S
-.1
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Draft
Draft
10/23/70
Lalxlla
.
A Review
Reviewof
of the
lrlanagenentProgram
A
the Management
Progran for
for Dungeness
Dgrgeness
(9gggggmagister
Creb (Cancer
Crab
nagistor Dana)
Dana) in
in Oregon
Oregon
PRODI'CTIOI.I
PRODUCTION
The fishery
fishery for
for Dungeness
llrngeness crab
was the
The
fourth most
nost valuable
valuable commercial
cra,b was
the fourth
connrercial
fishery in
fishery
Oregon during
in Oregon
dnring
1968.
only the fisheries
1963. Only
for albacore,
albacole, salmon,
salnon,
flsheries for
and
(Schoning, 1969).
ranked above
and shrinp
shrimp ranked
aboveit
it, (Schoning,
At the
fisherurcnts level
1969). At
tho fishermen's
lovel the
the
return on
m the
the 10.2
10.2 million
nillIon pounds
return
pounds of
of crab
crab landed
by the
landed by
t}e commercial
conrercial fleet
fleet
was approximately
approxinately 2.5
was
2.5 million
mitlion dollars.
doll.ars.
During the
During
Oregon1s commercial
production averaged
the decade
decade 1959-68
1959-68 Oregonrs
averaged
comprcial production
$out 8 million
poundsannually.
about
nillion pounds
Poole (1966)
(1966) has
annually. Poole
stated that
that over
over 35
35
has stated
nlltion
are produced
million pounds
pounds are
produced each
year on
each year
the Pacific
Pacific Coast.
Coast. Oregon's
0regonrs
on the
landings thus
thus amount
landings
to approximately
amount to
approrinately 23%
23* of
af, the
the total
total and
and demonstrate
demonstrate
the
the iuportanco
importance of
of the stats
state in
in the harvest
harvest of
valuable commercial
of this
thig valuable
conmercial
species.
species.
Figue 1I presents
presents the
Figure
the Oregon
Oregoncrab
crab
years 1889-1968.
landings for
for the years
1889-1968.
years 1889-1955
(f958).
The data
data for
The
t{aldnnr (1958).
for the years
fron Waidron
1889-1955are
are from
Its most
most
Its
noteworthy
grorth of
features appear
noteworthy features
be the depiction
appear to
depiction of
of the
of the
the
to be
the growth
catch in
in the 1930's,
catch
{ld aa display
of the dramatic
dranatic fluctuations
fluctuations in
in landlandl930ts, and
display of
year to
year that
proings from
fron year
ings
have characterized
to year
fishery since
since prodraracterized the
the fishery
that have
duction reached
reactredcurrent
current levels
duction
is.
levels inin the
the1940
1940rs.
Landings
have ranged
ranged
Landings havo
fron
from a
a higfi
high of
of 11.4
million pornds
pounds in
in 1961
to a
of 3.6
a low
nillion
Ll.4 nillion
1961 to
lqr of
3.6 million
pomds only
years later
pounds
only 22 years
ln 1963.
1963.
later in
In addition
addition to
to the comercial
commercial fleet
fleet a popular
popular recreational
recreational fishery
fishery
In
also operates
also
operates on
on the
trheresource.
resource.
is unknown.
is
rmknqrn.
.
The nuther
The
by the
the sport
sport fishery
ftsherT
nmber taken
taken by
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.
5.
3.
.
MAMGEMEI\IT
A management
nanagement program
progran for
for this
this resource
tesot$ce should
should be directed
A
directed towards
tqrards
accorylishing the
the following
folloving four
four objectives:
objectives:
accomplishing
1.
1.
Protecting the
the resource
resoutce from
fron overfishing.
overfishing.
Protecting
2.
2.
Providing
the highest
quality product
highest quality
product to
Providing the
to the
the market.
narket.
3.
3.
Maxinizing the
the economic
economic benefit
benefit of
of the
tJre harvest.
harvest.
Maximizing
4.
4.
Recreational
use.
Recreational use.
Regulations and
and studies
ained at
accorrplishing these objectives
Regulations
studies aimed
at accomplishing
objectives are
are the
the
subject of
of this
this section.
subject
Section.
TWoregulations
regulations are
priurarily directed
are primarily
directed towards
protecting the
Two
tolrards protecting
tJre
resource from
fron overfishing.
resource
overfishing.
These involve
prohibition of
involve the
the prohibition
of landing
landing
These
female
female crabs,
crabs, and the
the application
application of
of a
a minimum
ninimrn size
size regulation.
regulation.
two the
the minimum
nnininun size
size regulation
regulation is
two
is most
urost important,
important,
apPears needed.
needed.
appears
Of the
ttre
A third
third regulation
regulatlon
A
This involves
invol.ves the
the mandatory
nandatory requirement
This
requirenent of
polts
of escape
escape ports
of
a specified
specified size
size in
of a
in the
the crab
crab traps.
traps.
A
regulation establishing
establishing aa closed
A regulation
closed season
season in
in the ocean
oee{ur is
is directed
directed
towards achieving
achieving aa higher
higher quality
quarity product
product for
towards
for the
the market.
narket.
Fishing is
is
Fishing
not
all.cn{ed during
during the
period when
the period
whenconsiderable
considerabLe nuithers
not allowed
nunbers of
of the
the crab
crab
population are
are molting
nol.ting or
or in
population
in aa soft-shelled
soft-shelled condition.
condition.
Maximizing the
the economic
econonic benefits
of the
Maximizing
benefits of
the harvest
harvest is
an area where
is an
where
considerably more
nore study is
considerably
is indicated.
indicated.
forecasting the
probable harvest.
the probable
forecasting
harvest.
Strdies are
are required
required directed
directed at
Studies
at
At some
sone future
future date
date it
possible
rnay be possible
At
it may
to smooth
snooth out
out the
year fluctuations
the year
to year
fluctuations in
to
year to
in the
the landings
landings through
through aa
successful crab
crab culture
culture program.
progtam.
successful
area.
area.
