ةــلأـســمـلا 11-3/2 ةيمقرلا ةمظنلأل ينيبلا ليغشتلاو ةيلثامتلا تاكبشلا عم ضرلأل

‫‪2‬‬ ‫المسألــة ‪ :11-3/2‬فحص تكنولوجيات اإلذاعة الصوتية والتلفزيونية الرقمية لألرض وأنظمتها‪ ،‬والتشغيل البيني لألنظمة الرقمية لألرض‬ ‫االحتـ ــاد الـ ــدويل لالتصـ ــاالت‬ ‫مكـتب تنمي ـ ــة االتص ـ ــاالت‬ ‫‪Place des Nations‬‬ ‫‪CH-1211 Geneva 20‬‬ ‫‪Switzerland‬‬ ‫‪www.itu.int‬‬ ‫‪01/2014‬‬ ‫‪20 10 -2 0 14 ...‬‬ ‫طبع يف سويسرا‬ ‫جنيف‪2014 ،‬‬ ‫الـتـق ـريــر الـنـهــائــي‬ ‫قطاع تنمية االتصاالت لجنة الدراسات ‪2‬‬ ‫ـة‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ـأ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫فحص تكنولوجيات اإلذاعة الصوتية‬ ‫‪11-3/2‬‬ ‫والتلفزيونية الرقمية لألرض وأنظمتها‪،‬‬ ‫والتشغيل البيني لألنظمة الرقمية‬ ‫لألرض مع الشبكات التماثلية‬ ‫الـقــائـمــة‪ ،‬واس ـتــراتـيـجـي ــات وطــرائ ــق‬ ‫االنـتـق ــال م ــن الـتـقـنـي ــات الـتـمــاثـلـي ــة‬ ‫لألرض إلــى ال ـت ـق ـن ـي ــات ال ــرق ـم ـيـ ــة‬ ‫فرتة الدراسة اخلامسة‬ ‫قطـ ــاع تنمي ـ ــة االتصـ ـ ـ ـ ــاالت‬ ‫‪2014-2010‬‬ (ITU) �� (BDT) �� Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Email: mailto:bdtdirector@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5035/5435 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 �� (IP) �� (PKM) Email: bdtpkm@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5447 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 Email: bdtip@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5900 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 �� (IEE) �� Email: bdtiee@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5421 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 �� (DDR) �� Email: bdtdeputydir@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5784 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 �� TelOne Centre for Learning Corner Samora Machel and Hampton Road P.O. 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(Single Frequency Network) (ITU Spectrum Management Training Programme) \ _ +C/! 3& @ FX X \ -.9 +C/! 5 3& @ FX (Strategic Programme on Terrestrial Broadcasting) (Strategic Programme on Cooperative Terrestrial Networks) $8/ ui (Televisión Digital Abierta) 8 3?P +68 (Three Dimensional Television) <!\ 3BB +68 (Ultra High Definition Television) O v)i +68& (Ultra High Frequency) v)i <<& (Very High Frequency) Q7 b <<& (@A&@ :& f#: ITU-T G 993.2 e) Q7 ; b /? 3?P Z (Set Top Boxes) (Very High Speed Digital Subscriber Line) W# i * D ¢: : => 2012 2007 3 D <: < @A& , => (Video-On-Demand) (World Radiocommunication Conferences, 2007, 2012, 2015) 2015 2010 * @A&@ ? 3 => (World Telecommunication Development Conference, 2010) 63 OLED OpenTV PDP QoE QoL QoS PC PVR RoHS SFN SBTTV SD SDTT SMIL SMPT SP-TB SP-CTN STB TDA 3DTV UHDTV UHF VHF VDSL VOD WRC-07, 12, 15 WTDC-10 Annexes to Chapter 5 Annex 1 to Chapter 5: Key Characteristics of Receiving Terminals Annex 2 to Chapter 5: Trends Annex 3 to Chapter 5: The TV Audiences Around the World Annex 4 to Chapter 5: Studies on Health Versus Watching TV Annex 5 to Chapter 5: Regulatory and Legal Aspects Annex 6 to Chapter 5: Accessibility to Programmes for Persons with Disabilities !" #$ %&' ( )*+# ,-. 11-3/2 "/ ( *0 12 304 567 ( 8 #9 60 "/ (+ :2 ( *0 ;< Annex 1 to Chapter 5: Key Characteristics of Receiving Terminals 1. Overview The key characteristics of digital Terrestrial TV Broadcasting receiving park terminals (Plasma TV and LCD screen TV sets) are provided in this Annex. The Plasma TV set is a flat screen that uses a display technology in which a mixture of gases made up of neon, helium and xenon emits light resulting from ionization at the intersecting points of a grid of metal wires when a magnetic field is generated by an electric current. An LCD screen is made up of a liquid-crystal panel on which the points and colours of the image are formed. A neon-tube light source located behind the panel renders the image luminous and visible. There are two main types of LCD: 1 LED (Liquid Cristal Displays with LED backlighting) In the so-called LED variant, the neon tubes are replaced by diodes. It would therefore be more accurate to refer to LED or LED-backlit LCDs. The "LED" thus describes a backlighting system and is not in itself a display technology as is LCD. There are in fact three types of LED backlighting: – Edge LED, where diodes are positioned around the rim of the screen and a special diffusion panel is used to spread the light evenly behind the screen. – Local-dimming LED: the LEDs are white and located behind the entire surface of the LCD panel, making for more homogeneous lighting and optimized contrast. – RGB LED, where a white light is produced through the association of red, green and blue diodes. It combines the advantages of the preceding case with the ability to make precise adjustments to the colour of the light. 2 TFT (Thin Film Transistor) is an active matrix LCD technology that enables a higher responsiveness and better image quality than conventional LCD screens. It replaces the front electrode grid with a single ITO (indium tin oxide, InSn203) electrode, and the rear grid with a thin-film transistor matrix, one per pixel and three per colour pixel, making for better control of the tension of each pixel and hence for an improved response time and image stability. It should be noted that CCFL (Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps) LCDs are nearing the end of their lifespan. Compared with LEDs, this type of TV has several shortcomings, particularly in terms of contrast (black appears less deep) and reduced brightness. 2. Key considerations when choosing a flat-screen TV 2.1 Definition: this refers to the number of pixels that the screen can display. This number generally lies between 640x480 (640 pixels in length, 480 pixels in width) and 1920x1080 (DVB: see ETSI TS 101 154 and EN 300 241). 