Native Fish and ReLated Resources of Concern
Satmonid Fish Distribution
dams have adult fish passage facilities; Faraday and
River Mill also have juvenile fish bypass facilities. The
Table 5
Oak Grove Fork ofthe Clackamas River has two
Clean Water Act, Section 303(d) Listed streams in the Clackamas River watershed 1994961
Spawning and rearing areas for coho salmon, spring
and faU chinook samon, and summer and winter
dams, at Lake Harriet (23 miles east of Estacada) and
steelhead are shown on this map dispay Fish distri-
Timothy Lake (near Mt. Hood). Because natural
$
barriers occurjust downstream ofthese dams, fish
*
bution data are based on stream surveys conducted
by bioogists from the US. Forest Service (USFS) and
passage facilities were not necessary. A few smaller
the Oregon Department of Fish and Wild Hfe
St re am
Reason for listing
Supporting data
Clackamas River
Temperature -
DEQ data: 76 percent (39 of 5 I ) of summer values exceeded temperature standard
from mouth to River Mill Dam
summer
*
(64°F) with exceedences each year and a maximum of 75.2 in water years I 986- I 995.
Eagle Creek
Temperature -
U.S. Forest Service data: seven-day average of daily maximums of greater than 64°F with
from mouth to wilderness boundary
summer
eight and I 5 days exceeding temperature standard (64°F) in I 99 I and I 992 respectively;
dams are in place on tributaries to the Clackamas.
( ODFW) over severa years. The data include ony
IIJL---w
those streams where certain anadromous samonid
Waterfalls are the typical natural impediment to fish
species have been observed. Streams not highHghted
passage. An example is the 30- to 35-foot waterlall
greater than 64°F with 22 days exceeding standard at sites below and above South Fork
may or may not have been surveyed, so anadromous
on the Roaring River three miles from its confluence
in 1990.
or resident sh could be present on these streams.
with the Clackamas Riven
Fish Creek
The map display shows two types offish habitat
I
from mouth to headwaters
Temperature -
U.S. Forest Service data: 7-day average of daily maximums of greater than 64°F with
summer
and 5 days exceeding temperature standard (64) in I 992 and I 993 respectively.
Habitat modfication
U.S. Forest Service data: Fish CreekWatershed Analysis
I6
p
areas:
Water Quality and Water Supply
Spawning and rearing: stream reaches where adult
Information shown on this map is described in three
fish lay eggs and juvenile fish feed and rest.
sections: water quality, water-quality limited streams
Rearing only: stream reaches where juvenile sh feed
*Note: In general, rivers and streams were listed for their entire length, mouth to headwaters, unless information was available to divide the waterbodies into segments (such as dams, large
changes in slope, or major tributaries entering the stream). As a result, the 303(d) list may classify an entire stream or large section of stream as water quality limited, even when some areas are
not known to have problems.This approach encourages water quality management on a watershed basis.
and water supply.
and rest.
Note: The initial fish distribution data provided by the
Water Quality
ODEW was amended by the USFS based on field survey
Water quality information shown on the map ininformation.
cludes locations of pollution source points regulated
The map display also shows the two fish hatcheries
by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the
that operate in the watershed: the U.S. Fish and
Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, as
Wildlife Service's Eagle Creek hatchery and ODFW's
well as mining sites. Pollution source points include
Clackamas hatchery at Mclver Park.
The map display includes artificial and natural impedi-
(just east of Estacada), River Mill (west of Estacada)
and North Fork (upstream from Faraday). These
the DEQ) such NPDES permit sites in the water-
ofGeology and Mineral Industries. Only mines that
shed.
have permits filed with this department are shown
on the map, and many sites could be inactive, Be-
TRI sites in the watershed. TheTRI program governs
cause some ofthe older locations were defined only
by township and section, certain points may be
positionally inaccurate up to one mile.
chemical handling from the point ofgeneration to
designated for clean up or mitigation. The EPA has
tric dams on the Clackamas River mainstem: Faraday
(MILOC) data base from the Oregon Department
Inventory sites.
water contamination that the federal government has
Portland General Electric operates three hydroelec-
(managed by the EPA) and 35 minor (managed by
tion System permit locations andToxic Release
the ODFW and USFS.
trying to pass.
