V
MES 2004
Science in Service to Animals
SM
28th Annual Report
Vaccinology
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
College of Veterinary Medicine
The University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia 30602
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
College of Veterinary Medicine
The University of Georgia
V
MES 2004
Science in Service to Animals
28th Annual Report
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
College of Veterinary Medicine
The University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia 30602
July 1, 2003 to June 30, 2004
Enhancing animal production, profitability, and well-being by improving animal health.
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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Table of Contents
VMES Objectives
3
Report of the Director
4
Animal Health Research Center
5
VMES Financial Table
5
Vaccinology
6
Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases
8
Immunology
12
Virology
14
Food and Animal Health
17
Diagnostics
21
Biomedical Sciences
23
Research Contracts and Grants
26
Administrators and Advisors
29
Researchers
30
Selected Publications
32
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VMES Objectives
The Veterinary Medical Experiment Station (VMES)
supports a wide range of research that impacts on
many aspects of our lives; the food we eat and the
clothes we wear, our physical, emotional, and economic health, and the quality of our environment.
VMES research includes efforts to improve the productivity and health of poultry and livestock, to better the quality of life for companion animals, and to
improve public health through disease surveillance.
This year’s research is profiled in our 2003 - 2004
VMES annual report.
VMES funds help support short-term applied research that directly benefits the health of animals
and livestock in Georgia and are used to develop
extramurally funded research programs at the College of Veterinary Medicine. Projects supported by
VMES funds are evaluated for scientific merit, importance to animal health, consideration for experimental animal welfare, and their roles in meeting the
research objectives of the VMES.
Our objectives are as follows:
• To improve the health and productivity of domestic livestock, poultry, fish, and other incomeproducing animals and wildlife through research;
• To assist in preventing disease epidemics by providing laboratory resources and highly skilled scientific personnel;
• To assist in protecting human health through the
control of animal diseases transmissable to man;
• To improve the health of companion animals,
which serve to enrich the lives of humankind;
• To train new scientists in animal health research
in order to provide continuity and growth in this
vital area of veterinary medicine.
All programs and activities of the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station are conducted
without regard to race, color, national origin, age, sex, or handicap.
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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Report of the Director
In this, the 28th Annual Report of the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station (VMES), we present a summary
of the research activities of the College of Veterinary Medicine. Our research is an integral component of the
veterinary profession, explicitly stated in the Veterinarian’s Oath as an obligation to advance medical knowledge that benefits both veterinary and human medicine, which we consider “one medicine”.
Veterinary medicine is an indispensable component of our State’s public health system. Veterinary researchers
protect animal and human health by preventing and controlling infectious diseases, and their work ensures the
safety and security of our food supply. Although veterinary research has the potential for great impact in many
biomedical fields, support for animal-related research is limited. Thus, the continued commitment at the State
level to support research on animal health is a critically important investment. The food animal industries of
the State of Georgia are valued at well over $3 billion and sales of livestock, poultry and their products account
for more than half of Georgia’s annual farm income. Protection of these resources is paramount to our State’s
economy. A summary of the College’s research funding is provided in the accompanying table on the next
page. Over the past year approximately 3.3 research dollars were leveraged for each VMES dollar invested.
The cover of this year’s VMES Annual Report depicts images evoking the history and scientific elements of vaccinology, an applied discipline of immunology. Dr. Ralph Tripp, a Georgia Research Alliance Eminent Scholar
in Animal Health Vaccine Research who recently joined the faculty of the College of Veterinary Medicine, is
building a research team and program of excellence in this area. His accompanying article provides an overview of the field and its importance to human and veterinary biomedicine.
The 28th VMES Annual Report provides an overview of peer-reviewed, competitive VMES-funded projects
conducted during fiscal year 2004 (July 1, 2003 – June 30, 2004). In past reports we grouped project abstracts
together based on the animal species on which the research was focused. In the 2004 VMES Annual Report
we have changed this format and placed research project descriptions into groupings based on research disciplines. These various sections include: bacteriology and parasitology, virology, immunology, diagnostics, and
biomedical sciences. A section describing projects and activities associated with the VMES-supported Food
Animal Health Management Program is also included. Each section is succinctly and cogently introduced by a
veterinary researcher with a specific expertise in the discipline. Additional information on any of these projects
can be requested by contacting the VMES office by phone, email or website, or directly from the investigators themselves. A list of publications is provided as well. These peer-reviewed papers represent a selection of
VMES supported work and other scholarly research originating at the College of Veterinary Medicine.
Harry W. Dickerson
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www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/
Animal Health Research Center
The Animal Health Research Center (AHRC) is a 72,945 square foot biosafety Level 3 (BSL3)/biosafety level
3 agriculture (BSL3Ag) facility. Upon completion it will provide the University and the State of Georgia with
state-of-the-art biocontainment laboratories that will enhance our response capabilities against bioterrorism
and other emergencies involving infectious microbial pathogens. The AHRC will boost our capability to create
vaccines against infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and SARS, and enable us to become national leaders in
research on pathogens that require biocontainment.
Containment will be ensured by a series of engineering designs including HEPA-filtered supply air and double-HEPA-filtered exhaust air; differential pressures within containment zones; shower-out facilities for each
animal room; decontamination and sterilization procedures for equipment and solid/liquid waste streams; and
high security monitoring.
Completion of the AHRC is critical for UGA to attract federal and other external funding for biocontainment
research. Funding levels are expected to reach over $10 million per year by 2010, contributing significantly to
Georgia’s economic development initiatives.
VMES Research Funding
Funding Source
FY 2001
FY 2002
FY 2003
FY 2004
VMES/VMAR Expenditures
$3,569,225
$3,927,297
$3,672,210
$3,380,261
Federal Grants and Contracts
State Grants and Contracts
Private Grants and Contracts
$3,452,426
$4,054,420
$2,283,536
$6,962,300
$4,563,272
$1,446,110
$4,768,808
$4,434,171
$715,974
$5,624,962
$3,872,763
$1,677,282
FY 2005
FY2006
(Budgeted)
(Requested)
$3,094,649
$3,001,810
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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Vaccinology
Vaccinology is the science or method of vaccine development. Over
200 years ago, English physician Edward Jenner observed that milkmaids who contracted a mild viral disease called cowpox were rarely
victims of a similar but deadly disease called smallpox. This observation led Jenner to infect a healthy young boy with cowpox, and six
weeks later challenge the boy with fluid from a smallpox pustule. The
boy remained free of smallpox, and the era of vaccinology began.
The foundation that Jenner laid began a course of vaccine development that would lead to the eradication of smallpox and polio, and
vaccines for a spectrum of human pathogens that include influenza,
bacterial pneumonia, whooping cough, rubella, rabies, meningitis,
and hepatitis B.
The term “vaccine” is derived from the Latin word “vaccinus” which
means “pertaining to cows” – a reflection on Jenner’s pioneering studies using cowpox vaccinia virus to prevent human smallpox (variola).
Vaccines take advantage of using relatively harmless foreign agents
to evoke protective immunity that resists infection and/or disease
pathogenesis. There are many different types of vaccines including
attenuated microbes, inactivated microbes, inactivated toxins, and
purified proteins or polysaccharides derived from human pathogens. Some examples include attenuated measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine routinely administered to infants, inactivated
influenza vaccine, inactivated tetanus toxoid vaccine, and purified
hepatitis B virus protein antigen vaccine. Vaccines provide acquired
immunity to pathogens and are generally used to prevent disease
rather than cure it. There are a variety of vaccine strategies that may
be commonly used in the future including DNA vaccines, skin patch
vaccines, and edible vaccines.
Dr. Ralph A. Tripp
In collaboration with investigators at the
UGA nanoSEC facility, we are investigating the advantages of using an electrochemical flow cell with a quartz crystal
microbalance (QCM) to measure mass
changes associated with virus binding to
antibodies conjugated to gold surfaces.
Recent preliminary data suggests we can
detect near fentogram quantities of virus
in solution.
We are investigating if increasing the
nanoparticles surface area enhances
quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) detection of virus particles in aqueous media.
(rtripp@vet.uga.edu)
Cu
Si
View of a Cu/Si two-layer nanostructure fabricated by multi-layer GLAD.
Despite the ability to vaccinate people and animals for protection
against several important pathogens, the majority of people and food
or companion animals worldwide are still plagued by known and
emerging infectious diseases. Emerging or re-emerging infectious
diseases continually threaten human health and impact global security by affecting food for an increasing world population, access
to international trade and economic growth, and raise concerns for
potential use as pathogens in bioterrorism. The majority of emerging
infectious diseases are of zoonotic origin, i.e. transmissible between
humans and animals causing infection in both species. For example,
in the past 10 years the world has had to respond to SARS-associated
coronavirus identified in some domestic and wildlife species, Nipah
virus from bats via pigs, influenza viruses from birds, and the West
Nile virus from birds via mosquitoes. In addition, naturally occurring zoonotic diseases such as anthrax and antimicrobial-resistant organisms have emerged in part as a result of the agricultural practices
that include use of antimicrobials for disease prevention and growth
promotion of several domesticated species. Finally, the U.S. and
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other countries remain vulnerable to agroterrorism by agents such as
foot and mouth disease.
There are a number of factors that affect emerging infectious disease including (1) introduction of infection into new host populations, e.g. bovine spongiform encephalitis; (2) establishment and
further dissemination within new host population, e.g. ecological
factors favoring vectors or reservoir hosts; (3) agricultural or economical development, e.g. dams (shistosomiasis) or deforestation
(malaria); (4) human demographics and behavior, e.g. population
growth, international travel, drug use; and (5) microbial adaptation,
e.g. antibiotic resistance (tuberculosis). Unfortunately, the capacity
to address emergence or re-emergence of infectious diseases is limited
in part by (1) lack of efficacious vaccines or therapeutic treatment
modalities; (2) limited support for and deterioration of surveillance
of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases; (3) erosion in the number of
scientists, public health investigators, and particularly veterinarians
who are educated in relevant fields that include medical entomology,
vector ecology, epidemiology, tropical medicine, and microbiology of
zoonotic pathogens; (4) limited tools to address emergence of drug
resistant pathogens and arthropod vectors; and (5) limited biosafety
facilities, e.g. BSL3 and BSL4, that can contain the pathogens and
animal models need for study.
Dr. Zhen Fu
Dr. Zhen Fu’s lab is involved in development
of rabies virus vaccines using reverse genetics technology. They are attenuating rabies
viruses by producing mutations in viral
genes. Their goal is to construct and select
completely avirulent rabies virus which is
still capable of stimulating a protective immune response in animals. Such mutant
viruses will be safer and more efficacious
than currently used vaccines and thus can
be developed as live attenuated vaccines
for both wild and domesticated animals.
(zhenfu@vet.uga.edu)
To effectively prevent and control known and emerging infectious
diseases, the scientific and health communities need to develop a discovery-to-control continuum. It is imperative that those in human,
animal, agricultural and environmental sciences work together to address threats associated with infectious diseases. Basic research and a
greater understanding of disease epidemiology can lead to improved
diagnostics and vaccine strategies to control infectious diseases; however, veterinary medicine must bridge the gap between recognizing
zoonotic diseases and preventing transmission among animal and
human populations. To achieve these goals, the veterinary medical
mission must be closely aligned with training students and professionals in relevant fields, and in advanced technologies to combat
zoonotic and animal infectious diseases.
The development of effective vaccines represents one of the most
promising approaches for providing cost-effective interventions
against zoonotic and animal infectious diseases. Animal models have
contributed to the considerable progress in our understanding of the
mechanisms of immunity and disease pathogenesis associated with
infectious agents by providing identification of vaccine candidate
antigens, and in demonstrating proof-of-principle vaccine strategies.
It is clear that vaccines can be an effective strategy to control infectious diseases, and clearer that veterinary medicine is at the interface
between animal and human health.
Electron micrograph of a neuron
infected with rabies viruses (Viruses
are seen here inside and outside of
the cell as shown by arrows)
Dr. Ralph A. Tripp (rtripp@vet.uga.edu)
Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
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Bacterial and Parasitic Diseases
Dr. Fred Quinn
A primary research area for Dr. Fred Quinn, Department
Head of Infectious Diseases, is the newly discovered
organism, Mycobacterium shottsii. Dr. Quinn came to the
College of Veterinary Medicine from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and provides a strong
infectious disease research presence.
Striped bass represent an important commercial and
recreational fish particularly for the U.S. east coast. Recently it was observed that 30-50% of striped bass in the
Chesapeake Bay had observable skin ulcers. Subsequent
studies identified a single new bacterial species, Mycobacterium shottsii, as the agent responsible for >70% of
the cases. Very little is known about this pathogen except
that it has an optimum growth temperature of 22° C and
is one of a number of disease-causing Mycobacterium
species that have been found to be very closely related to
M. tuberculosis, the organism which caused tuberculosis
in humans. These species infect fish, amphibians, reptiles
and mammals and all affect the respiratory organs of
the various animal hosts. This group presents some very
interesting evolutionary questions that need to be addressed.
Additional anecdotal evidence suggests that M. shotsii
may be infecting and producing ulcers in striped bass
and other fish in coastal waters from Maryland to Georgia. Precisely why this pathogen has recently become so
prevalent is not known. There are likely environmental
factors at work that are enhancing the virulence of this
pathogen and/or decreasing the resistance of the hosts.
This pathogen also may be responsible for an increasing
number of cases of “fish handlers granuloma” detected in
the human population surrounding the Chesapeake Bay.
For all of these reasons we are attempting to understand
how this organism causes disease in the fish and how this
infection can be stopped or prevented. This information
could potentially prevent the development of more serious economic and public health issues on the Chesapeake Bay and elsewhere on the eastern U.S. coast.
(fquinn@vet.uga.edu)
It is estimated that >75% of emerging infectious diseases
(EIDs) in humans are of zoonotic origin, i.e. transmissible
from animals to humans sometimes causing infection in both
species. These pathogens are bacterial, viral and prozoan in nature; some are vector borne, while others are aerosol, food or
water-borne. EIDs impact public health, animal health, access
to international trade and economic growth, the food chain
for an increasing world population, and global security when
used as pathogens in bio- and agro-terrorism (select agents).
There is an acute need for comprehensive approaches to identify, prevent, and control all EIDs from all sources and select
agents. To achieve these goals, it is imperative that those in
human, animal, agricultural and environmental sciences work
together to develop a discovery-to-control continuum. Toward
this goal we propose to leverage the talent that presently exists
in numerous disciplines in the College of Veterinary Medicine
as well as recruit and train a new cadre of veterinarians and
research scientists that will focus on the surveillance, research,
control and prevention of BSL2-, BSL3- and BSL3(ag) - level
infectious disease agents. New and planned research facilities
including the new state-of-the-art BSL3+Ag Animal Health
Research Center will complement the recruiting and training
efforts.
The U.S. government and other organizations are acutely
aware of the limitations associated with the response to EIDs
and have recently made available considerable resources for
addressing these agents in areas of biosensing, vaccine development, and prophylactic and/or therapeutic treatment intervention strategies. Thus, it is a critical time to develop a platform for adapting and developing laboratory capabilities to
detect and study EIDs and select agents. For such an integrated agenda to be effective, the CVM must address both shortand long-term needs, involve basic and applied public health
research, be multidisciplinary in nature, and utilize modern
and robust molecular and quantitative tools and facilities.
Zebrafish: A model for the study of mycobacterial fish infections
Traditional animal models for studying mycobacterial infections include the guinea pig, rabbit and mouse. These models,
however, are inappropriate for use with species that infect fish
due to lower bacterial incubation temperatures, typically 2228° C. Xenopus was recently developed as a model for examining late stage granuloma formation by the fish pathogen M.
marinum. This frog model, however, is not amenable to
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forward genetic analysis or direct in vivo examination
of the earliest events in the immune response leading
to granuloma formation. A popular new model is Zebrafish (Danio rerio). This model has several advantages
over the other animal models for the study of mycobacterial fish pathogens, including ease of care, short
growth rate, readily available quantities, transparent
embryos for convenient in vivo microscopic analyses, a
sequenced and annotated genome, available DNA microarrays, a small but rapidly growing mutant library,
and an adaptive and innate cellular immune response
that appears to be similar to mammalian systems. Using
Zebrafish, we identified and collected infected macrophages for further in vitro analysis (and perhaps eventual
transformation into a cell line) and demonstrated that
the Zebrafish immune system is capable of responding
to infections by M. shottsii and M. marinum by forming mammalian-like granulomas. We will next use this
model to identify bacterial and host genes differentially
expressed at different stages of the infectious process and
document each stage using real-time video microscopy.
This model possesses the traits and we possess the tools
to precisely define the infectious process used by the
pathogenic mycobacteria.
PI: Dr. Fred Quinn (fquinn@vet.uga.edu)
Identifying virulence mechanisms of Mycobacterium
shottsii: An emerging disease of fish
Striped bass represent an important commercial and recreational fish particularly for the U.S. east coast. An
epizootic of mycobacteriosis was recently reported in
the Chesapeake Bay that was characterized by ulcerative
lesions on 30-50% of the examined fish. Subsequent
studies identified a single new species, Mycobacterium
shottsii, as the agent responsible for greater than 70%
of the cases. Very little information is known about this
newly discovered pathogen except that it has an optimum growth temperature of 22o C and is a close relative
of human pathogens M. tuberculosis and M. ulcerans
and human/fish pathogen M. marinum. In this preliminary study, we determined that M. shottsii infects
and replicates within fish macrophages using a mechanism similar to that observed for M. tuberculosis and
M. marinum and not like the extracellular growth of M.
ulcerans. Interestingly, M. shottsii kills macrophages
using cytotoxic mechanisms as does M. ulcerans, and
not by apoptosis as does M. marinum and M. tuberculosis. This dichotomy is unique and may indicate that
M. shottsii is a “fork in the road” for these two groups of
pathogenic mycobacteria. In collaboration with other
laboratories, we are planning a future effort that will
examine 12 additional new species of Mycobacterium
that are 95 - 99% related genetically to M. shottsii, M.
ulcerans and M. marinum (the ulcer group). These new
species have been isolated from the skin lesions of fish,
amphibians and reptiles and all possess similar growth
requirements to the three named species. In addition to
identifying a common toxin, and therefore a common
vaccine, we want to examine the evolution of this fascinating group of mycobacteria.
PI: Dr. Fred Quinn (fquinn@vet.uga.edu)
Microbial population dynamics and Salmonella colonization of the chicken’s gastrointestinal tract
Consumption of poultry and poultry products is a recognized risk factor for foodborne outbreaks of salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis. Since the implementation
of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) Program in 1996, Salmonella contamination of
broiler chicken carcasses in the US has been significantly
reduced to 10%. However, some consumer groups call
for additional measures to further reduce the level of
Salmonella entering processing plants. Several on-farm
intervention strategies have been proposed to reduce or
eliminate Salmonella contamination of broiler chickens.
One such intervention involves competitive exclusion
of Salmonella by components of the animal’s resident
microflora. Unfortunately, it is not well understand
how the microflora affects Salmonella colonization of
food animal species. We propose the development of
green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged Salmonella for
studying colonization, persistence, and interaction between this microbe and bacteria that normally inhabit
the chicken’s gastrointestinal tract. Ribosomal RNA
promoter whose expression is directly proportional to
growth rate will be used to drive expression of the GFP
in Salmonella. Therefore, the intensity of the fluorescent signal is related to the organism’s growth rate in
vitro as well as in vivo. Combined with fluorescent in
situ hybridization (FISH) using family and genera specific probes, we will be able to identify resident bacterial
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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
population that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract and their
association with Salmonella that also occupy this niche.
We can also determine the impact of gastrointestinal microflora on Salmonella’s colonization and persistence in
poultry. This information will be useful in refinement of
competitive exclusion products to reduce carriage of Salmonella by broiler chickens in Georgia.
Avian Mycoplasmosis (AV-060)
During the past year we have made significant progress
in the development of Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain
K5054 as a live vaccine for chickens and turkeys. Efficacy
and safety studies have been completed in chickens and
turkeys, and a safety trial in house finches was completed.
UGA has sold the rights to the product to Intervet America, who are developing the vaccine, and it has been patented.
Significant progress has been made in fingerprinting of M.
gallisepticum and M. synoviae strains. Amplified fragment
lengthy polymorphism (AFLP) analysis has been shown to
be of value in identifying specific mycoplasma species, and
it is highly discriminatory in identifying and differentiating among strains within a species. A significant database
of AFLP patterns has already been established.
Construction of rrn-promoter-GFP fusion for “tagging”
Salmonella with a fluorescent marker. The above illustration shows the plasmid construct used to mark Salmonella
by allelic replacement. The Salmonella rRNA (rrn) promoter was amplified by PCR and cloned into pGFPuv. In
order to introduce this rrn-GFP promoter fusion construct
into the Salmonella chromosome, we added the selectable
marker, aph (kanamycin resistance) 3’ to GFP. The region
flanking the phage P22 integration site in S. typhimurium
was also amplified by PCR, cloned into the pGP704 suicide vector. Our rrn-GFP-aph cassette was finally introduced into the P22 phage integration site, creating plasmid, pAPO26. E. coli harboring pAPO26, will fluoresce
under UV (C) light. During construction of pAPO26 vector, we have partially constructed several others for introducing other fluorescently-colored jellyfish proteins, with
different antibiotic resistance markers, into Salmonella and
E. coli. These tools will allow us to directly examine the
effects of diet or antibiotics on bacterial populations and
microbial interactions within the animal’s gastrointestinal tract that influence growth and survival of Salmonella
within its animal host.
PI: Dr. John Maurer (jmaurer@vet.uga.edu)
During the past year we have completed myco plasma cultures from 227 accessions. There were a total of 2521 cultures, from which 1023 mycoplasmas were isolated; 250
were MG, and 106 were MS.