2.2 Size has beencalculated by measuring the screen diagonal and expressed in inches (one inch equals 2.54 cm). Television sets exist in the following dimensions: 15" (38 cm), 20" (51 cm), 23" (58 cm), 26" (66 cm), 27" (68 cm), 32" (80 cm), 37" (94 cm), 40" (101 cm), 42" (107 cm), 45" (114 cm),50" (127 cm) and screens with diagonals of 55” to 65” have become available. Depending on where one wishes to watch television, one has to consider the available space and viewing distance (wall mounting, suspension from 67 !" #$ %&' ( )*+# ,-. 11-3/2 "/ ( *0 12 304 567 ( 8 #9 60 "/ (+ :2 ( *0 ;< ceiling, supported by table or pedestal). As a general rule, the viewing distance should be equal to five or six times the height of the TV set. In the case of HD viewing, the distance can be reduced to three to four times the height of the set thanks to the higher resolution provided by this format, i.e.: – 50-69 cm (20-27") screens = viewing distance 76 to 150 cm; – 81-94 cm (32-37") screens = viewing distance 180 to 240 cm; – 107-117 cm (42-46") screens = viewing distance 300 to 425 cm; – 127 cm (50") and over = viewing distance 365 to 480 cm; and – home cinema, minimum 32" screen. Care must be taken not to confuse screen definition with screen size, as the definition provided by different screens of the same size may differ. Generally speaking, however, large screens will be characterized by high definition. 2.3 Format: The ratio of image width to image height. The traditional 4/3 format represents a width/height ratio of 1.33:1. The 16/9 format represents a ratio of 1.77:1, which was adopted to offer a useful compromise when broadcasting films on television and which is better adapted to so-called panoramic (HD) human ocular perception. The 16/9 format is also used for publishing video on digital platforms: DVD video, Blu-ray, VOD. 2.4 Resolution: this refers to the number of pixels per surface unit, expressed as Dots Per Inch (DPI). Where HD is concerned, there are two possible resolutions: HD Ready and Full HD. 3. Technology 3.1 HD Ready technology: It is compatible only with 16:9 wide screens (Recommendation ITU-R BT.1202). HD Ready is a label applicable to HD video broadcasting. To be able to use this label, brands must comply with a very strict set of requirements: – minimum 720-line display; – equipped with DVI (digital), HDMI (digital) and YPbPr1 (analogue) connectors; – acceptance of video formats 720p (1280x720 pixels at 50 and 60 Hz, progressive), or 1080i (1920x1080 pixels at 50 and 60Hz, interlaced); and – HDMI or DVI inputs compatible with HDCP anti-pirating protection. 3.2 Full HD technology: TV sets bearing the Full HD label have a 1920x1080 pixel resolution (i.e. four times higher than a conventional set). 3.3 HDTV technology: Since 2009, the HD Ready and Full HD labels have ceased to be used in France. They have been replaced, respectively, by HDTV and HDTV 1080p. HDTV signifies that the TV set has a native resolution of 720p (720 points per line) and has a built-in DTTV HD (MPEG-4) tuner. HDTV 1080p signifies that the set has a native resolution of 1080p (1920x1080 points) and has a DTTV HD (MPEG-4) tuner. 3.4 Connected TV technology (HbbTV/Smart TV) is covered by ETSI standard 102 796 (July 2010). On a hybrid TV set (CE-HTLM) equipped with a DVB HD tuner, a network connection and the appropriate software, it enables the reception of both DTTV and Internet channels. HbbTV enables television networks to publish additional content in addition to and alongside their televised programmes. Its principal advantage is that it makes the broadcast interactive service neutral vis-à-vis the brand of TV receiver that incorporates this standard. This standard has been available since the end of 2011 in most European countries and Argentina. The DTTV 2.0 “standard” (standardized by ETSI following a request from France and Germany) appeared at the start of 2012: it is a new name that encompasses the HbbTV standard and 68 !" #$ %&' ( )*+# ,-. 11-3/2 "/ ( *0 12 304 567 ( 8 #9 60 "/ (+ :2 ( *0 ;< the related services that are now included in many DVB-T television sets. DTTV 2.0 is primarily (and above all) a means of protecting the diverse content accessible over connected portals against piracy. The DTTV 2.0 standard is version 1.5 of HbbTV (MPEG-DASH/Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP). Herein the broadcasted TV programmes are not more than 50% of the total of the video consumed by users while the remaining video consumption originates from Internet. The Connected TV is oriented towards interface personalisation (e.g. face recognition) enabling appearance of personalised page to the connection with preferred content (TV channels, cloud multimedia content, social networks, etc.). 3.5 Luminance: This is expressed in candelas per square metre (Cd/m2). The luminance of an LCD television screen is in the order of 500 Cd/m2 as against 1 000 Cd/m2 for plasma screens. 3.6 Contrast: This is the variation in luminance intensity between the lightest and darkest areas of the image. The greater this variation, the better will be the colour rendering. (The gamma curve shows a screen’s ability to reproduce all the shades between the various colours). 3.7 Vertical and horizontal viewing angle: Expressed in degrees, it is used for stating the angle beyond which viewing becomes difficult when one is no longer directly in front of the screen. 3.8 Refresh rate: this is the rate at which the video image is refreshed. The higher the rate, the more significant the result, as the image becomes more stable with almost imperceptible flicker. Currently, the minimum is 100 Hz. At this speed the image is refreshed 100 times per second. Some recent models now boast speeds of 200 Hz and higher. 