Mineral Information Layer for Oregon Counties
the DEQ hazardous wastes program. There are two
Superlund sites are areas with severe soil or ground-
facilities, the size ofthe waterfall and the fish species
or streams must have a permit. There are I 3 major
Superlund sites, National Pollutant Discharge Elimina-
culverts and waterfalls. These data were provided by
passage depends on whether the dam has fish passage
is not indicated. Mine locations are based on the
Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) sites are regulated by
ments to sh passage, such as dams, diversions, major
Note: Whether a dam or waterfall actually impedes fish
All operations that discharge wastewater into rivers
identified two Superlund sites in the watershed. Not
shown on the map, but worth noting, the DEQ has
also identified more than I 00 clean up sites and
more than 600 leaking underground storage tanks
disposal. Conpanies that use chemicals must be
The water-quality monitoring stations shown are
registered and submit an annual report of what
maintained by the DEQ, Clackamas RiverWater the
chemicals they use, how much they purchased, and
U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
where and how much was disposed ofas waste. The
difference between the amount purchased and the
Portland General Electric and the Clackamas County
Department of Utilities. Water-quality monitoring
amount used or disposed of is assumed to be re-
also occurs at all ofthe surface water intake loca-
leased into the air or water
tions for water utilities. Extensive water-quality data
throughout Clackamas County.
Water-Quality Limited Streams
The I 972 federal Clean WaterAct requires each
state to identify waterbodies (streams, rivers, lakes
and estuaries) that do not meet water-quality standards. These waters are referred to as water-quality
limited," and the state must include them on a list
called the 303(d) list. This list identifies water-quality
problems but not the cause, which is investigated
later
Three waterbodies in the Clackamas watershed are
on Oregon's 303(d) list ofwater-quality limited
streams, as developed by the DEQ: the Clackamas
River from its mouth to the River Mill dam, Eagle
Creek from its mouth to the wilderness boundary
and Fish Creek (seeTable 5 for details).
have been collected at each station, including tem-
See the map display called Stream Status from DEQ
perature and dissolved oxygen content. For more
303(d) Designation Process" for more information
information about water-quality conditions at par-
about water-quality conditions in streams throughout
ticular stations, contact the appropriate agencies.
the Clackamas River watershed.
Also shown on the map are the locations of mining
The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) is a section ofthe Clean WaterAct that
controls point source discharges into a waterbody.
sites, including 2 I 8 stone mines and 37 sand and
gravel mines. The level of mining activity at the sites
Water SuppLy
Water supply nformation shown an the map
Stream Status from DEQ 303(d)
waterbody (for example a river used for fish habitat
pH and chlorophyll-a but is shown as of potential
Late successional reserves: areas designed to serve
Designation Process j
may have different standards than a river used for
concern" for sediment and 303(d) listed" for tem-
as habitat for late-successional and old-growth
drinking water). Standards fortemperature and
perature.
related species, including the northern spotted owl.
ncludes the ocations of municpa surface water
This map display shows the water-quality condition of
ntakes, stream flow gauges, weHs and groundwater
selected stream segments, based on sampling for a
imted areas. The four muncpa surface water
particular parameter such as temperature, pH or
ntakes and ther ocations on the Cackamas
dissolved oxygen. Each stream segment can be
River are:
described as:
.