PI: Dr. S. H. Kleven (skleven@.uga.edu)
Co-PIs: W. D. Hall and V. Leiting
Clinical Investigation of Poultry Diseases (AV-040)
The impact of this research provides timely answers and
solutions to poultry health and management conditions
impacting bird health. The poultry industry is the major agribusiness in Georgia and the research performed by
the Poultry Disease Research Center (PDRC) clinicians
and Master of Avian Medicine (MAM) students helped
in preventing economic losses due to mortality and condemnations in processing plants. The PDRC clinicians
and MAM students helped two integrated poultry companies with 4 problem broiler farms that were performing
poorly and improved their performance; there were 4 research studies performed by the MAM students from this
grant. The first study involved comparison of two different Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) tests
for Salmonella enteritidis and S. typhimurium with environmental culture for salmonella. The second salmonella
study looked at the effect of maternal antibody in broilers
from vaccinated breeders to salmonella on protection from
challenge by homologous serotypes. It was found that the
broilers from vaccinated hens colonized from 10-30% less
S. hadar, S. kentucy or S. heidelberg than chicks from nonvaccinated hens
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The third study involved the in ovo vaccination of an Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT)-Pox vector vaccine. It was
found that the vaccine did not have any negative impact
on hatchability or first week mortality. However, there
was no protection afforded to the broilers by the vaccine
when challenged with a virulent ILT. It was believed the
reason for a lack of immune response to the vaccine was
because the breeders had been vaccinated for fowl pox and
the maternal antibodies to the pox virus inactivated the
pox vector.
The final research study involved determining the effectiveness of the FTA filter paper as a method for field sample collection for Mycoplasma synoviae. for Polymerase
Chain Reaction (PCR) testing. Broiler breeders from an
M. synoviae. positive breeder flock were housed at PDRC.
One half were treated with oxytetracycline and one half
non-treated. It was determined that the oxytetracycline
treatment resulted in a rapid inability to detect the M. synoviae organism by both standard PCR from culture fluid
and also by tracheal swabs touched to the FTA filter cards.
One week after treatment was discontinued, the hens became PCR positive again by both collection methods.
PI: Dr. Charles Hofacre (chofacre@.uga.edu)
Co-PIs: Dr. Guillermo Zavala and Dr. Stephen Collett
Moxidectin Resistance in Gastrointestinal Nematodes of
Goats
Production of goats for meat is an attractive alternative
agricultural enterprise for farmers in the southern United
States, particularly those with small land holdings. Over
the past 10 years there has been tremendous growth in
the size and scope of the United States goat industry, with
most of this growth occurring in the southern-tier states
where 70% of all meat goats are raised. Among the many
challenges faced by goat producers, control of gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) parasites is the most difficult and
important. The nematode species of primary concern is
Haemonchus contortus (barber pole worm), a blood-sucking parasite that thrives in warm climates and causes severe
anemia and death in infected animals. This historical problem of GIN parasitism has recently been magnified by the
emerging problem of anthelmintic (dewormer) resistance,
which is recognized globally as the single greatest threat
to small ruminant production. Studies performed by this
lab (Dr. Kaplan) in 2001 demonstrated an alarmingly high
prevalence of multiple-drug resistance in GIN of goats in
the southern US, and ivermectin (IVM) was the least effec-
tive of all dewormers tested. Moxidectin (MOX), a closely
related drug was highly effective on all farms, but it is expected that IVM-resistant (IVM-R) worms rapidly will
become resistant to MOX because these drugs share the
same mechanisms of action and resistance. Unfortunately,
currently available laboratory tests cannot detect MOX resistance, so the only way to test for resistance to this drug
is by measuring the effect of treatment on animals. The
purpose of this study was to measure the extent to which
moxidectin resistance is developing on goat farms and to
validate a laboratory test (DrenchRite® larval development
assay, LDA) to detect MOX-resistant worms.
Fecal egg count reduction tests (FECRT) and DrenchRite
LDA were performed on 9 goat farms in Georgia during
the summer of 2003. Two farms served as controls; one
of these farms had worms known to be IVM-sensitive, and
the other had worms known to be IVM-R, but neither
farm had ever used MOX (and were MOX-sensitive). All
other farms (N=7) had IVM-R worms and a history of
using MOX as the primary dewormer over the past 2-3
years. On each farm, goats were allocated randomly into
5 treatment groups: 4 groups received MOX at 4 different
dose levels and 1 group was left untreated as a control. Fecal egg count reductions (FECR) were determined at each
dose level and dose response in the DrenchRite LDA was
calculated. RESULTS: At a dose that was 100% effective
on the control farms (100 µg/kg), 7/7 farms with a history
of MOX use, had resistant H. contortus and 6/7 had resistant Trichostrongylus colubriformis. At the recommended
therapeutic dose (400 µg/kg), 3/7 farms had resistant H.
contortus and 3/7 had resistant T. colubriformis. Results
of DrenchRite LDA clearly correlated with the FECR results, but full statistical analysis is not yet completed.
Within a period of 2 years, multiple species of GIN have
developed resistance to MOX on goat farms in Georgia.
This is the first report of such resistance in the US. If
MOX is to remain effective on goat farms that do not yet
have resistance, it must be used sparingly, preferably in a
selective treatment program based on the FAMACHA®
method. The study also validated the DrenchRite LDA
as a useful laboratory test for detecting MOX resistance in
GIN of goats.
PI: Dr. Ray M. Kaplan (rkaplan@vet.uga.edu)
Co-PIs: L.H. Williamson, and T.H. Terrill
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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Immunology
Dr. David Hurley
Our laboratory is applying basic findings in
immunology to the problems of food animal
veterinarians and producers in the field. We
are working to better understand how, why,
and under which conditions vaccines work
and fail, then using that knowledge to make
better components for vaccine construction,
to understand how immunity develops in the
first weeks after birth and to modify vaccines
for use in mothers and newborns to improve
immune development. We are also addressing
the consequences of management problems
in the control and spread of disease in herds.
Our group applies a wide variety of methods,
from the most classical serology to modern
gene based studies, to attack these problems.
We represent a meeting of the minds. Our
composite training provides us expertise in
microbiology, virology, immunology, nutrition,
molecular biology - genomics, biochemistry,
animal science, and veterinary medicine. Our
collaborative structure facilitates movement
of problems to the laboratory and applications to the field. It is a wonderful marriage.
(dhurley@vet.uga.edu)
Fluorescence polarization spectrometer
In the past 20 years, immunology has become a melting pot reflecting contributions of many scientific approaches. The original
focus of immunology was to discover the mechanisms the body
used to protect itself from infectious organisms. In recent years,
immunology has developed into THE core health science. The
impact of immunology is clearly seen as it provides models for the
studies of the signals that control the differentiation and function
of cells, defines the processes that remodel and repair the tissues
of the body, stands at the forefront of gene therapy, provides the
backbone of Vaccinology, stands as a pillar in the understanding
of molecular pathogenesis, and provides the foundation of modern diagnostic tests and environmental monitoring tools.
Immunology is practiced as both a basic and applied science in
the context of veterinary medicine. The health and wellbeing of
animals from the womb to old age are impacted by the development and function of their immune systems. Within the context
of veterinary medicine, we study immunology in a broad comparative fashion. For animals primarily used to produce food and
fiber, we use our knowledge of immunology of each species to
attempt to control the ecology of disease within the production
setting. We attempt to produce efficient vaccines that protect
herds against the spread of disease among animals, and strive to
develop tools to protect individuals from infection. For companion animals, we attempt to provide vaccines that develop a zone
of protection around their relationship with their human companions and other animals they encounter. We also attempt to
use the specificity of the immune response to safeguard our food
supply and trace potential contaminants in the environment.
Within our College, we have a Georgia Research Alliance eminent
scholar in animal Vaccinology, Dr. Ralph Tripp. His laboratory
and collaborators study the basic aspects of immunology and the
vaccine process. They provide leadership for the application of
technology to new and better vaccines. We also have scientists in
the Food Animal Health and Management Program working on
applied immunological problems facing the production of cattle
and swine. Similar studies in poultry are being conducted at the
Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center. Both groups are working on vaccines and the conditions in animals that enhance or
inhibit their function to provide a stronger economic base for agriculture. We also have people working in applied immunology
to help safeguard the health of the animals we chose to share our
homes and lives with. This includes the immunological aspects
of diseases of horses, dogs and cats. Others work on monitoring
disease and management of the threat of diseases like rabies to
humans in wildlife populations.
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Identification of a novel granzyme from Tilapia.
The Economic Research Service of the USDA lists aquaculture production as the fastest growing segment in U.
S. agriculture. While catfish production still accounts
for the largest sector in the aquaculture industry of the
United States, tilapia has surpassed trout to become second. Pressures to increase fish production have given rise
to problems in sustainability and the greatest monetary
loss in the industry is due to infections. Whereas immunological intervention in the form of vaccination could
prevent many of these diseases, the development of effective vaccines necessitates a detailed knowledge of the
immune system. Elucidation of the immune pathways
necessary to maintain healthy stocks would undoubtedly assist the industry in raising their profitability and
relative competitiveness. The economic impact that such
knowledge would have in the aquaculture industry provides, in and of itself, very strong support for the study
of teleost immunology. The long-range goal of the research in my laboratory is to understand the functional
components of nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) as
sentinels of innate immunity in fish. Cytotoxic cells of
the innate immune system (NCC) are the first barrier of
defense against viral infections, tumor growth and protozoan parasites. One of the major pathways of target
cell killing by NCC requires granule exocytosis with the
release of apoptosis-inducing enzymes called granzymes.
In this pathway of killing, the lack of requirement for
death receptors on target cells suggests that it may have a
predominant role in target cell lysis. We hypothesize that
teleost granzymes are a major component in the killing
of virus infected cells by CTL and NCC in tilapia. The
following specific aims were proposed to test this hypothesis: First, the granzyme identified in tilapia NCC
will be cloned and sequenced. Second, the recombinant
tilapia granzyme will be expressed and its specific activity detected. The goal of this research is to gain more
information about this important effector of innate and
adaptive immunity in tilapia. The results obtained with
the tilapia granzyme from non-specific cytotoxic cells
has revealed the first evidence for a parallel evolution of
cell-mediated cytotoxicity. The recombinant tilapia granzyme had a chymase-like activity, similar to granzyme H
in humans. Comparison of tilapia granzyme with other
fish granzymes suggests that fish cytotoxic cells do have
granzyme A/K as well as granzyme B/H like molecules
to induce target cell death. It can be hypothesized that,
like their mammalian counterparts, exothermic animals
also acquired multiple granzyme molecules by mutational changes to an ancestral protease with trypsin-like
activity. The research outlined will shed light into the
mechanisms of defense of aquatic animal species against
foreign invaders.
PI: Dr. Liliana Jaso-Friedmann (ljaso@vet.uga.edu)
Evidence for a role of maternal vaccination with killed
viral vaccines in the development of neonatal protective immunity against gastrointestinal and respiratory
viruses
Based upon the literature, we feel that maternal vaccination with a killed vaccine can “prime” the development
of neonatal protective immunity to gastrointestinal and
respiratory viruses and therefore be used as a production
management tool.
We will test this hypothesis by attempting to demonstrate the transfer of specific antibodies and cellular responses in calves against Rotavirus, Coronavirus, and
Bovine Virus Diarrhea (BVD) virus due to maternal
vaccination induced immunity. This immunity is found
in maternal circulation and transferred in colostrum of
vaccinated cows. Further, we want to demonstrate that
the transfer of antibody and cellular recall activity to
calves enhances calf response to subsequent vaccination
with killed vaccines early (day 2-4 rota and corona and
day 10 for BVDV) in life.
Cows will be selected and vaccinated using the following protocol:
* cows will be pregnant and within 45-60 days of calving as determined by palpation and divided into two
groups, vaccinated and unvaccinated
* cows will be vaccinated twice prior to calving to follow
accepted practice in the field with a vaccine containing
Rotavirus, Coronavirus, Eschericia coli, Clostridium perfringens Type C, and killed BVD.
These cows will be bled prior to vaccination to get a prevaccination serum neutralization (SN), enzyme-linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and cell response titers.
This data will be utilized in grouping as to treatment
and control groups.
PI: Dr. Douglas Ensley (densley@vet.uga.edu)
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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Virology
Dr. Mark Jackwood
The American Association of Avian Pathologists,
a national scientific organization interested in
poultry health, continues to list avian infectious
bronchitis as the number one research priority
for commercial poultry because that disease
costs the U.S. poultry industry millions of dollars
annually. Avian infectious bronchitis, an upperrespiratory disease in chickens, is world-wide in
distribution because it is highly contagious. It is
extremely difficult to control because different
types of the virus causing the disease, do not
cross-protect. Different types of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) include multiple serotypes and
variants of the virus, which arise due to mutations and recombination events during replication. Compounding this situation is the ability of
IBV, which is a coronavirus, to rapidly change and
adapt to the host. Currently, the best strategy for
control of this disease is the use of modified live
IBV vaccines.
There are two main areas of IBV research being
conduced at the Poultry Diagnostic and Research
Center. First, research leading to less expensive
and more rapid diagnostic tests that detect the
specific type of IBV as well as serotype specific
antibodies in convalescent sera is being conducted. Second, research on the mechanisms of
pathogenicity and factors governing virulence
that lead to safe and efficacious vaccines for IBV
is being pursued.
The rapid emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) has
stimulated new interest in IBV. Sequence analysis
of SARS-CoV has shown parallel gene order
and protein sequence similarities to IBV. And,
although the origin of SARS-CoV has yet to be
determined, the similarities to IBV cannot be
ignored. The potential of IBV to serve as a genetic
reservoir for human coronaviruses makes basic
research on the genetic makeup of IBV extremely
important and urgently needed.
(mjackwoo@vet,uga,edu)
Viruses are extremely small particles, about one-millionth of an
inch in diameter, that can only be seen with high power microscopes (electron microscopes). They vary widely in shape and
makeup but essentially are composed of an outer protein shell,
sometimes encapsulated in a membrane, surrounding a nucleic
acid center of either RNA or DNA. Viruses cannot survive by
themselves, they need a ‘host cell’ (bacteria, plant, or animal)
to reproduce. When viruses attach to and enter a host cell, they
hijack the cell machinery and, using the information contained
in the nucleic acid, the cell is forced to reproduce the virus.
Eventually the cell dies but not before producing many new virus particles that go on to infect other cells or other organisms.
Viruses are an important concern in veterinary medicine because they are highly infectious and can cause many different
diseases depending on the animal and type of host cell affected.
Some viruses infect cells in the respiratory tract and cause diseases like the common cold or influenza. Other viruses infect
cells in the gastrointestinal tract, causing diarrhea. Still other
viruses infect cells in the liver causing hepatitis and so on. Some
viruses have even been linked to cancer.
The economic impact of viral diseases in livestock and poultry
is enormous, and Veterinarians are constantly looking for new
and better prevention and control methods. Developing new
and improved vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostic tests are
essential because viruses, by nature, readily adapt and change
to cause disease in the host. In the College of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Georgia, scientists are conducting research on all aspects of economically important viral diseases in
animals. At the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center in the
College of Veterinary Medicine, scientists focus on economically important diseases that affect commercial poultry. For the
last 20 years, Georgia has led the Nation in poultry production,
and although there are many reasons for this success, one of the
most critical is the successful diagnosis, prevention, and control
of viral diseases.
Advancements in the Isolation, Characterization, and Control
of Avian Viruses
Several avian viruses have been tested as vectors to deliver different genes to immunize chickens against several diseases. The
avian adeno-associated viruses (AAAV) can be safely used for
in-ovo inoculation, and is a widely used procedure in the US
poultry industry. A plasmid-based system to generate recombinant AAAV coding for immunogenic proteins derived from
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Newcastle disease, avian influenza and infectious bursal disease
viruses, is being developed and tested for protection studies invivo. Several strains of infectious bronchitis virus (mV) have
been adapted to grow in different systems in an attempt to decrease their pathogenicity for the respiratory tract. One Arkansas serotype strain has been tested in chickens and found that it
does still replicates in the upper respiratory tract of chickens, but
induces significantly less reaction than a commercial vaccine.
PI: Dr. Pedro Villegas (pedrov@.uga.edu)
Co-PI: John El-Attrache
The mission of the diagnostic virology laboratory is to provide
accurate and timely diagnostic virology services for the domestic
and international poultry industry, improve detection and isolation methods for monitoring avian viruses and conduct applied
research on current avian disease isolates from the field. This
past year, several rapid diagnostic tests based on molecular technology were developed and implemented. Turkey Coronavirus
(TCV) and Turkey Astrovirus (TAstV) are important turkey
enteric pathogens that are responsible for devastating financial
loss in the turkey industry. Diagnostic tests for TCV was limited to indirect FA (indirect fluorescent antibody) to detect seroconversion and virus isolation in turkey embryos. For TAstV
identification, virus isolation followed by electron microscopy
was the only test available. The above mentioned tests are time
consuming and have limited detection ability. We developed an
RT-PCR (Reverse Transcription – Polymerase Chain Reaction)
test in a multiplex format, to detect both of these important
turkey pathogens. The test is rapid, sensitive and specific and
can be used to directly test intestines/feces from turkeys. Current Infectious Laryngotrachial Virus (ILTV) detection methods rely on the presence of diagnostic histopathologic lesions. In
recent years, milder forms of ILTV have been identified where
few diagnostic lesions are observed, if any. We developed a PCR
generated digoxigenin-labeled DNA probe to the gC and ICP4
genes of ILTV. Using ISH (in-situ hybridization) testing, we
are able to detect low virus loads in tissues infected with laboratory strains of ILTV. We are currently evaluating field tissues.
Reoviruses play a role in numerous diseases of chickens and turkeys. They are a diverse group of viruses. The primers we use
can amplify the S3 gene from both chicken and turkey isolates.
We developed this test to look at genotypic differences between
chicken and turkey reoviruses.
PI: Dr. Holly Sellers (hsellers@.uga.edu)
Co-PI: E. Linneman
Photo by Gwin Kerce
Detection, Isolation, and Characterization of Avian Viruses
(AV-280)
Dr. Susan Williams
Dr. Susan Williams research focus is on
tumor causing viruses in poultry, primarily
avian leukosis virus and reticuloendotheliosis virus. These are both retroviruses that
cause lymphosarcoma in older chickens
often affecting production and feed conversion. She also collaborates with researchers at the Poultry Diagnostic and Research
Center (PDRC) and the Poultry Science
Department on the main campus on various
projects that affect the poultry industry in
Georgia and in the United States. Dr. Williams also provides diagnostic services in
histopathology at PDRC and teaches avian
histopathology and environmental toxicology to graduate students.
(smwillia@vet.uga.edu)
Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
15
Interactions between ALV subgroup J and IBDV in white
leghorn chickens.
Avian leukosis virus (ALV) is a retrovirus of chickens that
results in decreased production and can produce neoplasia, mainly B-cell lymphoma. Subgroup J ALV infection
has been documented to cause myeloid leukosis in broiler
chickens, a different disease than lymphoid leukosis typically produced by other subgroup ALV infections. Infectious
bursal disease virus (IBDV) causes immunosuppression
by destroying the bursa of Fabricius where B-lymphocytes
reside, reducing humoral antibody response to any other
disease. Previous research has shown that dual infections
of ALV subgroup A and IBDV infection resulted in higher
viral shedding and longer seroconversion times. However,
there was decreased tumor formation. This research was
conducted to determine if ALV-J would react in the same
manner as ALV-A when a dual infection with IBDV was
present.
Field reports of egg-laying chickens diagnosed with myeloid leukosis have been published; however, previously
published experimental infection results indicate lymphoid
leukosis can be the main tumor manifestation. Day-old
experimental SPF white leghorn chickens were inoculated
with either avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J), infectious bursal disease virus (IDBV), both ALV-J and IBDV,
or uninoculated controls. At various time points, biological samples were collected including whole blood and
cloacal swabs, to determine viremia, antibody status and
ALV-J cloacal shedding. At 30 weeks of age birds were
euthanized by CO2 and examined for gross evidence of
neoplasia. Tissue samples were collected from birds with
gross evidence of tumors for histopathological examination. Sample analysis is completed for 4 and 10 weeks of
age and ongoing for 18 and 30 weeks of age. Histopathological analysis is ongoing.
PI: Dr. Susan M. Williams (smwillia@vet.uga.edu)
Co-PI: Dr. Holly S. Sellers
It is important to monitor the genetic heterogeneity and
mutation rates of IBV to prevent future outbreaks of the
disease. In addition, sequence similarities with the newly
emerged SARS-CoV make it extremely important to study
host reservoir, evolutionary origin and mutation rates for
coronaviruses. Submissions to the laboratory resulted in
viruses having the same serotype as vaccines that have been
previously characterized. We are continuing to monitor
the genetic heterogeneity of the IBV isolates circulating in
the field. We are also examining several isolates of turkey
coronavirus (TCoV), which are very similar to IBV but
cause enteric disease in turkeys. Sequence data of the spike
glycoprotein shows a hypervariable region that suggests
different serotypes of the virus may exist. We are currently
examining several different isolates serologically.
Virus like particles (VLPs) lack genetic information and
thus cannot replicate making them ideal vaccine candidates. We have demonstrated expression of the spike and
envelope proteins in cell culture, but have not been able to
visualize IBV VLPs by electron microscopy. Unfortunately
more sensitive detection methods and ways to increase
expression of spike and envelope in cell culture were not
within the budget of the project.
Viral infectious clones allow the synthesis of tailor made
viruses in the laboratory for use as vaccines. We cloned
the entire Mass 41 genome into 5 overlapping segments,
for development of an IBV infectious clone. We generated
sequence data for each of the 5 cloned segments which
represents the entire Mass 41 viral genome (approximately
28,000 bases). Appropriate restriction enzymes were identified and one unsuccessful attempt was made to piece the
clones together. We are currently working to acquire financial resources to continue this project.
PI: Dr. Mark W. Jackwood (mjackwoo@vet.uga.edu)
Co-PIs: Deborah Hilt, Scott Callison, and Tye Boynton
Infectious Bronchitis Virus: Characterization and Control
The long-range goal of this proposal is to control infectious
bronchitis (IB) in commercial chickens. We propose to do
this by monitoring IBV isolates circulating in the field and
by developing and testing recombinant vaccines against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV).
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Food and Animal Health
A summary of Food Animal Health and Management
Program (FAHMP) related research activities.
Since the FAHMP was initiated in 1999, a significant
cluster of researchers has been established to attack problems facing livestock producers in Georgia. This group is
made up of clinical veterinarians, outreach veterinarians,
diagnosticians and laboratory researchers jointly seeking
to define, validate and introduce new tools for enhancing
the health and productivity of livestock. In this summary, the projects described have two common properties. First, they all involve an integrated approach based
on collaboration among researchers with different talents,
and second, they have application in the field as a central
goal.
