This~repo~
i,prOVided as background
informati f r the November 25 hearing.
This'répo
i
provided as background
informatid% 1 r the November 25 hearing.
The staff
staff ill
The
ill be
be providing
providing aa review
review of
of
clam resource
resource at
at that
that
the
the status
status of
of he
he clam
\.
time.
time.
ii
0
INFORMATIONAL REPORT
REPORT
INFORMATIONAL
STATUS
STATUS OF
OF OREGON'S
OREGON'S CLAM
CLAM STOCKS
STOCKS
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Razor
along most
most of
of the
the Oregon
Oregon coast,
coast, but
but about
about 90%
90% ofof the
the i'ishery
"fishery
Razor clams
clams occur
occur along
is
on the
the 18-mile
IS-mil e Clatsop
C1 atsop Beach
Beach between
between Tillamook
Ti 11 amooki-lead
Head near
i de and
is 1ocated
located on
near Seas
Seaside
and the
the
Columbia River.
River.
Columbia
South of
of Clatsop
Clatsop Beach
Beach the
the fishery
fishery is
is sporadic
sporadic with
with clams
clams available
available
South
on1y
only during
duri ng some
some years.
years.
Both
Both recreational
recreati ona 1 and
and commercial
commerd a1 fisheries
fi sheri es are
are active
acti ve on
on
Clatsop
Beach.
Clatsop Beach.
One to
to five
five species
species of
of bay
bay clams
clams are
are dug
dug from
from 12
12 of
of Oregon's
Oregon's estuaries.
estuaries.
One
Landing
Landing
statistics are
fishery, but
but data
data for
for the
the sport
sport f,ishery
statistics
are available
available for
for the
the commercial
comercial fishery,
fishery
is
survey and
and some
some special
special studies
studies in
in specific
specific areas.
areas.
is limited
limited to
to the
the 1971
1971 estuary
estuary use
use survey
briefly reviews
reviews clam
clam life
life histories,
histories, regulations,
regulations, research,
research, and
and
This report
report briefly
This
status of
of the
the resource
resource.
status
RAZOR CLAMS
CLM1S
Life
Li
fe History
H ifl9ry
The sexes
sexes in
in razor
are separate;
separate; that
that is,
is, clams
clams are
are male
male or
or female.
female.
The
razor clams
dams are
The
The
c1ams are
are sexually
sexually mature
mature in
in their
their second
second year
year of
of life
1He at
at 3½
3'-2 to
to 44 inches
inches in
in length.
length.
clams
clam has
has the
the spawning
spawning potential
potential of
of 6-10
6-10 million
million eggs
eggs at
at each
each spawning.
spawning.
A female
female clam
A
The
The
sex products
products are
are released
released free
free into
into the
the water
water where
where the
the egg
egg and
and sperm
sperm unite
unite by
by
sex
chance.
chance.
The
The resulting
resulting larvae
larvae drift
drift with
with the
the ocean
ocean currents
currents for
for about
about 8S weeks.
weeks.
When
When
the
the clams
clams settle
settle onto
onto and
and dig
dig into
into the
the bottom.
bottom.
the shell
shell begins
begins to
to form
form the
Tagging studies
studies have
have shown
Tagging
shown that
that razor
razor clams
clams move
move up
up and
and down,
down, but
but not
not laterally
laterally
through the
the sand.
sand.
through
However,
However, wave
wave action
action frequently
frequently washes
washes the
the small
small clams
clams out
out of
of
to depos'it
them in
in another
another location
location.
the
layer of
the top
top layer
of sand
sand only
only to
deposit them
The staff
staff has
has maintained
for several
several years
The
maintained for
years that
that the
the bulk
bulk of
of the
the spawning
spawning stock.
stock
lies
beyond the
the reach
reach of
of the
the diggers.
diggers.
lies close
close offshore
offshore beyond
dug
dug razor
razor clams
clams offshore
offshore at
at Seaside.
Seasi de.
In 1975
independent diver
diver
In
1975 an
an independent
Department
Department of
of Fish
Fi shand
and
wn
Wildlife
d1 He divers
di vers
that razor
razor clams
are numerous
numerous off
off Newport
Newport in
in 12
12 to
to 20
20 feet
feet of
of water
water.
determined
determined that
clams are
-2-
This
is the
the first
first verification
verification of
of an
an offshore
offshore population
population by
by our
our staff.
staff.