3.9 Connectors: all models are equipped with SCART sockets. HD flat screens all have one or two HDMI (high-definition multimedia interface) sockets, and users should check to ensure that the set has the latest software version. On the audio side, DTS and Dolby outputs are desirable for a quality sound experience. It is a good idea to choose a TV set with at least three HDMI sockets, thereby making it an easy matter to connect external devices such as cable or satellite decoders, game consoles, camcorders, etc., without always having to disconnect one device to make room for another. The availability of a USB port and/or memory card reader can also be useful. A USB port enables one to plug in a USB stick or digital camera and display one's photos on the wide screen, while a card reader will accept the camera's memory card. Further information may be found in Annex 4 of the Report on Question 11-2/2 for the period 2006-2010: Document 2/258(Rev.2) “EBU Document TECH 3333 − Receiver requirements”. See below a comparison of the various HD labels. Table 1: Comparison of the various HD labels HD Ready HD TV Full HD HD Ready 1080p HD TV 1080p HDMI Port Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 720p and 1080i Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1080p No No Yes Yes Yes Integrated DTTV HD tuner No Yes No No Yes 3.10 Advantages/disadvantages of LCD and 2D plasma TV sets 69 !" #$ %&' ( )*+# ,-. 11-3/2 "/ ( *0 12 304 567 ( 8 #9 60 "/ (+ :2 ( *0 ;< Table 2: Advantages/disadvantages of LCD and 2D plasma TV sets SCREEN TYPE ADVANTAGES – – LCD – – – – PLASMA – – – DISADVANTAGES Not affected by temperature variations Lighter and less bulky than a plasma screen with the same dimensions 170° viewing angle Low power consumption (120 to 150 W for a 42" screen) – – Image purity and depth Brightness and contrast truer than nature Expressive colours, wide variety of shades Very flat screen, uniform image without shake 160° viewing angle – – – – – – – Movements somewhat jerky Colour changes and loss of contrast according to viewing angle Colour depth relatively low, especially whites and blacks Possibility of dead pixels, although relatively rare (seen as constant black dots)(1) Sensitive to temperature Only large screens available (32" and above) Releases heat Power consumption (200 to 250 W for a 42" screen) Heavier than LCD screens (1) Standard ISO 13406-02 regulates the guaranteeing of LCD and plasma TV sets against dead pixels. It provides for several classes according to level of requirement, the highest level being Class I, with zero dead pixels per million pixels. Most manufacturers maintain conformity with Class II. Remark: Standards ISO 9241-300 and 302-307 establish "requirements for the ergonomic design of electronic visual displays". Standard ISO 9241 as a whole relates to the ergonomics of human-system interaction. It comprises various chapters produced since 1998. Chapter 300 has recently (in 2009) been revised and provides additional details regarding the viewing of information on screens. The term "screens" covers all types of screen (computers, televisions, telephones, control rooms), and the factors taken into consideration include character size, contrast, luminance and ambient lighting. 4. Emerging technologies 4.1 Screens using OLED (organic light-emitting diode) technology have appeared on the market (better colour rendering, wide viewing angle, slimness, mounting flexibility, response time < 0.1 ms). This technology is already used in products with a short or medium lifetime (14 000 hours), such as mobile telephones, digital cameras and MP3 players, whereas the minimum requirement for a TV screen is 50 000 hours. This type of screen is currently hard to find on the market and its price is high (for further details kindly refer to Part 309 of ISO 9241-300). Prototypes of curved screen OLED television sets were already demonstrated at the beginning of year 2013. 4.2 4K televisions (Ultra HDTV): An image in 4K format has a definition twice that of 1920x1080 HD, equivalent to around 4096x2160 pixels. There are also definitions of 4096x1728 pixels for the cinemascope 2.37:1 format and 4000x2160 pixels for the traditional 1.85:1 format. At present the 4K format is mostly used in digital cinema. It should become available to the general public in the next few years. The name 4K comes from the fact that this resolution has around 4000 (4K) horizontal pixels. At the IFA trade show in September 2011 (Consumer electronics trade show held in Berlin every year) the first consumer 4K equipment was unveiled. 4K is supported by DVI dual-link connections and by the HDMI standard from version 1.4 onwards. There are 4K LED television sets offering 3D viewing without special glasses. 70 !" #$ %&' ( )*+# ,-. 11-3/2 "/ ( *0 12 304 567 ( 8 #9 60 "/ (+ :2 ( *0 ;< Figure 1: Forecast for OLID and 4K TV LCD television sets Source: NPD Display Search trimestriel d'expédition avancée: Global TV et Forecast Report Note: On 23 August 2012, ITU-R adopted Recommendation BT.2020, i.e. the Ultra HDTV (2160p), previously designated as 4K TV by manufacturers and the Ultra HDTV (4320p) or as 8K TV standard. 4.3 Laser television sets, recently developed in Japan, likewise represent an opportunity for the future. Each pixel is illuminated by three laser beams, one blue, one green and one red. Such screens are interesting for various reasons: they consume a third of the energy used by a plasma screen of the same size; their colour contrast and luminance is significantly greater; they can display a much wider range of colours than LCD or plasma screens; they are fully compatible with HD; their lifetime should be considerably higher than that of LCD and plasma screens; and, last but not least, they should be very affordable, costing less than plasma screens to manufacture. Some laser TV sets are integrating 2 types of back lighting technology: red lasers of 638 nm wavelength combined with cyan lasers (mix of blue and green. 