Only
a beginning
Only a
beginning has been
been made
in this
this
nade in
If
If the
the relationship
relationship between
between grerth
growth and nortality
mortality were
were known
knorn with
with
adequate
adequate accuracy
accuracy sone
some gain
gain m'ight
might be
be nade
made through
adjustment of
of size
size
through adjustnent
regulations.
regulations.
I
4
4.
4.
Minirrun Size
Size Regulation
Regulation
Minimum
It is
It
is of
of interest
interest that
that Oregon
Oregon hes
has had
had a mininun
minimum size
size roquirenent
requirement of
of
at least
least 6
(point,-to-point
inctres (point-to-point
6 inches
at
measurement)
crab
reasurenent) for
for its
its commercial
comrcial
crab
fishery since
(Waldron, 1958).
since 1909
fishery
1909 (Waidron,
1958).
is not
is
not known.
knonn.
Hqr this
size came
this size
carneto
How
to be
bo selected
selected
It
likely that
that this
this was
was the
It appears likely
the minimum
nininrnn size
size that
that
industry early
oarly adopted
adopted as
as being the
industry
the minimum
nininur marketable
marketabl.esize.
size.
At any
At
any rate
rate
this
a fortunate
fortunate decision
this was
was a
decision as a size
size uuclr
much srnaller
smaller could
could have resulted
resulted
a badly
depleted resource.
in a
badly depleted
in
resource.
It has
It
has been
been only
only in
in relatively
relatively recent
recent years
years that
that biological
biological studies
studies
have
demnstrated the
the reasons why
protected
have demonstrated
why this
protected
this choice
droice has effectively
effectively
the resource
resource from
the
fron overfishing.
overfishing.
fishery is
Tlris
This fishery
ls a
rnique one
ons rhere
unique
whore the
ths
application of
regulation adequately
adequately protects
it from overexploitation.
application
of one
one regulation
protects it
overelEloitatlon.
The reasons
reasons are
are found
found in
grofth of
in the
the rate
rate of
of growth
the Dungeness
Dungeness crab
crab and
The
of the
and
the
size at
at which maturity
the size
naturity is
is attained.
attained.
Studies
condueted during
Studios conducted
during the
Canada indicated
that both
both
1930ts in
t}e 1930's
ln Canada
indicated that
nale and
and female
fenale crabs
crabs attain
attain maturity
male
in carapace
carapace width
width
maturity at
at about
100nun
about 100
m in
(MacKay,
(MacKay, 1942).
1942).
Later studies
(1949) and
(1960) constudies by Cleaver (1949)
arrd Butler
Later
Butler (1960)
cur-
firned
firmed this
this finding.
finding.
(1966).
(1966).
Fr.trther evidence
provided by Snow
Further
was provided
evidence was
Snow and
and Neilsen
Neilson
Ttrey
followed the
the mating
rnating behavior
They followed
behavior of
pair of
of a pair
female
of crabs,
crabs, the
the female
having aa carapace
carapace width
width of
having
of 110
Ll.0nun.
m.
The
studies of
(f961) also
of, Cleaver
The studies
Cleaver and
arrd Butler
provide age-carapace
Butler (1961)
also provide
age-carapace
width estimates
(Tabfe 1).
estfunates (Table
width
1).
Although the
the studies
studies were
over 10
l0
were conducted
conductsd over
years
qpart in
tine and
and Cleaver's
years apart
in time
was done
Cleaverfs work was
done off
off the
Washington coast,
the Washington
coast,
vrhiLe
Butler worked
rorked in
while Butler
in the Queen
Charlotte Islands,
Isl.ands, the
findings of
of the
tho findings
the
Queen Charlotte
two authors
authors are
good agreement.
are in
two
in good
agreenent.
These studies
indicate that
These
studies indicate
the
that the
Dtmgenesscrab has finished
year of
finished his
his 2nd
Dungeness
2nd year
of life
life by the
the time
tine he
he attains
attains
(reaches approximately
maturity (reaches
approxinnately 100
maturity
width).
100 mm
urmin
in carapace
carapace width).
An examination
An
exarnlnation
.
5.
5.
of the
the minimum
nrinimumsize
size regulations
of
regulations reveal
reveal that
that the
the smallest
snallest minimum
niniunrn size
size
protects
the male
male crab
crab until
until he has almost completed
protects the
his 4th
conpLeted his
year of
4th year
of
(Tables 1I and
life (Tables
life
and 2).
2).
Thw the
the male
nrale has
has at
at least
cne opportunity
Thus
least one
opportuli.ry to
to
uate' and
and probably
probably many
many have
mate,
have two,
two, before
before they become
becone vulnerable
rnrlnerable to
to the
the
fishery.
fishery.
Table
Table 1..
1.
Estinated Carapace
at Different
Different Ages
Estimated
Carapace Width
Width at
Ages l/
1/
or
Age
Attained
Cleaver
Cleaver
1
1
30
30
95
95
150
150
2
2
3
3
4
4
q
5
1/
U
30
30
95
95
120
24
24
t07
107
133
133
L63
163
191
191
*:o
'!u
175
*
-
-
24
24
ta'I
107
124
t24
r3g
138
153
153
Butlerrs data
data have been
Butler's
been adjusted
adjusted to
to shoulder
shoul.der width
width measurement.
npzrsurenent.
Table
Table 2.
2.
Cotparison of
bf Minimum
Uininun Size
Size Regulations
Comparison
Regulations
Area
l'lethod
Method
Measurenent
Measurement
tfidth
Width
tlnit
Unit
Inclusion
lOttrr1/
Inclusion of
of 10th
l/
anterol.ateral spin
spin6
anterolateral
Inches
Inches
Exclusion
of 10th
Exclusion of
L0ttt 2/
2/
anterolateral spine
anterolateral
spind
Inches
Inches
british
lalifornia
3/
California
3/
!ftn
Mm
L7B
178
7
7
Mm
$,lrt
165
165
6 1/2
r/2
6
y1/
&leasurementused
used in
in California
California and
Measurement
and Canada.
Canada.