The research program has focused on tools for cattle
production as the core of many of the projects. These
include methods to reduce the impact of Johne’s disease,
respiratory viral and mycoplasmal disease, ways to assess
the efficacy of vaccines, and tools for monitoring the impact of management practices on the health of cattle.
We have three major thrusts in the area of Johne’s disease. These efforts are a collaboration among Drs. Hines,
Hurley, Pence, Reber, Vandenplas, Okinaga and Donovan
within the College of Veterinary Medicine. We are examining a new approach to vaccination against Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis (Map) based on the fundamental studies by Dr. Hines in developing a method
to produce membrane and cytoplasmic antigens for a
vaccine without the highly cross-reactive cell wall components. This is important because cattle that test positive
for TB skin tests are an economic problem to producers.
One objective of this research is to provide protection
against Map without triggering the TB skin test response
in cattle. Drs. Hines and Pence are collaborating with
Drs. Hurley, Reber and Donovan to collect information
that links protection against clinical disease with the
immune response induced by the vaccine. This data will
provide a basis for efficient and economical methods to
assess larger numbers of animals in application trials if the
vaccine achieves its goals. We are currently starting the
second year of a two-year vaccine trial.
In addition, we have two additional projects targeting
control of Johne’s disease just beginning. One project,
involving Drs. Vandenplas, Okinaga, Hines, and Hurley,
will attempt to identify the form of specific genes related
to resistance to Map infection. The project is based on
observed cellular responses that occur in susceptible humans and have parallels in cattle. Cattle will be stimulated with Map, and then evaluated for their physiological
response. The cattle should be sorted into two groups
representing responders and non-responders. Then,
specific genes controlling bacterial responses will be sequenced from cattle from each group. Differences in the
gene sequences will allow us to make “probes” to identify
animals that are genetically resistant to Johne’s disease and
reduce or eliminate the impact of the disease on cattle
production. Our second project, involving Drs. Hurley,
Donovan, Reber and Pence, will examine the effects of
maternal cellular immunity against Map transferred to
new born calves, and the impact of using fresh maternal
or frozen colostrum on priming calves to be immune to
Map during their most susceptible period, the first six
months of life. Each of these projects is funded by the
VMES, and each has just begun.
This research cluster is also addressing methods to improve the efficacy of vaccination. Currently, both the
consumer and regulatory agencies are pushing for removal
of antibiotics and chemical treatments as growth promoting agents. This means that the ecology of livestock and
their microbial environment must be controlled by other
means. A primary tool that enhances the environmental balance in favor of the food animal is vaccination.
However, vaccination has many potential costs. First, an
investment in the vaccine itself must be justified as part
of the cost of production. Second, the duration of vaccine immunity is often limited relative to the production
cycle, adding cost in the form of booster doses. Finally,
there are costs associated with vaccine side effects, for
example systemic inflammation that causes animals to
go off feed or become susceptible to other environmental
pathogens. Therefore, we are attempting to improve
vaccination for livestock in three ways. First, we are working to find less expensive and more accurate methods to
demonstrate vaccine efficacy. Second, we are working on
tools to enhance and target the protection afforded by
vaccines. Finally, we are trying to develop “vaccine com-
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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
ponents that do not have production robbing side effects
such as a large systemic inflammatory response.
The assessment of vaccine induced immunity and its
role in protection are being addressed by Drs. Hurley,
Woolums, Reber, Donovan, Okinaga and Ensley in our
group in conjunction with the vaccine industry. We are
currently evaluating an integrated set of immunological
methods for the assessment of vaccines. We are trying
to understand the value of each test and the relationship of the immune responses measured by set of tests in
the process of immune protection. These studies were
supported by the Georgia Research Alliance and Merial, Limited to assess bovine viral diarrhea virus immunity. We found that the relationships between different
methods to measure vaccine immunity were complex and
that many assays that were assumed to measure the same
immunological pathway did not fully agree. This research
indicates that when vaccine efficacy is assessed, it is important to run more than one assay of immune function
whenever possible.
We are also working on ways to improve the function of
vaccines. A component of many vaccines is the adjuvant. Adjuvants are mixtures of components designed
to enhance the immune responses and to direct what
compartment of the body the immunity will target. Our
goals are: 1) to enhance systemic immunity that circulates
in the body, 2) to improve the protection of body surfaces
where most pathogens enter the body, 3) to provide balanced antibody and cellular immune responses to give the
broadest and longest lasting protection, and 4) to eliminate vaccine related side effects that add cost to production. We are working on several new adjuvants for food
animals. These problems are being addressed by Drs.
Hurley, Reber, Donovan, Moore, and Woolums from our
group and Drs. Albersheim and Carlson from the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center on the UGA campus.
Data acquired over the next year should yield the basis for
better vaccines for food animals.
The members of our group are also working to provide
a scientific basis for the application of new management
practices to supplant the use of feed grade antibiotics in
production. Currently, cattle are fed extra grain, that
provides a concentrated energy source to promote growth
in animals when they are eating a relatively small volume
of feed. However, a combination of increased amounts
of grain in the diet with physiological and social stress
often leads to metabolic diseases, one of the most common being rumenal acidosis. Our group, lead by Drs.
Donovan and Hurley, in conjunction with Dr. Ely from
the Department of Animal and Dairy Science and Drs.
Chase and Hippen of South Dakota State University, has
addressed the impact of extracellular pH on inflammatory
and immune function of bovine white blood cells under
funding from VMES. These studies indicate that current practices of feeding a diet high in grains often induce
acidosis that can reduce the effectiveness of the inflammatory and immune responses of cattle. This reduced immune cell efficiency, combined with the increased density
and diversity of microbes in the internal environment of
cattle, which are no longer fed antimicrobials, may well
be a recipe for a variety of health problems. This group is
using the data from these initial trials to develop tools for
assessment of management models to prevent the effects
of metabolic problems.
The final cluster of projects that we are addressing focuses
on characterizing production problems facing Georgia
producers. These include: 1) assessment of Mycoplasma
as a problem of Georgia cattle going to Western feedlots,
2) characterization of an immune defect observed in a
herd of Hereford cattle in Georgia, 3) assessment of the
mechanisms of acute interstitial pneumonia, 4) effect
of components of colostrum on the development of the
capacity to mount an inflammatory response in the new
born 5) an assessment of patterns of antibiotic resistance,
6) characterization of antiviral proteins for use in semen
extenders, 7) analysis of the potential benefit of intramammary therapy during the close up dry period on milk
quality, and 8) the development of better facilities to be
used for studies to assess improved methods to address
cattle production problems.
Georgia cattle sent to Western feedlots have been anecdotally reported to have an increased rates of disease due
to Mycoplasma bovis, as compared to cattle from other
regions in the U.S. Mycoplasma bovis causes chronic
pneumonia and joint infections, among other problems,
in feedlot cattle. The true prevalence of Mycoplasma bovis
infection in Georgia cattle has never been systematically
evaluated. A group, headed by Drs.Woolums and Hurley
of the Food Animal Health and Management Program
and Dr. Sanchez of the Athens Diagnostic laboratory, is
conducting a field survey of Mycoplasma bovis in backgrounding and stocker herds in Georgia. Additionally,
the impact of Mycoplasma bovis on bovine white blood
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cell function will be assessed. Finally, management
practices associated with the prevalence of Mycoplasma
bovis will be characterized on operations sampled. This
research will provide the first available description of
the distribution of Mycoplasma bovis in Georgia backgrounded and stocker cattle. These studies have been
supported by applied research funds from the FAHMP
and the Terry Family Respiratory Disease Research Fund.
A herd of Hereford cattle in Georgia that would not
maintain appropriate antibody levels following vaccination was identified in 2001. A group headed by Drs.
Pence and Hurley has characterized an immunological
defect in antibody production within this herd that helps
explain the observation. This abnormality may be common to many Hereford cattle. The group is currently
attempting to demonstrate a common physiological basis
for this defect and to identify a genetic marker that could
aid in identification and removal of animals carrying this
trait. These studies have been funded by field investigation funds from FAHMP.
Dr. Woolums and collaborators from Colorado State
University and West Texas A&M University have been
studying the pathogenesis of acute interstitial pneumonia
(AIP) in feedlot cattle under funding from the USDA.
Acute interstitial pneumonia is a form of severe and usually fatal pneumonia that affects cattle in feedlots, but the
cause is unknown. The research carried out to date by the
group indicates that bacterial respiratory pathogens are
present in some of the cattle with AIP. The data indicates
that AIP may be caused by undetected bacterial infection
in a subset of affected animals. However, it is likely that
other factors cause the disease in cattle where no bacterial
pathogens are identified.
Many components that are important in the management
of inflammatory response and resistance to infection are
found in high concentration in colostrum. A group, led
by Drs. Barton, Donovan and Hurley, are investigating the role of lactoferrin, CD14 and antibody on the
function of white blood cells from the blood of newborn
calves and foals, prior to feeding colostrum. The findings have been quite unexpected in some ways. First,
the function of many white blood cells is “damped” in
newborns compared with adults. Second, it appears
that interaction of these restricted white blood cells with
antibody leads to their removal by apoptosis to make
room for fully functional cells recruited from bone mar-
row. Finally, it appears that lactoferrin and CD14 may
enhance the function of the cells already circulating in the
neonate. The results of these studies should help us better
define “quality colostrum”.
Dr. Reeves in conjunction with Dr. Paula Fedorka-Cary
and Scott Ladely at USDA-ARS have examined the
epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance on farms with
different antimicrobial use strategies. One of the farms
used no antimicrobials (NAU), one used limited antimicroibials (LU), and one used antimicrobials continuously
(CU). At the time of sampling, the NAU farm had not
used antimicrobials for 28 years. Resistence persisted
on the NAU farm, particularly in Campylobacter and E.
coli. Salmonella was not isolated from the NAU farm.
This suggests that the removal of antimicrobics may
have little impact on resistance persistence within given
ecological environments. The two farms using antimicrobics demonstrated very different resistance characteristics,
particularly in the Salmonella isolates. On the CU farm,
Salmonella derby was the most common isolate. It was
resistant to more than one antimicrobial. Ribotyping and
PFGE suggested that this isolate was a clone. Further,
this clone was the most common Salmonella isolate from
the farm. These findings suggest that selective pressures
exist on the farm that select for this particular clone’s
survival i.e., give it preference for persistence within the
farm. From the LU farm, untypable Salmonella was the
most common isolate. Ribotyping and PFGE suggest
that this isolate was a clone as well. In contrast to the
CU farm isolate, the LU farm isolate was sensitive to all
antimicrobics tested. This suggests that, while different
clones were present on the LU and CU farms, there were
selective pressures present on both farms which gave preference to farm specific clones. Campylobacter isolates
across the farms did not demonstrate this clonal relationship suggesting that if resistant Campylobacter are to be
eliminated from farms, very different strategies may be
needed when compared to Salmonella. Many questions
remain about the effects of antimicrobial use on resistance
prevalence on farms. However, if reduction in resistance
prevalence on farms is the ultimate goal, management
that selects for non-resistant microbe clones needs to be
defined.
Transmission of viral disease in semen is a problem asociated with artificial insemination (AI) used in herd improvement. However, semen naturally contains proteins
that can inhibit viral proliferation. A team lead by Drs.
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Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Okinaga, Reeves and Hurley have been studying these
proteins and characterizing their ability to suppress the
binding and proliferation of viruses. They plan to clone
effective proteins and to develop a process for their addition to semen extenders as an added measure of protection against undetectable levels of virus in the semen used
in AI.
Milk quality is one of the top economic concerns of the
dairy industry. Maintaining low somatic cell counts is
particularly difficult in the Southeast where frequent
rainfall and heat stress contribute to higher pathogen
exposures and lower immunity. Dr. Cole is working with
a team lead by Dr. Graves in Animal and Dairy Science
to evaluate the effectiveness of prepartum intramammary
therapy to prevent intramammary infection and reduce
somatic cell counts. This work is a field project sponsored
by Fort Dodge Animal Health.
To address the current and future needs of Georgia
producers, the CVM must be equipped and prepared to
do well-designed and productive applied research studies. Under the leadership of Drs. Ensley, Reeves and
Hurley the VMES is optimizing the infrastructure of the
Rose Creek Farm to maximize our flexibility to conduct
applied research and testing. The addition of a more
flexible fence line backbone and modifications to improve
utilization of the buildings on the site have improved the
ability of researchers in the FAHMP group to conduct
important food animal trials at the site.
Establishment of a research herd for assessment of vaccine and management programs in Georgia.
Proper facilities and systems for the evaluation of new
vaccine and management tools for use by Georgia producers is of paramount importance to providing a transition from chemical/antibiotic based production of cattle
to newer methods that are more acceptable to consumers
of meat and milk. We have set in motion a program
to modernize and better equip the Rose Creek Farm in
Watkinsville, GA to allow us to conduct controlled trials
that support these ends. The facilities improvements
include the construction of a working facility under roof,
which will allow the collection of samples in the event of
inclement weather. The fence housing research animals
was upgraded to reduce the risk of injury to researchers
and animals. These upgrades will allow for better animal
flow and provide a consistent research environment for
future projects.
Further, we have also place new practices in place to improve our movement toward GCP/GLP practices on the
farm. They include:
Improved record keeping
Consistent preventive health practices
Beef Quality Assurance
Without proper research facilities the producers of
Georgia are at a significant disadvantage to those of
other states. Our long-term goal is to develop a facility
and program that will allow us to work with the feed,
pharmaceutical, biologicals and probiotic industries to
establish best practices for the producers in Georgia with
respect to sustainable biological control of disease and
predictable input costs of production without the use
of antibiotics or chemical undesirable to the consumer.
The goals of our current program include: 1) providing
environmental control for animals studies, 2) establishing
a set of SOP guidelines for animal studies, sampling and
treatment at the facility, and 3) assuring full biosecurity
relative to the studies conducted on the farm.
PI: Dr. Douglas Ensley (densley@vet.uga.edu)
Co-PIs: David J. Hurley, Douglas C. Donovan, Adrian J.
Reber, Amelia R. Woolums
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www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/
Diagnostics
The College of Veterinary Medicine offers diagnostic services to
veterinarians and animal owners throughout Georgia, through
the Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory the Tifton Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory and the Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center. Complete diagnostic capabilities
including necropsy examination histopathology, toxicology, isolation and identification of bacteria, viruses and fungi, serology,
and parasite identification are available to aid in disease diagnosis. These laboratories also are utilized by Georgia to provide
surveillance support for control programs on specific diseases
such as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), pseudorabies, West Nile virus infection, equine infectious anemia (EIA),
Newcastle disease, and Avian Influenza. All segments of the
livestock industry utilize the laboratories to help improve the
health and safety of their animals.
Investigation of Natural Disease Outbreaks - AV-030
The Diagnostic Services/Teaching Laboratory of the Poultry
Diagnostic and Research Center received 5851 clinical case accessions during this reporting period. The major activity of this
project is to provide clinical diagnostic support for the commercial poultry industry of Georgia. This is accomplished through
the application of field investigation acquisition of flock and
farm histories, application of analytical, microbiological, histopathological testing using classical and molecular methods. Activity is summarized in a typical case approach and a numerical
summary of lab activity. An example of clinical investigations
includes investigation of vaccine reactions causing increased
condemnations at processing using serology, histopathology and
molecular detection of disease agents. Another scenario might
include investigation of early chick mortality which might include bacteriological and mycological cultures. And another
might included ‘investigation of condemnations at processing
through histopathological and molecular agent detection protocols for assessment of the presence of infectious agents. The
professional staff and students often investigate more chronic
problems on farms within the region. These are typically multifaceted problems that take a more long term approach. Many
times these are assigned as a student project under direct supervision of an experienced clinician. These investigations bring
recommendations and changes in vaccination programs and
management practices which frequently allow that grower to become competitive again. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
technique has permitted generation of more useful and timely
information often in hours rather than days or weeks than classical diagnostic techniques for infectious bronchitis and Mycoplasmas. REV, Newcastle disease, Avian leukosis A, Salmonella
Dr. Susan Sanchez
Dr. Sanchez serves as the director of the microbiology section for the Athens Veterinary
Diagnostic Laboratory. In this role she is actively
engaged in supporting the State’s veterinary
practitioners and livestock and poultry producers. Alongside traditional bacteriology
techniques, her laboratory has implemented
the widespread use of molecular tools for
diagnosing bacterial infections. Additionally,
Dr. Sanchez has a productive research program
which significantly complements her diagnostic
activities. She involves undergraduate, professional and graduate students as collaborators
in these activities. Dr. Sanchez’s role as student
mentor has been recognized with the Center
for Undergraduate Research Opportunities
Award for Excellence in Undergraduate Research Mentoring. Her research focuses on the
resistance of bacteria to antibiotics and how this
resistance is selected for by the use of antibiotics. Her research also looks at how this resistance to antibiotics spreads between bacteria,
how the bacteria move in the environment and
how these bacteria are shared by animals and
humans. This research is currently funded by a
grant from NIH. Another area of work that her
laboratory is known for is the investigation of
veterinary hospital-acquired infections and their
control. Dr. Sanchez is also currently involved
in studying the role of Staphylococcus aureus
super-antigens in animal disease. This work has
led to the description of toxic shock syndrome in
horses caused by S. aureus.
(ssanchez@vet.uga.edu)
21
Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Dr. Stephan Thayer
Dr. Steven Thayer is Senior Public Service Associate
in charge of the Diagnostic Services and Teaching
Laboratory which provides diagnostic support to the
commercial poultry industry of Georgia as well as
to clients of the United States, Canada, Central and
South America, South Africa, Europe and Asia. The
lab maintains complete identification and susceptibility testing for bacteria and fungi. We perform
serological tests for the presence of antibodies to
disease agents which are detected in the form of
antibodies which can be produced in advance of
overt disease. Histopathological services which offer
the ability to see the effects of disease in tissues are
important in the diagnosis of disease in commercial
poultry. The diagnostic virology lab offers numerous
conventional virus isolation capabilities in addition
to molecular techniques which can detect the presence of viruses by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
This is an amplification procedure that makes many
copies of DNA or RNA which can then be visualized.
Most PCR’s can be performed in a matter of hours
instead of days required by isolation methods. There
is a newer PCR called the real-time PCR which eliminates one of the steps in a standard PCR permitting
results in less than 1 hour. Molecular techniques are
revolutionizing diagnostics often yielding highly
specific results in far less time than conventional
methods. PCR techniques are also applied to Mycoplasma, fungi and bacteria allowing the investigator to identify organisms, toxins, and even genetic
sequences within that are responsible for the minute
to major difference between pathogenic organisms.
(sthayer@.uga.edu)
serotyping, Avian adenovirus, and Avian pneumovirus (through
a cooperating lab) PCRs have been added to those for Avian
leukosis virus-J, Infectious laryngotracheitis virus, and infectious bursal disease viruses have been placed on-line and provide useful and very timely diagnostic information. Research
continues and new PCR tests will be applied to diagnostics as
applications are developed. Time continues to be spent helping poultry companies implement and maintain HACCP plans,
standards and compliance. These plans help poultry companies
maintain compliance with government standards for control
of food-borne microbes hazardous to consumers of processed
poultry. More time will be spent in the future and more research
effort continues to be made in the area of food safety. The Diagnostic Services/Teaching Laboratory has implemented direct
email and fax of lab reports without the need for hard copy.
Weare investigating the use of the world-wide web for delivering lab data especially to clinical veterinarians that spend a lot
of time on the road. Laboratory activity is represented by 5,851
accessions, 34,445 bacterial procedures, 170 antimicrobial susceptibilities, 75,408 ELISA tests, 31,099 IBV-HI tests, 1,343
diagnostic PCR tests, and 2,606 necropsies.
Accessions
Bacteriology
Serology
PCR
Histopathology cases
Clinical Income
FY 2001
FY 2002
FY 2003
FY2004
6,361
31,340
105,062
2,063
1197
$339,678
6,294
36,200
194,521
3,033
1480
$487,354
5,355
28,694
48,486
2,038
1,946
$419,904
5,851
34,445
106,507
1,343
2,323
$376,604
PI: Dr. Stephan G. Thayer (sthayer@.uga.edu)
Co-PIs: Kleven, S., Brown, T., Collett, S., Garcia, M.,
Glisson, J., Hofacre, C., Jackwood, M., Maurer, J., Sellers, H.,
Vezey, S., Villegas, P., Williams, S., Zavala, G.
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www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/
Biomedical Sciences
Biomedical research represents an important area of health care
in which veterinarians are uniquely positioned to make significant contributions to improving the well-being of both human
beings and animals. By studying naturally-occurring animal
models of human diseases, biomedical researchers (including
veterinarians) have gained insights that have been valuable for
understanding the corresponding human conditions. Animal
models have been used to investigate cancerous, degenerative,
and infectious processes and this work has provided valuable
information regarding the pathogenesis and treatment of human diseases. For example, the most common treatment for
men with prostate cancer, androgen-deprivation therapy, was
instituted in the 1940’s by Charles Huggins, MD, after observing the marked decrease in size of the canine prostate gland
that occurred following castration of adult male dogs.
In addition to naturally-occurring animal models, the past
decade has seen an explosion in the number and usefulness of
genetically-modified rodents. By using molecular techniques,
these animals allow us to evaluate the effects of single-gene deletion or overexpression and greatly enhance our understanding
of the complex molecular signaling pathways that are deranged
in diseases ranging from cancer to abnormal bone formation.
As veterinarians, we are the ultimate animal biologists. Our
understanding of the normal anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of a variety of species allows us to maximize the
benefits of investigations concerning these model systems,
whether naturally-occurring or as a result of genetic manipulation. These studies may hasten the development of translational
research eventually leading to improved treatments for both humans and animals. Recently, the National Cancer Institute has
announced an exciting initiative aimed at including naturally
occurring cancers in pet animals into studies of cancer biology
and drug development. The goal of this initiative will be to use
the data from clinical trials of pet animals with cancer to accelerate the development of therapeutic agents for human cancer
patients. Based on collaborations such as this one, the partnership between veterinarians, physicians, and basic scientists
involved in biomedical research has a bright future!
Dr. Bruce LeRoy
Despite the advances made in early detection and
treatment, prostate cancer remains a significant cause of
cancer-related death and illness. Prostate cancer is the
most common non-skin cancer in men. The American
Cancer Society projects over 230,000 new cases in 2004,
with almost 30,000 men dying of prostate cancer in 2004.