'303 (d) listed," meaning that the waterbody
exceeds the listing criteria for a particular
Clackamas RiverWater District
Lake Oswego Municipal Water
river mile
DEQ's 303(d) list
I .0
S
Oregon City -
South ForkWater District
river mile
ofpotential concern (need additional data),"
which means that the DEQ suspects that a
I .0
stream or river segment may have waterEstacada
can generally be described as:
inside city limits
quality concerns, based on the Oregon
Statewide Assessment of Nonpoint Sources
ofWater Pollution (August I 988), but needs
Flow gauges are operated by the U.S. Fish and
additional data to make a decision about
Wildlife Service, Portland General Electric, Oregon
including the waterbody on the 303(d) list
Department ofWater Resources (OWRD) and U.S.
S
Geological Survey (USGS). Flow data, including
generally meets water-quality standards for a
annual peaks and monthly averages, are available for
particular parameter
most stations.
shed. Wells that are exempt from OWRD permitting are not shown.
Temperature standard: the seven-day moving aver-
In these cases, not enough data have been collected
Riparian reserves: areas along all streams, wetlands,
age ofthe daily maximum shall not exceed 64
to classify the stream for any particular parameter
ponds, lakes and unstable or potentially unstable
may or may not have water-quality problems
( either no data have been collected or
water-quality conditions).
OWRD, and new uses of groundwater resources are
restricted in these areas. Existing uses with an
established water right are still permitted to withdraw. The only allowed uses are those that are
exempt from permit requirements: domestic uses
(less than I 5,000 gallons per day for non-irrigation
use), livestock watering and industrial or commercial
use of less than 5,000 gallons per day.
areas. The main purpose of riparian reserves is to
degrees F (most streams) or 55 degrees F (during
salmon spawning, egg incubation and fry emergence).
The criteria for 303(d) listing depend on several
factors. For precise standards and listing criteria,
Habitat modification standard: Cited information
consult the DEQ's I 994/ I 996 303(d) List of Water
from a resource management agency demonstrating
Quality LimitedWaterbodies and Oregon's Criteria
that a beneficial use (such as fish populations) has
Used for Listing Waterbodies.
achieve and maintain riparian and aquatic habitat
conditions forthe sustained, long-term production
offish, selected wildlife and plant species and high
quality water The required width ofthe riparian
reserve depends on the type ofwaterbody and
been degraded because of habitat loss.
Note: The digital data for these maps are in draft form
Note: In general, rivers and streams were /isted for their
and should not be used to pinpoint exact locations of
entire length, mouth to headwaters, un/ess information
water-quality problems. Where the GIS map and the
was available to divide the waterbodies into segments
303(d) list diffe the 303(d) list takes precedence.
whether it is fish-bearing.
Managed late successional reserves: areas of core
habitat for spotted owls, including nesting areas.
These areas are not shown on the map.
(such as locations ofdams, large changes in slope, or
Congressionally reserved areas: lands that include
major tributaries entering the stream). As a result the
303(d) list may classify an entire stream or large section
Designated Special Areas
designated Wilderness Areas, National Parks and
Wildlife Refuges and other areas with special uses.
ofstream as water-quality limited, even when some areas
This map shows those lands and rivers that have
are not known to have problems. This approach encour-
In the Clackamas watershed, the Congressionally
special management designations, including federal
reserved lands are Wilderness Areas and Wild and
ages water-quality management on a watershed basis.
lands related to wildlife and spotted owl habitat and
areas classified as special environmental resources.
no highlighting, which means that the stream
existing data are not sufficient to determine
Groundwater limited areas are designated by the
late-successional and old-growth forest ecosystem.
Scenic rivers (see next page for more information).
