1 المسألــة :24/1استراتيجيات وسياسات للتخلص السليم من مواد مخلفات االتصاالت/تكنولوجيا المعلومات واالتصاالت أو إعادة استخدامها االحتـ ــاد الـ ــدويل لالتصـ ــاالت مكـتب تنمي ـ ــة االتص ـ ــاالت Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland www.itu.int 01/2014 20 10 -2 0 14 طبع يف سويسرا جنيف2014 ، الـتـق ـريــر الـنـهــائــي قطاع تنمية االتصاالت لجنة الدراسات 1 ال ـم ـس ــأل ـ ــة 24 /1 اسـتراتـيجـيــات وسيـاســات للـتـخـلـص الـسـلـيـم مـن م ــواد مـخـلـف ــات االتـصــاالت/تـكـنــولــوجـيــا الـمـعـلــومــات واالتـصــاالت أو إعــادة اسـتـخـدامـه ــا فرتة الدراسة اخلامسة قطـ ــاع تنمي ـ ــة االتصـ ـ ـ ـ ــاالت 2014-2010 (ITU) ������� ����� (BDT) ������� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Email: mailto:bdtdirector@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5035/5435 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 ������ ������ ������� ��� ����� (IP) ��������� ��������� ����� (PKM) Email: bdtpkm@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5447 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 Email: bdtip@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5900 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 ��������� ������� ������� ������ ����� (IEE) ���������� ���������� Email: bdtiee@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5421 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 ������ ����� ����� ����� ���� (DDR) �������� ������ Email: bdtdeputydir@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5784 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 ������� ����� ������ ���� ����� ������ ���� ����� ������ ���� ����� ������� TelOne Centre for Learning Corner Samora Machel and Hampton Road P.O. Box BE 792 Belvedere Harare – Zimbabwe 19, Rue Parchappe x Amadou Assane Ndoye Immeuble Fayçal, 4e étage B.P. 50202 Dakar RP Dakar – Sénégal Immeuble CAMPOST, 3e étage Boulevard du 20 mai Boîte postale 11017 Yaoundé – Cameroun P.O. Box 60 005 Gambia Rd., Leghar ETC Building 3rd floor Addis Ababa – Ethiopia a E-mail: itu-harare@itu.int Tel.: +263 4 77 59 41 Tel.: +263 4 77 59 39 Fax: +263 4 77 12 57 E-mail: itu-dakar@itu.int Tel.: +221 33 849 77 20 Fax: +221 33 822 80 13 E-mail: Tel.: Tel.: Fax: E-mail: Tel.: Tel.: Tel.: Fax: itu-yaounde@itu.int + 237 22 22 92 92 + 237 22 22 92 91 + 237 22 22 92 97 itu-addis@itu.int +251 11 551 49 77 +251 11 551 48 55 +251 11 551 83 28 +251 11 551 72 99 ��������� ������� ���� ����� ������ ���� ������� ����� ������ ���� ������� ����� ������� ����� ������ ���� Colonia Palmira, Avenida Brasil Ed. COMTELCA/UIT 4 Piso P.O. Box 976 Tegucigalpa – Honduras Merced 753, Piso 4 Casilla 50484, Plaza de Armas Santiago de Chile – Chile United Nations House Marine Gardens Hastings – Christ Church P.O. Box 1047 Bridgetown – Barbados SAUS Quadra 06 Bloco “E” 11 andar – Ala Sul Ed. Luis Eduardo Magalhães (AnaTel) 70070-940 – Brasilia, DF – Brasil E-mail: itutegucigalpa@itu.int Tel.: +504 2 2 201 074 Fax: +504 2 2 201 075 E-mail: itusantiago@itu.int Tel.: +56 2 632 