To learn more about this important disease, researchers have used the dog as a model system for studying
diseases of the prostate gland for many years. Dogs are
an excellent animal model for studying the prostate
because dogs closely share our environment, and the
anatomy and embryology of the dog prostate are
very similar to those of the human gland. A significant
advantage of the dog model over rodent prostate cancer
models is that the rodent prostate is composed of several
finger-like lobes and is very different from the canine and
human glands.
Dogs develop many prostatic diseases in common with
men, including prostatitis, benign prostatic hyperplasia
(BPH), and prostatic cancer. In fact, dogs are the only
large mammals other than men to develop spontaneously-occurring prostate cancer with any regularity. An
important similarity is that advanced or highly aggressive prostate cancer in both men and dogs commonly
targets the bones of the pelvis and spine, resulting in
painful, debilitating bone metastases. The prostate cancer cells induce large amounts of new bone formation
at these metastases, the reasons for which are not clear.
Our laboratory is using the dog model to investigate the
role of molecules such as parathyroid hormone-related
protein and endothelins in the pathogenesis of prostate
cancer metastases-stimulated new bone formation.
Investigations using the canine model of prostate cancer
may help guide the development of new treatments to
prevent or reduce the occurrence of this devastating
complication.
(bleroy@vet.uga.edu)
23
Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Functional and Histochemical/Immunohistochemical
Analyses of Bovine Laminar Arteries
Lameness is a debilitating condition in cattle and has a
great economic impact on the dairy and beef industries.
Laminitis,
the major cause of bovine lameness, is a multi-factorial
disease involving dysfunction of the laminar microcirculation. A major barrier to understanding the mechanisms
underlying bovine laminitis is the lack of functional studies on the laminar microcirculation. Aci
dosis is a major precipitating factor of bovine laminitis
and is associated with increased blood concentrations of
L-lactate.
The hypotheses driving this VMES project are that (1)
high levels of L-lactate generate reactive oxygen species
via the activation of lactate dehydrogenase and NADH
oxidase, and (2) dietary pyruvate or administration of
selective NADH oxidase inhibitors may be effective strategies to prevent and/or ameliorate bovine laminitis. The
objective of this project is to provide preliminary data to
support the above hypotheses.
Aim 1: The studies under Aim 1 examined the roles
of the above enzymes in mediating L-lactate-induced
changes in vascular function in bovine laminar arteries. The key findings were that lactate had pronounced
pH-dependent and pH-independent effects on function/
activity of G protein-coupled receptors (and their intracellular signaling cascades) that mediate vasoconstriction
in endothelium-intact small laminar arteries including,
a1-adrenoceptors and 5-HT2 receptors. Moreover, lactate
had pronounced pH-dependent and pH-independent
effects on the activity of voltage-gated Ca2+-channels.
Taken together, the results support the concept that lactate dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase may play a vital
role in altering the vasoactivity of small bovine laminar
arteries.
Aim2: Little is known about the distribution of key enzymes such as NADH oxidase and nitric oxide (NO) synthase and markers of oxidative stress such as nitrotyrosine,
in bovine microvessels. The studies under aim 2 obtained
morphological, histochemical/immunohistochemical
information on the presence and distribution of these
proteins in bovine laminar arteries and veins. Our studies
determined the basic architecture of the laminar microcirculation and neural networks and have demonstrated the
relative distributions of NADH oxidase, NO synthase,
NADPH diaphorase and tumor necrosis factor-a (TNFa)
in vascular and neuronal tissue. For example, NADH
oxidase was present in certain nerves as well as smooth
muscle and endothelium of arteries and veins, whereas
NO synthase was present in the vascular endothelium but
not muscle of arteries and veins. Little immunostaining
for nitrotyrosine or tumor necrosis-a was present in arteries, veins or nerves. Which is consistent with there being
little inflammation and oxidative stress in these tissues
from “normal” cows”.
We recently submitted a proposal to the USDA, which
was entitled (Functional, Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Analyses of Bovine Laminar Arteries,
$257,730). This proposal set forward our hypotheses
that high levels of L-lactate in bovines generate reactive
oxygen species via the activation of lactate dehydrogenase
and NADH oxidase, and (2) dietary pyruvate or selective
NADH oxidase inhibitors may prevent and/or ameliorate
bovine laminitis. The project was well received, however,
preliminary studies on the effects of lactate on bovine
laminar artery function were suggested to solidify these
compelling and novel ideas. We believe that the studies
funded by the VMES project have provided us with all
of the background necessary to obtain funding from the
USDA.
PI: Dr. Stephen J. Lewis (slewis@vet.uga.edu)
Co-PIs: Jonathan E. Graves, Ph.D., Wendy E. Harrison,
B.vet.Med., Ph.D.
The role of acidosis in the pathogenesis of infectious and
vascular diseases of cattle.
Acidic pH has an effect on both humoral and cellular
immunity. The objective of this experiment was to
determine the effects of extracellular pH on phagocytosis,
and on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) by bovine leukocytes. Sixty
milliliters of blood was obtained by jugular venipuncture
from cows at least 250 days in milk with an average body
condition score of 3.2 for use in ROS (n = 10), phagocytosis (n= 12), and NO (n = 4) assays. One medium used
in these studies was composed of Phosphate Buffer Saline,
with the addition of 0.5% Bovine Serum Albumin and 5
mM Glucose (PBG). PBG was aliquoted, and individual
samples adjusted to pH 6.0, 6.4, 6.8, 7.2, 7.6, 8.0 with
HCl or NaOH. PBG medium containing 3x106 total
leukocytes per ml was used for measurement of ROS and
24
www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/
phagocytosis. ROS was assessed in quadruplicate (100ml
of cells in 96 well plates) after stimulation with 10-6, 107, 10-8, and 10-9 M phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) for
1 hr by measuring the conversion of dihydrorhodamine
123 to its fluorescent form by comparison with PBG controls. Phagocytosis was assessed by incubation of 200ml
of cells with commercial bodipy labeled S. aureus or E.
coli particles for 1 hr. The number of bacteria associated
with the leukocytes was evaluated by flow cytometry.
Minimal Essential Medium with addition of 10% Fetal
Bovine Serum, 2 mM L-Glutamine, 2 mM sodium
pyruvate and 50 µg/ml of Gentamycin sulfate (MEMG)
was aliquoted and individual samples adjusted to pH 6.0,
6.4, 6.8, 7.2, 7.6, 8.0 with HCl or NaOH for use in the
experiments. One hundred microliters of MEMG, after
adjustment to the desired pH, was added to quadruplicate wells with 6 x 105 mononuclear cells. To induce
nitric oxide, 10 µl of 100 µg/ml, 10 µg/ml, 1 µg/ml,
or 0.1 µg/ml E. coli 055 LPS was added to each well.
Supernatants were removed after sixty hours of incubation and nitric oxide production was evaluated using the
Greiss reaction. Data were analyzed by mixed procedures
of SAS 8.2 (2002). It was determined that pH (P < 0.01)
greatly effected the production of ROS, and acidic pH
decreased (P = 0.031) the production of ROS relative
to alkaline conditions. When phagocytosis of multiple
E. coli or S. aureus particles showed a tendency toward
increased phagocytosis under acidic medium pH relative
to basic pH conditions. Alkaline conditions appeared to
favor nitric oxide production over acidic conditions (P <
0.05). Acidosis appears to hinder the functions of innate
immunity, which could result in a delayed response to
bacterial infections. In other studies, lymphocyte recall
response to antigen and circulating virus neutralizing
antibody titers were diminished in acidotic animals.
This project is expected to provide data necessary for the
development of predictive models allowing the evaluation
of novel and innovative management methods to be used
to remove antibiotics and hormone implants from the
production of cattle for food and milk. These studies will
allow for assessment of the inflammatory and immune
consequences of management tools used to work with the
ecology of cattle and their environment, and to provide a
way to assess the economic impact of changes in feeding
practices, stress and biological control of microbial stimulus in the internal environment of the cow. The immediate outcome of these studies is a better understanding of
the impact of changes in extracellular pH that alter the
pathogenesis of bacterial and viral disease, and impact
the partitioning of nutrients in cattle. The long-term
goal is to use this data to design better vaccine methods
and practices, better feeding practices and monitoring
systems, and to allow for design of better utilization of
“probiotic” organisms to establish and maintain a desired
ecological balance within cattle during production.
PI: Dr. David J. Hurely, (dhurley@vet.uga.edu)
Co-PIs: Douglas Donovan, Robert Parks, Tats Okinaga,
Chandler Collar, Jon Graves, Wendy Harrison and Adrian
Reber. Collaborators – Christopher Chase and Arnold Hippen (South Dakota State University)
Canine prostate tissue: Bone induction in vivo and in
vitro diagnosis.
Prostate cancer is a common cause of cancer-related death
in western populations. Dogs are a commonly used model for studying prostatic diseases and are a good model
for studying prostate cancer. This is because, among other
factors, they share a similar environment with humans
and are the only large mammals that develop spontaneous prostatic carcinoma with any regularity. Also similar
to humans, dogs with late-stage prostate cancer commonly develop bone metastases, especially in the lumbar
vertebrae and pelvis. The bone metastases of prostate
cancer are unique in that they induce marked new bone
formation, so-called ‘osteoblastic’ metastases. The factors
responsible for the new bone formation of prostate cancer
metastases are not known. We have shown that normal
dog prostate can stimulate new bone formation in mouse
calvaria. We will now investigate the effects on bone morphology by normal dog prostate tissue implanted into the
tibias of rats. Microscopic characterization of the effects
of the prostate tissue on trabecular bone formation will
provide useful information regarding the mechanisms of
epithelial cell-stimulated bone formation and lysis. Additionally, to identify the importance of specific factors in
prostate-stimulated bone formation and/or destruction,
in vivo models of bone formation (osteoblast cultures
and calvarial explant tissue cultures) will be established.
We will then measure the effects that antagonism of
three candidate molecules (parathyroid hormone-related
protein [PTHrP], platelet-derived growth factor [PDGF],
and endothelin-1) has on prostate-stimulated osteoblast
activation (as determined by alkaline phosphatase activity
and histology).
PI: Dr. Bruce LeRoy (bleroy@vet.uga.edu)
25
Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Research Contracts & Grants
Baldwin, Charles. Diagnostic services relative to the control, diagnosis, treat
ment prevention, and eradication of livestock diseases 2004. Tifton
Diagnostic Lab. Ga. Dept. of Agriculture. $1,962,928
Cole, Dana. Estimating the risk of human exposure and resultant spread of
highly pathogenic avian influenza. SECEBT - Southeastern Center
for Emerging Biological Threats. $24,952
Barton, Michelle. Culture of a species of Helicobacer from equine gastric
mucosa. Merial Limited. $0
Corn, Joseph. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in free-ranging
birds and mammals on livestock premesis. USDA-APHIS.
$119,665
Brown, Corrie. Veterinary curriculum and the future: Public health, food
security and agroterror. FIPSE - U.S. Dept. Education. $78,360
Brown, Corrie. Emergency management of agricultural bio-terrorism training
curriculum. GA Tech Research Institute. $58,880
Brown, Corrie. Molecular pathogenesis of vesicular stomatitis virus in cattle.
USDA-ARS. $10,000
Corn, Joseph. Exotic tick surveillance in the southeastern United States and
Puerto Rico. USDA-APHIS. $200,000
Corn, Joseph. Distribution of pseudorabies virus and Brucella suis in feral
swine. USDA-APHIS. $50,000
Dickerson, Harry. A research training experience for veterinary medical students.
Merck Company Foundation. $20,000
Brown, Corrie. Research support 2004. USDA-Task Order. $33,600
Brown, Corrie. Pathogenesis of Nipah virus in guinea pigs. NIH-National
Institutes of Health. $92,448
Dickerson, Harry. Surveillance of Newcastle Disease virus in Georgia. Matched
with GA Poultry Imp. Assoc. Funds. For PCR machine at GA
Poultry Lab. Georgia Research Alliance. $13,950
Brown, Corrie. Preparing veterinarians to deal with global issues in animal
health, trade and food security. FIPSE - U.S. Dept. Education.
$58,530
Ferguson, Duncan. Recombinant feline thyrotropin (fTSH): Immunoassay
validation and thyroid radiosensitizing agent. Morris Animal
Foundation. $43,975
Brown, Scott. Evaluation of antihypertensive agents in feline hypertensive renal
failure. Urotensin-II antagonist study. Glaxo Smith Kline, Inc.
$141,701
Ferguson, Duncan. Development of a biologically based model for chemical
mixture induced perturbations of the pituitary. Centers for Disease
Control. $33,148
Brown, Thomas. Septicemia/toxemia disposition of broilers: Increasing accuracy
within current regulations. U.S. Poultry and Egg Assoc. $32,346
Ferguson, Duncan. Recombinant thyrotropin (TSH): Standard for the next
generation of canine TSH immunoassays with improved sensitivity.
AKC-American Kennel Club Foundation. $47,785
Budsberg, Steven. Evaluation of the COX-2 inhibitory effects of a novel COX
inhibitor using an exploratory novel blood assay procedure. Novartis
Animal Health. $29,705
Fischer, John. USDA-APHIS Wildlife Services Disease Training. USDAAPHIS. $125,000
Budsberg, Steven. In vivo protocol for testing effects of tepoxalin on whole
blood, gastric mucosal and osteoarthritic synovial fluid prostaglandin
and leukotriene … Schering-Plough Animal Health. $95,033
Fischer, John. Cooperative Agreement for development and evaluation of data
relative to disease relationships that may simultaneously involve
wildlife, domestic livestock, & poultry. USDA-APHIS. $350,000
Carmichael, Paige. Training in clinical ophthalmology and pathology. Graduate
Assistantship support for Dr. Shannon Boveland. Tuskegee Univ.
$26,425
Fischer, John. Investigation of and assistance with wildlife disease problems in
the SE region of the U.S. U.S. Dept. of Interior. $231,500
Carmichael, Paige. Mucopolysaccharidosis IIID xenogenic CNS stem cell
therapy. Sanfilippo Children’s Research Foundation. $56,923
Coffield, Julie. Neuromuscular targets of botulinum toxin. NIH-National
Institutes of Health. $342,756
Coffield, Julie. Identification of botulinum toxin membrane targets. NIH/NI
AID. $291,804
Cole, Dana. Using climate variability and weather to model human outbreaks
of Salmonella and Campylobacter and their environmental prevalence
in Georgia watershed . NOAA - Sea Grant. $126,424
Fu, Zhen. Human antibodies for postexposure prophylaxis of rabies. Molecular
Targeting Tech., Inc. $231,104
Fu, Zhen. Developing avirulent rabies virus vaccines. NIH-National Institutes
of Health. $88,320
Fu, Zhen. Developing avirulent rabies virus vaccines. NIH-National Institutes
of Health. $253,400
Glisson, John. Surveillance for West Nile Virus Encephalitis (WNVE) and
other arboviral pathogens. GA Dept. of Human Resources.
$32,000
26
www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/
Glisson, John. UGA Foundation SA/Wildlife Treatment Fund.
Foundation. $1,985
UGA Lewis, Stephen. Ischemia-reperfusion injury in equine laminar arteries. Gray
son-Jockey Club Research Foundation. $27,000
Hernandez-Divers, Stephen. Single-dose intravenous and oral pharmacokinetics Lewis, Stephen. Vesicular stores of S-nitrosothiols in vascular endothelial cells.
American Heart Assoc. - National Center. $214,500
of meloxicam in green iguanas (Iguana iguana).
Boehringer Ingleheim. $5,845
Little, Susan. Infection dynamics of Ehrlichia chaffeensis. NIH-National
Institutes of Health. $101,098
Hines, Murray E. Efficacy of spheroplastic whole cell vaccine for the prevention
of Johne’s disease. USDA-APHIS. $99,102
Mahaffey, Edward. UGA Foundation - GA Cancer Research for Pets Fund.
UGA Foundation. $11,878
Hoenig, Margarethe. Effect of diet on fat and glucose metabolism in lean and
obese cats. Nestle Purina. $198,275
Mahaffey, Edward. UGA Foundation - Emerging Diseases Res. Group.
UGARF - Univ. of GA Research Found. $6,458
Hoenig, Margarethe. Pharmacokinetics and Effect of compound X in cats.
Adenosine Therapeutics. $9,989
Mahaffey, Edward. UGA Foundation - Small Animal Medicine Fund.
UGARF- Univ. of GA Research Found. $11,000
Hofacre, Charles. Research support. USDA. $19,258
Howerth, Elizabeth. Development of assays to detect IL-6 in white-tailed deer
infected with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. Morris Animal
Foundation. $11,826
Hurley, David. Alterations in leukocyte function during the onset of acute
equine laminitis. American Quarter Horse Association. $42,885
Jackwood, Mark. Turkey poult enteritis vaccine development. U.S. Poultry and
Egg Assoc. $54,050
McCall, John. Furnish Brugia malayi adult worms and/or Brugia malayi infective
larvae. NIH-National Institutes of Health. $130,365
Miller, Doris. Diagnostic services relative to the control, diagnosis, treatment
prevention, and eradication of livestock diseases 2004. Athens
Diagnostic Laboratory. GA Dept. of Agriculture. $1,226,750
Moore, James. Improving the educational impact of 3-D animations of signal
transduction mechanisms with basic scientific modules (equine).
USDA - Higher Ed. Challenge Grants. $99,996
Kaplan, Ray. Maintenance of gastrointestinal nematodes for in vitro drug efficacy
Moore, James. Evaluation of phospholipid emulsion in horses (equine)
testing. Divergence, Inc. $21,728
administered endotoxin. Septicure, LLC. $71,335
Kaplan, Ray. Combination therapy to overcome anthelmintic resistance in
Moore, Julie. Microarray analysis of gene expression changes in placental
cyathostomes of horses. Pfizer Inc. $37,500
trophoblast cells exposed to malarial parasites. UGA - Faculty
Research Grants. $4,500
Karls, Russell. Regulation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis sigma factor C and
identification of Sig-C transcribed genes. American Lung Associa
Moore, Julie. T-cell memory and protection against placental malaria. NIHtion. $17,500
National Institutes of Health. $340,856
Kleven, Stanley. Development and validation of a rapid diagnostic test for
Murray, Thomas. Inhibition of endotoxin with adenosine receptor agonists.
Mycoplasmosis infectious bronchitis and Infectious Laryngotrache
Grayson-Jockey Club Research Foundation. $36,670
itis. USDA-ARS. $34,000
Kleven, Stanley. Mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine technology. Intervet, Inc.
$95,572
Murray, Thomas. Neurotoxins from marine algae and cyanobacteria. Oregon
State University. $129,936
Murray, Thomas. Characterization of the A2A adenosine receptors as modulators
of endotoxin-induced cytokine synthesis in horses. Adenosine
Therapeutics. $24,997
Kleven, Stanley. Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Newplex in ovo vaccine.
Embrex, Inc. $13,182
Murray, Thomas. Affinity labels for opioid receptors. University of Kansas.
$67,588
Kleven, Stanley. Various income. $5,848
Kleven, Stanley. Various income. $5,889
Kleven, Stanley. Various income. $4,940
Murray, Thomas. Cellular activation induced by multivalent ligands. NIHNational Institutes of Health. $71,981
Kleven, Stanley. Various income. $587
27
Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Research Contracts & Grants
Oliver, John E. Various Income funds. UGARF - Univ. of GA Research
Found. $11,451
Oliver, John E. Various Income funds. UGARF - Univ. of GA Research
Found. $321
Palmarini, Massimo. Oncogenesis in retrovirus-induced lung cancer. NIHNational Institutes of Health. $331,840
Palmarini, Massimo. Application of molecular biology and serology to
understand the pathogenesis of Ovine Pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
Istituto Zooprofilatico Sprimentale A&M. $19,878
Palmarini, Massimo. Application of molecular biology and serology to
understand the pathogenesis of Ovine Pulmonary adenocarcinoma.
Istituto Zooprofilatico Sprimentale A&M. $858
Palmarini, Massimo. Distinguished Cancer Clinicians and Scientists Program.
Georgia Cancer Coalition. $75,000
Palmarini, Massimo. Oncogenesis in retrovirus-induced lung cancer. NIHNational Institutes of Health. $109,202
Pence, Melvin. Georgia Johne’s Disease demonstration herd project 2003.
USDA-APHIS. $55,402
Peroni, John. Regional variation in endothelial control of equine pulmonary
microvasculature. USDA-CSREES. $117,000
Peroni, John. Role of oxidant stress in microvascular dysfunction in equine
laminitis. Morris Animal Foundation. $54,316
Prasse, Keith. Section 1433, Animal Health and Disease Research Funds.
USDA-CSREES. $100,699
Quinn, Fred. Mycobacterium shottsii: An emerging pathogen of fish and
humans. Southeastern Center for Emerging Biologic Threats.
$42,350
Radlinsky, Mary. Evaluation of pharyngeal function in dogs with laryngeal
paralysis prior to and after unilateral arytenoid lateralization.
American Kennel Club. $11,950
Reeves, David. Manage the Rogers State Prison Dairy Farm. GA Dept. of
Corrections. $314,303
Reeves, David. Manage the Rogers State Prison Swine Unit. GA Dept. of
Corrections. $73,660
Ritchie, Branson. Preliminary evaluation of a novel adjuvant for the oral
immunization of Koi using inactivated virus. JPD America LLC.
$19,880
Robertson, Thomas. Novel insights into Ca++ homeostasis in equine laminar
arteries. USDA-NRI. $125,000
Robertson, Thomas. Atypical regulation of vascular tone by protein kinase C.
NIH-National Institutes of Health. $234,000
Sanchez, Susan. Ceftiofur use in cattle: a public health concern? NIH-Na
tional Institutes of Health. $147,200
Sanderson, Sherry. Comparison of two dietary approaches to managing canine
chronic renal failure. Iams Company. $24,151
Stallknecht, David. West Nile Virus surveillance in wild birds. GA Dept.
Natural Resources. $178,340
Stallknecht, David. Peridomestic avian species as amplifying hosts and
sentinels of WN and SLE viruses in Georgia. Centers for Disease
Control. $188,903
Stallknecht, David. Replication of west nile virus in avian macrophages: A
predictor of species susceptibility? Morris Animal Foundation.