S
The OWRD has 2 I 5 permitted wells in the water-
OK," which means that the stream segment
Streams that are not highlighted on any ofthe three
maps may or may not have water-quality problems.
river mie 3.0
parameter and has been placed on the
These areas will maintain a functional, interactive,
habitat modification depend on several factors, but
303(d) Streams
Three waterbodies in the Clackamas River water-
Wilderness Areas are managed as natural areas with
"Of PotentiaL Concern" and "OK" Streams
The I 994 Northwest Forest Plan defined manage-
hiking trails and limited recreation. In these areas,
In some areas, the DEQ suspects that a stream or
ment strategies and goals for the more than 24
management activities are restricted to those allowed
river segment may have water-quality concerns, but
million acres of northern spotted owl range occur-
under management plans for each respective wilder-
not enough data are available to list the waterbody
ring on federal land. Six types of land allocation
ness area as well as overall wilderness guidelines. No
on the 303(d) list. These areas are identified as of
categories occur in the Clackamas River watershed:
tree harvesting or road building is allowed. There are
potential concern (need additional data). The DEQ
adm i nistratively withdrawn areas, late successional
two Wilderness Areas in the watershed. The Bull of
will continue to gather water-quality data on these
reserves, riparian reserves, managed late successional
theWoodsWildernessArea preserves 34,900 acres
streams.
reserves, congressionally reserved areas and matrix
of undisturbed forestland, while Eagle Creek flows
lands (Northwest Forest Plan/Record of Decision).
out ofthe western boundary ofthe Salmon-Huckle-
The land allocation determines whether timber
berry Wi Iderness, wh ich encompasses 44,600 acres
harvest is restricted in those areas. Lands inside the
(Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife).
shed are on the DEQ's 303(d) list of water-quality
limited streams: the Clackamas River from its mouth
to the River Mill dam, Eagle Creek from its mouth to
the wilderness boundary and Fish Creek.
Other stream segments have been classified as "OK"
because they generally meet water-quality standards
for a particular parameter It is important to note
that a stream listed as OK" for one parameter may
Mt. Hood National Forest are also governed by the
Matrix lands: those federal lands in northern spotted
Mt. Hood National Forest Plan.
owl range, but not designated as protected. The goal
The water-quality standards violated by Clackamas
be classified as of potential concern" or even
waterbodies are summer temperature and habitat
"303(d) listed" for other parameters. For example,
Administratively withdrawn areas: areas that include
of matrix land is to provide Iumber wood fiber and
modification. The DEQ applies different standards
the lower Clackamas River (mouth to River Mill dam)
recreational and visual areas, back country and other
other products on a regulated basis, while retaining
depending on the specified beneficial uses for that
is described as OK" for bacteria, dissolved oxygen,
areas not scheduled fortimber harvest.
some forest land to allow wildlife to travel through
the area. Because matHx ands are designated for
Aquatic diversity areas (ADAs): areas designated by
State statutes prohibit construction ofdams within
timber harvest, they are not shown on this map (but
the Oregon Chapter ofthe American Fisheries
are shown on the Existing Land Use map).
The purpose ofthe wild and scenic designation is to
Essential Salmon Habitat: as defined in Oregon state
designated reach of State Scenic Waterway. In
manage designated segments by protecting their
statute, these areas ofessential indigenous anadro-
Society as critical for protecting Oregon's indigenous
addition, the Oregon Parks and Recreation Depart-
outstandingly remarkable values and maintaining and
mous salmonid habitat" mean habitatthat is neces-
( native) aquatic fauna. Two major types of aquatic
ment reviews permits for proposed uses and activi-
enhancing the natural integrity of river-related values.
sary to prevent the depletion of indigenous, or native,
.
ecosystems were designated. Type I ADAs are
ties within a quarter mile on either side of a desig-
New project proposals are evaluated for their
anadromous salmonids during their life stages of
a
ecosystems in relatively healthy condition that are
nated reach. Although timber harvesting, aggregate
potential to directly or adversely affect the attributes
spawning and rearing. The Oregon Division of State
among the best remaining examples of a particular
mining and development are rarely prohibited, the
that made the river eligible for designation. The U.S.