2/
U
Measurenent
used in
in Oregon
Oregon and
Measurement used
and Washington.
t{ashington.
3/
1/
California now
now same
sEuleas
California
Oregon.
as Oregon.
Oregon
Oregon
t7t
171
6 314
s/4
6
159
ls9
6 1/4
t/4
6
Wash
Wash.
L7r,
171
6 3/4
3/t
Col,
_cok
165
6s
6 1/2
159
159
152
5Z
llt
6 1/4
6
6
6
That the
the regulation
regulation works cannot
That
c€rnnot be
be disputed
given the
disputed given
the years
years of
of
heavy
e:cploitation and
and the lack
lack of
heavy exploitation
of evidence that
that overfishing
overfishing has
has depleted
depleted
any of
of the
the crab populations.
populations.
The
nechanics of
of how
how the regulation
regulation works
The mechanics
appear to
be adequately
to be
adequateLy explained
erplained by
appear
by the
the studies
studies cited
cited above.
above.
I
I
6.
Protection
of
FemalreCrabs
Csgps
lrolection
_of Female
It appears that
that this
It
this may
an unnecessary
rray be an
regulation.
unnecessary regulation.
firere
There is
is
the likelihood
likellhood that
that the
the
would prefer
prefer not
not to
the industry
industry r,lould
the legallegalto buy the
sized
fenuale crabs
crabs even
even if
if this
was revoked.
sized female
this regulation
regulation was
revoked.
If the
the fisherIf
fisher-
uen
.sell the
could not
the females
fenales they
men could
not sell
not land
obviously would not
they obviously
land them,
then" and
and
females would
thw
thus the
the females
would be
be protected
protected as
as before.
before.
But
assure that
But if
if we
we assume
that the
female crabs would be harvested
harvested once
the fenale
once
they attained
attained legal
they
legal size
size what would be the
the impact
inpact on
on the
the resource?
resource?
Exanination of
TabLe 11 shows
of Table
Examination
shows that
after the
fernale crab
that after
cr& attains
the age
age
the female
attains the
of
of 2 years
years her
her growth slows
slows down
down from
fron that
that of
of the
the male.
nale.
Examination
Exanination oof
Tables 1I and
and 22 indicate
indicate that
Tables
fenale ctabs
crabs would be expected
e:cpocted to
reaclr
that few female
to reach
legal
year.
size before
legal size
before the
the end
end of
of their
Sth year.
their 5th
give 88
As most
authors give
As
urost authors
years as
as about
about the
the maximum
naxinun age
years
attained by the Dungeness
crab, it
it is
is
age attained
Drrngenesscrab,
ptobable that
that relatively
relatively
be
probable
few
few legal-size
fenales would
be around
around to
to be
would be
legal-size females
harvested.
Support for
for this
this point
Support
point of
provided by data reported
of view is
is provided
reported by
(1961).
Jew
iou (1961).
During the
years 1954-59
California biotogists
biologists fished
the years
1954-59 California
fished
crab
traps in
stud)' to
crab traps
pertinent to
in a study
to collect
ort
collect data pertinent
the escape
escape port
to the
probl.ennwhich
which will
will be
discussed later
be discussed
problem
Later in
in this
this report.
report.
part of
As part
As
of this
this
progran aa nunber
nurber of
of traps
ports were
program
traps without
without escape
were fished
tlat aa
escape ports
fished so
so that
conplete enumeration
enurnration of
possible.
of all
complete
crabs entering
entering the
was possible.
all crabs
the traps
traps was
These traps
traps caught
These
caught 4,331
4,33L female
fenale crabs.
crabs.
Of
0f this
423, less
less than
than
this total
total 423,
10%, were over 159
(shoulder measurement)
10%,
in carapace
width (shoulder
159 mm
nn in
carapace width
iileasurennnt) the
legal
legal
ninimun size
minimum
size in
in the
Oregon commercial
fishery.
the Oregon
coilunercial fishery.
Further
Further evidence that
that this
this is
regulation is
is furnished
furnished
is an unnecessary regulation
by the history
history of
of the
the crab
crab fishery
by
fishery in
Oregon.
in Oregon.
Although
high levels
levels of
Although high
of
production
attained during
(Figure 1),
production were
were attained
dr.ring the 30's
and 40's
it was
was not
30rs and
40is (Figure
l), it
.
.
7.
prohibited by
regulation.
was prohibited
by regulation.
fenale crabs
until
rrntit 1948
1948 that
taking of
crabs was
the taking
of female
that the
of landings
landings
tho pattern
of hindsight
Given the
hindsight hre
we can examine
pattern of
the advantage of
examine the
comwas legal
land females
fenrales and
and comlegal to
to land
for
for the
the decade
decade 1938
when it
it was
1938 to
to 1947
1.947when
No
No
in force.
force.
pare with
years when
following 20
regulation was
pare
with the
when the regulation
was in
the following
20 years
landing levels
levels
advantage seems
that is
is reflected
advantage
seems to
have resul.ted
resulted that
reflected in
in the
the landing
to have
(Figure 2).
2).
(Figure
there is
is no evithe current
current urininun
minimum size
regulation there
eviGiven the
size regulation
any way
endanger
dence
that the
the revocation
of this
this regulation
regulation would in
way endanger
dence that
in any
revocation of
resource.
the
the crab
crab resource.
in
that nouhere
It
enlightening, I
I think,
think, that
nowhere in
It is
is also
also enlightening,
reconmendation.
making this
this recommendation.
the literature
did II find
find aa biologist
biologist making
the
did
literatute
possible that
that
apPears possible
Although specific
is lacking,
Lt appears
Although
lacking, it
specific evidence
evidence is
of this
regulation,
this regulation.
revocation of
certain
advantages might
fron the
the revocation
accrue from
certain advantages
night accrue
passed her
Sth year,
her 5th
time a female
probable that
fenale crab has passed
It
seens probable
that by'
by the
It seems
th time
Y€ar,
population.
past her prime
the population.
priue as
nenber of
as aa reproducing
of the
she
she is
is past
reprotlucing meiriber
Al.though
Although
the food
for reproduction
reproduction she still
still requlres
requires her
her share of
of the
past
past her
her prine
prime for
and living
to the
the population"
population
and
tiving space available
available to
Thus
of this
this
revocation of
Thus aa revocation
older females
the older
in that
that the
feneles
regulation
regulation could
beneficial influence
influence in
could have a beneficial
faster
for more
population and
and room
roorn created
created for
rnore faster
would he
fron the population
culled from
be culled
prine.
groring males
growing
nales and
fenales in
in their
their reproductive
reproductive prime.
and females
Ports
Mandatory Requirement
Mandgtgr,y
Requireqgnt of
of Escape
Fscaps-Ports
It is
is estinated
estimated that
that Oregon
Oregon crab
crab fishernen
fishermen renove
remove in
in excess of
of 90t
90%
It
1963).
