Appendix A: ConceptuaL ModeL for Native Fish
ing areas are not connected to a transport reach. In
these cases,the effects ofsedmentation occur ocaHy,
Issue:The Clackamas River watershed has several native runs of anadromous fish whose numbers are low and/or declining.
Goal: Maintain and improve native anadromous and resident fish habitat in the Clackamas River watershed.
*The Technical Work Group acknowledges that this conceptual model may be incomplete, but that it provided a starting point for data collection.
near the sediment source, rather than downstream in
response reaches.
The stream elevation prof'ies shown in Figure
Attributes that Support Satmonid Habitat
I
I
Instream conditions
Riparian conditions
Upland conditions
were created using a dgftal eIevaton model, or DENt
Indicators
Measures
Indicators
Measures
Indicators
Measures
We used a GIS to assgn elevations (roughly every
water quantity
low flow
vegetation location
proximity to low-flow channel
slope stability
soil type
geology
slope
vegetation type
downed woody debris
plant community
vegetation cover
inventory
chemical or sediment input
soil type
seasonal flow
peak flow
base flow
I 04 feet) along the mainstem of each tributary to the
Clackamas Rivec Then, we loaded the information
into a spreadsheet for plotting.
temperature
phosphorus
water quality
nitrogen
dissolved oxygen
total suspended solids
Stream elevation profiles can illustrate several con-
cepts. For example, the profile shows which areas of
texture
substrate
age
canopy
geomorphology
spawning gravel
the stream have steep stream gradients, or large
erodibility index
floodplain
soil type
meander
changes in elevation over a given distance. These
areas generally have fast-flowing water or rapids.
slope
bank shape
cover
shade
width of riparian area or
water depth
large woody debris
zone of influence
turbed or'turbed
The profiles also show areas with gentle stream
gradients, or gradually sloping lines. Such areas are
channel
phoIogy
pool vs. riffle
pool depth
gradient
important because they are often used by anadro-
width/depth ratio
mous salmonids for spawning and rearing. Because of
macroinvertebrates
presence/absence by species
taxa diversity
enrichment
refuge
large woody debris
velocity
off-channel access
the gentle gradient, however they are also areas
where sediment may be deposited.
Resource managers can use stream profiles such as
these to identify potential areas for protection and
restoration of riparian areas and fish habitat.
I
presence or absence by species
fish use
Stressors that Degrade SaLmonid Habitat
Intensity of urbanization
Barriers to passage
Indicators
Measures
Indicators
Measures
Indicators
Measures
Indicators
Measures
land cover
total or effective impervious area
instream barriers
dams
erosion
erodibility index
fragmented riparian zone
riparian width
erosion
erodibility index
turbidity
chemical loadin
pe stk .ide presence
zoning
future land use
zoning
Intensity of forestry
culverts
large waterfalls
road-stream crossin
harvest sites
road density
mass wasting
slope
projected growth
land use
current use: residential, agricultural,
commercial
road density
road coverage
riparlan intrusion
utility/road crossings per stream mile
artificial conveyance
piped to free channel ratio
stream confinement
percent of land area drained by pipe
utilities
location
miles per square mile
Intensity of agriculture
geologic unit
known slide sites
road density
roads
-
.I
Appendix B: List of Data Sources
Data layer
Sources
Administrativeiy withdrawn are
U.S. Forest Service
U.S. Bureau of Land Management
luatic diversity areas
City limits
I
ComPrehensive and-use plan
! Digital elevation model
Appendix C: References
Date and scale
I 994, I :24,000
.
..
scale undetermined
American Fisheries Society Watershed Classification
I 993.
I :
I 80,000- I :370,000
Portland Metropolitan Area Boundary Commission and local
jurisdiction zoning maps
I 996.
I :
I 200- I :4,800
Local jurisdiction comprehensive land-use plan maps
I 996. I I 200- I :4,800
USGS Digital Line Graphs
U.S. Forest Service DEM files
I :24,000
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Essential salmon habitat
Oregon Division of State Lands
Existing land-use designations
:
IFish hatcheries
Geology
limited areas
Land cover
Owl; Record of Decision forAmendments to Forest
Service and Bureau of Land Management Planning
Development, 987. I 987 Sensitive Areas Map Folio.
I :250,000
Metro and Portland State University, I 995.Tryon
Old-Growth Related SpeciesWithin the Range of
Creek Watershed Atlas. Portland 0 re.
the Northern Spotted Owl. Portland, Ore. USDA
996. 1:100,000
1996. 1:100,000
Forest Service, USD1 Bureau of Land Management. 3
Clackamas County Assessor Property Classification for Assessment
I
:
I .200- I :4,800
Montgomery and Bufflngton, I 993. Channel Classifl-
U.S. Forest Service
cation, Prediction of Channel Response, and Assess-
I :24,000
ment of Channel Condition, ReportlFW-SH I 0-9 3-
USDA Forest Service. I 990. Mt. Hood National
002, as prepared forthe SHAMW committee of the
Forest Land and Resource Management Plan. Final
Washington State Tim ber/Fish/Wi Id I fe Agreement.