This is
Razor
Razor clams
clams grow
grow rapidly.
rapidly.
Spawning
usually occurs
occurs in
in Mayor
and the
the
Spawning usually
May or June
June and
clams
inch in
in length
length by
by their
their first
first winter.
winter. These
clams will
will average
average
clams reach
reach one
one inch
These clams
3-3/4 inches
in length
by their
their second
second winter
winter and
and
3-3/4
inches in
length by
4½
~ inches
inches by
by their
their third
third winter.
winter.
The
life span
span of
of razor
razor clams
clams is
is 55 or
or 66 years
years in
in Oregon.
Oregon.
The life
Research
Research
Razor clam
The Clatsop
been monitored
monitored
Razor
clam studies
studies began
began in
in 1949.
1949. The
Clatsop Beach
Beach fishery
fishery ha.s
ha.s been
1955.
continuously since
since 1955.
continuously
Recreational
commercial diggers
diggers are
are sampled
sampled systemsystemRecreational and
and commercial
atically for
for area
area dug,
dug, number
number of
of clams
clams dug,
dug, and
and age
age composition
composition of
of the
the catch:
catch~
atically
Mark
Mark
and recovery
recovery studies
and
studies were
were done
done to
to determine
determine age,
age, growth,
growth, rate
rate of
of har'vest,
harvest, and
and
natural
in 1952-54
1952-54 and
and in
in 1974-75.
1974-75.. The
The physical
physical parameters
parameters of
of the
the razor
razor
natural mortality
mortality in
clams' habitat
habitat were
were studied
studied in
in 1965
1965 and
and changes
changes in
in beach
beach elevation
elevation were
were monitored
monitored
clams'
from 1966-70.
from
1966-70. AA drift
drift bottle
bottle study
study in
in 1963-64
1963-64 provided
provided data
data on
the nearshore
nearshore ocean
on the
ocean
currents and
and their
their relationship
relationship to
to the
the distribution
distribution of
of razor
razor clams.
clams.
currents
Regulations_
Regulations
Prior
Prior to
to 1954
1954 the
the recreational
recreational bag
bag limit
limit for
for razor
razor clams
clams was
was 36
36 clams
clams per
per
day.
digger per
per day.
digger
In 1954
1954 this
this was
reduced to
to 24
24 clams
clams per
per person
person per
per day
day regardless
regardless
In
was reduced
and no
no more
more than
than 48
48 clams
clams in
in any
any 77 consecutive
consecutive days.
days.
of size
size and
of
In 1967
1967 a
a summer
In
summer
closure from
15 through
closure
from July
July 15
through August
August 31
31 was
was enacted
enacted for
for Clatsop
Clatsop 8each
Beach to
to reduce
reduce the
the
harvest of
small clams.
clams.
harvest
of small
This
This included
included the
the commercial
commercial fishery
fishery also.
also.
The
limit on
The size
size limit
on clams
clams taken
taken by
by commercial
commercial diggers
diggers was
was
1954.
1954,
In
limit was
increased to
to
In 1954,
1954, the
the size
size limit
was increased
3~inches
3½ inches prior
prior to
to
~ inches
inches which
which eliminated
eliminated small
small
4¼
clams from
from the
the catch
increased utilization
clams
catch and
and prov4ded
prov4ded increased
utilization of
of the
the resource
resource by
by allowing
allowing
to reach
reach aa larger
larger size
size and
and giving
giving them
them aa chance
chance to
to spawn
spawn at
at
the
the fast
fast growing
growing clams
clams to
least
before harvest.
harvest .
least once
once before
. In
In 1972
1972 the
the commercial
commercial size
size limit
limit was
was reduced
reduced to
to 3-3/4
3-3/4 inches,
inches, at
at the
the request
request
,
.......................
-3-3-
of the
the commercial
commercial industry.
industry.
of
A
sanitation from
A certificate
certificate of
of sanitation
from the
the State
State Health
Health
Division
required in
in 1972.
1972.
Division was
was required
Catch and
and Effort
Effort
Catch
the sport
take of
of razor
razor clams
clams from
fro!TI 1946.
1946.