6134/6147 Fax: +56 2 632 6154 E-mail: itubridgetown@itu.int Tel.: +1 246 431 0343/4 Fax: +1 246 437 7403 E-mail: itubrasilia@itu.int Tel.: +55 61 2312 2730-1 Tel.: +55 61 2312 2733-5 Fax: +55 61 2312 2738 ������� ����� ������� ����� ����� � ���� ������ ����� ������ ����� ������� ����� ������� ��������� ����� ������ ���� ����� ������ ���� 4, Building 1 Sergiy Radonezhsky Str. Moscow 105120 Russian Federation Sapta Pesona Building, 13th floor JI. Merdan Merdeka Barat No. 17 Jakarta 10001 – Indonesia Thailand Post Training Center, 5th floor, 111 Chaengwattana Road, Laksi Bangkok 10210 – Thailand Mailing address: P.O. Box 25 – Moscow 105120 Russian Federation Mailing address: c/o UNDP – P.O. Box 2338 Jakarta 10001 – Indonesia Mailing address P.O. Box 178, Laksi Post Office Laksi, Bangkok 10210 – Thailand E-mail: itumoskow@itu.int Tel.: +7 495 926 60 70 Fax: +7 495 926 60 73 E-mail: Tel.: Tel.: Tel.: Fax: E-mail: Tel.: Tel.: Fax: itujakarta@itu.int +62 21 381 35 72 +62 21 380 23 22 +62 21 380 23 24 +62 21 389 05 521 ������� ����� itubangkok@itu.int +66 2 574 8565/9 +66 2 574 9326/7 +66 2 574 9328 Smart Village, Building B 147, 3rd floor Km 28 Cairo – Alexandria Desert Road Giza Governorate Cairo – Egypt E-mail: itucairo@itu.int Tel.: +20 2 35 37 17 77 Fax: +20 2 35 37 18 88 ������ (BDT) ������� ����� ���� ����� ����� (EUR) ������ ���� (ITU) ������� Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 – Switzerland E-mail: eurregion@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5111 لالتصال بنا :املوقع اإللكرتوين www.itu.int/pub/D-STG/ :املكتبة اإللكرتونية لالحتاد devsg@itu.int :الربيد اإللكرتوين +41 22 730 5999 :الـهـاتــف www.itu.int/ITU-D/study_groups :24/1 / ! "#$ % ! "# $% &' &# ( )*% +! $%) ,- # # ./ &01 2) 345 6)%7 6%! ,89: 2# .<=> ?@A' ,B C *-! $#9D! EF C ?G +# 8 ! ,B# 94! 2) /*! # .6I@' 6H <=> ?@A' ,/! $% "IJ &#! KG L! M G! P4! 017 *! Q %+9 # C ?* ,48 N! O ! KG 383% W* (I8' HXJ YPA 6% # .!# 193 R!-! B C "IJ &#! C ST -# U8H# V 9# ."IZ! 79H $% [ 2 7H# X#9!> 8# ^+! (?+# + &01 2) _9H A Q U` aH )*% \9] .)*% &- # b4 c UVH8 + C %d !" Uh# .?`9% V*! "I' 2) ) 01 ef ( S!# 6I@'# ?+! g-# 98! % [f #' K !?G ?* "IJ 0:> b # !5 # iG)# < ,89: 2 )*% .8! W* 9H!# jk 1 #$ - # lmG! 2)J# ! E-! n C 6<G) UG 2014-2010 [94! C 1 ! ef ' N! 0! :! V 9# G! W* 6%! 37# .oX9X> * 8I!# # )*% +! *! (79r ?4S # )*% +! / 0! %@! [! 2) 5 W' ef [4 2) *-! 2pq 6%! 6t# .)! *-*! 8!#J Q 6<G [9) U) @u!# +# 8 !# 6%! v9@ ,*1# G ST +5 \#Q# > \#Q vKwJ Q4X # )*% +! / ef Q4! -H! 489%! xQ=# W* (I8' 37 7 . # )*% +! / -w 2)' ef @`f -k# 4*! g-) ,- # 9yJ 6*B# *# u! z89%! {! )1 ef 6)H! Q4!# |! 6<G)# }! 6 .)! *-! 8!#'# 889! # ~ ?89] N! ! O<X [9) U) #' 8a \' W* %) V) #' 79w 97Q \8 # .4* 79w# f 2) "m1 [ 989! PA f C _w . }#! B X+ 2) S © ITU 2014 2) L1 Q f *# \a # 7 6w \a [H YPA 2) "3+ \' G 2 .4r 9H! {5 U .(ITU) 0! }#! B / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' ( 1 ..................................................................................................... 