4.4 TV compatible with Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA): Entire digital content (music, movies and photos) is kept in computer. In order to be able to access it at households there was a need to use multimedia digital disc. game console or hard multimedia disc Actually, the HD television set can directly access said content. For simple sharing of it the DLNA protocol was developed linking client (TV set) with server (said computer). The DLNA defines in fact an interoperability standard (software and connectivity) enabling reading, sharing and control of multimedia equipment independently from their manufacturer or nature. In order to be able to be to add DLNA sticker to their products, manufacturers have to pass via dedicated certification procedure Both TV set and computer, already certified and holders of relevant DLNA sticker have to be connected via home communication network to be able to communicate with each other. The simplest way to achieve this is using RG-45 network cables but such system is cumbersome and spoils the internal household design. Therefore alternative, more simple and practical solutions are can be used like CPL or WiFi /USB WiFI connections with which both the TV set and the computer must be equipped. Than by simply pressing the remote control key « Sources » of the TV set we can access to different periferials enabled by the DLNA at our home network and their content be displayed via corresponding menus. 71 !" #$ %&' ( )*+# ,-. 11-3/2 "/ ( *0 12 304 567 ( 8 #9 60 "/ (+ :2 ( *0 ;< Annex 2 to Chapter 5: Trends 1. Global TV trends Three studies of global TV trends, from the end of 2011, are of interest: a) Accenture showed that: – traditional TV consumption fell from 71 per cent to 48 per cent of audience share between 2009 and 2011; – traditional TV sets are losing ground to mobiles, tablets and laptops: 44 per cent of tablet owners watch video on their devices; 33 per cent of consumers watch television and films on their PCs and 10 per cent on their smartphones; – 56 per cent of consumers have changed their behaviour as a result of the availability of new online services, and one third have stopped renting DVDs. b) Informa Telecoms & Media expects so-called OTT (over the top) solutions (ways of consuming television over the Internet without using a telecommunication operator’s interface box) to overtake IPTV-managed services in 2013. In 2014 it is expected that there will be 380 million users of OTT video sources such as connected TV, games consoles and Internet boxes. In addition, there is also the phenomenon of “cord cutting”, with consumers cancelling their cable TV subscriptions, mostly in the United States. ISI Group has shown that cable has lost 3.8 per cent of its customers (53 per cent of subscriptions in 2010 and less than 50 per cent at the end of 2011). These subscribers have seemingly migrated to satellite and telephone services, which grew by 3.6 per cent and 0.2 per cent respectively in the United States. Figure 2: Global shipment forecast of Intern-enabled televisions and Internet-enabled set top boxes Source: HIS iSuppli Research, September 2011 72 !" #$ %&' ( )*+# ,-. 11-3/2 "/ ( *0 12 304 567 ( 8 #9 60 "/ (+ :2 ( *0 ;< 2. Flat-screen market The global TV set market stabilized in 2011 compared with 2010 (economic crisis in the developed countries). The global delivery of TV sets was reduced to 6% during the year 2012. It has been estimated that the sales of TV sets will be identical during 2013 but would grow afterwards. Figure 3: Global TV set market Source: NPD DisplaySearch trimestriel d'expédition avancée Global TV et Forecast Report We may note that 31 per cent of users are likely to replace their TV sets in 2013: these replacement purchases should logically result in domination of mature markets by 40 to 44 inch models. This will be the case in Europe. In the emerging markets, it is important to take into account the fact that the process of replacing cathode ray tube models is still not complete. 2.1 LCD/Plasma LCD, which is in the process of moving towards LED backlighting, largely dominates the market. Following growth of 30 per cent in 2010 (as a result of price advantages), Plasma screen sales are reported to have dropped by 13 per cent to 16.3 million units in 2011; fewer than 10 million low-energy units are expected to be sold in 2015. The larger formats (more than 40”) should experience the greatest growth – 12 per cent, and 18 per cent for sizes above 50”. Formats of less than 40” are expected to decline by 3 per cent (the effect of major price reductions: USD 1 000 for 50” and USD 2 000 for 60”). The average format in France in 2011 was 31.2”. 73 !" #$ %&' ( )*+# ,-. 11-3/2 "/ ( *0 12 304 567 ( 8 #9 60 "/ (+ :2 ( *0 ;< 2.2 OLED screens The first large OLED screens should arrive on the market during the second half of 2012, but at prices of more than €4 000, their market share in expected to remain marginal for several years. 2.3 Crystal LED This new technology is an emissive technology like OLED, except that the emission does not come from so-called organic components but from more traditional crystal-based LEDs. The result compared with LCD is: – 3.5 times more contrast; – better colour rendition thanks to a broader range of displayable colours; – better response time (x10); and compared with OLED: – greater LED resistance over time; – lower manufacturing cost, particularly for larger sizes. 2.4 3D TV Some 23 million units were sold in 2011 and an expected 100 million units will be sold in 2015, equivalent to a good third of the market. Demand was not so strong in 2011, particularly in the United States, but manufacturers are not losing faith in this technology, which allows them to maintain better pricing levels for their televisions and the functions of connected televisions. It should be noted that in the United States a study has shown that 6-8 million people have “monovision” and are therefore not concerned by 3D TV. NOTE: A Japanese manufacturer has suggested transforming a 2D screen into a 3D screen without glasses by covering it with a film that includes a lenticular network. This technology is currently only on sale in Japan and 3D content must be converted using software provided by this company. 