($ncnr,1963).
of the
the legal-sized
of
each season
season(Snow,
legal-sized male
crabs each
nale crabs
(1949)
Cleaver (1949)
grounds off
the
on the
off the
the grounds
estimated
that 87%
present on
estinated that
the legal
legal crabs present
87soof
of the
Washington coast
were caught.
cau6fit.
Washington
coast in
in 1948
1948 were
From
that
is evident
evident that
above it
it is
From the
the above
is very
very
size is
the legal
legal size
the
male crabs once
once they
they reach the
fishing effort
effort on nale
the fishing
effective.
effective.
dependent
are largely
Largely dependent
However, the
productivity are
Horever,
of productivity
the levels
levels of
and female
female crabs.
nilale and
crabs.
upon
sublegal male
upon the
the survival
survival success
of sublegal
success of
Protection
Protection
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of
of the
population against
unnecessary
of this
against unnecessaly
segrent of
the population
this nonmarketable segment
(Jow, 1961).
nortality is
mortality
is desirable
desirable and
and sensible
1961).
sensible (Jow,
Dungenesscrabs
are highly
Dungeness
crabs are
highly motile.
notile.
(19a9) found
Cleaver
snall
found small
Cleaver (1949)
given the
quite agile
the
fron traps
traps if
if given
crabs were quite
agile and
and readily
escaped from
readily escaped
opportunity.
opportunity.
tJte
Escape
ports serve to
provide the
Escape ports
the means
to provide
nrcansby which the
smaller
snaller crabs
al"lowed to
the trap.
trap.
crabs are
are allowed
egress the
to egress
ports.
requiring escape
cited for
can be cited
for requiring
escape ports.
A nuuber
number of
A
of advantages
advantages
Handling
is
Handl.ing mortality
nortality
is reduced
thenselves.
because
trap themselves.
because the
the sublegal
exit the
the trap
sublegal crabs can
can exit
where
In
In cases
cases where
pernitted to
to
is permitted
the traps
legal portion
portion of
of the
the catch
catch is
are lost
Lost the
the sub
sublegal
traps are
escape.
escape.
Injury
Injr.rry to
fighting is
is reduced.
reduced.
to smaller
smaller crabs
through fighting
crabs through
Also
Also
legal-sized
ports benefit
the
benefit the
retaining the legal-sized
the escape
escape ports
fishermen by retaining
the fishermen
sublegal
the sub
removethe
to remove
but reduces
legal
reduces the
the amount
anount of
of sorting
required to
crabs but
sorting required
portion of
($now, 1967).
portion
of their
their catch
catch (Snow,
L967),
escape ports.
In
Oregon there
is no
requiring escape
fn 0regon
there is
no regulation
regul.ation requiring
Ports"
Although
Although
is no
no
there is
Waldron
(1958) states
have them,
then, there
i{aldron (1958)
0regon traps
traps have
states that
that most
mst Oregon
uniformity as
r.urifornrity
as to
to size.
size.
ports should
should be
be
To
the escape
escape ports
effective the
rnost effective
To be most
to
of a size
that will.
will allow
all sublegal
opportunity to
size crabs the opportunity
size that
alloc al.l.
strbl.egal size
of
catctt.
of the
escape and
yet retain
retain the
portion of
larger, legal
the catch.
and yet
the larger,
legal portion
escape
for legal
legal
the determinant
determinant for
Although carapace
widths are used
used as the
Althouglr
carapace widths
escatrre
size of
the size
of escape
size,
not the
the best
best measurement
for determining
deternining the
it is
size, it
is not
rrcasurernent for
ports.
ports.
capable
are capable
they are
Crabs
normally nove
move about laterally,
although
althouglr they
laterally,
Crabs nornalLy
(Jow, 1961).
196U.
of
noving forward
foward and
and backward
backward (Jow,
of moving
The smallest
through
snallest opening through
The
is his
his smallest
snallest
which is
his length,
which
length, which
whidr aa crab
equal to
to his
crab can
can crawl
crawl is
is about
abora equal
dinension.
dimension.
of the
the
size of
the size
Therefore, what is
to determine the
Ttrerefore,
is required
required to
judging
(used for
for judging
escape
ports is
relationship between
between carapace
carapace width
width (used
escape ports
is the
the relationship
Slegal
size) and
and length.
length.
legaL size)
crabs.
321 crabs.
521
on
(1961) provides
ilFasurements on
Jow
provides data from
from measurements
Jos (1961)
(1967) provides measurements
1,000.
Snow (1967)
Snow
neasurel€nts from
frorn 1,000.
In
each case
case
In each
.
S
10.
the relationship
for aa legal
inches shoulder
Sthe
relationship indicates
indicates that
that for
size of
of 6-1/4
shoulder
legal size
6-L/4 inches
escape ports
measurement
rrrcasurementthe
the escape
ports should be circular
with two openings of
of
circular with
4-ll2
4-1/2 inches inside
inside diameter.
dianeter.