1 ............................................................................................... 0 2 .. &'& $ #$$% (WEEE) !" ....................................... 1.1 "&%' "#$% ! * (&) (EEE) "&%' "#$% ! 2.1 ..................................................... (34 5 %12 +) 0 ./ ,- + (WEEE) * 9>7$ "=% < ;) ":5 9!4 8 367 3.1 .......................................................................................... ......... D5 C * ! AB:) + ?@ 4.1 ...................................................................." F% A?E 1.4.1 ........................................................................... F%H) "$%G 2.4.1 ............................................................... LBM JK I "$%G 3.4.1 ........................................................................... $ "$%G 4.4.1 ....................................................................... "! NO 5.4.1 1 .. &'& $ #$$% !" " #$! () ................................................................................ " 4: 1.2 ............................................................................ P# 5 2.2 .................................. R* "&%' "#$% ! %F! BQ 1.2.2 ...................................................................... "T STU 2.2.2 ......................... "&%' AB) O& (EPR) " W= "V5 3.2.2 ......................................................................... O& 4.2.2 .................................................. (XF! "N) ":N X&Y 5.2.2 ......................................................................... " X&Y 6.2.2 ......................... ! Z5 ": :) 7.2.2 ..................................................................... "FB X&Y 8.2.2 ............................................................ O ]: "$% [%\' 9.2.2 .............................................................................. $ 10.2.2 2 2 3 4 6 6 9 10 12 15 17 17 18 18 19 20 21 22 22 24 25 27 27 iii / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' ( 27 ............................................................................. 1 30 .......................................................................................... 23 32 .......................................................................................... * 6 4+ 5 34 ................................................................................................. 780, 3 9 :; 24 ! '! C, B & # 7. ! &A @- 9 4!? >* :1 < = .................................................... ) $ H" G$ F8 E 1 D iv / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' ! "#" $ %&/"#" ' ()* + 24/1 "_4 "` a "N5 ABb " LB4 c%: + d" 9!4 A!#H de " f g<h ]E i j< 3N ;) eB (ICT) a: "- (WEEE) "&%' "#$% ! ]: N no jp daFq + " f g<h , .24/1 ">5 a: "V5 "N lm ! "Y k$ E! " Zt " LB4 a eB!: uv .qY c%F N$ d9!4 * ! 8 s5 B!p %F% ." 9!4 + (WEEE) "&%' "#$% ! * .w) " ,1 9>7$ "#$% ! x :" ,1 n Zh x(34 5 %12 +) 0 ./ ,- + (WEEE) "&%' "#$% ! * (&) (EEE) "&%' x"&%' "#$% ! "N5 ABb "=% < ;) ]5 8 9!4 8 367 I F%H) " F% a "F%m ?@ x a l <h a D5 C ! AB:) + ?@ .