$21,045
Varela, Andrea. Infection dynamics of Ehrlichia chaffeensis. NIH-National
Institutes of Health. $101,098
Wagner, John J. Cocaine-induced metaplasticity in the hippocampus. NIDANational Inst. Drug Abuse. $147,200
Wilson, Heather. Etiology, pathology,and control of an enterocolitis epornitic
in a large commercial hamster population. Petsmart Charities
Foundation. $6,076
Wilson, Heather. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of Meloxicam in ringnecked parakeets. Boehringer Ingleheim. $7,041
Wilson, Heather. Chemical castration of domestic pigeons via endoscopic in
tratesticular injection of zinc gluconate neutralized by arginine.
UGA - Faculty Research Grants. $7,960
Zavalla, Guillermo. In vitro and in vivo characteristics of avian leukosis virus
(ALV) contaminating poultry vaccines and development of a molecular-based assay for detection of ALV. U.S. Poultry and Egg
Assoc. $46,402
Ritchie, Branson. Experimental induction of persistent KHV infection.
Associated Koi Clubs. $10,000
Ritchie, Branson. Research associate in exotic/zoo infectious disease and pathology. Postgraduate program. Zoo Atlanta/Riverbanks Zoo.
$13,000
28
www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/
Administrators & Advisors
The University System of Georgia Board of Regents
Officers and Staff
Hugh A. Carter, Atlanta
State-at-Large (2009)
Joel O. Wooten, Jr.
Chairman
Connie Carter, Macon
Eighth District (2006)
J. Timothy Shelnut
Vice Chairman
William H. Cleveland, Atlanta
State-at-Large (2009)
Thomas C. Meredith
Chancellor
Michael J. Coles, Kennesaw
Sixth District (2008)
Margaret Taylor
Deputy to the Senior Vice Chancellors
Joe Frank Harris, Cartersville
Eleventh District (2006)
Daniel S. Papp
Senior Vice Chancellor
Office of Academics and Fiscal Affairs
Julie Ewing Hunt, Tifton
Second District (2011)
W. Mansfield Jennings, Jr., Hawkinsville
First District (2010)
James R. Jolly, Dalton
Tenth District (2008)
Donald M. Leebern, Jr., McDonough
State-at-Large (2005)
Elridge W. McMillan, Atlanta
Fifth District (2010)
Martin W. NeSmith, Claxton
Third District (2006)
Patrick S. Pittard, Atlanta
Ninth District (2008)
Doreen Stiles Poitevint, Bainbridge
State-at-Large (2011)
Frank A. Butler
Vice Chancellor
Academics, Faculty and Student Affairs
Randall Thursby
Vice Chancellor
Information & Instructional Technology/CIO
William Bowes
Vice Chancellor
Office of Fiscal Affairs
Allan Vigil, Morrow
Thirteenth District (2010)
Glenn S. White, Lawrenceville
Seventh District (2005)
Joel O. Wooten, Jr., Columbus
State-at-Large (2006)
Veterinary Advisory Board
John Callaway, President
Georgia Cattlemen’s Association
Lee Myers, State Veterinarian
Georgia Department of Agriculture
Bil Taff, Chairman
Equine Advisory Board
Tom Thompson, President
Georgia Milk Producers
Steve Healy, President
Georgia Pork Producers Association
John Bruno, President
Georgia Poultry Federation
D. West Hamryka, President
Georgia Veterinary Medical Association
Lee Izen, Past President
Georgia Veterinary Medical Association
Thomas E. Daniel
Senior Vice Chancellor
Office of External Affairs & Facilities
Council to the Advisory Board
Linda M. Daniels
Vice Chancellor
Facilities
Jim Collins
Executive Vice President
Georgia Cattlemen’s Association
Corlis Cummings
Senior Vice Chancellor
Office of Support Services
Melinda Dennis
Director, Equine Division
Georgia Equine Advisory Board
The University of Georgia University & College
Administrators
Wayne Dollar
President
Georgia Farm Bureau
Michael F. Adams
President
The University of Georgia
Charles Griffin
Executive Secretary
Georgia Pork Producers Association
Arnett C. Mace, Jr.
Senior Vice President for Academic Affairs and
Provost
The University of Georgia
Abit Massey
Executive Director
Georgia Poultry Association
Wanda Yancey Rodwell, Stone Mountain
Fourth District (2005)
J. Timothy Shelnut, Augusta
Twelfth District (2007)
Harry W. Dickerson
Director
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
Gordhan L. Patel
Vice President for Research and Associate Provost
The University of Georgia
Keith W. Prasse
Dean
College of Veterinary Medicine
James Scroggs
Executive Director
Georgia Poultry Lab Improvement Association, Inc.
M. Randy Clayton
Director
Georgia Sheep and Wool
29
Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Researchers
Adams, Jennifer, DVM, Instructor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-6472
Allen, Douglas, Jr., DVM, MS, Professor and Hospital Director, Large Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-5558
Allen, Sheila W., DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, and
Associate Dean for Academic Affairs, (706) 542-5728
Aragon, Carlos, DVM, Instructor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-6346
Aron, Dennis N., DVM, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-6387
Austel, Michaela, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-6432
Baldwin, Charles A., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor and Director, Tifton
Diagnostic Laboratory, (229) 386-3340
Barsanti, Jeanne A., DVM, MS, Professor and Head, Small Animal Medicine and
Surgery, (706) 542-6385
Barton, Michelle H., DVM, PhD, Professor, Large Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-8319
Brown, Cathy A., VMD, PhD, Dipl ACVP, Associate Professor, Athens Diagnostic
Laboratory, (706) 542-5917
Brown, Corrie C., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology, (706) 542-5842
Brown, Scott A., VMD, PhD, Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology,
(706) 542-5857
Budsberg, Steven C., DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-6314
Calvert, Clay A., DVM, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-6375
Carmichael, Karen P., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Pathology, (706) 542-5834
Chambers, Jonathan N., DVM, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-6313
Chandler, Matthew, DVM, Clinical Resident, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-9566
Coffield, Julie A., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology,
(706) 542-5979
Cole, Dana, DVM, Assistant Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-0177
Collett, Stephen, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Avian Medicine, (706)542-5084
Corn, Joseph, L., DVM, PhD, Public Service Assistant, Wildlife Disease Study,
(706) 542-5707
Cornell, Karen K., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Small Animal Medicine and
Surgery, (706) 542-6379
Cornelius, Larry M., DVM, PhD, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-3221
Crowell-Davis, Sharon L., DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVB, Professor, Anatomy and
Radiology, (706) 542-8343
Davidson, William R., MS, PhD, Professor, Wildlife Disease Study, (706) 542-1741
Dickerson, Harry W., Jr., BVSC, PhD, Professor, Infectious Diseases, and Director,
Veterinary Medicine Experiment Station, (706) 542-5734
Dietrich, Ursula, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-6380
Dzimianski, Michael T., DVM, Research Associate, Infectious Diseases,
(706) 542-8449
Edwards, Gaylen L., DVM, MS, PhD, Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology,
(706) 542-5854
Eggleston, Randall, DVM, Clinical Assistant Professor, Large Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-6589
Ensley, Doug, DVM, Asst. Prof., Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6320
Evans, Donald L., MS, PhD, Professor, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-5796
Fayrer-Hosken, Richard, BVSC, PhD, MRCVS, Professor, Large Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-6451
Ferguson, Duncan C., VMD, PhD, Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology,
(706) 542-5864
Fischer, John R., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor and Director, Wildlife Disease
Study, (706) 542-1741
Flatland, Bente, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-2376
Frank, Paul M., DVM, Dipl ACVR, Clinical Assistant Professor, Anatomy and
Radiology, (706) 542-8321
Fu, Zhen, DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Pathology (706) 542-7021
Garcia, Maricarmen, PhD, Associate Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-565
Gieger, Tracy, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 583-8189
Glisson, John R., DVM, MAM, PhD, Professor and Head, Avian Medicine,
(706) 542-1904
Graves, Jonathan E., PhD, Assistant Research Scientist, Physiology and
Pharmacology, (706) 542-8315
Greene, Craig E., DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-5602
Gregory, Christopher, DVM, Associate Research Scientist, Small Animal Medicine
and Surgery, (706) 542-1267
Halper, Jaroslava, MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Pathology, (706) 542-5830
Harmon, Barry G., DVM, PhD, Professor and Head, Pathology, (706) 542-5831
Hernandez-Divers, Stephen, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-6378
Hensel, Patrick, DVM, Instructor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-9566
Hines, Murray E., III, DVM, PhD, Professor, Tifton Diagnostic Laboratory,
(229) 386-3340
Hoenig, Margarethe E., Dr.med.vet., PhD, Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology,
(706) 542-5869
Hofacre, Charles, L., MS, DVM, MAM, PhD, Professor, Avian Medicine,
(706) 542-5653
Hofmeister, Erik, Instructor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, (706) 542-0026
Hollett, R. Bruce, DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-5508
Hondalus, Mary, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Infectious Diseases (706)542-5793
Howerth, Elizabeth W., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology, (706) 542-5833
Hurley, David, PhD, Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6371
Jackwood, Mark W., MS, PhD, Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5475
Jain, Anant V., BS, MS, PhD, Senior Public Service Associate, Athens Diagnostic
Laboratory, (706) 542-5919
Jarrett, Carla L., DVM, MS, Lecturer, Anatomy and Radiology, (706) 542-5551
Jaso-Friedmann, Liliana, MS, PhD, Assosicate Professor, Infectious Diseases,
(706) 542-2875
Kaplan, Ray M., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Infectious Diseases,
(706) 542-5670
Kemp, Douglas T., D. Pharm., Clinical Pharmacy Associate, Teaching Hospital,
(706) 542-5510
Kent, Marc, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-2752
Kero, Kathy, DVM, Instructor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, (706) 542-6346
King, Christopher, DVM, DACLAM, Assistant Vice President for Research,
University Director of Animal Care & Use, Pathology, (706)542-5933
Kleven, Stanley H., DVM, PhD, Distinguished Research Professor, Avian Medicine,
(706) 542-5644
Koenig, Amie, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-6350
Krunkosky, Thomas M., DVM, MS, PhD, Assistant Professor, Anatomy and
Radiology, (706) 583-0543
30
www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/
Latimer, Kenneth S., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology, (706) 542-5844
Lee, Margie D., DVM, MS, PhD, Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5778
LeRoy, Bruce, PhD, Pathology, Assistant Professor, (706) 542-5847
Lewis, Stephen J., PhD, Assistant Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology,
(706) 542-5862
Li, Wan-I Oliver, DVM, MS, PhD, Associate Professor, Physiology and
Pharmacology, (706) 542-5853
Liggett, Alan D., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Tifton Diagnostic Laboratory,
(229) 386-3340
Little, Susan E., DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Infectious Diseases,
(706) 542-8447
Lowder, Michael Q., DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-6431
Maurer, John J., PhD, Associate Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5071
McCall, John W., PhD, Professor, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-8449
McGraw, Royal A., MS, PhD, Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology,
(706) 542-0661
Mead, Danny, DVM, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist, Infectious Diseases,
(706) 542-8790
Medleau, Linda, DVM, MS, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-6386
Miller, Debra L., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Tifton Diagnostic Laboratory,
(229) 386-3340
Miller, Doris M., BS, MS, DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVP, Professor and Director, Athens
Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 542-5915
Moore, James N., DVM, PhD, Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-3325
Moore, Julie M., PhD, Assistant Professor, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-5789
Moore, Phillip A., DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-2377
Mueller, P. O. Eric, DVM, PhD, Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-7367
Murray, Thomas F., PhD, Professor and Head, Physiology and Pharmacology,
(706) 542-3014
Mysore, Jagannatha, PhD, Pathology, Assistant Professor, (706) 542-5850
Northrup, Nicole, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-7415
Okinaga, Tatsuyuki, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist, Large Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-6340
Palmarini, Massimo, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Infectious Diseases,
(706) 542-4784
Parks, Andrew H., MA, Vet MB, MS, MRCVS, Professor and Head, Large Animal
Medicine, (706) 542-6372
Pence, Melvin E., DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine,
(912) 386-3340
Peroni, John F., DVM, MS, Assistant Professor, Large Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-9321
Peterson, David S., PhD, Associate Professor, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-5242
Prasse, Keith W., DVM, PhD, Professor, Pathology, and Dean, (706) 542-3461
Quinn, Frederick, Professor and Head, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-5790
Radlinsky, MaryAnn, DVM, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, Asst. Prof.,
(706) 542-6369
Rakich, Pauline M., DVM, PhD, Dipl ACVP, Associate Professor, Athens Diagnostic
Laboratory, (706) 542-5903
Rawlings, Clarence A., DVM, MS, PhD, Professor, Small Animal Medicine and
Surgery, (706) 542-6317
Reeves, David, DVM, Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-9330
Ritchie, Branson W., DVM, MS, PhD, Research Professor, Small Animal Medicine
and Surgery, (706) 542-6316
Roberts, Cherlyn, DVM, Lecturer, Anatomy and Radiology, (706) 542-8303
Roberts, Royce E., DVM, MS, Dipl ACVR, Professor and Head, Anatomy and
Radiology, (706) 542-8309
Roberts, A. Wayne, BS, MS, Public Service Associate, Athens Diagnostic Laboratory,
(706) 542-5906
Robertson, Thomas P., PhD, Assistant Research Scientist, Physiology and
Pharmacology, (706) 542-8315
Sanchez, Susan, BSC, MSc, PhD, MIBiol, Cbiol, Associate Professor, Athens
Diagnostic Laboratory, (706) 583-0518
Sanderson, Sherry, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology,
(706) 542-5870
Selcer, Barbara A., DVM, Dipl ACVR, Professor, Anatomy and Radiology,
(706) 542-8305
Sellers, Holly S., MS, PhD, Assistant Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5647
Sharma, Raghubir P., DVM, PhD, Davison Chair Professor, Physiology and
Pharmacology, (706) 542-2788
Smodlaka, Hrvoje, DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Anatomy and Radiology,
(706)542-8302
Stallknecht, David E., MS, PhD, Associate Professor, Infectious Diseases,
(706) 542-1741
Stedman, Nancy L., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Athens Diagnostic Laboratory,
(706) 542-5921
Styer, Eloise L., PhD, Public Service Associate, Tifton Diagnostic Laboratory,
(229) 386-3340
Supakorndej, Prasit, MS, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist, Infectious Diseases,
(706) 542-8449
Thayer, Stephan G., MS, PhD, Senior Public Service Associate, Avian Medicine,
(706) 542-5057
Thompson, Larry J., DVM, PhD, Assistant Professor, Tifton Diagnostic Laboratory,
(229) 386-3340
Trim, Cynthia M., BVSC, MRCVS, Professor, Large Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-6318
Tripp, Ralph, PhD, Professor, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-1557
Uhl, Elizabeth, PhD, Pathology, Assistant Professor, (706) 583-0475
Vandenplas, Michel L., BSc, BSc (Hons), MSc, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist,
Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6389
Villegas, Pedro, DVM, PhD, Professor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-5085
Wagner, John, PhD, Associate Professor, Physiology and Pharmacology,
(706) 542-5855
White, Susan L., DVM, MS, Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-6319
Williams, Susan, PhD, Instructor, Avian Medicine, (706) 542-1904
Williamson, Lisa, DVM, MS, Associate Professor, Large Animal Medicine,
(706) 542-9323
Wilson, Heather, DVM, Assistant Professor, Small Animal Medicine and Surgery,
(706) 542-6574
Wooley, Richard E., DVM, PhD, Professor, Infectious Diseases, (706) 542-5825
Woolums, Amelia R., DVM, MVSC, PhD, Assistant Professor, Large Animal Medicine, (706) 542-9329
Yoon, Jung Hae, BSc, MSc, Mphil, PhD, Assistant Research Scientist, Pathology,
(706) 542-5832
Zavala, Guillermo, DVM, Assistant Professor, Avian Medicine,
(706) 542-1904
31
Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Selected Publications
Aguilar, R.F., Hernandez-Divers, S.M., and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Atlas de Me
dicina, Terapéutica y Patología de Animales Exóticos (Atlas of Medicine,
Therapy and Pathology of Exotic Animals). Editorial Inter-Médica,
Buenos Aires, Argentina., (in press).
Barton, M.H, Williamson, L., Jacks, S., and N. Norton. Body weight, hematologic
findings, and serum and plasma biochemical findings of horses competing
in a 48-, 83-, or 159-km endurance ride under similar terrain and
weather conditions. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 64 (6): 746-753, 2003.
Alanazi, F., Fu, Z.F., and D.R. Lu. Effective transfection of rabies DNA vaccine in
cell culture using an artificial lipoprotein carrier system. Pharm. Res., (in
press).
Barton, M.H., Williamson, L., Jacks, S., and N. Norton. Effects on plasma endotoxin
and eicosanoid concentrations and serum cytokine activities in horses
competing in a 48-, 83-, or 159-km endurance ride under similar terrain
and weather conditions. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 64 (6): 754-761, 2003.
Aldrich, J.V., Choi, H., and T.F. Murray. An affinity label for delta-opioid receptors
derived from [D-Ala2] deltorphin I. J. Pept. Res., 63(2):108-15, 2004.
Alvarado, I.R., Villegas, P., El Attrache, J., and T.P. Brown. Evaluation of the protection conferred by commercial vaccines against the California 99 (Nebraska
95) isolate of Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Avian Dis., 47:12981304, 2003.
Alvarez, R., Jones, L.P., Seal, B., Kapczynski, D., and R.A.Tripp. Serological crossreactivity among members of the Metapneumovirinae genus. Virus Res.,
105:67-73, 2004.
Arther, R.G., Bowman, D.D., McCall, J.W., Hansen, O., and D.R. Young. Feline
Advantage Heart™ (imidacloprid and moxidectin) topical solution as
monthly treatment for prevention of heartworm infection (Dirofilaria
immitis) and control of fleas (Ctenocephalides felis) on cats. Parasitol.
Res., 90: S137-S139, 2003.
Barton, M.H., Parviainen, A., and N. Norton. Polymixin B protects horses against
experimentally-induced endotoxemia in vivo. Eq.Vet. J., (accepted for
publication).
Barton, M.H., Sharma, P., LeRoy, B.E., and E.W. Howerth. Hypercalcemia and in
creased serum parathyroid hormone related protein in a horse with
multiple myeloma. J. Amer.Vet. Med. Assoc., (accepted for publication).
Birrenkott, A.H., Wilde, S.B., Hains, J.J., Fischer, J.R., Murphy,T.M., Hope, C.P.,
Parnell, P.G., and W.W. Bowerman. Establishing a food-chain linkage
between aquatic plant material and avian vacuolar myelinopathy in mallard
ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). J. Wild. Dis., (in press).
Lupiani, B., Williams S.M., Silva, R.F., Hunt H.D., and A.M. Fadly. Pathogenicity
of Two Recombinant Avian Leukosis Viruses (ALV). Avian Dis., 47:425432, 2003.
Banda, A., Villegas, P., and J. El-Attrache. Molecular characterization of Infectious
Bursal Disease Virus from commercial poultry in the United States
and Latin America. Avian Dis., 47:87-95, 2003.
Bolin, C., Brown, C.C., and J. Rose. Emerging zoonotic diseases and water, in
Emerging Pathogens: Zoonosis and Waterborne Disease, World Health
Organization., 2004. (in press).
Banda, A., and P. Villegas. Genetic Characterization of Very Virulent Infectious
Bursal Disease Viruses (vvIBDV) from Latin America. Avian Dis., 3,
2004.
Brennan, C.L., Hoenig, M. and D.C. Ferguson. GLUT4 but not GLUT1 expression
decreases early in the development of feline obesity. Domest. Anim.
Endocrinol., 26(4):291-301, 2004.
Barker, C.W., Zhang, W., Sanchez, S., Budsberg, S.C., Boudinot, F.D., and M.A.
Stevenson. Pharmacokinetics of imipenem in dogs. Amer. J. Vet. Res.,
64:694-699, 2003.
Brewer, L., Brown, C.C., Murtaugh, M.P., and M.K. Njenga. Transmission of
encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) to immunodeficient mice by transplanting tissues from EMCV-infected pigs. Xenotransplantation, (in
press).
Barton, M.H., Williamson, L., Jacks, S., and N. Norton. Body weight, hematologic
findings, and serum and plasma biochemical findings of horses competing
in a 48-, 83-, or 159-km endurance ride under similar terrain and
weather conditions. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 64 (6): 746-753, 2003
Barton, M.H., Williamson, L., Jacks, S., and N. Norton. Effects on plasma endotoxin
and eicosanoid concentrations and serum cytokine activities in horses
competing in a 48-, 83-, or 159-km endurance ride under similar terrain
and weather conditions. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 64 (6): 754-761, 2003.
Brewer, L., LaRue, R., Hering, B., Brown, C., and M.K. Njenga. Transplanting encephalomyocarditis virus-infected porcine islet cells reverses diabetes in
recipient mice, but also transmits the virus. Xenotransplantation 11:160170, 2004.
Brown, C.C. Vulnerabilities in agriculture. J. Vet. Med. Educat., 30:227-229, 2003.
Brown, C.C. Virchow revisited: Emerging zoonoses, ASM News, 69:493-497, 2003
Barton, M.H., Sharma, P., LeRoy, B.E., and E. Howerth. Hypercalcemia and
increased serum parathyroid hormone-related protein in a horse with
multiple myeloma. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., (in press).
Brown C.C. Emerging zoonotic bacterial and parasitic diseases. In: Wildlife Diseases,
Majumdar, S.K., Huffman, J., Brenner, F.J., and A.I. Panah (eds.).
Pennsylvania Acad. Sci., (in press).
Barton, M.H. Diseases of the liver. In: Equine Internal Medicine, second edition.
Reed S. and W. Bayly (eds.). WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA., pp.
951-994, 2004.
Brown, T.P., Pantin, M., and M. Hamoud. Reoviral tenosynovitis in broiler chickens:
Real Time RT-PCR detection and sequencing of viral genomic RNA extracted from formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues. Vet. Pathol., 40(5)
613, 2003.
32
www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/
Research Publications from independent and collaborative
research activities of faculty in the College of Veterinary Medicine and the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station.
Brown, T.P., and R.J. Julian. Poisons and Toxins. In: Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed. Saif,
Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., McDougald, L.R., and D.E.