Figure
Figure 1
1 shows
shows the
sport and
and commercial
commercial take
commercial
commercial catch
catch once
once dominated
dominated the
the fishery,
fishery, but
but the
the
The
The
4~
4¼ inch
inch size
size limit
limit and
and dramatic
dramatic
increase
in competition
competition with
with sport
sport diggers
diggers greatly
greatly reduced
reduced the
the catch.
catch.
increase in
It
is
It is
significant that
that in
in some
some years
years wastage
wastage by
by sport
sport diggers
diggers exceeds
exceeds the
the commercial
commercial harvest.
harvest.
significant
The
commercial catch
catch over
over the
the past
past 15
15 years
years has
has amounted
amounted to
to 6-10%
6-10% of
of the
the total
total catch.
catch.
The commercial
The number
nU~ber of
of sport
sport digger-trips
digger-trips from
from 1955
1955 is
is shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 2.
2.
The
There has
has
There
been
increase in
in the
the number
number of
of diggers
diggers with
with moderate
moderate fluctuation.
fluctuation.
been a
a general
general increase
The
The
sudden
in 1974
1974 coincided
coincided with
the gasoline
gasoline crisis.
crisis.
sudden decrease
decrease in
with the
The number
number of
of commercial
commercial licenses
licenses issued
issued annually
annually is
is also
also shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 2.
2.
The
The
number of
of diggers
diggers reflects
reflects the
the relative
relative abundance
abundance of
of clams.
clams.
The number
yearclasses move
move into
into the
the fishery,
fishery, more
more diggers
diggers enter
enter it.
it.
yearclasses
able to
enough clams
clams to
to pay
pay for
for their
their $40
$40 license.
license.
able
to dig
dig enough
As
As
t~~,strong
the
strong
However, few
few diggers
diggers are
are
However,
About
About 10
10 diggers
diggers take
take 75%
75%
of the
the commercial
commercial catch.
catch.
of
Age CQlTIpositiojl
Compgition
Age
The age
age of
of razor
razor clams
clams is
is determined
determined by
by counting
counting the
the dark
dark rings
rings on
on the
the shell.
shell.
The
The
data show
show that
that prior
prior to
to the
58% of
The data
the 1967
1967 closure,
closure, up
up to
to 58%
of the
the clams
clams dug
dug by
by sport
sport
diggers were
in their
their first
first year
year of
of life.
life.
diggers
were in
These
clams are
are 11 to
to 33 inches
inches in
in length.
length.
These clams
The
harvest of
of first
first year
year clams
clams was
was reduced
reduced an
an average
average of
of 13%
13% following
following the
the closure.
closure.
The harvest
The razor
razor clam
clam fishery
fishery consists
second year
clams with
The
consists mostly
mostly of
of second
year clams
with clams
clams oldel'
older
than
up only
15% of
of the
the harvest.
harvest.
than their
their third
third year
year making
making up
only 15%
The age
age composition
composition of
the commercial
catch shows
shows that
that the
the 4¼-inch
4~-inch size
size limit
limit
The
of the
commercial catch
eliminated nearly
nearly all
all of
of the
the first
first year
year clams
clams from
from the
the fishery.
fishery.
eliminated
.
-4-4-
Status
of the
the Razor
Razor Clam
Clam Resource
Resource
Status of
The
intense fishery
on razor
razor clams
clams removes
removes aa large
large portion
portion of
of the
the population
population
The intense
fishery on
annually.
annually.
spawning potential
potential of
of razor
razor clams
clams and
rapid growth
growth
Yet,
the high
Yet, the
high spawning
nd their
their rapid
are adequate
adequate to
to sustain
sustain sport
sport and
and commercial
commercial fisheries.
fisheries.
are
Razor clams
clams spawn
spawn annually
annually
Razor
and
the resulting
resulting larvae
larvae are
are distributed
distributed by
by the
the ocean
ocean currents,
currents.
and the
The 1963-64
1963-64 drift
drift
The
bottle
bottle study
study indicated
indicated that
that the
the nearshore
nearshore currents
currents are
are southerly
southerly toward
toward the
the shore
shore
spawning and
and setting
setting times
times or
or razor
razor clams,
clams.
during,
the spawning
during the
Hence,
continous supply
supply
Hence, a
a continous
clams is
is available
available to
to Oregon
Oregon beaches
beaches with
with some
some of
of the
the larvae
larvae perhaps
perhaps
of
razor clams
of razor
Washington.
originating in
in Washington.
originating
The
summer closure
closure (also
(also in
in Washington)
Washington) and
and commercial
commercial
The summer
size limit
limit has
has reduced
reduced the
the take
take of
of small
small clams,
clams, increasing
increasing effective
effective utilization
utilization of
of
size
the
resource.