2.5 4K TV format (Ultra HDTV) A resolution of 4096x2160 is also used in digital cinema, particularly in post-production. The first commercial TV screens with the 4K label use a related resolution: 3840x2160, which represents four times the area of 1080p. Certain trends are leading manufacturers to promote their 4K TVs: – Hollywood is digitizing its conventional film stock in 4K to make the best use of its stock. – Cinema production is adopting 4K, with new generation video cameras. – Technical considerations: 4K is the resolution closest to that of 35mm conventional movies and with which the pixels are no longer visible on an image up to a third of the size of a cinema screen. The adoption of 4K will therefore begin in cinemas. Most of them, however, are equipped with 4K video projectors, most frequently based on DLP technology. It will take time to update this existing capacity, which was installed at great expense. – 4K screens can be used to display passive 3D without the loss of resolution experienced with 1080p screens, where every other vertical line is devoted to one of the eyes. 74 !" #$ %&' ( )*+# ,-. 11-3/2 "/ ( *0 12 304 567 ( 8 #9 60 "/ (+ :2 ( *0 ;< The perspectives, created by the adoption of High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard during January 2013 (see ITU-T Recommendation H.265), are to be dully taken into account. 2.6 The global TV market The Consumer Electronics Show (CES), held annually since 2006, assesses the digital entertainment industry, which covers several sectors: digital media (television, audio, photo), mobile technology (smartphones and tablets), micro-computing, applications for the home, gaming and digital-related “green” products (greentechs) associated with digital technology (batteries, solar power, transport, and so on). The major trends seen in CES 2012, which was held from 10 to 13 January 2012 in Las Vegas, were connected TVs, social networks and mobile technology, including a wide range of smartphones and tablets running on Android 4.0. It was clear that the worlds of video and television are becoming increasingly closely linked and that this sector is changing dramatically. Video consumption is growing exponentially and television use is increasingly social, based around a multi-screen model, attracting numerous actors in the technology sphere who want to play a role in “connected TV/Smart TV”. Numerous value shifts are taking place, usually to the detriment of established stakeholders (TV networks, TV manufacturers, and pay TV operators and distributers) and to the benefit of Internet stakeholders. It is becoming obvious that we are becoming part of integrated audiovisual market. There are also other examples, such as the triple-play set-top box or indeed the tablet. Television is facing dangerous competition from the “second screen” (the tablet), which is more open. 75 !" #$ %&' ( )*+# ,-. 11-3/2 "/ ( *0 12 304 567 ( 8 #9 60 "/ (+ :2 ( *0 ;< Annex 3 to Chapter 5: The TV Audiences Around the World All TV audience figures for all programmes broadcast on more than 5 500 channels across all five continent (100 countries, few African countries are concerned) are available thanks to Eurodata TV Worldwide. Information is provided directly by the relevant agencies such as Médiamétrie in France, which collect daily audience figures in their respective countries. The information is reported every month by Eurodata TV Worldwide which each year publishes a report on TV audience and market trends. According to the 19th annual survey “One Television Year in the World” (2012) published by Eurodata TV Worldwide, TV continues to make headway around the world. Using data from 100 countries, the body notes that TV has been able to reinvent itself to remain the major medium in terms of directness and exclusivity. In 2011, average daily viewing time per person was three hours and 16 minutes, some six minutes more than in 2010 and 20 minutes more than 20 years ago. That increase has been especially evident in Asia and particularly in China, where daily TV viewing has grown by 12 minutes in one year. A similar increase has been seen in Europe: +15 minutes in France, +7 minutes in Italy, +5 minutes in Spain. Interestingly, average daily viewing time in the United States and in Japan, both countries with high TV “consumption”, is falling but still 4 hours 50 minutes in the United States (-4 minutes) and 4 hours 29 minutes (-2 minutes) in Japan. TV news programmes accounted for 63 per cent of factual programming in 2011, marking an increase of 10 points over the previous year. In terms of programme type, 41 per cent of the most popular programmes in 2011 were fiction. This trend was bolstered by series which capture 69 per cent of the highest audience figures thanks in particular to local productions. Figures published in September 2012 for the period January to August 2012 highlight the fact that the downward trend is more pronounced among young adults. Outside the United States, that cohort watches TV for less than 2 hours 50 minutes on average each day. The trend is also downwards in Germany and the Netherlands, although in France average viewing among 15 to 34 year olds has gone up by nine minutes to 2 hours 49 minutes. One possible explanation is that young adults also watch many TV programmes though other media such as PCs. Young people in the 15 to 24 year age group are the first to adopt new so-called “ATAWAD” practices (“anytime, anywhere, any device”). Not surprisingly, it is they who watch non-real time TV programmes, on other media, and in their friends’ homes. Almost one in every four does all three (8 per cent of 15+ years age group), and nine out of ten do at least one of these (two thirds of the 15+ years age group). 