California recommended
Based
Based on
on these data California
recorended
escape openings
openinp at
escape
of 4-I/4
4-1/4 inches
inches (Jor,
(Jow, f961),
1961), and
and Oregon
Oregon recouunended
recommended a
(Snor, 1967).
size
4-3/8 inches (Snow,
size opening
opening of
of 4-3/8
1967).
rras
In
each case
In each
case the size
size was
sonerqhat smaller
nade somewhat
srnaller than the
made
the length-width
relationship indicated
indicated so
length-r{idth relationship
just legal-sized
to insure
as to
insure that
no just
as
that no
escape.
legal-sized crabs
could escape.
crabs could
In neither
In
neither California
California nor
nor Oregon
Oregon were the
the recomendations
recommendations based
based o'n
on
these studies
studies adopted.
adopted.
4-inch size
California
California settled
on aa 4-inch
size opening
opening and
and
settled on
Oregon
is still
still
without
Oregon is
without a regulation
ports.
requiring escape
escape ports.
regulation requiring
Seasons
Seasons
Crabs that
that have recently
Crabs
said to
soft-shell
recently molted
uplted are said
to be in
in a soft-shell
condition,
condition.
yield of
The yield
neat from
The
of meat
fron aa crab
crab in
such aa condition
condition is
in such
is less
less
that from
fron aa hard-shell
than that
hard-shell crab
crab of
size.
of the
the same
sare size.
Prom thi.s
this it
been
Fron
it has been
reasoned
that closure
closure of
reasoned that
when crabs
of the
fishing season
season during
during the
the time
the fishing
tine when
in aa soft-shell
are in
greater overall
soft-sheLl condition
are
condition should
should result
result, in
in a greater
average
overal.L average
yield of
yield
of meat.
neat.
Cunently
Currently the
the closed
season on the
closed season
ocean crab fishery
the ocean
fishery extends from
fron
August 15
LS to
August
to November
Novenber 30.
30.
There is
There
is no
closed season
season on
on the
no closed
the bays.
bays.
firis
This
is
is pri-narily
primarily becalse
because there
there is
is less
of a seasonal pattern
pattern to
molting here
here
Less of
to urol.ting
than in
in the ocean.
ocean.
It appears
appears that
It
that in
in the
the ocean
ocean the
the seasm
season could
could be closed
closed earlier
earl.ier in
in
summerwithout
without seriously
the summer
seriously hurting
hurting the
the harvest.
hanrest.
the
Up until
until about the
tlp
mid-S0fs the
peak of
the peak
mid-SO's
of the
were made
the crab landings
landings were
madein
ApriL and
and May.
Ttris
in April
May. This
longer the
is no
the case
is
no longer
case as
as the
the peak landings
now made
nade during
first
landings are now
during the first
nonths following
following the
2 months
(December,January).
2
the opening
opening of
of the
the season
season(December,
January).
If
If
S
[1
11.
11.
the season
season was
closed at
the
was closed
at the
of May
May little
littl,e effect
effect would be felt
the end
end of
felt in
ln
production (Figure
the
(Figure 3).
the total
total production
3).
fite opening date
date following
The
the
elosed season
seen6 to
folloring
the closed
season seems
to have
have generated
great deal
deal of
a great
of controversy.
controversy.
Several
problen.
Several problems
problems complicate
conplicate the
the problem.
firere is
is aa south
south to
when the
There
to north
north difference
crabs reach aa harddifference in
the crabs
hardin when
shell condition,
condition, those
shell
those from
the south
south achieving
this condition
fron the
achleving this
condition sooner
than those
those from
fron the
the north.
north.
Ttris results
results in
in California
This
wishing to
her season
California wishing
to open
open her
season earlier
earliet than
ttran
does Washington.
Without aa uniform
Without
rmiform opening date
date enforcement
enforcenent problems
in Oregon,
are created
created in
0regon, especially
problen is
especially in
in border
border areas.
a:reas. Another problem
is
concetned with
concerned
with the
the fact
fact that
that some
some crabs
crabs in
in aa soft-shell
soft-shell condition
condition age
ae
present at
present
at all
all times.
times.
Consequently,
Ccnsequently, the
the determination
determination of
of the
tlre allowable
allowable
proportion of
of soft-shell
soft-shell crabs
proportion
in the
the catch
catdr must
nust be
be made.
crabs in
nade.
In
Oregon
In Oregor
this proportion
(Waldron, 1958).
has been
this
proportion has
been stated
stated to
to be
be 10%
10%(Waidron,
1958).
A summary
summaryof
of the
the results
A
results of
for crabs in
of sampling for
in a soft-shell
soft-shetl
condition
ar€ presented
condition are
presented in
in Table 3.
3.
It
appears fron
from this
this suurnary
summary that
that
It appe4rs
j"n fact
(south of
crabs from
fron Area 2 (south
crabs
of Cascade
d.o in
fact on
on the
the average
Cascade Head) do
reach a hard-shell
condition sooner than those from
hard-shell condition
fron Area 1.
1.
It
atso
It also
indicated that
is indicated
is
December 1
that Decer&er
open the
I is
too early
early to
to open
the season
season if
if the
the
is too
criterion of
of 10%
10%soft
soft shell
criterion
shell is
is to
to be
be maintained.
naintained.
Based
Based on the
the data of
of,
Table 33 it
it would appear
appear that
Table
0regon should have
opening with
with
that Oregon
have aa split
split opening
Area 22 opening
opening January
Jmuary 1I and
and Area 1I opening
February 1.
Area
opening February
l.
A shorter
shorter season
se.uion should not
A
hurt the caich
not hurt
catch as
fleet seems
seens to
as the
the fleet
to
have
the capability
capability of
of harvesting
have the
harvesting nost
most of
of the legal
or 22
legal crabs
crabs in
in 1I or
nonths.
months.
A later
later opening
opening should
nesult in
A
should result
inproved weather conditions.
in improved
conditions.
There is
is the
the enforcement
enforcerrent problem
problen and
There
serious this
this night
might be
be renains
remains
and hcnv
hor serions
to
to be evaluated.
evaluated,
o
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13.
15.
