230
82/1/20
82/1/22
82/1/23
82/1/24
82/1/25
790
2,400
330
700
330
2,300
24,000
1,700
2,300
1,300
5,400
1,700
82/5/18
220
790
82/6/15
82/6/16
40
78
490
230
82/8/26
<18
130
82/10/19
330
2,300
82/12/14
--
82/2/2
82/2/3
5,400
411.111
< = Less than
Oyster meat standard allows for up to 60,000 total coliform and 230 fecal
coliform per 100 grams of oyster meat.
TO1898
12/29/82
APPENDIX E
SOUTH SLOUGH OYSTER MEAT QUALITY'
SAMPLES FROM JOE KEY AND SOUTH SLOUGH
Date
Total Coliform
Fecal Coliform
per 100 grams meat
per 100 grams meat
490
9,200
81/10/12
S.S.
82/1/22
82/1/23
J.N.
115
460
S.S.
/160
1,700
82/2/2
82/2/3
J.N.
S.S.
45
78
790
1,700
82/6/15
82/6/16
J.N.
130
3,300
S.S.
20
790
82/8/26
S.S.
20
220
82/10/19
S.S.
330
13,000
82/12/14
S.S.
790
4,900
J.N. = Joe Ney Slough
S.S. = South Slough
Oyster meat standard allows for up to 60,000 total coliform and 230 fecal
coliform per 100 grams of oyster meat.
TCI898
12/29/82
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1
APPENDIX F
DEQ DYE RELEASES MADE IN COOS BAY APRIL 1982
In order to better understand the movements of the tides and circulation
patterns in Coos Bay, DEQ staff made dye releases at points in upper Coos
Bay and in South Slough. These dye releases occurred from April 13 through
April 20. Rhodamire B dye was used. This dye is water soluble and is
flourescent under ultraviolet radiation. In high concentrations, this
dye is visible to the eye but in low concentrations it can be detected by
using an instrument called a fluorometer. For the purposes of this dye
study, a "flow through" fluorometer was used to measure for the presence
or absence . of dye, exact concentrations of dye were not recorded. Weather
during the period of dye work ranged from stormy to pleasant and spring
like. Rainfall amounts prior to and during the dye work were:
Rainfall/Inches
Date
April 8, 1982
April 9, 1982
April 10, 1982
April 11, 1982
April 12, 1982
April 13, 1983
April 14, 1983
April 15, 1982
April 16, 1983
April 17, 1982
April 18, 1982
April 19, 1982
April 20, 1982
.
0
0
0.96
1.14
0.96
1.16
0.60
0.10
0
0.04
0.02
0
0
U pper Bay Dye Releases
Dye releases made in the upper bay, i.e., that portion of Coos Bay to the
east and south of the railroad bridge, were made to learn how water moved
in and over the tide flats in the Silver Point 7 and 8 area and the Silver
Point 1 and 3 area, located in the Haynes Inlet area. Dye releases were
made in the main channel and observed for interactions between the main
channel and the tide flats. Also, dye releases were made over the tide
flats in question to observe where the water moved and how quickly. What
follows is a description of the dye releases and the time it took to move
in the bay. Each dye release is accompanied by a map diagramming the
movement of dye. All times are recorded using the 24-hour clock.
Jordan
Point
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Figure 1.
Upper Coos Bay
Low Tide at 1023
Dye Release at 1120
April 13, 1982
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Figure 2.
Upper Coos Bay
Low Tide at 1116
Dye Release at 1250
April 14, 1982
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Dye Release of April 13 - Figure 1
Dye was released at 1120, one hour after low tide on the incoming tide.
Dye was poured on the west side of Hwy. 101 Bridge from middle of the main
channel north toward Russell Point tide flats. The dye moved around the
bend underneath the Hwy. 101 Bridge in a south southeasterly direction
becoming elongated at 1315. Dye was pushed toward the tide flats and the
wide channel that enters the bay called Kentuck Inlet. The dye pooled in
this wide channel eddying and then gradually bled out and flowed south.
The dye followed the western margin of the Silver Point 7 and 8 tide flats,
but did not flow out and over any significant portion of the tide flats.
By 1415, dye had traveled far enough south to be even with the City of
North Bend's downtown, and tracking of the dye ceased.
Dye Release of April 14 - Figure 2
Dye was released at 1250, one hour after low tide on an incoming tide. Dye
was poured starting at the north and west end of Silver Point 7 area in a
line running east from the mouth of Kentuck Inlet toward Glasgow Point.