76 !" #$ %&' ( )*+# ,-. 11-3/2 "/ ( *0 12 304 567 ( 8 #9 60 "/ (+ :2 ( *0 ;< Annex 4 to Chapter 5: Studies on Health Versus Watching TV This Annex provides summary of various studies made on the subject of danger to health resulting from excessive television viewing. According to a study conducted by researchers at the University of Queensland (Australia), published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine in August 2011, watching television for at least six hours per day could have a significant negative impact on life expectancy. This is estimated at five years less than that of a person who watches television infrequently (from a sample of more than 11 000 people). According to this study it is not television as such that is responsible for the harm to our health, but rather the associated lack of physical activity; the study also demonstrated that those often watch television while engaged in some form of physical activity are not affected by this drop in life expectancy. According to another Australian study from the University of Sydney, published in April 2011 (in the Journal of the American Heart Association), children (aged 6-7 years) who watch too much television are at higher risk of subsequently developing heart disease, hypertension or diabetes. Likewise, ophthalmologists advise keeping a distance from the screen of at least six times the diagonal of the screen. Eye care specialists agree that watching television will not damage your eyes or vision if the room in which you are watching is well lit. When the room is completely dark, the contrast between the television screen and the surrounding environment is too great and viewing is neither comfortable nor effective. Soft lighting, on the other hand, minimizes unwanted excessive contrast (Source: www.opto.ca/). In fact, watching television normally requires less effort than tasks such as sewing or reading. But watching for long periods can lead to eye fatigue. Table 3 below provides findings related to the distance for watching an LCD, Plasma full-HD screen with HD or SD source. The resolving power of the human eye is e = 1/3 000 radians, or for one pixel: 0.33 mm at a distance of 1 m, 1 mm at a distance of 3 m, and 3.3 mm at a distance of 10 m. Table 3: Findings related to the distance for watching an LCD Diagonal of the tube in cm (inches) Dimension of the visible image at 16/9 (width in cm x height in cm) Number of pixels (width x height) Optimal distance Average pixel size 81 cm (32") 71 cm x 40 cm 1920 x 1080 (HD) 1.12 m 0.37 mm 81 cm (32") 71 cm x 40 cm 1023 x 576 (SD) 2.10 m 0.69 mm 94 cm (37") 82 cm x 46 cm 1920 x 1080 (HD) 1.30 m 0.43 mm 94 cm (37") 82 cm x 46 cm 1023 x 576 (SD) 2.42 m 0.80 mm 102 cm (40") 89 cm x 50 cm 1920 x 1080 (HD) 1.40 m 0.46 mm 102 cm (40") 89 cm x 50 cm 1023 x 576 (SD) 2.63 m 0.87 mm 107 cm (42") 93 cm x 52 cm 1920 x 1080 (HD) 1.45 m 0.48 mm 107 cm (42") 93 cm x 52 cm 1023 x 576 (SD) 2.73 m 0.90 mm 119 cm (47") 103 cm x 58 cm 1920 x 1080 (HD) 1.62 m 0.53 mm 119 cm (47") 103 cm x 58 cm 1023 x 576 (SD) 3.05 m 1 mm 127 cm (50") 111 cm x 62 cm 1920 x 1080 (HD) 1.73 m 0.57 mm 77 !" #$ %&' ( )*+# ,-. 11-3/2 "/ ( *0 12 304 567 ( 8 #9 60 "/ (+ :2 ( *0 ;< Diagonal of the tube in cm (inches) Dimension of the visible image at 16/9 (width in cm x height in cm) Number of pixels (width x height) Optimal distance Average pixel size 127 cm (50") 111 cm x 62 cm 1023 x 576 (SD) 3.26 m 1.08 mm 132 cm (52") 115 cm x 65 cm 1920 x 1080 (HD) 1.82 m 0.60 mm 132 cm (52") 115 cm x 65 cm 1023 x 576 (SD) 3.42 m 1.13 mm 140 cm (55") 122 cm x 69 cm 1920 x 1080 (HD) 1.94 m 0.64 mm 140 cm (55") 122 cm x 69 cm 1023 x 576 (SD) 3.63 m 1.20 mm 152 cm (60") 132 cm x 75 cm 1920 x 1080 (HD) 2.10 m 0.69 mm 152 cm (60") 132 cm x 75 cm 1023 x 576 (SD) 3.94 m 1.30 mm 165 cm (65") 144 cm x 81 cm 1920 x 1080 (HD) 2.27 m 0.75 mm 165 cm (65") 144 cm x 81 cm 1023 x 576 (SD) 4.26 m 1.40 mm Conclusion: Health-risk statistics show that watching too much television is bad for the health: – 14 hours of television per week increases the risk of metabolic syndrome (cardiovascular problems, strokes) by 48 per cent and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (high blood sugar levels) by 140 per cent. – More than 17 hours of television per week increases the risk of obesity by 97 per cent. – More than 21 hours of television per week logically increases the chances of insomnia. 78 !" #$ %&' ( )*+# ,-. 11-3/2 "/ ( *0 12 304 567 ( 8 #9 60 "/ (+ :2 ( *0 ;< Annex 5 to Chapter 5: Regulatory and legal aspects Hereinafter various examples are provided on the regulations applicable to DTTV: 1. ITU Trends in Telecommunication Reform 2010/11 – “Enabling Tomorrow ’s Digital World” (www.itu.int/pub/D-REG-TTR.12-2010)/; 2. The West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU): Regulation No. 02/2002/CM/UEMOA relating to anti-competitive practices within the West African Economic and Monetary Union and Regulation No. 03/2002/CM/UEMOA relating to procedures governing cartels and abuse of dominant position within the West African Economic and Monetary Union; 3. European Directive 2007/65/EC on Audiovisual Media Services, known as the "AVMS Directive", guarantees the protection of sector participants, including television viewers; and 3) Protection for authors of video content in France In response to the pirating of videos and music, the French Government has established an independent body, the High Authority for the Broadcasting of Creative Works and the Protection of Rights on the Internet(HADOPI), under Law No. 2009-669 of 12 June 2009, promoting the broadcasting and protection of creative work on the Internet. This law, in accordance with European Directive 2001/29/EC, is intended principally to put an end to peer-to-peer file sharing where it infringes copyright. Since 1 October 2010, HADOPI has put in place a “graduated response procedure” in order to deter and prohibit any Internet user from illegally downloading music or video material. The different stages in the procedure leading to possible sanctions against Internet pirates are indicated below. 