Environ mental I mpact Statement. Pacific Northwest
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
Oregon Water Resources Department
USGS Willamette Basin Land Cover Map from satellite imagery
1991. 1:500,000
996. scale undetermined
1992-93. 30m cell size
Department of Geological Sciences and Quaternary
1991.
Late successional reserves
U.S. Forest Service
1994. 1:126,720
Research Center University ofWashi ngton, Seattle,
USDA Forest Service - Estacada Ranger District,
Wash.
U.S. Forest Service
U.S. Bureau of Land Management
I 996. I :24,000 - I 26,720
scale undetermined
Mines
Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries
I 996. scale undetermined
National Wetlands Inventory
U.S. Fish andWildlife Service
Ownership
Clackamas County Assessment and Taxation database
State Service Center for GIS
U.S. Bureau of Land Management
scale undetermined
Population
Metro estimates based on I 990 Census block group data
1995. 1:100,000
Oregon ChapterAmerican Fisheries Society, I 993.
Riparian reserves
U.S. Forest Service
U.S. Bureau of Land Management
I 996. scale undetermined
Oregon Critical Watersheds Database, draft.
Rivers and streams
U.S. Forest Service
U.S. Bureau of Land Management
Clackamas County Assessor
U.S. Geological Survey
I 994. I :24,000
1996. :4,800
1994 1:1,200-1:4,800
I
983- 1990. 1:24,000
I 200- I :4,800 I 996.
1:100,000
I 996.
I
I 993. Clackamas National Wild and Scenic River and
:
:
:24,000
1996. 1:100,000
1988.
Omernick, J.M., I 987. Ecoregions ofthe Contermi-
State Scenic Waterway, Environmental Assessment
nous United States." Annals ofthe Association of
and Management Plan.
American Geographers, 77: I I 8- I 25.
DEQ's I 994! I 996 303(d) List ofWater Quality
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
1996. 1:100,000
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, I 992.
Natural Resources Conservation Service - County Soil Survey
U.S. Forest Service Soil Resource Inventory (SRI)
1991. 1:24,000
1979. 1:63,360
Clackamas Subbasin Fish Management Plan.
Oregon Division of State Lands
1996. 1:100,000
U.S. Forest Service
I 994.
Oregon Dept. of Fish and Wildlife
1996, scale undetermined
electric Development and Fisheries Resources on the
USGS Water Resources Division
Oregon Water Resources Department
1996. 1:24,000
I 996, scale undetermined
Clackamas, Sandy, and Deschutes Rivers. Portland,
Surface water intakes
Oregon Health Division (tabular listing)
I 996. scale undetermined
Tier I and Tier 2 watersheds
U.S. Forest Service
U.S. Bureau of Land Management
1996. 1:126,720
scale undetermined
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, 303(d) listing
July, I 996.
istate scenic waterways
Fish impediments
Stream gauge locations
Water quality limited streams
:4,800
I
I
I
,
No. 3. pp. I 00-
l.Silver Spring, M.D.
ListingWaterbodies. Portland, Ore.
I
:
Endnotes
I 00.000
S
S
II
0
II
IS
I
S
I
I0
I
S
0
II
II
IS
II
II
S
S
S
IS
II
I
S
C,
Oregon Department of Environmental
Quality, 1996. DEQ's 1994/1996 303(d) List
I
:
I 00,000
Portland General Electric, Clackamas River Subbasin monitoring site
list (tabular listing)
I 995, scale undetermined
Watersheds
Metro, visual interpretation of USGS topo maps
I 992. I :24,000
U.S. Forest Service
1991. 1:24,000
Wells
Oregon Water Resources Department
Wilderness areas
Oregon Department of Forestry
I 996. I :24,000- I :2,000,000
Zoning
Local jurisdiction zoning maps
1996. 1:1,200 - 1:4,800
* Parcel use dtc is up to six years old, based on the dote ofthe most recent property appraisal
Portland General Electric, I 994. Fish Runs, Hydro-
ofWater Quality Limited Waterbodies and
I :24,000
Water quality monitoring stations
J4o
Portland, Ore.
tance of lmperviousness.Volume
LimitedWaterbodies and Oregon's Criteria Used for
988. 1:24,000
I 990, updated '96.
I 996. Regional Water Supply Plan, Final Report.
Watershed Protection Techniques, I 994.The Impor-
I 994. I :4,800
996.
Water Providers ofthe Portland Metropolitan Area,
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, I 996.
U.S. Forest Service
U.S. Bureau of Land Management
U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Census Bureau (TIGER line file)
Is
Region.
:24,000
Matrix lands
Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife
vo I u mes.
1989, 1:63,360
U.S. Forest Service
Salmonid distribution
Spotted Owl; and Standards and Guidelines for
Management of Habitat for Late-Successional and
Ancient landslide deposits
Roads
DocumentsWithin the Range ofthe Northern
,
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
IGroundwater
ofWashngton, Seattle, Wash.
Seattle, Wash.