Within the first half hour after release, the dye became elongated, being
pulled toward the east and west of the pour line and moving southerly 300
yards over tide flats. After this rapid movement, it slowed and was
gradually pulled apart to form two separate pieces. By 1545, two distinct
pieces of dye were evident. The piece closest to_ the main channel was
pulled toward the channel and bled out into it. The piece further east
over the tide flats traveled in a south southwesterly direction appearing
to move toward the main channel. Tracking of the dye ceased at 1600.
Dye Release of April 16 - Figure 3
Dye release was made at 1320, at slack low tide. Dye was poured on the
west side of the railroad bridge from the middle of the main channel going
north to Jordan Point. The north end of the dye release moved very quickly
around Jordan Point and flowed north into the combined channel that leads
to Haynes Inlet and North Slough. By 1420, the dye had moved north and
paralleled the Anadromous Salmon rearing hatchery. It continued to move
north and split at 1455, part of it going up North Slough Channel and part
of it moving to the east up the Haynes Inlet Channel. The dye that moved
up North Slough was at the bridge over North Slough by 1510. Dye that
stayed in the Haynes Inlet Channel reached Hwy. 101 Bridge over Haynes
Inlet at 1620. Meanwhile, the portion of the dye that remained in the main
channel continued to move to the east in the main channel. The northern
end of this dye line became elongated and was pulled over the tide flats of
Russell Point. As the dye approached the Hwy. 101 Bridge the southern end
of the dye release was pulled toward the south side of the main channel.
At 1615, the dye crossed under the Hwy. 10.1 Bridge. It was elongated and
touched the south shore of the main channel. The same line to the north
became elongated over the tide flats underneath the bridge and separated
from the channel and continued to move due east out over the tide flats.
The part of the dye that was elongated in the main channel, moved almost
due east and was pushed against the eastern edge of the main channel along
the tide flats north of the mouth of Kentuck Inlet. At 1700, the dye was
pooling in the mouth of Kentuck Inlet similar to what had been observed on
April 13. Transects over Silver Point 7 tide flat showed no traces of dye
and dye tracking was concluded for that day.
4
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Appendix F
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Upper Coos Bay
Low Tide at 1313
Dye Release at 1320
April 16, 1982
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April 17, 1982
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April 20, 1982
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Figure 5a.
Upper Coos Bay
High Tide at 1020
Dye Release at 1058
April 20, 1982
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Dye Release of April 17 - Figure 4
Dye was released at 1505, at slack low tide. Dye was poured on the west
side of the main channel, starting to the north of the Cooston Channel,
going across the mouth and beyond it to the south. As the tide turned and
started to come in, the dye directly across the mouth of the Cooston
Channel turned and started to move up the channel with the tide. The dye
to the north of the channel mouth started to move into the channel and out
over the tide flats in a north northeasterly manner. By 1700, dye
approached Pierce Point and it continued to move easterly in the channel
and to the north, northeast over the Silver Point 8 tide flat. Shallow
water prevented further tracking of the dye over the tide flats. The dye
could be seen moving out and over the tide, flats to the north.
Dye Release of April 20 - Figures 5 and 5a
Two dye releases were made on April 20, the first near slack high tide and
the other, one hour later on the outgoing tide. The first dye release was
made at 1030. A large "X" was poured over the southern part of Silver •
Point 8 tide flat. The "X" moved in a north northwest direction, moving
toward the main channel. About one hour after release, the dye started to
pool in the mouth to Kentuck Inlet. Dye bled out of this area and flowed
along the northern edge of the main channel crossing underneath the Hwy.
101 Bridge at 1210. As it moved west toward the railroad bridge, the dye
was pulled toward the middle of the main channel. At 1250, the dye moved
underneath the railroad bridge being distributed from the middle of the
main channel to the north side of the main channel.
The second dye release occurred at 1100, approximately one-half hour after
high tide on the outgoing tide. The dye release was made south of Pierce
Point. The dye was poured in a line to the southwest that transected the
Cooston Channel and the mud flats to the west. By 1130, the dye had moved
beyond Pierce Point. The dye moved in a north northwest direction and
flowed out and over the Silver Point 8 tide flat. At-approximately 1145,
the dye over the tide flat split into two distinct lines. The northern
part of the line continued to move to the north northwest over the tide
flats. The southern part of the dye line moved to the west northwest
toward the main channel. Tracking the dye ceased at 1220, since there was
insufficient water over the tide flats for the boat.