Swayne (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, pp. 1133-1159,
2003.
Burns, K.E., Otalora, R., Glisson, J.R., and C.L. Hofacre. Case Report: B Cellulitis
in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica). Avian Dis., 47:211-214,
2003.
Caldwell, F.J., Mueller, P.O.E., Lynn, R.C., and S.C. Budsberg. Effect of topical application of diclofenac liposomal suspension on experimentally induced
subcutaneous inflammation in horses. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 65(3):1-6,
2004.
Caldwell, F.J., Mueller, P.O.E., Lynn, R.C., and S.C. Budsberg. Effects of topical
diclofenac on an experimental subcutaneous model of inflammation in
horses. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 65:271-276, 2004.
Corn, J.L., Méndez, J.R., and E.E. Catalán. Evaluation of baits for delivery of oral rabies vaccine to dogs in Guatemala. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 69(2):155158, 2003.
Corn, J.L., Stallknecht, D.E., Mechlin, N.M., Luttrell, M.P., and J.R. Fischer. Persistence of pseudorabies virus in feral swine populations. J. Wild. Dis.,
40(2):307-310, 2004.
Cornell, K.K., and J.R. Fischer. Diseases of the Exocrine Pancreas. In: Textbook of
Small Animal Surgery, 3rd edition. D. Slatter (ed.). W.B. Saunders,
Philadelphia, PA, pp., 752-762, 2003.
Cousens, C., Bishop, J.V., Philbey, A.W., Gill, C.A., Palmarini, M., Carlson, J.O.,
DeMartini, J.C., and J.M. Sharp. Analysis of integration sites of Jaagsiekte
sheep retrovirus in ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma. J. Virol.,
78(16):8506-12, 2004.
Calvert, C.A., and T.M. Wall. Cardiovascular Infections. In: Infectious Diseases of
the Dog and Cat. Greene C.E. (ed.). Philadelphia, PA, WB Saunders,
2004.
Davidson, W.R., Manning, E.J.B, and V.F. Nettles. Culture and serologic survey for
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection among south
eastern white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J. Wildlife Dis.,
40(2):301-306. 2004.
Calvert, C.A., and C.A. Rawlings. Heartworm disease in dogs. In: The 5-minute
Veterinary Consult. Tilley, L.P. and F.W. Smith, (eds.). Lippincott, Wil
liams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 538-539, 2004.
Davidson, W.R. Histomoniasis. In: Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds.
Thomas, N.J., Forrester, D.J., and D.B. Hunter (eds.). Iowa State University Press., Ames, IA, (in press).
Calvert, C.A., and M. Wall. The Infective Endocarditis. In: The 5-minute Veteriary
Consult. Tilley, L.P. and F.W. Smith, (eds.). Lippincott, Williams and
Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 402-403, 2004.
Dawson, J.E., Ewing, S.A., Davidson, W.R., Childs, J.E., Little, S.E., and S.M.
Standaert. Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. In: Tick-borne Diseases
of Humans. Goodman, J., Dennis, D., and D. Sonenshine (eds.).
Amer. Soc. Microbiol., (in press).
Calvert, C.A., and M. Wall. Heartworm infections in dogs. In: The Merck Manual,
C.M. Fraser (ed.). Merck and Co., Inc., Whithouse Station, N.J., 2003.
Calvert, C.A., Wall, M., and L.G. Ridge. Infective Endocarditis. In: Secrets of
Canine Internal Medicine. S. Rubin (ed.). Elsevier Science, St. Louis,
MO, (in press).
Calvert, C.A., and L.G. Ridge. Canine Heartworm Disease. In: Secrets of Canine
Internal Medicine, S. Rubin (ed.). Elsevier Science, St. Louis, MO, (in
press).
Carr, E.A., Caron, JP, and J. Peroni. Endoscopic diagnosis of choledocholithiasis of
the common bile duct in a horse. Equine Vet. J., 6(2): 90-93, 2004.
Chandler, M.J., Moore, P.A., Dietrich, U.M., Martin, C.L., Vidyashankar, A., and G.
Chen. Effects of transcorneal iridal photocoagulation on the canine
corneal endothelium using a diode laser. Vet. Ophthal., 6(3):197-203,
2003.
Clabaugh, K., Haag, K.M., Hanley, C.S., Latimer, K.S., and S.J. Hernandez-Divers.
Undifferentiated sarcoma resolved by amputation and prosthesis in a
radiated tortoise (Geochelone radiata). J. Zoo & Wildl. Med., (accepted
for publication).
Demchenko, A.V., Wolfert, M.A., Santhanam, B., Moore, J.N., and G-J Boons.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of Rhizobium sin-1 lipid A derivatives.
J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 125(20): 6103-12, 2003.
Dewey, C.W., Guiliano, R., Boothe, D.M., Berg, J.M., Kortz, G.D., Joseph, R.J.,
and S.C. Budsberg. Zonisamide therapy for refractory idiopathic epilepsy
in dogs. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 40:285-291, 2004.
Dietrich, U.M., Arnold, P., Guscetti, F., Pfyffer, G.E., and B.Spiess. Ocular manifestation of disseminated Mycobacterium simiae infection in a cat. J.
Small Anim. Pract., 44:121-125, 2003.
Donovan, D.C., Hippen, A.R., Hurley, D.J., and C.C.L. Chase. The role of acido
genic diets and β-hydroxybutyrate on lymphocyte proliferation and serum
antibody response against bovine respiratory viruses in Holstein
steers. J. Anim. Sci., 81:3088-3094, 2003.
Donovan, D.C., Reber, A.J., Parks, R.J., Collier, C., Ely, L.O., and D.J. Hurley.
Extracellular pH alters the innate immune response by enhancing phagocytosis and decreases reactive oxygen species production. Amer. Dairy
Sci. Annual Meeting. St. Louis, MO. J. Dairy Sci., 87:179 (Suppl. 1),
2004.
Coffield, J.A. Botulinum neurotoxin: the neuromuscular junction revisited. Crit.
Rev. Neurobiol., 15(3):175-96, 2003.
33
Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Selected Publications
Donovan, D.C., Collier, C., Reber, A.J., Parks, R.J, and D.J. Hurley. Extracellular
pH alters immunity by decreasing the production of reactive oxygen and
nitrogen species, but enhancing phagocytosis in bovine neutrophils and
monocytes. Intl. Conf. of Product. Dis. Farm Anim., Michigan State
University. July 18-22: Abstract: A-14, 2004.
Donovan, D.C., Reber, A.J., Parks, R.J., and D.J. Hurley. Acidic extracellular pH
enhances phagocytosis and decreases reactive oxygen species production in
polymorphonuclear neutrophils and monocytes. 2004; 7th Intl.Vet. Immunol. Symp. Quebec City, Qc. July 25-29, WK 13.6.10 p. 415, 2004.
Dravid, S., and T.F. Murray. Spontaneous synchronized calcium oscillations in neocortical neurons in the presence of physiological [Mg++]: involvement
of AMPA/Kainate and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Brain Res.,
1006:8-17, 2004.
Dugan, V.G., Varela, A.S., Stallknecht, D.E., Hurd, C.C., and S.E. Little. Attempted experimental infection of domestic goats with Ehrlichia chaffeensis.
J. Vector-Borne Zoon. Dis., 4(2):131-6, 2004.
Eggleston, R., Mueller, P.O.E., Parviainen, A., and E. Groover. Effect of carboxymethylcellulose and hyaluronate solutions on jejunal healing in horses.
Amer. J. Vet. Res., 2004. (in press)
Eggleston, R.B., and P.O.E. Mueller. Prevention and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Adhesions. In: Therapeutics for Gastrointestinal Diseases. Vet. Clin. North
Amer. Equine Pract. S.L. Jones, (ed.). Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co.,
Philadelphia, PA, 19(3):741-764, 2003.
Frank, P., Mahaffey, M., Egger, C., and K.K. Cornell. Helical computed tomographic
portography in ten normal dogs and ten dogs with portosystemic shunts.
Vet. Radiol. Ultrasound, 44(4): 392-400, 2003.
García, M., El-Attrache, J., Riblet, S.M., Lunge, V.R., Fonseca, A.S.K., Villegas, P.,
and N. Ikuta. Development and application of reverse transcriptase nested
polymerase chain reaction test for the detection of exogenous avian leukosis
virus. Avian Dis., 47:41-53, 2003.
Gaydos, J.K., Stallknecht, D.E., Crum, J.M., Davidson, W.R., Cross, S.S., and S.F.
Owen. Epizootiology of an epizootic hemorrhagic disease outbreak in
West Virginia. J. Wildlife Dis., (in press).
Gerhold, R.W., Howerth, E.W., and D.S. Lindsay. Meningoencephalitis associated
with Sarcocystis neurona in a fisher (Martes pennanti). J. Wild. Dis., (in
press).
Gibbs, P.S., Maurer, J.J., Nolan, L.K., and R.E. Wooley. Prediction of chicken embryo
lethality with the avian Escherichia coli traits complement resistance, colicin V production, and presence of the increased serum survival gene cluster
(iss). Avian Dis., 47:370-379, 2003.
Gieger, T.L., Feldman, E.C., Wallack, S., et al. Lymphoma as a model for chronic illness: effects on adrenocortical function tests. J. Vet. Intern. Med.,
17(2):154-7, 2003.
Gieger, T.L., and N.C., Northrup. Clinical approach to the patient with epistaxis.
Comp. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet., 26 (1):30-44, 2004.
Eggleston, R., Mueller, P.O.E., Parviainen, A., and E. Groover. Effect of carboxymethylcellulose and hyaluronate solutions on jejunal healing in horses. Amer.
J. Vet. Res., (in press).
Gieger, T.L., Theon, A.P., Werner, J.L., et al. Biologic behavior and prognostic factors
of canine muzzle mast cell tumors: 24 cases (1990-2001). J. Vet. Int. Med.,
17(5):687-92, 2003.
Enwiller, T.M., Radlinsky, M.G., Mason, D.E., and J.K. Roush. Popliteal and mesenteric lymph node injection with methylene blue for coloration of the
thoracic duct in dogs. Vet. Surg., 32(4): 359-364, 2003.
Glisson, J.R., Hofacre, C.L., and J.P. Christensen. Pasteurellosis and Other Related
Bacterial Infections. “Fowl Cholera” In: Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed. Saif,
Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., McDougald, L.R., and
D.E. Swayne (eds.), Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, pp. 657-676,
2003.
Estevez, C., Villegas, P., and J. El-Attrache. A recombination event, induced in ovo,
between a low passage Infectious Bronchitis Virus field isolate and a highly
embryo-adapted vaccine strain. Avian Dis., 47:1282-1290, 2003.
Ferguson, N.M., and D. Hermes. The characterization of a naturally occurring infection of a Mycoplasma gallisepticum house finch-like strain in turkey breeders. Avian Dis., 47:523-530, 2003.
Ferguson, N.M., Leiting, V.A., and S.H. Kleven. Safety and efficacy of the avirulent
Mycoplasma gallisepticum strain K5054 as a live vaccine in poultry. Avian
Dis. 48:91-99, 2004.
Flacke, G.L., Yabsley, M.J., Hanson, B.A., and D.E. Stallknecht. Hemorrhagic disease in Kansas: Enzootic stability meets epizootic disease. J. Wild. Dis.,
40(2):288-293, 2004.
Flatland, B. Botanicals, vitamins, minerals, and the liver: A review of therapeutic
applications and potential toxicities. Compend. Contin. Educat. Pract.
Veterinar., 25(7):514-524, 2003.
Glisson, J.R., Hofacre, C.L., and G.F. Mathis. Research Note–Comparative Efficacy
of Enrofloxacin, oxytetracycline, and sulfadimetehoxine for the control
of mobidity and mortality caused by Escherichia coli in broiler chickens.
Avian Dis., (accepted for publication).
Gopee, N.V., Johnson, V.J., and R.P. Sharma. Sodium selenite-induced apoptosis in
murine B-lymphoma cells is associated with inhibition of protein kinase
C-δ, nuclear factor-κB and inhibitor of apoptosis protein. Toxicol. Sci.,
78:204-214, 2004.
Gopee, N.V., and R.P. Sharma. The mycotoxin fumonisin B1 transiently activates nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor α and caspase 3 via protein kinase
Cα-dependent pathway in porcine renal epithelial cells. Cell Biol. Toxicol.,
(in press).
Gottdenker N.L., Howerth, E.W., and D.G. Mead. Natural infection of a great egret
(Casmerodius albus) with eastern equine encephalitis virus. J. Wild. Dis.,
39(3):702-706, 2003.
34
www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/
Research Publications from independent and collaborative
research activities of faculty in the College of Veterinary Medicine and the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station.
Gutierrez, T., Nackley, A.G., Neely, M.H., Freeman, K.G., Edwards, G.L. and A.G.
Hohmann. Effects of neurotoxic destruction of descending noradrenergic
pathways on cannabinoid antinociception in models of acute and tonic
nociception. Brain Res., 987: 176-85, 2003.
Gyimesi, Z.S. and E.W. Howerth. Severe melanomacrophage hyperplasia in a crocodile lizard, Shinisaurus crocodilurus: A review of melanomacrophages in
ectotherms. J. Herpetol. Med. Surg., (in press).
Haag, K.M., Hernandez-Divers, S.M., Latimer, K., Garner, M.M., Reavill, D.R.,
Schmidt, R.E. and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Infiltrative lipoma in a black
rat snake, Elaphe obsoleta. J Herpetol. Med. Surg., (accepted for publication).
Halper, J., Leshin, L.S., Lewis, S.J., and W.I. Li. Wound healing and angiogenic properties of supernatants from Lactobacillus cultures. Exper. Biol. Med., 226:
1329-1337, 2003.
Hanley, C.S., Wilson, G.H. and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism associated with hypovitaminosis D in two domestic skunks
(Mephitis mephitis). Vet. Rec., (accepted for publication).
Hanley, C.S., Gieger, T., and P. Frank. What’s your diagnosis? Multilobular osteosarcoma in a ferret. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., (in press).
Hanley, C., and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Practical gross pathology of reptiles. Sem.
Avian Exot. Pet Med., 12:71-80, 2003.
Hanley, C.S., Wilson, G.H., Latimer, K.S., Frank, P., and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Interclavicular hemangiosarcoma in a double yellow-headed Amazon parrot
(Amazona ochrocephala oratrix). J. Avian Med. Surg., (in press).
Hanley, C.S., Hernandez-Divers, S.J., Bush, S. and K.S. Latimer. Comparison of dipotassium EDTA and lithium heparin on hematologic values in the green
iguana (Iguana iguana). J. Zoo Wildlife Med., (accepted for publication).
Hanson, B.A., Stallknecht, D.E., Swayne, D.E., Lewis, L.A., and D.A. Senne. Avian influenza viruses in Minnesota ducks during 1998-2000. Avian Dis.,
47:867-871.
Hanson, B.A., Swayne, D.E., Senne, D.A., Lobpries, D.S., Hurst, J., and D.E.
Stallknecht. Avian influenza viruses and paramyxoviruses in wintering and
resident ducks in Texas. J. Wildlife Dis., (in press).
Harcourt, J.L., Anderson, L.J., Sullender, W., and R.A. Tripp. Pulmonary delivery of
respiratory syncytial virus DNA vaccines using macroaggregated albumin
particles. Vaccine, 22:2248-60, 2004.
Harcourt, J.L., Brown, M.P., Anderson, L.J., and R.A. Tripp. CD40 ligand (CD154)
improves the durability of respiratory syncytial virus DNA vaccination in
BALB/c mice, Vaccine, 21:2964-70, 2003.
Haynes, L.M., Jones, L.P., Barskey, A., Anderson, L.J., and R.A. Tripp. Enhanced
disease and pulmonary eosinophilia associated with formalin-inactivated
respiratory syncytial virus vaccination are linked to G glycoprotein CX3CCX3CR1 interaction and expression of substance P. J. Virol., 77(18):983144, 2003.
He, Q., Johnson, V.J., Osuchowski, M.F., and R.P. Sharma. Inhibition of serine palmitoyltransferase by myriocin, a natural mycotoxin, causes induction of
c-myc in mouse liver. Mycopathologia, 157:339-347, 2004.
He, Q., Kim, J-Y., and R.P. Sharma. Silymarin protects against liver damage in
BALB/c mice exposed to fumonisin b1 despite increasing accumulation of
free sphingoid bases, Toxicol. Sci., 80:335-342, 2004.
Hensel, P., Greene, C.E., Medleau, L., Latimer, K.S., and L. Mendoza. Immunotherapy for treatment of multicentric cutaneous pythiosis in a dog. J. Amer. Vet.
Med. Assoc., 223:215-218, 2003.
Hensel, P., Austel, M., Vidyashankar, A., Zhao, Y., and L. Medleau. Determination of
threshold concentrations of allergens in intradermal testing (IDT) in dogs.
Vet Dermatol., (accepted for publication).
Hensel, P., Austel, L., Medleau, M., Zhao, Y., and A. Vidyashankar. Determination
of threshold concentrations of allergens and evaluation of two different
histamine concentrations in canine intradermal testing. Vet. Dermatol.,
(in press).
Hensel, P., Greene, C.E., Medleau, L., Latimer, K.S., and L. Mendoza. Immunotherapy
for treatment of multicentric cutaneous pythiosisin a dog. J. Amer. Vet.
Med. Assoc., 223:215-217, 2003.
Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and V.K. Lester. Rabbits. In: The Exotic Animal Formulary,
Second edition. Quesenberry, K. and J.W. Carpenter (eds.). W.B. Saunders
Co., Philadelphia, PA., (in press).
Hernandez-Divers, S.M. and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Reptiles. In: The Wildlife Center
of Virginia’s Field Manual for the Care of Confiscated Neotropical Wildlife. Sleeman, J., and E. Clark (eds.). National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, International Fund for Animal Welfare, (in press).
Hernandez-Divers, S.J. Diagnostic Techniques. In: Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Second edition. Mader, D.R. (ed.). WB Saunders Co, Philadelphia, PA., (in
press).
Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and J.E. Cooper. Hepatic lipidosis. In: Reptile Medicine and
Surgery, Second edition. Mader, D.R. (ed.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA., (in press).
Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and D.R. Mader. Laser Surgery. In: Reptile Medicine and
Surgery, Second edition. Mader, D.R. (ed.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA., (in press).
Hernandez-Divers, S.J. Surgery: principles and techniques. In: Manual of Reptiles,
Second edition. Raiti, P. and S. Girling (eds.). Brit. Small Anim. Vet. Assoc., Cheltenham, England., pp. 147-167, 2004.
Hernandez-Divers, S.J. Diagnostic and surgical endoscopy. In: Manual of Reptiles,
Second edition. Raiti, P. and S. Girling (eds.). Brit. Small Anim. Vet. Assoc., Cheltenham, England., pp. 103-114, 2004.
Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and M. Murray. Small Mammal Endoscopy. In: Ferrets,
Rabbits and Rodents Clinical Medicine and Surgery, Second edition.
Quesenberry, K., and J. Carpenter (eds.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA., pp 392-394 (color plates 1-8), 2004.
35
Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Selected Publications
Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and S.M. Hernandez-Divers. Avian diagnostic endoscopy.
Compend. Cont. Educ. Pract. Vet., (accepted for publication).
Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and C. Rawlings. Rigid endoscopy in small and exotic animals. Vet. Med., 98:640-643, 2003.
Hernandez-Divers, S.J. Minimally-invasive endoscopic surgery of birds. J. Avian Med.
Surg., (accepted for publication).
Hernandez-Divers, S.J., Cooper, J.E., and S.W. Cooke. Diagnostic techniques and
sample collection in reptiles. Compend. Cont. Educ. Pract. Vet,, 26: 470483, 2004.
Hernandez-Divers, S.M., Schumacher, J., Stahl, S., and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Comparison of isoflurane and sevoflurane following premedication with butorphanol in the green iguana (Iguana iguana). J. Zoo & Wild. Med., (accepted for publication).
Hernandez-Divers, S.J., Stahl, S.J., Stedman, N.L., Hernandez-Divers, S.M.,
Schumacher, J., Hanley, C.S., Wilson, G.H., Vidyashankar, A.N., Zhao,
Y., and W.K. Rumbeiha. Renal Evaluation in the green iguana (Iguana
iguana): Assessment of plasma biochemistry, glomerular filtration rate, and
endoscopic biopsy. J. Zoo Wildlife Med., (accepted for publication).
Hernandez-Divers, S.J., Bakal, R.S., Hickson, B.H., Rawlings, C.A., Wilson, G.H.,
Radlinsky, M., Hernandez-Divers, S.M., and S.R. Dover. Endoscopic
sex determination and gonadal manipulation in Gulf of Mexico sturgeon
(Acipenser oxyrinchus desotoi). J. Zoo Wildlife Med., (accepted for publication).
Hernandez-Divers, S.J., Stahl, S.J., Hernandez-Divers, S.M., Read, M.R., Hanley, C.,
Martinez, F., and T.L. Cooper. Coelomic endoscopy of the green iguana
(Iguana iguana). J Herpetol. Med. Surg., 14:10-18, 2004.
Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and S.M. Hernandez-Divers. Xenogeneic skin grafts using
porcine small intestinal submucosa in two barn owls (Tyto alba), an umbrella cockatoo (Cacatua alba), and a common crow (Corvus brachyhynchos). J. Avian Med. Surg., 17:224-234, 2004.
Hnilica, K., and L. Medleau. Dermatomyositis. In: The 5 minute Veterinary Consult
3rd. Tillery, L.P. and S.W.K. Smith (eds.). Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD, 2003.
Hnilica K, and L. Medleau. Sarcoptic mange. The 5 minute Veterinary Consult 3rd.
Tillery, L.P. and S.W.K. Smith (eds.). Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore,
MD , 2003.
Hoenig, M., and D.C. Ferguson. Effect of darglitazone on glucose clearance and lipid
metabolism in obese cats. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 64(11):1409-13, 2003.
Hofacre, C.L. Necrotic Enteritis. In: The Merck Veterinary Manual, 9th edition.
Keyes, K., Lee, M.D., and J.J. Maurer. 2003.
Hofacre, C.L. Antibiotics: mode of action, mechanism of resistance and transfer. In:
Current Topics in Food Safety in Animal Agriculture. Torrence, M., and R.