(PCA) Code*
Federal "wild and scenic" rivers
SpeciesWithin the Range ofthe Northern Spotted
Kng County Department of Parks, Planning, and
U.S. EPA - Level 4 ecoregions of Oregon and Washington
EPA point sources
Booth, D., 997.Written communcation. Unversity
II
II
IS
II
S
II
0
II
II
I
996. scale undetermined
Oregon's Criteria Used for Listing
Waterbodies. Portland, Ore.
Ore.
2
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, I 995. Ecosys-
tern Analysis at the Watershed Scale, Federal Guide
City of Olympia, I 995. Impervious Surface
tal Impact Statement on Management of Habitat for
Late-Successional and Old-Growth Forest Related
S
IS
S
I
Wash.,
C
KCM Inc., I 996. Subbasin Strategy Plans for
Management, I 994. Final Supplemental Environmen-
0
Reduction Study, Final Report, Olympia,
forWatershed Analysis,Version 2.2.
USDA Forest Service and USD1 Bureau of Land
C
Upper Rock, Bronson, and Willow Creeks
Final Draft Report, prepared for the Unified
Sewerage Agency, Hillsboro, Ore.
I
IS
S
IS
S
I0
S
GLossary of Key Words
Definitions in this glossary are intended to
Gradient (stream or river): a drop in elevation over
Salmonids: fish in the Salmonidae family, which
supplement and explain the atlas text, not to
a given distance, generally described as a percent
includes salmon and trout.
provide legal or formal definitions.
gradient. For example, a stream segment with a 2
percent gradient has a gradual drop, while a stream
segment with a 20 percent gradient drops rapidly
Anadromous fish: fish, ncluding salmon and steel-
head, that hatch in fresh water mgrate to the ocean
( either as a series of rapids or a large waterlall).
Headwaters: the water source from which a river or
to maturethen return to fresh waterto spawn.
stream rises;the beginning ofa stream in the upper
Beneficial use: a public use forthe water in a particu-
watershed.
ar stream, Hver or lake, as defined by the Oregon
Impervious surface: any surface that cannot be
Department ofWater Resources (examples of
effectively penetrated by water For example, most
benefical uses include recreation involving water
pavement (sidewalks, streets) are considered imper-
Satellite image: a picture taken from a satellite
orbiting the earth. On the clearest images, even
individual rooftops may be detected from space.
Sedimentation: atype ofdispersed pollution caused
when soil is disturbed and the resulting sediment is
washed into a stream or river
Sheet erosion: a form of rapid soil erosion in which
thin layers of soil are removed by water flowing
across land.
contact, fishng, resident fish or aquatic life and water
vious to water while soil in a garden may allow water
supply).
to penetrate into the ground.
Stream reach: a section ofstream with similar characteristics, such as stream width and water depth.
Comprehensive plan: this plan outlines the land-use
Late successional forest: an old-growth or mature
goals and objectives forthe future development of a
forest.
community. Local governments in Oregon are
required by the state to draft and adopt a compre-
Listed: a specific designation by a government agency,
hensve plan and to enact zoning regulations in
generally for the purposes of a regulation. For
accordance with their plan.
example, certain fish species may be listed" as
endangered under the Endangered Species Act, and
Contour lines: continuous lines representing bands
Substrate: the bottom of a stream, consisting of
rocks, gravel, sediment or other materials.
Urban growth boundary: a legally established bound-
ary that defines the separation between rural and
urban land. Land inside the boundary is intended to
provide a 20-year supply of buildable land.
streams may be listed" for water quality problems
of equal elevation. On a topographical map, contour
undersection 303(d) ofthe Clean WaterAct.
S
S
S
S
S
S
.
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
.S
S
S
S
.S
S
S
S
S
lines can be used to interpret the shape of the
terrain.
S
growth boundary that will be added to the region's
Mainstem: the main part ofthe river distinguished
from the tributary rivers and streams that enter the
Digital geographic information: information that has
urban land supply based on their suitability for
development.
mainstem. For example, the Clackamas River
been compiled into a computerized map system.
mainstem runs to Olallie Butte, while the CoHawash
Each mapped feature is linked to a location as well as
River is considered a tributary feeding the mainstem.
to associated data bases. For example, the latitude
and longitude ofa waterfall may be entered into the
Permeability: the rate at which water will move
computer and represented by a dot on the map. A
through a saturated (wet) soil.
descriptive table related to the waterfall may then be
used to define waterfall characteristics such as name
and height.
Rill erosion: accelerated erosion in which numerous,
closely spaced miniature channels (rills) are scored
into the surface of exposed soil.
GIS: a geographic information system, which consists
of computer software and data used to display and
analyze mapped features. A GIS can conduct geographically oriented studies, such as comparing
historical vegetation with existing vegetation in a
S
S
Urban reserves: areas outside the current urban
given area.
Riparian: the area adjacent to a stream or river that
provides a transition zone between upland areas and
the waterbody. The amount and condition of vegetation in riparian areas can affect both water quality
and stream habitat.
rulackamasixD.wer
____-_I_u.tc,'
x
',
Watershed Project