Conditicn
Table 3,
Soft-Shelled Condition
Summaryof,ofCrab
Crab Sanpling
Sampling fcr
for Soft-Shelled
3" Sumrrary
by Time
Area 1/
Tire and Area
Soft
Per Cent
Cent Soft
Month
Year
Year
November
Novenber
1955
r.955
1958
1958
1959
19s9
1960
1960
Area 1I
Area
-
Noveuber
November Moan
l"lean
December
Decerber
1958
1958
1959
l9s9
1960
1960
1961
1961
1963
1965
1958
1958
1961
1961
1962
L962
1964
January Mean
January
[{ean
February
February
188
1
L2
12
18
18
38
38
22
DecemberMean
December
Mean
January
January
Area
Atea 22
1961
1961
1962
L962
1964
1964
18
18
47
47
57
57
-
-
14
14
.19
19
12
L2
I8
32
12
t2
l11
1
16
16
244
2
10
10
17
t7
-
S.
t17
7
7
t155
4
I8
66
6
22
-
-----------------------------------FebruaryMean
February
I'{ean
March
1/
Ll
1962
L962
fron Snow
Data from
f964).
$now (1962, 1964).
8
6
4
7
.
.
14.
14.
Prediction
Prediction
season
of the season
The
to
probable harvest
The ability
ability
to forecast
forecast the
ahead of
the probable
harrrest ahead
woul.d be
would
be useful
biotrogists.
useful both to
to the
the industry
and the
the management
industry and
nanagementbiologists.
II
think
capabiLity should be undertaken
think studies
studies aimed
ained at
at developing
developing this
this capability
in the
the near future,
in
future.
What seems
obtain obserto obtain
What
program to
seers to
to be required
required is
saryling progra$
is a sampling
landings.
vations on
futtne landings.
vations
legal crabs
crabs that
that correlate
correlate witli
with future
on sub
sublegal
most
The
the most
direct approach
approach seens
seems to
to ne
me to
to sanple
sample after
after the
the bulk
bulk of
of the
the harvest
harvest is
is
direct
completed
in June)
June) and
and obtain
obtain an index
index of
of abr.rndance
abundance of
of st&legal
sublegal
(perhaps in
conpleted (perhaps
crabs.
crabs.
several ways:
in several.
ways:
This
Ttris index
index could be expressed
expressed in
catch-per-standard
catch-per-standard
pot set,
sottrcother
other unit.
pot
rmit.
set, ratio
ratio of
of undersize
or perhaps some
wrdersize to
to legal
legal crabs,
crabs, or
foll.owing
the following
The index obtained
The
with the landings
obtained would be matched
landings the
natched with
yeers the
season and
season
and after
several years
eval.uated,
the relationship
relationship evaluated.
after several
measurements in
in the
Another approach
the
correl.ate neasutements
Another
approach would be to
try and
and correlate
to try
landings 33
crab landings
environment
obtained from
fronn oceanographic studies
studies with
with crab
environnent obtained
or 4 years later.
or
Later.
on
If the
are obtaining
If
the oceanographers
oceanographers are
obtaining reasurenents
measurements on
possible
be possible
variables
should be
variables significantly
srrrvival, it
it should
affecti.ng crab
crab survival,
si.gnificantly affecting
to
the
to identify
identify these
these and
and thus
thus help
help to
to erplain
explain the
behind the
the reasons behind
fluctuations
fluctuations
in
useful predicting
predicting
in crab abundance,
abrmdance, and
srld also
also obtain
obtain r.rseful
relationships.
relationships.
so that
that aa
The
conputer so
The evaluations
evaluations would be
nade by computer
be made
nu3ther
variables could
could be
be evaluated
evaluated and
and fitted
fitted tpgether
together at
at the
the sane
same
nrrr$er ofof variables
ttime.
ine.
Crab
Culture
Crab Culture
out the
Crab culture
may offer
help smooth
offer a technique
can hel.p
the
culture nay
tectrnique that
that can
$nooth out
year-to-year fluctuations
year-to-year
crabs available
available
fluctuations in
in the abundance
of legal-sized
legal-sized crabs
abrmdanceof
f,or harvesting.
harvesting.
for
is due
due to
to variations
It
has been
been hlryotbesized
hypothesized that
variations
It has
this is
that this
.
.
15.
in survival
survival of
of the
in
the crab
crab larvae
planktonic period
period that
lanrae during
during a 3-month
S-nonth pl.anktonic
that
they pass
prior to
they
pass through prior
to settling
settl.ing to
to the
bottosr.
the bottom.
proRearing in
in aa pro-
tected envirorunent
tected
environment to
the free-swimming
period is
stage where the
to a stage
free-swinning petlod
is
shortened or
or eliminated
eliminated may
provide additional
shortened
help to
nay help
to provide
additional crabs
crabs in
in those
tJrose
years when
when the
the natural
production has been
natural production
years
been seriously
seriotrsly reduced.
reduced.
0n1y aa beginning
beginning has been
Only
been made
nade in
in the
tectrnology of
of crab
crab culture.
the technology
cultu,re.
Hooever, advances
advances made
past 10
possible to
However,
nade in
in the past
nake it
no,s make
10 years now
it possible
to rear
rear
in the
the laboratory
laboratory all
all five
in
five zoeal
zoeaL instars
and the magalops
instars and
nagalops stage of
of
C. magister.
nagister.
Pioneering papers in
Pioneering
in the
laboratory crab
the area of
of laboratory
crab culture
culture
(1961), Poole
(1966) , and
incltde Mir
Mir (1961),
(1968) .
include
Poole (1966),
ffid Reed
Reed(1968),
In
In the above
studies
above studies
problens
feeding were encountered
problems with
with feeding
encormtered and
one of
of the first
first obstacles
and one
obstacles
to overcome
overcome is
is the
practical diet
the development
developnent of
and practical
to
of an
an adequate
adequate and
diot to
to
feed the
the larvae.
larvae.
This is
is an
This
an area
where more
r'rore iaforuaticn
&rea rtrhere
is required
requirecl before
lre can
!.nf,ornaticn is
before we
can
seriously consider
consider evaluating
potential application.
seriously
evaluating its
its potential
application.