Isaacson (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, pp. 45-56, 2003.
Hong, Y., Berrang, M., Liu, T., Hofacre, C.L., Sanchez, S., Wang, L., and J.J. Maurer.
Rapid detection of Campylobacter coli, C. jejuni and Salmonella enterica
on poultry carcasses using PCR-enyzme-linked-immunosorbent assay.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(6):3492-3499, 2003.
Hong, Y., Liu, T., Hofacre, C., Maier, M., Ayers, S., White, D.G., Wang, L., and
J.J. Maurer. Development of a PCR-based O and H antigen scheme for
identying Salmonella serotypes commonly associated with poultry. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol., 69(6), 2003.
Hong, Y., Liu, T., Hofacre, C., Maier, M., White, D.G., Ayers, S., Wang, L., and J.J.
Maurer. A restriction fragment length polymorphism-based polymerase
chain reaction as an alternative to serotyping for identifying Salmonella
serotypes. Avian Dis. 47:387-395, 2003.
Hurley, D.J. Contributor to Immunology (Chapters 15, 16, 17, 18) and Host-Parasite
Interaction (chapter 19). In: Microbiology: A Human Perspective. Fourth
Edition. Nester, Anderson, Roberts, Pearsall and Nester (eds.), 2004.
Hernandez-Divers SJ. Endoscopic evaluation and renal biopsy in 69 chelonians. Vet.
Rec., 154:73-80, 2004.
Jackwood, M.W., and Y.M. Saif. Bordetellosis (Turkey Coryza). In: Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed. Saif, Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., McDougald, L.R., and D.E. Swayne (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA,
pp. 705-719, 2003.
Hernandez-Divers, S.J., Lafortune, M., Silvetre, A.M., and J. Pether. Assessment and
conservation of the giant Gomeran lizard (Gallotia bravoana). Vet. Rec.,
152:395-399, 2003.
Jackwood, M.W., Hilt, D.A., and T.P. Brown. Attenuation, safety, and efficacy of the
GA98 serotype of Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Avian Dis., 47(3), 627632, 2003.
Hernandez-Divers, S.J., and C.A. Rawlings. Rigid endoscopy in small and exotic animals. Vet. Med., 98: 640-643, 2003.
Jackwood, M.W., Hilt, D.A., and S.A. Callison. Detection of Infectious Bronchitis Virus by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and identification of a quasispecies in the Beaudette Strain. Avian Dis., 47:718-724,
2003.
Hines II, M.E. Granulomatous infections and inflammations: cellular and molecular
mechanisms. Vet. Pathol., (in press).
Hines II, M.E. and E.L. Styer. Preliminary characterization of chemically generated
M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis Cell Wall Deficient Forms (Spheroplasts). Vet. Microbiol., 95:247-258, 2003.
Jacobson, R., McCall, J., Hunter III, J., Alva, R., Irwin, J., Eschner, A., Jeannin, P.,
and A. Boeckh. The ability of fipronil to prevent transmission of Borrelia
burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease to dogs. J. Appl. Res. Vet.
Med., (JARVM), 2(1), 39-45, 2004.
36
www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/
Research Publications from independent and collaborative
research activities of faculty in the College of Veterinary Medicine and the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station.
Jaso-Friedmann, L., Praveen, K., Leary III, J.H., and D.L. Evans. The gene sequence
and promoter structure of nonspecific cytotoxic cell receptor protein (NCCRP-1) in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Fish and Shellfish Immunol., 16:553-560, 2004.
Jehn, C.T., Perzak, D.E., Cook, J.L., Johnston, S.A., Todhunter, R.J., and
S.C. Budsberg. The usefulness, completeness, and accuracy of internet
websites addressing canine osteoarthritis. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc.,
223:1272-1275, 2003.
Johnson, V.J., He, Q., Osuchowski, M.F., and R.P. Sharma. Disruption of sphingolipid homeostasis by myriocin, a mycotoxin, reduces thymic and splenic
T-lymphocyte populations. Toxicology, (in press).
Kapczynski, D.R., Hilt, D.A., Shapiro, D., Sellers, H.S., and M.W. Jackwood. Protection of chickens from Infectious Bronchitis by in ovo and intramuscular
vaccination with a DNA vaccine expressing the S1 glycoprotein. Avian
Dis., 47:272-285, 2003.
Kapczynski, D.R. and H.S. Sellers. Immunization of turkeys with a DNA vaccine
expressing either the F or N gene of avian metapneumovirus. Avian Dis.,
47:1376-1383, 2003.
Kaplan, R.M., Burke, J.M., Terrill, T.H., Miller, J.E., Getz, W.R., Mobini, S., Valencia,
E., Williams, M.J., Williamson, L.H., Larsen, M., and A.F. Vatta. Validation of the FAMACHA(c) eye color chart for detecting clinical anemia in
sheep and goats on farms in the southern United States. Vet. Parasitol.,
123(1-2):105-20, 2004.
Kaur, H., Jaso-Friedmann, L., and D.L. Evans. Identification of a scavenger receptor
homologue on nospecific cytotoxic cells and evidence for binding to oligodeoxyguanosine. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 15:169-181, 2003.
Kaur, H., Jaso-Friedmann, L., and D.L. Evans. Single base oligodeoxyguanosine binding proteins on nospecific cytotoxic cells: identification of a new class of
pattern recognition receptors. Scandinavian J. Immunol., 60:238-248,
2004.
Kaur, H., Jaso-Friedmann, L., and D.L. Evans. Single base oligodeoxyguanosine upregulates Fas ligand release by nonspecific cytotoxic cells. Develop. Comp.
Immunol., 28:571-579, 2004.
Kim, S-H., and R.P. Sharma. Mercury-induced apoptosis and necrosis in murine
macrophages: Role of calcium-induced reactive oxygen species and p38
mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol.,
196:47-57, 2004.
Kim, Y-B., and T.P. Brown. Development of quantitative competitive reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (QC-RT-PCR) for detection and quantification of avian leukosis virus subgroup J. J. Vet. Diag. Invest., 16:191-196,
2004.
Kim, Y.B., T. P. Brown, and M. Pantin-Jackwood. Effects of cyclosporin A treatment
on the pathogenesis of avian leukosis virus subgroup J infection in broiler
chickens with Marek’s disease virus exposure. J. Vet. Sci., 4(3): 245-255,
2003.
Kleven, S.H. Mycoplasmosis. “Mycoplasma synoviae Infections” In: Diseases of
Poultry, 11th ed. Saif, Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R.,
McDougald, L.R., and D.E. Swayne (eds.). Iowa State University Press,
Ames, IA, pp. 756-766, 2003.
Kleven, S.H., and J.M. Bradbury. Mycoplasmosis. “Mycoplasma iowae Infections” In:
Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed. Saif, Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson,
J.R., McDougald, L.R., and D.E. Swayne (eds.). Iowa State University
Press, Ames, IA. pp. 766-772, 2003.
Kleven, S.H. Mycoplasmosis. “Other Mycoplasmal Infections”. In: Diseases of
Poultry, 11th ed. Saif, Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R.,
McDougald, L.R., and D.E. Swayne (eds.). Iowa State University Press,
Ames, IA. pp. 772-775, 2003.
Kleven, S.H. Emerging Diseases and Diseases of Complex or Unknown Etiology.
“Multicausal Respiratory Diseases” In: Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed. Saif,
Y.M., Barnes, H.J., Fadly, A.M., Glisson, J.R., McDougald, L.R., and D.E.
Swayne (eds.). Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA. pp. 1163-1164,
2003.
Kommers, G.D, King, D.J., Seal, B.S., and C.C. Brown. Pathogenesis of chicken-passaged Newcastle disease viruses isolated from chickens, wild, and exotic
birds. Avian Dis., 47:319-329, 2003.
Kommers, G.D., King, D.J., Seal, B.S., and C.C. Brown. Virulence of six heterogeneous-origin Newcastle disease virus isolates before and after sequential
passages in domestic chickens. Avian Pathol., 32:81-93, 2003.
Kurkjian, K.M., Little, S.E., Nath, S.D., Brown, C.C., and Kurkjian. Routes of transmission and the introduction of foreign animal diseases. In: Emerging and
Exotic Diseases of Animals, Spickler, A.R., and J.A. Roth, (eds.). Iowa
State University Press, Ames, IA., pp. 13-28, 2003.
Latimer, K.S. Chédiak-Higashi syndrome. In: The 5 Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, 3rd ed. Tilley, L.P., and F.W.K. Smith (eds.). Lippincott,
Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, p. 21, 2003.
Latimer K.S, Neutropenia. In: The 5 Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline,
3rd ed. In: The 5 Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and Feline, 3rd
ed. Tilley, L.P. and F.W.K. Smith (eds.). Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins,
Philadelphia, PA, pp. 916-917, 2003.
Latimer K.S. Pelger-Huët anomaly. In: The 5 Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine
and Feline, 3rd ed. In: The 5 Minute Veterinary Consult: Canine and
Feline, 3rd ed. Tilley, L.P.and F.W.K. Smith (eds.). Lippincott, Williams
& Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA, p. 989, 2003.
Lauer, S.K., Aron, D.N., and M.D. Evans. Destabilization in external skeletal fixation: finite element method evaluation. Vet. Comp. Orthop. Traumatol.,
16: 164-9, 2003.
Lee, C.W., Senne, D.A., Linares, J.A., Woolcock, P.R., Stallknecht, D.E., Spackman,
E., Swayne, D.E., and D.L. Suarez. Characterization of recent H5 subtype
avian influenza viruses from U.S. poultry. Avian Pathol., 33(3):288-97,
2004.
37
Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Selected Publications
Lee, C.W., Hilt, D.A., and M.W. Jackwood. Typing of field isolates of infectious bronchitis virus based on the sequence of the hypervariable region in the S1
gene. J. Vet. Diag. Invest., 15:344-348, 2003.
Maki, J. L., and H.W. Dickerson. Systemic and cutaneous mucus antibody responses of
channel catfish immunized against the protozoan parasite Ichthyophthirius
multifiliis. Clin. Diag. Lab. Immunol., 10(5):876-81, 2003.
Lee, C.W., C. Brown, C., Hilt, D.A., and M.W. Jackwood. Nephropathogenesis of
chickens experimentally infected with various strains of infectious bronchitis virus. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 2003.
Maré, C.J., and D.G. Mead. Vesicular stomatitis and other vesiculovirus infections.
In: Infectious Diseases of Livestock with Special Reference to Southern
Africa. Coetzer, J.A.W., Thomson, G.R., and R.C. Tustin (eds.). Oxford
University Press, Cape Town, SA, (in press).
Lehmann, T., Graham, D.H., Dahl, E., Sreekumar, C., Launer, F., Corn, J.L., Gamble,
H.R., and J.P. Dubey. Transmission dynamics of Toxoplasma gondii on a
pig farm. Infect. Genet. Evol., 3:135-141, 2003.
LeRoy, B.E., and T.J. Rosol. Canine prostate carcinomas express markers of prostatic
and urothelial differentiation. Vet. Pathol., (in press).
LeRoy, B.E., Sellers, R.S., and T.J. Rosol. Canine prostate stimulates osteoblast function using the endothelin receptors. The Prostate., (in press).
Lewis-Weis, L.A., Gerhold, R.W., and J.R. Fischer. Attempts to reproduce vacuolar
myelinopathy in domestic swine and chickens. J. Wildlife Dis., (in press).
Li, W.I., Marquez, B.L., Okino, T., Yokokawa, F., Shioiri, T., Gerwick, W.H., and
T. F. Murray. Characterization of the preferred stereochemistry for the
neuropharmacologic actions of antillatoxin. J. Nat. Prod., 67:569-568,
2004.
Lohmann, K., and M.H. Barton. Endotoxemia. In: Equine Internal Medicine, second
edition. Reed, S. and W. Bayly, (eds.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia,
PA, pp. 821-845, 2004.
Lohmann, K.L., McNeil, B., Vandenplas, Barton, M.H., and J.N. Moore. Lipopolysaccharide from Rhodobacter sphaeroides is an agonist in equine mononuclear phagocytes. J. Endotoxin Res., 9 (1): 33-37, 2003.
Lu, J., Sanchez, S., Hofacre, C., Maurer, J.J., Harmon, B.G., and M.D. Lee. Evaluation of broiler litter with reference to the microbial composition as assessed
using 16S rDNA and functional gene markers. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.,
69(2):901-908, 2003.
Lu, Jiangrang, Idris, U., Harmon, B., Hofacre, C., Maurer, J.J., and M.D. Lee. Diversity and succession of the intestinal bacterial community of the maturing
broiler chicken. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69(11):6816-6824, 2003.
Lulich, J.P., Osborn, C.A., and S.L. Sanderson. Effects of sodium chloride supplementation of calcium oxalate relative supersaturation in healthy beagles.
J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., (in press).
Luttrell, M.P., and J.R. Fischer. Mycoplasmosis. In: Infectious and Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds. Thomas, N.J., Forrester, D.J., and D.B. Hunter (eds.).
Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, (in press).
Luttrell, M.P., and D.G. Mead. Infectious and toxic diseases of songbirds. In: Wildlife
Diseases: Landscape Epidemiology, Spatial Distribution and Utilization of
Remote Sensing Technology. Majumdar, S.K., Huffman, J., Brenner, F.J.,
and A.I. Panah, (eds.). (in press).
Madewell, B.R., Gieger, T., and M.S. Kent. Vaccine-site sarcomas and malignant lymphoma in cats - a report of 6 cases. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 40:47-50,
2004.
Martin, C.L., and U. Dietrich. Krankheiten des Auges. Diseases of the feline eye.
In: Katzenkrankheiten. Kraft, W., and U. Duerr (eds.). 5th edition,
Schaper-Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 361-451, 2003.
Mathur, S., Brown, C.A., Dietrich, U., Monday, J.S., Newell, M.A., Sheldon, S.E.,
Cartier, L.M., and S.A. Brown. A new model of hypertensive renal insufficiency in cats. Amer. J. Vet. Res., (in press).
Mathur, S., Brown, C.A., Dietrich, U.M., Munday, J.S., Newell, M.A., Sheldon, S.E.,
Cartier, L.M., and S.A. Brown. Evaluation of a technique of inducing
hypertensive renal insufficiency in cats. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 65(7):10061013, 2004.
McCall, J.W., Alva, R., Irwin, J.P., Carithers, D., and A. Boeckh. Comparative efficacy of a combination of fipronil/(S)-methoprene, a combination of
imidacloprid/permethrin, and imidacloprid against fleas and ticks when
administered topically to dogs. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med., (JARVM), 2(1):
74-77, 2004.
McArthur, S., Wilkinson, R., Meyer, J., Innis, C., and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Medicine and Surgery Of Tortoises And Turtles. Blackwell Scientific Publications, London. pp. 1-579, 2004.
McBride, M., and S.J. Hernandez-Divers. Nursing care of lizards for hospital staff. Vet.
Clinics N. Amer. - Exotic Animal Practice, 7:375-396, 2004.
McDonnell, J., Carmichael, K.P., and D. Bienzle, . Clinical and clinicopathological
findings in feline leukemia virus-associated myelopathy: 13 Cases. J. Small
Ani. Pract., 44:550-558, 2003.
McGlone, J.J, von Borell, E.H., Deen, J., Johnson, A.K., Levis, D.G.,
Meunier-Salaun, M., Morrow, J., Reeves, D.E., and P.L. Sundberg. Compilation of the scientific literature comparing housing systems for gestating
sows and gilts using measures of physiology, behavior, performance, and
health. The Professional Animal Scientist 20, 2004.
Mead, D.G., Gray, E.W., Noblet, R., Murphy, M.D., Howerth, E.W. and
D.E. Stallknecht.
Biological transmission of vesicular stomatitis virus
(New Jersey serotype) by Simulium vittatum (Diptera: Simuliidae) to domestic swine (Sus scrofa). J. Med. Entomol., 41(1):78-82, 2004.
Mecham, J.O., Stallknecht, D.E., and W.C. Wilson. The S7 gene and VP7 protein are
highly conserved among temporally and geographically distinct American
isolates of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. Virus Res., 942003:129133, 2003.
Miller, C.C., Murray, T.F., Freeman, K.G., and G.L. Edwards. Cannabinoid agonist,
CP 55,940, facilitates intake of palatable foods when injected into the
hindbrain. Physiol. Behav., 80:611-6, 2004.
38
www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/
Research Publications from independent and collaborative
research activities of faculty in the College of Veterinary Medicine and the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station.
Miller, D.L., Radi, Z.A., Stiver, S.L., and T.D. Thornhill. Cutaneous and pulmonary
mycosis in Green Anacondas (Euncectes murinus). J. Zoo Wildlife Med.,
(accepted for publication).
Miller, N., van Lue, S., and C.A. Rawlings. Laparoscopic-assisted cryptorchid castration of dogs and cats. J. Amer.Vet. Med. Assoc., (accepted for publication).
Minning, T.A., Bua, J., Garcia, G.A., McGraw, R.A. and R.L. Tarleton. Microarray
profiling of gene expression during trypomastigote to amastigote transition
in Trypanosoma cruzi. Mol. Biochem. Parasitol., 131(1):55-64, 2003.
Mitchell, B., Richardon, J., Wilson, J., and C. Hofacre. Application of an electrostatic
space charge system for dust, ammonia and pathogen reduction in a broiler
breeder house. J. Appl. Eng. Agric., (accepted for publication).
Monroe, A.D., Latimer, K.S., Pesti, G.M., and R.I. Bakalli. Pathology and histology
of dietary tryptophan deficiency in broiler chicks. Avian Dis., 47:13931398, 2003.
Moore, J.N., and M.H. Barton. Treatment of endotoxemia. Vet. Clinics N. Amer.,
Equine Practice, 19:681-695, 2003.
Moore, J.N. Colic in horses. In: The Merck Manual, 9th edition. Merck and
Company, 2003.
Moore, M.L., Brown, C.C., and K.R. Spindler. T-cells cause acute immunopathology
and are required for long-term survival in mouse adenovirus type 1-induced encephalomyelitis. J. Virol., 77:10060-10070, 2003.
Mortensen, L., Williamson, L.H., Terrill, T., Kircher, R., Larsen, M., and R. Kaplan.
Evaluation of prevalence and clinical implications of anthelmintic resistance in gastrointestinal nematodes in goats. J. Amer.Vet. Med. Assoc.,
223: 495-500, 2003.
Mosunic, C.B., Moore, P.A., Carmicheal, K.P., Chandler, M.J., Vidyashanker, A.,
Zhoa, Y, and U.M. Dietrich. Effects of treatments with radiation therapies versus treatments without radiation therapies on recurrence of ocular
and adnexal squamous cell carcinoma in horses: 157 cases (1985-2002).
J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., (accepted for publication).
Mueller, P.O.E., and J.N. Moore. Gastrointestinal Emergencies and Other Causes of
Colic. In: Orsini, J.A., and T.J. Divers (eds.). The Equine Emergency
Manual, 2nd edition. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 2003, (in
press).
Munderloh U.G., Tate, C.M., Lynch, M.J., Howerth, E.W., Kurtti, T.J., and
W.R. Davidson. Isolation of an Anaplasma sp. organism from white-tailed
deer by tick cell culture. J. Clin. Microbiol., 41(9):4328-4335, 2003.
Mura, M., Murcia, P., Caporale, M., Spencer, T.E., Nagashima, K., Rein, A., and
M. Palmarini. Late viral interference induced by transdominant Gag of an
endogenous retrovirus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U S A. 101(30):11117-22.
Epub 2004 Jul 19, 2004.
Murphy, M.D., Hanson, B.A., Howerth, E.W., and D.E. Stallknecht. Molecular characterization of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 1 associated
with a 1999 epizootic in white-tailed deer in the eastern United States.
J. Wildlife Dis., (in press).
Nath, S.D., Brown, C.C., Kurkjian, K.M., and S.E. Little. Foreign animal diseases and
the consequences of their introduction. In: Emerging and Exotic Diseases
of Animals, Spickler, A.R., and J.A. Roth, (eds.). Iowa State University
Press, Ames, IA, pp. 1-12, 2003.
Nath, S.D., and C.C. Brown. The role of state, national and international agencies in
controlling exotic animal diseases. In: Emerging and Exotic Diseases of
Animals, Spickler, A.R. and J.A. Roth, (eds.). Iowa State University Press,
Ames, IA, pp. 13-28, 2003.
Northrup, N.C., Roberts, R.E., Harrel, T.W., Allen, K., Howerth, E.W., and
T.L. Gieger. Iridium-192 interstitial brachytherapy for canine cutaneous
mast cell tumors. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., (in press).
Northrup, N.C., Roberts, R.E., Harrel, T.W., Allen, K., Howerth, E.W., and
T.L. Gieger. Iridium-192 interstitial brachytherapy as adjuvant treatment
for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., (in
press).
Radlinsky, M.G. Prostatic diseases in Small Animal Surgery Secrets. 2nd ed. Harari, J.
(ed.). Hanley & Belfus, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 223-227, 2003.
Osuchowski, M.F., Johnson, V.J., He, Q., and R.P. Sharma. Alterations in regional
brain neurotransmitters by silymarin, a natural antioxidant flavonoid mixture, in BALB/c mice. Pharm. Botany., (in press).
Paes-de-Almeida, E.C., Ferreira, A. M. R., Labarthe, N.V., Caldas, M.L.R., and
J. W. McCall. Kidney ultrastructural lesions in dogs experimentally infected with Dirofilaria immitis (Leidy, 1856). Vet. Parasitol., 113: 157168, 2003.
Palmarini, M., Mura, M., and T.E. Spencer. Endogenous betaretroviruses of
sheep: teaching new lessons in retroviral interference and adaptation.
J. Gen. Virol., 85(Pt 1): 1-13, 2004.
Pantin-Jackwood, M.J, Brown, T.P., and G.R. Huff. Proventriculitis in broiler chickens: characterization of the lymphocytic Infiltration in the proventricular
glands. Vet. Pathol., (accepted for publication).
Pantin-Jackwood, M.J, Brown, T.P., Kim, Y., and G.R. Huff. Proventriculitis in broiler
chickens: effects of immunosuppression. Avian Dis., 48(2): 300-316,
2004.