South Slou gh Dve Releases
Dye releases made in the area of South Slough were made to learn how
water moved into the slough from Coos Bay, and how water moves within
the slough, especially into sub-sloughs, such as Joe Ney. What follows
is a description of the dye releases and the time it took to move in the
slough. Each dye release is accompanied by a diagram. All times are
recorded using the 24-hour clock.
Dye Release of April 15 - Figures 6 and 6a
Dye release was made at 1140, one half hour after low tide. The release
was made in the main part of Coos Bay south of the mouth of Sough Slough.
Dye was poured in a line northwest from the south side of the main channel
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South Slough
Low Tide at 1121
Dye Release at 1140
April 15, 1982
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South Slough
Low Tide at 1121
Dye Release at 1237
April 15, 1982
,
\
of Coos Bay in a line to the middle of the channel. With this dye release,
we hoped to learn how much dye would travel on the incoming tide into South
Slough and how much would continue up Coos Bay. However, to our surprise,
the tide did not turn and come in, instead the dye traveled west toward the
mouth of Coos Bay and the ocean. At 1220, it continued to move out to the
ocean and tracking of the dye ceased. A second dye release was made at
1237, between the light marking the mouth of South Slough and Fossil
Point. The dye moved up the channel with the incoming tide, pushed to the
south southeast side of the channel. By 1330, the dye was even with the
U.S. Coast Guard Station. By 1400, the dye had moved underneath the
Charleston Bridge. By 1420, the dye had moved parallel to Hanson's Dock
and approached the mouth of Joe Ney Slough. At this point more dye was
added to the water so its movement up Joe Ney Slough could be seen.
However, the dye did not bend and move into Joe Ney Slough but continued to
move up South Slough. By 1450, it had moved to Younker Point and tracking
the dye ceased.
On returning to the boat basin in South Slough, the water was observed to
have a very slight pink tint. Checking the water with the "flow through"
fluorometer, showed that there was dye present. Since no dye release had
been made on that side of the channel, we felt this dye represented a
portion of the first dye release in the main part of Coos Bay that had
turned and traveled into the South Slough on the incoming tide. With the
fluorometer, dye could be tracked from the boat basin to the Charleston
Bridge and about half way between the Charleston Bridge and Collver Point.
The dye was found against the west side of the channel near the shore and
was not found in the middle of the channel.
Dye Release of April 19 - Figures 7 and 7a
Dye release was made at 1550, one hour after low tide on the incoming
tide. Dye was poured in South Slough north of the mouth of Joe Ney Slough,
in a line starting at the east shore and extending approximately 200 yards
toward the main channel. The dye was observed for movement into Joe Ney
Slough, but this did not occur. Dye moved past the mouth of Joe Ney Slough
and continued up South Slough. At 1630, the dye had passed Collver Point
and was headed in the general direction of Younker Point. With this we
abandoned our pursuit of the dye and returned to the mouth of South
Slough. A second dye release was made at at 1650, over the submerged sand
bar on the west side of the mouth of South Slough. The dye moved in and
over the sand bar and rotated to the south southwest and moved up the
channel of South Slough approaching the Charleston Bridge at about 1800.
We ceased tracking the dye since it was becoming dark.
Conclusions
Upper Bay. On the incoming, tide, the Silver Point 7 and B tide flats fill
with water that moves up the Cooston Channel and then flows out and over
the tide flats to the north. On the outgoing tide the Silver Point 7 and 8
tide flats.have water from the Cooston Channel flowing over them. Flows of
water in the main channel seem to stay in the main channel except for the
pieces that get pulled off over tidal areas. On the incoming tide, the
Haynes Inlet area appears to be most influenced by waters on the north side
of the main channel.
12
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Figure 7.
South Slough
Low Tide at 1503
Dye Release at 1550
April 19, 1982
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-,1__.../ .-_>/ ' ,...,/:,
'Campground
,'
La 1r
.
V. ;
Af::„
,--;
. / :1_..„......
)._
ez
\
ARAls, =.....'''
47/
„../ ).- ' 'i
ir\''
Figure 7a,
South Slough
Low Tide at 1503
Dye Release at 1650
April 19, 1982
Barriew /
•-•
T 25,9N
Th
—T--•---THT•••7—
!
South Slough. It appears that Joe Ney Slough on the incoming tides does
not begin filling immediately. A certain tidal level in the main part of
South Slough must be reached before water moves up Joe Ney Slough.
Incoming tides appears to move quickly through the main boat basin and
Charleston area into the upper parts of' South Slough.
EAG:I
TL2468
6/2/83
15