We
We need
need a
report
report prepared
prepared that
program of
that outlines
outlines a progran
of logical
logical steps
steps necessary
in
necessarly in
the research
practical tool.
developnent of
the
research and
and development
of this
technique as aa practical
this technique
tool.
All
All
problens that
that can
with studies
problems
can be foreseen
wou!.d be
be covered
together with
foreseen would
covered together
studies
required for
for an
required
ansleer.
an answer.
Such a presentation
presentation will
will necessarily
necessarily be very
Such
very
tentative
tentative but
but I
think it
it is
is a necessary first
before we
we invest
step befors
I think
first step
invest a
great deal
program.
great
deal of
of effort
effort into
into such
such aa program.
Enpiricql .e+jllstrcnt
Empirical
Adjustment of
Size
of ,Minimum
MipinunjFi?.e
section on
minimr.unlegal
intended to
The
The section
on minimum
legal size
size is
is intended
to show
shCIr the
inportance
the importance
of aa minimum
nininun size
works.
of
size regulation
regulation and
and why
why it
it works.
No
is
No implication
is intended
irplication
intended
that we
know the
point of
the best
that
we know
best minimum
nininum size
size from
an optimum
optinun management
of
fron an
nanagementpoint
view.
If the
If
the relationship
relationship between
between grouthr
growth, Bgo,
age, size,
and natural
natural
size, drd
S
I
16.
16.
mortality uere
were known,
might be possible
possible to
it night
significant
noftal,ity
kno{n, it
to achieve a significant
increase in
to where
increase
poundage landed
size to
where
in the
Landed by adjusting
adjtrsting the
nrinimun size
the ooundage
the minimum
gro{th and
growth
and natural
nortality are
are in
in balance.
balance.
natural mortality
judgnent estimates
In nDt
my judgment
In
estimates
gnowth and
of the
of
parameters of
natural mortality
are not
not likely
tlhs paranpters
likeLy to
to be
of growth
and natural
mrtality
years.
vrith the precision
precision required,
achieved,
achieved, with
required, for
for many
rnanyyears.
However,
Horever, it
does
it does
seen to
adjusting can
seem
to me
trrcthat
where some
can be
that here is
is an
an area
area where
sorc empirical
enpirical adjusting
made with
with relatively
risk.
nade
relatively little
little
risk.
an average
fron the
crab catch
catdr show
Carapace width
width data
data taken
Oregon crab
show an
taken from
the 0regon
Carapace
of 4-year-old
4-year-old
size
that indicates
bulk of
size that
the catch
catch is
coryosed of
that the
of the
is composed
indicates that
the bulk
males.
nales.
yoar olds
olds
Reference
we would expect the
Ret:erence to
the 4tt year
that we
to Table 1L shows
shows that
to
to average
average roughly
rouglrly 163-175
width.
163-175 mm
nrnin
in carapace
carapace width.
It
seems to
It seens
to me
ne that
that
probably harvesting
with aa minimum
are probably
with
of 159
we are
harvesting aa
nininun size
size regulation
regulation of
159 mm
runwe
nuirber ofof 3-year
3-year otds
olds that
that should
should be
be allowed
allowed to
to spawn
spawn once
once nore
more and
and gror
grow
nu$er
year.
an
an additional
additio'nal. year.
foregoing to
of the
the foregoing
to
One is
Qne
is tempted
tenpted in
in the
the light
light of
rm.
regulation to
165 mm.
recommend
reconnend aa modest
modelt increase
increase in
in the
the minimum
nininurn size
size regulation
to 165
The
objective off such
the harvest
of
would be to
harvest of
The objective
such a change
increasg the
to increase
change woul.d
crab without
resource.
without endangering the
the resource.
evaluation.
evaluation.
concerned with
The problen
problem is
with
The
is concerned
year fluctuations,
year to
long term
tentt
Despite
fluctuations,
long
Despite the
dramatic year
to year
the dramatic
averages have remained
renained remarkably
renarkably stable.
stable.
l0-year
As
As an
an example
example the 10-year
pomds.
average
average annual
annual landing
period 1939-48
1959-48is
nillion pounds.
for the
is 88 million
landing for
the period
The
The
pounds.
period 1959
also 88 million
mrllion pounds.
10-year
to 1968
is also
l0-year average
average for
1959 to
1968is
for the period
As a matter
for the
the 30-year
3O-year
matter of
value for
f,act the
Landing value
of fact
the average annual landing
period
potmds.
fron 1939
period from
1939 to
1968 is
is 88 million
nillion pounds.
to 1968
However,
one is
is reluctant
reluctant
liowever, one
years before
wait 10
of change.
to
to wait
10 years
making an
an evaluation
evaluation of
change.
before making
Actually
Actually an
an
year, although
there wilL
although there
.Ird year,
evaluation
will
evaluation can
can be made
rnadeany
any time
after the
tine after
the 3rd
gain in
precision as
years enter
into the
analysis.
be
be aa gain
in precision
nore years
enter into
the analysis.
as more
The
The reason
for waiting
waiting 3 years
years is
is that
that the
the 1st
year after
there should
should
after the
the change
for
lst year
change there
I
I
17.
t7.
be aa decrease
declease in
be
the landings.
in the
landings.
After
After the
we should begin
begin to
the 1st
lst year we
to
get valid
valid measurements
get
noasurenents of
of the
the change.
change.
After
years II estimate
we would
After 33 years
esti-nate we
(l 3.2 niflion
drange of
of about 40%
need aa change
million pornds)
pounds) in
need
+Ot (+
average
in the
tJre 2-year
Z-year average
judge the
order to
in order
to judge
in
from
the change
drange significant
fron the
significant
long term
tcrn average.
average.
the long
The
(+ 2.1
The precision
precision improves
where a change
iryroves to
of about 25%
to where
change of
25%(+
2.1 million
nillion
judged aa significant
poutds)
years.
pounds) rill
will be judged
change
significant
change after
after 5 years.