1. Recording of an infringement An Internet user pirates a musical or video file via a peer-to-peer platform, that is, one which allows individuals to exchange files. The infringement is recorded by a company mandated by music or video suppliers to carry out monitoring. The user’s IP address and the identification number of his device are recorded. 2. Referral to HADOPI HADOPI is notified of the IP address of the suspect and of the time and date of the alleged contravention, and provided with an excerpt from the illegally downloaded material. 3. Verification It is the responsibility of the HADOPI Committee for the Protection of Rights (CPD) to verify the information provided by the authorized users. At this stage the CPD can decide to drop proceedings. 4. Identification If proceedings are not dropped by the CPD, HADOPI contacts the Internet access provider and requests the address of the suspect. The provider must provide the subscriber contact details (name, postal address and email) within eight days of receiving the request. 5. First warning Not more than two months after obtaining the Internet user’s electronic address, HADOPI sends the user an email via the access provider informing him/her that the obligation to monitor his/her Internet access has not been met, warning the user of the penalties that may be incurred, and drawing attention to the means available to secure the connection. 79 !" #$ %&' ( )*+# ,-. 11-3/2 "/ ( *0 12 304 567 ( 8 #9 60 "/ (+ :2 ( *0 ;< 6. Second warning If any further contravention is noted within six months of the first warning, the Internet user receives a second email warning backed up with a recorded-delivery letter. 7. Third warning If, despite the first two warnings, the Internet user offends again, a final recorded letter is sent to warn of possible prosecution. 8. Deliberation The CPD may now decide either to refer the file to the courts or to drop the proceedings. 9. The courts The prosecution service may prosecute the Internet user for “gross negligence”, that is, allowing an act of Internet piracy. If found guilty the user faces a fine of 1 500 euros and suspension of Internet subscription of up to one month. The user may also be prosecuted for infringement of copyright, and if found guilty may be liable to a fine of 300 000 euros, three years' ’imprisonment and a one year suspension of Internet subscription. Results: Since the entry into force of this provision, on 1 October 2010: 3 million IP addresses were identified, 1 150 000 preliminary emails sent (6 per cent contacted HADOPI), 100 000 Internet users received a second email warning (23 per cent contacted HADOPI), and 340 received a third and final email warning (75 per cent contacted HADOPI). 80 !" #$ %&' ( )*+# ,-. 11-3/2 "/ ( *0 12 304 567 ( 8 #9 60 "/ (+ :2 ( *0 ;< Annex 6 to Chapter 5: Accessibility to Programmes for Persons with Disabilities Definition: Accessibility enables persons with disabilities to enjoy autonomy and participation by reducing or eliminating contradictions between abilities, needs and wishes on the one hand, and the various physical, organizational and cultural components of their environment on the other. Two categories of persons with disabilities could be distinguished as follows: a) Persons having a hearing disability The legal obligation to provide teletext (subtitling) responds for the most part to the audiovisual requirements of this category of citizen. However, it does not work for illiterate people, and associations representing hearing-impaired persons prefer the use of sign language. Furthermore, subtitling should be present on all television sets in public places (in the United States, for example, television sets in bars have subtitling activated by default). b) Non-sighted and visually impaired persons Use is made of audio description, whereby the scenes of a film or programme are described by an offscreen voice during dialogue-free moments to enable non-sighted or visually impaired persons to understand better what is happening on screen. The term audiovision refers to the describing of images in a film by acoustic means for the same purpose. In fictional dramas and documentaries, the dialogue is interspersed with short commentaries to describe both the content of the images and action taking place. The aim of audio vision is to enable non-sighted and visually impaired persons to follow a film easily without having to depend on an adjacent viewer. It must therefore be a requirement for both the regulator and individual channels to inform non-sighted or visually impaired viewers, by all appropriate means, that a given programme is accompanied by audio description. Manufacturers, in the context of the new technologies, have developed various technologies enabling disabled people to access content broadcast on TV: Smart TV intended for this category of viewer. In addition to 2D and 3D contentbroadcasting, some TV sets (Smartphone TV, smart TV or connected TV) respondto voice commands and physical gestures and are provided with an integrated face recognitionsystem allowing more personalized use of these features. With no more need for remote control units, these technological features enable most disabled people to interact with their TV set without assistance. – Smart TV – a TV set with