|%E W$ a d"! NO a s5 a: e}H d$ dLBM JK "&%' "#$% ! %F! BQ xP# 5 :3v X&~ " LB4 3 O& x"&%' AB) O& (EPR) W=N " "V5 !4 x9>7 <h + "T STU xR* d" " " LB4 "T "4) " X&Y d(XF! "N) ":N X&Y d X&Y d ! Z5 ": :) x(O&o (&' "_4 Z:% DN O "4% x("&%' "#$% ! * AB) O& 3FN "FB (N "F= %) "FB .$ xkH DT (EEE) h!N 9 3>$ U a "5 X& ;) dq= 3N a: "G a eB!: " f g<h ! deQE "#$% ! * .w) " < "U "T + X Zh dH%O / " 9!4 X45$ e` 9!4 g<h 8 "7 J41 ` a "$ ) #$ 9' ]: AB (WEEE) "&%' . * AB) "F6 !: 0 8 &4 _4 N6 dD Z:N jB ! + D5 9 &' 34 + is d1998-1990 5 9$) :nv 34 ]H . ! * = d ;) "H1'$ .9$ H d"! 9!4 a ":N ,N 8 -' ZK + "# + 57 "45$ a % ,4 ]: "&) |5 ! a ": F5 qN 8 B ! ABFw , "&' -' ZK l5F .3o ! F5 9!4 + "&' J l ;) B n + "# + 10 "45$ ABFw 3H . "45$ d 3 ! B + -' ZK + "# + 1,6 "45$ 1 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' Zh . v ! B + "# + 3,6 jB 9! + "N 9 "NO e H d|%Eo : + "&' a "# + 50 a %v6 a: "V5 .(2009 dVega, J.) a l& %H 9N1 ;) [!R Q$! ;) 2 kw%H j< ! ,HB ! ,N + ,NY "67 qFq nE a Z:N .' "N% A= C 34 + ! g<h + ,F%5 a Wt ! A.6 a dZ:N n + ."H% !2 , d|%E W$ a dao/"5 "T D ]: ) Qf> < .3}H %v6 ;) X i ."t% B %v6 e!: %v6 ,N ,=7 % a k5& i + h%v6 !` ]: nT %N5 Xm X& ;) d + ,F%5 N 9!4 "4 ;) [} ) .]} i j a % (EEE) "&%' "#$% ! A` AB 3 de$ ;) "B "&%' "#$% ! a AQ46 N6 nEB$ N5 F%t a: "N% A= C + " P4 ": ! ! (WEEE) "&%' "#$% ! * U d"w J$} " 9B 1 95&' "TU "_4 ]: "4 fI a k45 "4% "$ "F j 9>76 3 Nh Xm "7 . + "5 46% a B!: B e%O& " C#E ]: jm 8 g<h , 3 "F6 !: .% 8 " " LB4 a "5 i=& d"} g<h ]: "! NO a !F! iN: d,1 <M "$= , D5 3 9H dk5& i + . e_$ "N5 AB' 9N1 ;) [!R %o F NH "UE d"FG "U%6 d. !` ]: "! " Do + 3mF "&%' "#$% ! * e% H %v6o :m 3N: %$ %74F 6 d a l <h + : v a 8 AB "Nv 9B$ .,N + "\7h %v6o 9!4 + N d"&%' "#$% ! "N5 AB' ;) jBV ,1 9 d9) dP1 a SB d"F g<M e ."w "T "4 .7&) aN} 9 !$ n` a: T4 + " ; AmE h d" d "N lm 1 ! "Y nE a d(24/1 ">5) "} g<h " B ]: ! B B!: ,1$ d(WEEE) "&%' "#$% ! W |! AB5 ! "45 ?@ 3T$ e_$ "N5 AB' T ]5 ) " 9!4 "NK A!# " LB4 a ."FB ":N "_4 Z` a 1 + ]: "4% "$ ' f "# #$ (WEEE) 1 ! %&% # 1.1 C B!2 ?: A%m@ 3 & + DT 9>7$ nw$ " + dA1180 B aN1 av T + "&%' d(http://www.basel.int/text/documents.html) .B1110 ! aN1 , T + dA2010 A1150 dA1190 Z#f B U% 4#q$ !: A%mE * >$ "&%' U d" X ":4m ! v d|%Eo Fm4 %E! 3v & ]: j !: dA B! 3 a g<h kF!4 ! $ dJ7 (q a Q "FBf "\o X$& a (q " 4#q P "f " $ B " "&! 46 nq: B ]: j 8 .v T + A6< C#@ 2 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' ]: hQ "h& 46% A B! 3 Z#f B DT 9%m U% ]: "F .A%mE * e}F ? dv T + A6< C#@ a kF!4 ! $ dno T + "! & "\o X$& a "q ":4m ! ` %` a: ¡\ d"Nv 9B B F d3v$ .A%mE N6 dJ7 (q a Q 3#5 n5F% \\ "FBf CF d367 a ": ":N ]: jm (WEEE) "&%' "#$% ! * "Y 9 ;) %O$ "#$% ! 36 w%H ]: d2018 ¢m5 15 + < q` 3E!F 9 % dPE-CONS 2/12 o k .(2018 ¢m5 £` 2012 ¢m5 a A% + "F 3O 8) "2 %7 a e!$ _H i aN1 "&%' "_ + (cm 50 a: H ZE !$ j !FqF 8 j) ! a AQ4 B4 (! \7 ¤> x6 "_ + (cm 50 a: H ZE !$ j !FqF 8 j) ! g<h a AQ B4 (! NH x4 .2 "_ t) + d2cm 100 a: Tm !FqF \\ ]: "FK ! X% ! ) *+ ! "#$ %&'( 2.1 (-./ 01 2) 4 56( 78 2 (WEEE) (EEE) .%\ ;) W5 %N5 Z a5T ,H!F .e` e:5 e ":U !7 wq: ! ."7 R` AB a e 4 e!F! e! "h% "&%' "#$% DR! !: £` A!F! ! , $ d!@ ]: Xm d!