the resource,
The
little consequence,
The commercial
commercial fishery
fishery is
is of
of little
consequence, taking
taking only
only up
up to
to
10%
harvest, and
providing supplemental
supplemental income
income for
for aa few
few people
people and
and clams
clams
10% of
of the
the harvest,
and yet
yet providing
for many
many Oregon
Oregon restaurants
restaurants and
and people
people who
who do
do not
not or
or cannot
cannot dig
dig their
their own
own clams.
clams.
for
BAY CLAMS
CLN'1S
LHe Hi stori es
Life.Histories
bay clams
clams are
are dug
dug in
in Oregon
Oregon estuaries:
estuaries:
Five species
species of
of bay
Five
littleneck,
and butter.
butter.
littleneck, and
Cockle,
gaper, softsheii,
softshel1,
Cockle, gaper,
Our knowledge
knowledge of
of their
their life
life histories
histories is
is limited.
limited.
Our
The
The
gaper
during the
winter while
while all
all the
the others
others spawn
spawn during
during the
the spring
spring or
or
gaper clam
clam spawns
spawns during
the winter
summer.
summer.
Growth
rates vary
between species;
species, between
between estuaries
estuaries and
and within
within estuaries.
estuaries.
Growth rates
vary between
~here
is some
some indication
indication that
that the
the gaper
gaper clam
clam does
does not
not spawn
spawn every
every year,
as some
some age
age
There is
year, as
groups are
are missing
missing in
in the
the age
age composition.
composition.
groups
Determining the
the age
age of
of bay
bay clams
clams is
is aa
Determining
problem in
in itself
itself and
and we
we are
are only
only now
now establishing
establishing reliable
reliable criteria
criteria for
for aging.
aging.
problem
,
C
Research
Research
The studies
studies done
done on
on bay
bay clams
clams prior
prior to
to 1972
1972 were
short term,
term, designed
designed to
to answer
The
were short
answer
specific questions
questions about
about specific
specific areas.
areas.
specific
The one
one exception
exception was
was work
work done
done in
in the
the
The
1950's
1950's to
to determine
determine the
the identification,
identification, distribution,
distribution, and
and relative
relative abundance
abundance of
of bay
bay
.
.
-5-5-
clams
in Oregon's
Oregon's estuaries.
estuaries.
clams in
Some work
was also
also done
done on
on the
the age
age and
and growth
growth of
of cockles
cockles
Some
work was
and
in Yaquina
and to
to aa lesser
lesser extent
extent in
in Coos
Coos and
and Tillamook
Tillamook bays.
bays.
and gapers
gapers in
Yaquina Bay
Bay and
Clam
Clam
surveys
conducted annually
from 1953-69.
1953-69. Transects
50 feet
feet were
laid out
Transects 2
2 x
x 50
were laid
out
surveys were
were conducted
annually from
dug tideflats
tideflats in
in 77 estuaries
estuaries and
and the
the number
number of
of clams
clams determined
determined by.
by.
across
heavily dug
across heavily
sight
and feel.
feel. This
had limited
1imited value
value because
because only
only adult
adult clams
clams were
were detected.
detected.
This method
method had
sight and
In 1972
1972 a
a systematic
systematic survey
survey of
of all
all estuapies
These surveys
In
estuaries was
was begun.
begun. These
surveys include
include
intertidal and
and subtidal
subtidal clams.
clams. The
The first
first phase
phase of
of the
the study
study was
was to
to determine
determine
both
both intertidal
and relative
relative abundance
abundance of
of the
the clams,
clams, substrate
substrate composition,
composition, and
and
the distribution
the
distribution and
vegetation.
vegetation.
The
information was
was plotted
plotted on
on maps
maps and
and the
the area
area of
of the
the clam
clam beds
beds
The information
determined.
determined.
In
study aa hydraulic
hydraulic dredge
dredge was
was used
used to
to determine
determine
In the
the second
second phase
phase of
of the
the study
clams and
and population
population estimates.
estimates.
species
composition of
of clams
species composition
are
aged, weighed,
and measured.
measured.
are aged,
weighed, and
Clams
in the
the samples
Clams taken.
taken in
samples
To date
date Yaquina,
Yaquina, Alsea,
Alsea, and
and Siletz
Siletz surveys
surveys are
are
To
have begun
begun on
Netarts, Nestucca,
Nestucca, Nehalem,
Nehalem, Siuslaw,
complete.