facial recognition. With face recognition technology, the integrated video camera instantly recognizes the viewer’s face and thus obviates the need for ID and password. The user can thus connect easily to the application; the screen can be unlocked by facial recognition using the frontal video camera. – Smart TV – a TV set with voice recognition. Thanks to voice recognition technology, the disabled viewer can directly control his or her Smart TV by voice. He can just speak and can switch on the unit, change channel, turn upthe volume, navigate via the interactive portal and even search on the Internet. – Smart TV – a TV set with gesture recognition. Gesture recognition simplifies interaction with the Smart TV. This new technology responds to hand movements for changing channel, adjust volume, and navigate via the interactive portal or use one of the compatible applications. Operations such as switching on or off, changing channel, accessing applications and web surfing, thus no longer require any buttons and can be carried out by simple movements or voice commands. 81 (ITU) �� (BDT) �� Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Email: mailto:bdtdirector@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5035/5435 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 �� (IP) �� (PKM) Email: bdtpkm@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5447 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 Email: bdtip@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5900 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 �� (IEE) �� Email: bdtiee@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5421 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 �� (DDR) �� Email: bdtdeputydir@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5784 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 �� TelOne Centre for Learning Corner Samora Machel and Hampton Road P.O. Box BE 792 Belvedere Harare – Zimbabwe 19, Rue Parchappe x Amadou Assane Ndoye Immeuble Fayçal, 4e étage B.P. 50202 Dakar RP Dakar – Sénégal Immeuble CAMPOST, 3e étage Boulevard du 20 mai Boîte postale 11017 Yaoundé – Cameroun P.O. Box 60 005 Gambia Rd., Leghar ETC Building 3rd floor Addis Ababa – Ethiopia a E-mail: itu-harare@itu.int Tel.: +263 4 77 59 41 Tel.: +263 4 77 59 39 Fax: +263 4 77 12 57 E-mail: itu-dakar@itu.int Tel.: +221 33 849 77 20 Fax: +221 33 822 80 13 E-mail: Tel.: Tel.: Fax: E-mail: Tel.: Tel.: Tel.: Fax: itu-yaounde@itu.int + 237 22 22 92 92 + 237 22 22 92 91 + 237 22 22 92 97 itu-addis@itu.int +251 11 551 49 77 +251 11 551 48 55 +251 11 551 83 28 +251 11 551 72 99 �� Colonia Palmira, Avenida Brasil Ed. COMTELCA/UIT 4 Piso P.O. Box 976 Tegucigalpa – Honduras Merced 753, Piso 4 Casilla 50484, Plaza de Armas Santiago de Chile – Chile United Nations House Marine Gardens Hastings – Christ Church P.O. Box 1047 Bridgetown – Barbados SAUS Quadra 06 Bloco “E” 11 andar – Ala Sul Ed. Luis Eduardo Magalhães (AnaTel) 70070-940 – Brasilia, DF – Brasil E-mail: itutegucigalpa@itu.int Tel.: +504 2 2 201 074 Fax: +504 2 2 201 075 E-mail: itusantiago@itu.int Tel.: +56 2 632 6134/6147 Fax: +56 2 632 6154 E-mail: itubridgetown@itu.int Tel.: +1 246 431 0343/4 Fax: +1 246 437 7403 E-mail: itubrasilia@itu.int Tel.: +55 61 2312 2730-1 Tel.: +55 61 2312 2733-5 Fax: +55 61 2312 2738 �� 4, Building 1 Sergiy Radonezhsky Str. Moscow 105120 Russian Federation Sapta Pesona Building, 13th floor JI. Merdan Merdeka Barat No. 17 Jakarta 10001 – Indonesia Thailand Post Training Center, 5th floor, 111 Chaengwattana Road, Laksi Bangkok 10210 – Thailand Mailing address: P.O. Box 25 – Moscow 105120 Russian Federation Mailing address: c/o UNDP – P.O. Box 2338 Jakarta 10001 – Indonesia Mailing address P.O. Box 178, Laksi Post Office Laksi, Bangkok 10210 – Thailand E-mail: itumoskow@itu.int Tel.: +7 495 926 60 70 Fax: +7 495 926 60 73 E-mail: Tel.: Tel.: Tel.: Fax: E-mail: Tel.: Tel.: Fax: itujakarta@itu.int +62 21 381 35 72 +62 21 380 23 22 +62 21 380 23 24 +62 21 389 05 521 �� itubangkok@itu.int +66 2 574 8565/9 +66 2 574 9326/7 +66 2 574 9328 Smart Village, Building B 147, 3rd floor Km 28 Cairo – Alexandria Desert Road Giza Governorate Cairo – Egypt E-mail: itucairo@itu.int Tel.: +20 2 35 37 17 77 Fax: +20 2 35 37 18 88 �� (BDT) �� (EUR) �� (ITU) �� Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 – Switzerland E-mail: eurregion@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5111 ‫لالتصال بنا‬ :‫املوقع اإللكرتوين‬ www.itu.int/pub/D-STG/ :‫املكتبة اإللكرتونية لالحتاد‬ devsg@itu.int :‫الربيد اإللكرتوين‬ +41 22 730 5999 :‫الـهـاتــف‬ www.itu.int/ITU-D/study_groups ‫‪2‬‬ ‫المسألــة ‪ :11-3/2‬فحص تكنولوجيات اإلذاعة الصوتية والتلفزيونية الرقمية لألرض وأنظمتها‪ ،‬والتشغيل البيني لألنظمة الرقمية لألرض‬ ‫االحتـ ــاد الـ ــدويل لالتصـ ــاالت‬ ‫مكـتب تنمي ـ ــة االتص ـ ــاالت‬ ‫‪Place des Nations‬‬ ‫‪CH-1211 Geneva 20‬‬ ‫‪Switzerland‬‬ ‫‪www.itu.int‬‬ ‫‪01/2014‬‬ ‫‪20 10 -2 0 14 ...‬‬ ‫طبع يف سويسرا‬ ‫جنيف‪2014 ،‬‬ ‫الـتـق ـريــر الـنـهــائــي‬ ‫قطاع تنمية االتصاالت لجنة الدراسات ‪2‬‬ ‫ـة‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ـأ‬ ‫س‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫م‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫ا‬ ‫فحص تكنولوجيات اإلذاعة الصوتية‬ ‫‪11-3/2‬‬ ‫والتلفزيونية الرقمية لألرض وأنظمتها‪،‬‬ ‫والتشغيل البيني لألنظمة الرقمية‬ ‫لألرض مع الشبكات التماثلية‬ ‫الـقــائـمــة‪ ،‬واس ـتــراتـيـجـي ــات وطــرائ ــق‬ ‫االنـتـق ــال م ــن الـتـقـنـي ــات الـتـمــاثـلـي ــة‬ ‫لألرض إلــى ال ـت ـق ـن ـي ــات ال ــرق ـم ـيـ ــة‬ ‫فرتة الدراسة اخلامسة‬ ‫قطـ ــاع تنمي ـ ــة االتصـ ـ ـ ـ ــاالت‬ ‫‪2014-2010‬‬

ةــلأـســمـلا 11-3/2 ةيمقرلا ةمظنلأل ينيبلا ليغشتلاو ةيلثامتلا تاكبشلا عم ضرلأل

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ةــلأـســمـلا 11-3/2 ةيمقرلا ةمظنلأل ينيبلا ليغشتلاو ةيلثامتلا تاكبشلا عم ضرلأل

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