Pantin, M., and T.P. Brown. Comparison of bursal histologic lesions caused by different Infectious Bursal Disease virus strains. Vet. Pathol., 40(5): 622, 2003
Pantin, M., and T.P. Brown. Infectious Bursal Disease Virus and proventriculitis in
broiler chickens. Avian Dis., 47(3): 681-690, 2003.
Parks, A.H. Foot Balance, Conformation and Lameness. In: Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the Horse. Ross and Dyson (eds.). W.B. Saunders
Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp. 250-261, 2003.
Parks, A.H. Shoes and Shoeing, In: Diagnosis and Management of Lameness in the
Horse. Ross and Dyson (eds.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp.
262-271, 2003.
39
Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Selected Publications
Parks, A.H. Chronic Laminitis, In: Current Therapy in Equine Medicine. 5th edition. Robinson, N.E., (ed.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp.
520-528, 2003.
Radlinsky, M.G., Mason, D.E., and D. Hodgson. Transnasal laryngoscopy for the
diagnosis of laryngeal paralysis in dogs. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc.,
2004, (in press).
Pence, M.E., Baldwin, C.A., and C.C. Black III. The sero-prevalence of Johne’s disease
in Georgia beef and dairy cull cattle. J. Vet. Diag. Invest., 15:475-477,
2003.
Raskin, R.M., Latimer, K.S., and H. Tvedten. Chapter 4. Leukocyte disorders.
In: Small Animal Clinical Diagnosis by Laboratory Methods, 4th ed.
Willard, M.D., and H. Tvedten (eds.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia,
PA, pp. 63-91, 2004.
Perkins, D.J., Moore, J.M., Otieno, J., Shi, Y.P., Nahlen, B.L., Udhayakumar, V., and
A.A. Lal. In vivo acquisition of hemozoin by placental blood mononuclear
cells suppresses PGE2, TNF-alpha, and IL-10. Biochem. Biophys. Res.
Commun., 311(4): 839-46, 2003.
Platt, S.R., Chambers, J.N., and A.R. Cross. A combined screw, bone cement and transarticular pin technique for fixation of atlanto-axial luxation. Vet. Surg.,
(accepted for publication).
Praveen, K., Evans, D. L., and L. Jaso-Friedmann. Evidence for the existence of
granzyme-like serine proteases in teleost cytotoxic cells. J. Molec. Evol.,
58:449-459, 2004.
Radi, Z.A., Miller, D.L., and M.E. Hines II. Rete testis mucinous adenocarcinoma in
a dog. Vet. Pathol., 41:75-78, 2004.
Radi, Z.A., and L.J. Thompson. Renal subcapsular hematoma associated with Brodifacoum Toxicosis in a dog. Vet. Human Toxicol., 46:83-84, 2004.
Radi, Z.A. Outbreak of sarcoptic mange and malasseziasis infection in rabbits. (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Comp. Med., 54:300-303, 2004.
Radi, Z.A., Styer, E.L., and K. Frazier. Electron microscopic study on canine Babesia
gibsoni infection. J. Vet. Diag. Invest., 16:229-233, 2004.
Radi, Z.A., and M.R. Ackermann. Growth of differentiated ovine tracheal epithelial
cells in vitro. J. Vet. Med., Series A 51:1-4, 2004.
Radi, Z.A. An epizootic of combined Clostridium perfringens, Eimeria spp and Capillaria spp. Enteritis and Histomonas spp. hepatitis with Escherichia coli
septicemia in Bobwhite quails (Colinus virginianus). Inter. J. Poultry Sci.,
3:438-441, 2004.
Radi, Z.A., Miller, D.L., and M.E. Hines, II. B-Cell conjunctival lymphoma in a cat.
Vet. Ophthalmol., (in press).
Radi, Z.A., Miller, D.L., and A.L. Liggett. Cutaneous melanocytoma in a llama (Lama
glama). Vet. Res. Commun., (in press).
Radi, Z.A., Styer, E., and L.J. Thompson. Prunus spp. intoxication in ruminants: A
case in a goat and diagnosis by identification of leaf fragments in rumen
contents. J. Vet. Diag. Invest., (accepted for publication).
Radi, Z.A. Vulvar lipoleiomyoma in a dog. J. Vet. Diag. Invest., (accepted for publication).
Radke, H., Aron, D., Applewhite, E., and G. Zhang. Biomechanical analysis of unilateral external skeletal fixators combined with IM-Pin and without IMPin using finite element analysis. Vet. Surg., (provisionally accepted for
publication).
Rawlings, C.A., Barsanti, J.A., Mahaffey, M.B., and C. Canalis. Use of laparoscopicassisted cystoscopy for removal of calculi in dogs. J. Amer. Vet. Med.
Assoc., 222: 759-761, 2003.
Rawlings, C.A., Diamond, H., Howerth, E.W., Neuwirth, L., and C. Canalis. Diagnostic quality of percutaneous kidney biopsy specimens obtained with
laparoscopy versus ultrasound guidance in dogs. JAVMA 223:317-321,
2003.
Rawlings, C.A., Bjorling, D.E., and B.A. Cristie. Principles of urinary tract surgery. In: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, 3rd edition, Slatter (ed.),
W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, 1594-1606, 2003.
Rawlings C.A., Bjorling, D.E., and B.A. Cristie. Kidneys, In: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery, 3rd edition, Slatter (ed.), W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia,
PA, 1606-1619, 2003.
Rawlings, C.A. Laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy. In: Textbook of Small Animal
Surgery, 3rd edition, Slatter (ed.), W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA,
641-643, 2003.
Raymond, J.T., Lamm, M., Nordhausen, R., Latimer, K., and M.M. Garner. Degenerative encephalopathy in a coastal mountain kingsnake (Lampropeltis
zonata multifasciata) due to adenoviral-like infection. J. Wildlife Dis.,
39:431-436, 2003.
Richardson, L.J., Mitchell, B.W., Wilson, J.L., and C.L. Hofacre. Effect of an electrostatic space charge system on airborne dust and subsequent potential
transmission of microorganisms to broiler breeder pullets by airborne
dust. Avian Dis., 47:128-133, 2003.
Richardson, L.J., Hofacre, C.L., Mitchell, B.W., and J.L. Wilson. Effect of electrostatic space charge on reduction of airborne transmission of Salmonella
and other bacteria in broiler breeders in production and their progeny.
Avian Dis., 47:1352-1361, 2003.
Ritchie, B.W., Wooley, R.E., and D.T. Kemp. Use of potentiated antibiotics in
wound management. In: Wound Healing and Management, Wilson,
H.G. (ed.). Vet Clinics N. Amer. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, (in
press).
Ritchie, B.W. Virology. In: Clinical Reptile Medicine and Surgery, Mader (ed.).
W.B. Saunders Co., (in press).
Rosol, T.J., Tannehill-Gregg, S.H., LeRoy, B.E., Mandl, S., and C.H. Contag. Animal Models of Bone Metastasis. Cancer, 97(3 Suppl.): 748-757, 2003.
40
www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/
Research Publications from independent and collaborative
research activities of faculty in the College of Veterinary Medicine and the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station.
Seibert, L.M., Wilson, G.H., Crowell-Davis, S.L., and B.W. Ritchie. Placebo-controlled clomipramine trial for the treatment of feather picking disorder in
cockatoo (Cacatua) species. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., (Accepted for
publication).
Sellers, R.S., LeRoy, B.E., Blomme, E.A.G., and T.J. Rosol. Transforming Growth Factor-ß increases parathyroid hormone-related protein but not Endothelin-1
in canine prostate epithelial and carcinoma cells. The Prostate, (in press).
Sellers, H.S., Garcia, M., Glisson, J.R., Brown, T.P., Sander, J.S., and J.S. Guy. Mild infectious laryngotracheitis in Georgia. Avian Dis., 48(2): 430-437, 2004.
Sellers, H.S., Koci, M.D., Kelley, L.A., and S. Schultz-Cherry. Development of a multiplex RT-PCR diagnostic test specific for turkey astrovirus and coronavirus. Avian Dis., 3, 2004.
Sellers, H.S., Pereira, L., Linnemann, E., and D.R. Kapczynski. Phylogenetic analysis
of the sigma 2 protein gene of turkey reoviruses. Avian Dis., 3, 2004.
Silverstein Dombrowski, D.C., Carmichael, K.P., Wang, P., O’Malley, T.M., Haskins,
M.E., and U. Giger. Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII in a German Shepherd Dog. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 224: 553-7, 532-3, 2004.
Slatter, D.and U. Dietrich. Cornea and Sclera. In: Textbook of Small Animal Surgery.
3rd edition, Slatter D. (ed.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA, pp
1368-1396, 2003.
Solberg, O.D., Jackson, K.A., Millon, L.V., Stott, J.L., Vandenplas, M.L, Moore, J.N.,
and J.L. Watson. Genomic characterization of equine Interleukin-4 receptor a-chain (IL4R) Vet. Immunol. Imunopathol., 97, 187-94, 2004.
Stallknecht, D.E., J. Greer, J., Murphy, M., Mead, D.G., and E.W. Howerth. Vesicular
stomatitis virus New Jersey in pigs: effect of strain and serotype on contact
transmission. Amer. J. Vet. Res., (in press).
Stanley, W.A., Hofacre, C.L., Ferguson, N.M., Smith, J.A., and M. Ruano. Evaluating
the use of ultraviolet light as a method for improving hatching egg selection. J. Appl. Poult. Res., 12:237-241. 2003.
Stanton, J.B., Brown, C.C., Poet, S., Lipscomb, T.P., Saliki, J., and S. Frasca Jr. Retrospective differentiation of canine distemper virus and phocine distemper
virus in phocids. J. Wildlife Dis., (in press).
Stanton, J.B., Givens, L., Evermann, J.F., and C.C. Brown. Immunohistochemical
analysis of two strains of lion (Panthera leo)-adapted canine distemper virus in ferrets (Mustela putorius furo), Vet. Pathol., 40:464-467, 2003.
Stiffler, K.S., Stevenson, M.A.M., Cornell, K.K., Glerum, L.E., Smith, J.D., Miller,
N.A., and C.A. Rawlings. Clinical use of low-profile cystostomy tubes in
four dogs and a cat. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 223 (3):325-329, 2003.
Stiver, S.L., Frazier, K.S., Manuel, M.J., and E.L. Styer. Septicemic salmonellosis in
two cats fed a raw-meat diet. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp. Assoc., 39:538-542,
2003.
Stunk, A., and G.H. Wilson. Avian Cardiology. In: Vet Clinics of North America,
Hernandez-Divers, S.J (ed.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA., Vet
Clinics of North America, 6(1), 2003.
Sullivan, S.A., Harmon, B.G., Purinton, P.T., Greene, C.E., and L.E. Glerum. Lobar
holoprosencephaly in a miniature schnauzer with hypodipsic hypernatremia. J. Amer.Vet. Med. Assoc., 15: (223) 1783-1787, 2003.
Tandon, R., and R.M. Kaplan. Evaluation of a larval development assay (DrenchRite)
for the detection of anthelmintic resistance in cyathostomin nematodes of
horses. Vet. Parasitol., 121(1-2):125-42, 2004.
Terrill, T.H., Larsen, M., Samples, O., Husted, S., Miller, J.E., Kaplan, R.M., and
S. Gelaye. Capability of the nematode-trapping fungus Duddingtonia flagrans to reduce infective larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes in goat feces
in the southeastern United States: dose titration and dose time interval
studies. Vet. Parasitol., 120(4):285-96, 2004.
Thompson, A.M., Swant, J., Gosnell, B.A., and J.J. Wagner. Modulation of long-term
potentiation in the rat hippocampus following cocaine self-administration.
Neuroscience 127:177-185, 2004.
Throne-Steinlage, S. J., Ferguson, N., Sander, J.E., García, M., Subramanian, S.,
Leiting, V.A., and S.H. Kleven. Isolation and characterization of a 6/85like Mycoplasma gallisepticum from commercial laying hens. Avian Dis.,
47:499-505. 2003.
Tkalcic, S., Zhao, T., Harmon, B.G., Doyle, M.P., Brown, C.A., and P. Zhao. Fecal
shedding of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in weaned calves following
treatment with probiotic Escherichia coli. J. Food Prot., 66: 1184-1189,
2003.
Tripp, R.A. Pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus infection. Viral Immunol.,
17(2):165-81, 2004.
Tripp, R.A. The brume surrounding respiratory syncytial virus persistence.
Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med., 169(7):778-9, 2004.
Tripp, R.A. Role of cytokines in the development and maintenance of memory T cells
during respiratory viral infection. Curr. Pharm. Des., 9:51-58, 2003.
Tripp, R.A., Dakhama, A., Gelfand, E., and L.J. Anderson. The G glycoprotein of
respiratory syncytial virus depresses respiratory rates through the CX3C
motif and substance P. J. Virol., 77:6580-85, 2003.
Tripathi, N.K,, Latimer, K.S., Gregory, C.R., et al. Development and evaluation of
an experimental model of cutaneous columnaris disease in koi (Cyprinus
carpio). J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., (accepted for publication).
Tripathi, N.K., Latimer, K.S., Lewis, T.L., and V.V. Burnley. Biochemical reference
intervals for koi (Cyprinus carpio). Comp. Clin. Pathol., 12:160-165,
2003.
Tripathi, N.K., Latimer, K.S., and P.M. Rakich. A review of columnaris disease in
freshwater fishes. Compend. Contin. Educ. Pract. Vet., 25:528-535,
2003.
Van Ells, T., Stanton, J., Strieby, A., Daszak, P., Hyatt, A.D., and C.C. Brown. The use
of immunohistochemistry to diagnose chytridiomycosis in Dyeing poison
dart frogs (Dendrobates tinctorius). J. Wildlife Dis., 39:742-745, 2003.
41
Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
Selected Publications
Varela, A.S., Luttrell, M.P., Howerth, E.W., Moore, V.A., Davidson, W.R., Stallknecht,
D.E., and S.E. Little. First culture isolation of Borrelia lonestari, putative agent of southern tick-associated rash illness. J. Clin. Microbiol.,
42(3):1163-1169, 2004.
Wise, M.G., Sellers, H.S., Alvarez, R., and B.S. Seal. RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene analysis of worldwide Newcastle Disease Virus Isolates representing different virulence types and their phylogenetic relationship with
other members of the Paramyxoviridae. Virus Res., 104:71-80, 2004.
Varela, A.S., Stallknecht, D.E., Yabsley, M.J., Moore, V.A., Davidson, W.R., and
S.E. Little. Experimental infection of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus
virginianus) with Ehrlichia chafeensis by different inoculation routes.
J. Wildlife Dis., 39(4):881-886, 2003.
Woods, L.W., and K.S. Latimer. Circovirus infections of pigeons and other avian
species. In: Diseases of Poultry, 11th ed. Saif, Y.M., Barnes, H.J.,
Glisson, J.R., Fadly, A.M., McDougald, L.R., and D.E. Swayne (eds.).
Iowa State Press, Ames, IA, pp. 202-211, 2003.
Varela, A.S, Moore, V.A., and S.E. Little. Disease agents in Amblyomma americanum
from northeastern Georgia. J. Med. Entomol., 41(4):753-9, 2004.
Woolums, A.R., Brown, C., Brown Jr, J.C., Cole, D., Scott, M., Williams, S., and
C. Miao. Effects of a single intranasal dose of modified-live bovine respiratory syncytial virus vaccine on resistance to subsequent viral challenge
in calves. Amer. J. Vet. Res., 65:363-372, 2004.
Wall, T.M., and C.A. Calvert. Canine Viral Papillomatosis. In: Infectious Diseases of
the Dog and Cat, Greene, C.E. (ed.). W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia,
PA, 2004.
Wall, M., Calvert, C.A., Sanderson, S., Leonardt, A., Barker, C., and T. Fallaw.
Evaluation of extended release riltiazam (Dilacor XR) as once daily treatment for cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. J. Amer. Anim. Hosp.
Assoc., (in press).
Wang, K.Y., Panciera, D.L., Al-Rukibat, R.K., and Z.A. Radi. Accuracy of ultrasoundguided fine-needle aspiration of the liver and cytologic findings in dogs and
cats: 97 cases (1990-2000). J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., 224:75-78, 2004.
Wang, T., Edwards, G.L., Lange, G.D., Parlow, A.F., and T.B. Usdin. Brain
administration of tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 residues inhibits growth
hormone secretion. Rec. Res. Develop. Endocrinol., 3:317-321, 2002.
Whelchel, D.D., Brehmer, T.M., Brooks, P.M., Darragh, N., and J.A. Coffield. Molecular targets of botulinum toxin at the neuromuscular junction. Movement Disorders, 19(S8):7-16, 2004.
White, D.G., Ayers, S., Maurer, J.J., Thayer, S.G., and C. Hofacre. Research
Note–Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from commercial broilers in northeastern Georgia. Avian Dis.,
47:203-210, 2003.
Williams, S.M., Reed, W.M., Bacon, L.D., and A.M. Fadly. Response of White Leghorn chickens of various genetic lines to infection with Avian Leukosis
Virus Subgroup J. Avian Dis., 48:61-67, 2004.
Williams, S.M., and K.P. Carmichael. Not all old cats die of lymphoma. Proceedings
of the 31st Annual Southeastern Veterinary Pathology Conference. Rural
Development Center, Tifton, GA. Case 35, no page number available.
May 17-18, 2003.
Wilson, H., Rawlings, C.A., and K. Latimer. Lipoma resection in birds: A
comparison of the CUSA (Cavitron Ultrasonic Surgical Aspirator) and
CO2 Laser. J Avian Med. Surg., (accepted for publication).
Wilson, G.H. Behavior of Captive Psittacines in the Aviary. In: Psittacine Behavior,
Leuscher, A. (ed.). Iowa State Press, Ames, IA, (accepted for publication).
Woolums, A.R., Gunther, R.A., McArthur-Vaughan, K., Anderson, M.L.,
Omlor, A., Boyle, G.A., Friebertshauser, K.E., McInturff, P.S., and
L.J. Gershwin. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity and cytokine expression
in calves vaccinated with formalin-inactivated bovine respiratory syncytial virus prior to challenge. Comp. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. Dis.,
27:57-74, 2004.
Yabsley, M.J., Dugan, V.G., Stallknecht, D.E., Little, S.E., Lockhart, J.M., Dawson,
J.E., and W.R. Davidson. Evaluation of a protype Ehrlichia chaffeensis
surveillance system using white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) as
natural sentinels. Vector Borne and Zoonot. Dis., 3:195-207, 2003.
Yabsley, M.J., Little, S.E., Sims, E.J., Dugan, V.G., Stallknecht, D.E., and
W.R. Davidson. Molecular variation in the variable-length PCR target
and 120-kilodalton antigen genes of Ehrlichia chaffeensis from whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). J. Clin. Microbiol., 41(11):52025206, 2003.
Yabsley, M.J. Chagas’ Disease. In: Field Guide to Wildlife Zoonoses. Friend, M.,
and C. Brand (eds.). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication, (in press).
Yabsley, M.J., C. Dresden-Osborne, C., Pirkle, E.E., Kirven, J.K., and G.P. Noblet.
Filarial worm infections in shelter dogs and cats from northwestern South
Carolina, U.S.A. Comp. Parasitol., (in press).
Yabsley, M.J., and S.E.J. Gibbs. Parasitic and infectious diseases of small mammals. In: Wildlife Diseases: Landscape Epidemiology, Spatial Distribution and Utilization of Remote Sensing Technology. Majumdar, S.K.,
Huffman, J., Brenner, F.J., and A.I. Panah, (eds.)., (in press).
Yabsley, M.J., Norton, T.N., Powell, M.R., and W.R. Davidson. Molecular and
serologic evidence of tick-borne ehrlichiae in three species of lemurs from
St. Catherine’s Island, Chatham County, Georgia, USA. J. Zoo Wildlife
Med., (in press).
Yabsley, M.J. and A.S. Varela. Swimmer’s Itch. In: Field Guide to Wildlife
Zoonoses. Friend, M., and C. Brand (eds.). U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service Resource Publication, (in press).
Wilson, G.H. Wound Healing and Management. Vet Clinics of North America Exotic
Animal Practice, Philadelphia, PA, (accepted for publication).
42
www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/
Research Publications from independent and collaborative
research activities of faculty in the College of Veterinary Medicine and the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station.
Yoon, J.H., Brooks, R., Ahrar, K., Pan, H., Bryan, J., Budsberg, S.C.,
Mueller, P.O.E., and J. Halper. The effect of enrofloxacin on cell
proliferation and proteoglycans in horse tendon cells. Cell Biol. Toxicol.,
20:41-54, 2004.
Young, A.A., and G.L. Edwards. Effects of Diabetes Mellitus on gastrointestinal
function in animal models. In: Gastrointestinal Function in Diabetes
Mellitus. Horowitz, M., and M. Samsom, (eds.). Wiley, Hoboken, NJ,
2004.
Yuan, X., Jun, H.W., and J.W. McCall. Determination of carbamazepine in uncoated
and film-coated tablets by HPLC with UV detection. Analytical Letters,
36(6):1197-1210, 2003.
Zaki, M.M., Ferguson, N., Leiting, V., and S.H. Kleven. Safety of Mycoplasma
gallisepticum vaccine strain 6/85 after backpassage in turkeys. Avian Dis.,
(submitted for publication).
Zavala, G., Pretto, C., Chow, Y.H., Jones, L., Alberti, A., Grego, E., De las Heras,
M., and M. Palmarini. Relevance of Akt phosphorylation in cell
transformation induced by Jaagsiekte sheep retrovirus. Virology,
312(1):95-105, 2003.
Zimmer, M., Barnhart, H., Idris, U., and M.D. Lee. Detection of Campylobacter
jejuni strains in the waterlines of a commercial broiler house and their
relationship to the strains that colonized the chickens. Avian Dis.,
47:101-7, 2003.
43
Published by the Veterinary Medical Experiment Station, The University of Georgia.
VMES - Working for Georgia
Cover Illustrations and Lead Articles
2000-2003
Genomics
2000
West Nile Virus
2001
Food Animal Health and
Management Program
Agroterrorism
2003
2002
44
www.vet.uga.edu/research/vmes/
V
MES 2004
Science in Service to Animals
SM
28th Annual Report
Vaccinology
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
College of Veterinary Medicine
The University of Georgia
Athens, Georgia 30602
Veterinary Medical Experiment Station
College of Veterinary Medicine
The University of Georgia