Surveys have
complete. Surveys
on Tillamook,
Tillamook, Netarts,
Siuslaw, and
and
Coos
bays.
Coos bays.
We have
have determined
determined that
that the
the subtidal
subtidal clam
clam populations
populations are
are much
greater
We
much greater
intertidal populations.
populations.
than
the intertidal
than the
One
15-acre subtidal
subtidal bed
bed in
in Yaquina
Yaquina Bay
Bay has
has an
an
One 15-acre
estimated
population of
of one
clams of
of aa harvestable
harvestable size.
size.
estimated population
one million
million clams
Clam density
Clam
density in
in
Yaquina subtidal bed
bed is
is 150
150 adult
adult clams
clams per
per two
two square
square feet.
feet.
another Yaquina.subtidal
another
These
These surveys
surveys will
will continue
continue until
until all
all estuaries
estuaries are
are completed.
completed.
Sea Grant
Sea
Grant funds
funds
are helping
helping to
to continue
continue this
this work
studies to
to determine
are
work and
and other
other studies
determine substrate-clam
substrate-clam
density relationships,
current patterns
estuaries, and
and the
~ensity
relationships, current
patterns in
in the
the estuaries,
the relationship
relationship
between
subtidal and
intertidal clams.
clams.
between subtidal
and intertidal
Catch
Effort
Catch and
and Effort
The
1971 resource
provides the
The 1971
resource use
use survey
survey provides
the only
only comprehensive
comprehensive data
data on
on sport
sport use
use
of
estuaries.
of Oregon's
Oregon's estuaries.
A
report has
has been
been published
published for
for each
each estuary,
estuary,
A separate
separate report
500,000 users
users spent
spent 1,205,000
1,205,000 hours
hours to
to take
take 2,951,000
2,951,000 marine
marine fish,
fish,
but to
to summarize,
but
summarize, 500,000
crabs,
clams, and
and miscellaneous
invertebrates.
crabs, clams,
miscellaneous invertebrates.
Clams made
made up
Clams
up 55%
55% of
of the
the total
total catch
catch
and Coos
Coos being
being the
the most
most important
important clamming
clamming bays.
ba.ys.
with, Tillamook,
Tillamook, Netarts,
Netarts, Yaquina,
Yaquina, and
with,
'. -'i:
.
-6-
Only
the Rogue
Rogue and
Chetco estuaries
estuaries have
have no
no records
records of
of clams.
clams.
Only the
and Chetco
The commercial
commercial harvest
harvest of
of clams
clams is
is shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 3.
3.
The
fishery has
fishery
has dwindled
dwindled to
to near
near extinction.
extinction.
A
important
A once
once important
In
1962 and
and 1972
In 1962
1972 subtidal
subtidal clam
clam fishing
fishing
increased
total commercial
commercial clam
clam catch.
catch. This
This effort
effort has
has been
been sporadic.
sporadic.
increased the
the total
Status of
of the
the Bay
Bay Clam
Clam Stocks
Stocks
Status
The foremost
foremost problem
problem in
in our
our bay
bay clam
clam management
management was
was lack
lack of
of data.
data.
The
The
The
surveys
surveys begun
begun in
in 1973
1973 are
are providing
providing us
us with
with a
a data
data base
base from
from which
which to
to work.
work.
Catch
and effort
data were
taken in
in 1975
1975 in
in Yaquina,
Yaquina, Netarts,
Netarts, and
and Tillamook
Tillamook bays.
bays.
Catch and
effort data
were taken
that some
some regulation
regulation changes
changes are
are needed.
needed.
Preliminary analysis
analysis indicates
indicates that
Preliminary
The
The
subtidal commercial
commercial fishery
fishery is
is aa new
new fishery
fishery and
and provides
provides an
an opportunity
opportunity to
to
subtidal
manage
fishery before
before unwanted
unwanted or
or poor
poor practices
practices cause
cause management
management problems.
problems.
manage a
a fishery
The
staff has
has developed
developed criteria
criteria to
to manage
manage the
the fishery
fishery and
and protect
protect the
the resource.
resource.
The staff
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Figure 1.
1.
Annual
Number of Clams
Clams Dug
Dug from
from 1946
1946 to
to Present,
Present. Shaded
Shaded ,Areas
Indicate
Annual Number
Areas Indicate
Number of
of Clams
Clams Wasted.
Wasted.
Number
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