What
lthat this
this
rpans
is that
to detect
dotect it
it
means is
we should
that if
if the
dramatic we
the change
change is
is dramatic
should be able
able to
years.
in
in aa few
few years.
A mre
A
more subtle
will take
of evaluation
sr.ibtle change
evaluation
drange will
take more
nore years of
before the
the necessary
before
is
necessaty sensitivity
sensitivity
is achieved.
adrieved.
RECOMMENDATIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
This
firis report
report discusses
discusses a nuther
of areas where changes
fron our
otr
ntr$er of
drmges from
progaan should
current
current nanageuent
management program
should be
be considered.
considered.
Some
Someof
of these
these changes
dranges
(e.g., regulation
ale
are adninistrative
administrative in
in nature
nature (e.g.,
regulation change),
of
clrange), others
otlers are of
a planning
planning nature,
nature, and
ald several
several call
for new
new activities.
acti.vities.
call for
Whether aa conl{trether
con-
can be achieved
points is
questionable but
sensus can
achieved on
sensus
on all
all the
the points
is questionable
but the
the areas
areas
where
where II wish to
to make
nake recommendations
reconnendations follow:
follor:
1.
1.
A progran
A
program for
estirnating the
for estimating
the recreational
recreational catch
of crabs
crabs
catch of
should be
be developed.
developed.
This
effort should
T?ris effort
should be aa cooperative
cooperative
venture between
venture
between the Shellfish
Shellfish and
and Biometrics
Biometrics units.
rurits.
A
A
sampling schere
scheme that
will provide
provide the
the required
estimates,
that ilill
required estinates,
with manpower
together with
should be
be included.
together
and costs,
included.
nanpover needs
needs and
costs, should
2.
2.
given to
Consideration
regulation
Consideration should be given
to revoking
revoking the
the regulation
prohi.biting the
size.
prohibiting
the landing
landing of
of female
fenale crabs
of legal
legal size.
crabs of
It
It
appears to
to me
appears
me that
regulation is
not necessary.
necessary.
that such
such aa regulation
is not
3.
3.
A new
ports of
A
new regulation
regulation is
is required
of aa specinaking escape
escape ports
spocirequired making
fied size
size mandatory
raandatory on
fied
on all
all crab
crab traps.
traps.
Good
Good management
nanagement
.
.
18.
1 8.
protoction of
requires the
tlre protection
requires
legal oegrcnt
segment of
of the
the sub
st6legatr
of the
tlre
population
population from
fron unnecessary
mortelity.
tmnecessarymortality.
4.
4.
If we
If
we wish
wish to
proportion of
to keep
keep the
the prqrortion
of soft-shell
soft-shet l crabs
cr$s
belor the
the 10%
Level then
below
lOt level
then the
sanpltng data
data indicate
indicate
the sampling
that aa Deceaber
Deceder 1tr opening
that
opening is
is too
too early.
early.
A January
January 1
A
I
opening
(Area 2),
opening is
is indicated
indicated for
for the southern
soutlrern coast
2),
coast (Area
and
later opning
and a
a later
opening date for
the northern
for the
northefn coast
coaat
(Area
Area 1).
1).
5.
5.
Developnentof
of aa forecasting
Development
forecasting capability
capability would
would
strengthen our
progran.
strengthen
our management
tmnagengntprogram.
greatly
greatly
I
have indicated
indicated that
I have
that
II think
think this
this is
is possible
possible and
and given
given ssveral
several possible
possible
approachesin
in the
the body
approaches
body of
of this
this review.
revisn.
6.
6.
Crab culture
cul.ture could
could offer
Crab
program for
offer aa progran
snoothing the
for smoothing
year-to-year fluctuations
fluctuations in
year-to-year
in crab
crab abundance.
abr.rndance. More
!&rre inforinfornation is
mation
is required
required before a
of its
a serious evaluation of
its
potential
potential
can be
can
be nade,
made, and
and I
have suggested
suggested that
that a
report
I have
a report
should
should be
be prepar.ed
prepared outlining
outlining a ptogran
program of
of research
research and
and
developrent necessary
ne@ssary to
development
thE development
dovelopnent of
to the
of this
this technique.
tochnlque.
7.
7,
I believe
I
believe we
we should tty
try sr
an iryirical
impirical adjustment
of the
adjustnent of
gize regulation
ninimru size
regulation from
fron 159
minimum
with the
159 mm
165 mm
ths
mr to 165
mnwith
objective of
objective
of ultimately
ultinately
crab harvest.
crab
harvest.
increasing the
poundage of
the poundage
of our
Alt}ough
Although the
the evaluation
evaluation for
for the first
first few
few
years
is relatively
years is
relatively insensitive
insensitive it
to detect
detect
it is
adequateto
is adequate
any dramatic
dranatic change.
years enter
any
ctrange. As
As more
nore years
the
€nter into
lnto the
evaluation
the sensitivity
evaluation the
sensitivity will
will improve.
irprove.
.
.
a'
S
19.
19.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
ACKNOI{[EDGMENT
d$e to
the cooperation
coqteratim
to the
Any
have is
largely due
Arry value
valrre that
that this
nay have
is largely
this review may
ne
aLlot'rme
and patience
Not only did
did he
he allow
and
patience of
of Dale
Dale Snow.
Sno*, Not
to "pick
to
brain'o
"pick his brain's
pertinme into
into the
the pertinhe also
in
nuaber of
of all
al.so steered re
in aa nruber
all day
sessiqrs, but he
day sessions,
personal copies
in many
lnstances.
nany instances.
copies in
ent
ent literature,
literatuf,e, furnishing
his personal
ne with
with his
finnishing me
LITERATURE
CITEJ)
CITED
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breeding of
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T. H.
H. 1960.
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1960. l,latrrrity
and brceding
Canada,
U(5):641-646.
J.
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17(5):641-646.
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magister
Dana.
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of the Pacific edible
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Growth
Growt} and
and age
age determination
1961.
1961.
18(5)
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crab (Cancer
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F. C.
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Jol,
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1969.
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a
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fl
S
"