Lands, in consultation with the Oregon Department
ecosystem type. Type 2 ADAs are ecosystems that
department may place conditions on permits to
Forest Service has prepared management plans to
of Fish and Wildlife, identifies and maps essential
Also shown on the Designated Special Areas map
contain aquatic species or locally adapted stocks that
decrease harmfu I environmental effects.
protect and enhance the special values ofthe wild
salmon habitat. Approximately 225 miles of essential
arelier
are in imminent danger of extinction. Three
and scenic portions ofthe Clackamas and Roaring
salmon habitat have been mapped in the Clackamas
rivers.
watershed. Fill and removal activities in waterways
Afthough certain thinning and salvage activities are
aHowed in the reserves, programmed timber harvest
wiU ony occur on matrix lands and must comply with
conservation guidelines.
I
andlier 2 key watersheds, national wet-
FederalWild and Scenic River: In 1968,the U.S.
land inventory sites, aquatic diversity areas, State
Clackamas River subwatersheds, the Upper
Scenic Waterways, National Wild and Scenic Rivers,
Clackamas River the Collawash River and the Hot
Springs Fork Collawash River are listed asType
and essential salmon habitat.
Congress enacted the National Wild and Scenic
Rivers Act to establish a system for preserving
I
ADAs.
outstanding free-flowing rivers. In I 988, Congress
incorporated approximately 50 miles of the
Tier I and Tier 2 watersheds: watersheds designated by the Northwest Forest Plan's Record of
Several programs, such as the governor's Coastal
Clackamas River into the federal wild and scenic
Decision as containing (a) habitat for potentially
Salmon Initiative ( I 997), have used ADA information
riversystem. Thewild and scenic" portion of the
threatened species or stocks of anadromous salmo-
to identify sensitive watersheds, underscoring the fact
river runs from Big Spring, in the Olallie Lake Scenic
nids, or (b) greaterthan six square miles of high-
that these areas are important to protect and re-
Area, to Big Cliff, just upstream of North Fork
quality water and fish habitat. Tier
store. In addition, the Northwest Forest Plan's
Reservoir The outstandingly remarkable values"
contribute directly to the conservation of at-risk
Aquatic Conservation Strategy has many ofthe same
recognized by Congress for the Clackamas River
anadromous salmonids, bull trout, and resident fish
objectives as the ADA strategy and covers all federal
were superb fishery, scenery and recreation. More
species. They also have a high potential for being
lands. However only federal agencies currently
than 14 miles ofthe Roaring Riverare also desig-
restored as part ofa watershed restoration program.
provide special protection to these areas.
nated as awild and scenic river."
I
watersheds
a
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a
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a
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designated as essential salmon habitat" are subject to
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stricter regulations pursuant to Oregon Administra-
a
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tive Rules (OAR) 141-102-000to 141-102-100.
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In the Clackamas River basin,there are fiveTier I
State ScenicWaterway: river or stream segments
a
.a
watersheds: the Upper Clackamas River Collawash
designated by the state of Oregon and administered
River Hot Springs Fork/Collawash River Fish Creek
by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department.
a
a
a
a
a
and Roaring Riven Tier 2 watersheds do not contain
Four sections ofthe Clackamas River are designated
at-risk fish stocks, but they are important sources of
as State ScenicWaterways: 2 miles ofthe North
high-quality water Eagle Creek is aTier 2 watershed.
Fork-Clackamas River four miles of South ForkOnce a federal agency has completed a watershed
Clackamas Rivethe mainstem from OIlalie Lake
analysis for the area, parts ofthese watersheds may
Scenic Area to North Fork reservoir (54 miles) and
be included in matrix lands (Record of Decision).
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the mainstem from River Mill Dam to Carver ( I 2
Tier I and Tier 2 key watersheds overlay federal land
(
miles).
use allocations.
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National Wetlands Inventory: a wetlands inventory
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produced by aerial photo interpretation by the U.S.
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Fish and Wildlife Service. Because aerial photos were
used to interpret wetland sites, some smaller wetlands were not mapped.
The Clackomas River provides many recreational opportunities, from fishing to boating. This kayaker is
shooting through Bob's Hole, a set ofrapids known for its special hydraulics.
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