@ Z! " Y h%H 8 " ¥%7 X& ;) d,1 <h .! a l <h A` AB ! , ]: !NF jB ( a ,$ %4 B $ (&' F5 ABFw <6 l5 "#h N6 ! ;) |B d"N " + Z% ! .%7" "6 "H f Z: (&) AQ .(WEEE) "&%' "#$% ! * a ! B + "N lm =F 8 (IDS) .`) &$ d" 9!4 + i&%&' Z!5 B!: + 3#M N ]: !h\ ! (http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics) ;) "!5 ! D=` 9 F <h .2011 : "F + 1,3 a %v6 ;) 2006 : + 9 501 a a "# + 44 96 W` + .e#h e NF %$ d"6< M "` "NK S 2 Aq 3v di&%&' .( a %v6>$) "# + 62 ;) 2011 : n§ "45 i d2006 : + " 9!4 a i&%&' Z!5 n§ e4F% 6 " "F@ "!@ + 6%\ lN ¨$" d2012 &F + A7 B .`' e H a %80 a %v6>$ %f> ) N A%t " 9!4 i&6 .%86 h! ": 7& "45& 3$ F d2011 : "F ."2011 : + i1 8 "F@ " "!@ + A!F!Y 6%\ a 9 660 a %F! AB:)" 9 %F% 9H d0 ./ ,- + * %F! $ F NH " " m5 a hQ nw$ "$ " = lN a: !U j< d"B ;) "&%' 9 ,F d(5&!&)) $ + (UNEP) "_4 A!T Do &%$ AB) ¢ lN 34 "#N B$ + 400-200 "45$ 2020 : n§ q ! 9 F%H S W + "! S 2 Aq a "&%' " M a "&%' 9 e}F %F% ,F .!M + "# + 500 "45$ d2007 : F5 a "# e H .W + % ,4 ]: d2007 : + A% 18 ]: d2020 : n§ d9 !M + NN6 "% 3 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' d: 36 0 ./ ,- + "&%' a eF% et 9 50 ;) 20 / !F d1"_4 A!T Do &? ."4 "F%}2 lN a "# + 5 a %v6 37 Zh i 34 d|%Eo B a 6\ "` "NK "4 S 2 Aq a A!Fq B!: ]% d" 36 & Z4F d , .3}H !` q ! . TU % F !: dR` AB nN6) a 3Ft ! , + !5 B d! AB:) WN "B ! D% U) "U%H .A!F! (&) B + A!F! ) 9:; <$ = >+ ?/ 9!. @ -A; 3.1 a A! "N} N .% .5 ]: " "! 9!4 + e: e!$ "&%' "} < d":} [1>$ g<h Z / gG j% ) .: 36 (WEEE) "&%' "#$% ! * "_4 f a 3 a a l% >$ 3` ;) ( 8 367 a ": ":N e` " 9!4 k . g<M "4 Q AB' a: "G "T 367 , AQm@ &%$ ! B a (2012 3F%$ 12) RGQ24/2/16 RGQ24/1/17 W f Zt "h "s5 i!© "7 3` AB4 , 9$ d(UNU) A!T Do " nw$ " "&/(UNEP) "_4 A!T Do t) + e Y g<h iN ! .(CEDARE) $ "$% " mN "N "_4 q6% (StEP) "&%' <h + 2 ,1 ]: "\ A%O& A$ &4 ,NY "&%' "#$% ! * a: "6%7 " B ."4 5 F!T !F! a: e}H dB! lm a « d(%42,8) "2 NO a NO + lm ]: BB% . :" ! g<h #& w%$ ª$ ZF NH " ! d" ! ¬ 8 9!4 a "# + 66 + x(%14,5) !N " 6%7 (%15,1) ZvT4/ZB6o "`& a .("&%' "#$% ) R` AB "F + ! ZNO t) / !) ! DO P# / 9!4 a "# + 60 + ! d|%E ]:>$ "&%' ! .( ;) dFw AB:) l? $ AB:' "#$% ! * B a |5 ]: |%F x(%30) "Tm5 \7 "FBf "\o X$& a RF5 "! + "FBf "\o X$& ¤> NH d(%27) ($ i& d$ &) "NK S 2 Aq + (WEEE) "&%' ! F NH qF " LB4 QF ! d" ! ¬ 8 9!4 a "# + 66 + .(%22) B ."&%' "N5 <h + ."&%' "#$% ! * AB$ F NH " 9!4 8 S a B!: g&B B%F 1/99 (2012 d"_4 A!T Do &%$ |! nw$ " "&) RGQ24/1/12 9 f 4: + <E© dB! .(2011 d&­) ,- 4: + <E> (WEEE) "&%' "#$% ! * AB) 9>7$ "! " B !: • 3# AB' O& + W67 ,- ;) V5 B ) + d" 5 g<h < = "w X&Y .O <h 3F .UNEP 2006 27 " " 1 4 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' a "&%' "#$% ! * AB) DO AB! P# Z#qY Z S " + d"_4 "F® ;) [!R 8 QF a Q46 B!: 9!4 a !F! |! ` d k ]: "&%' "#$% ! * Zm dA%m@ "4 "­ $ + <E> o "H6 i5 ZH d" 9!4 * + AB P# i&6 9) dk5& i + .!F!T .Z¯% Q lm 3v " %7 d"5#% 3 ª$ d, c ]: Z ,1 4: . a l <h AB' O& < + i$f Z ` ! <F d[%O g<h 3v + "N5 ! BQ ]: "$% X d"N% A= C + "s5N6 + d"N5 ! 9o "F%1 J$} g<h 9 !$ ."&f A` AB #m:' " 9!4 ;) & j% 8 9H d ]: A: ."&%) N6 [m ZF h!F!G `U) a d2 a Qv6 X& ;) d"N% A= C "$ "&%' "#$% ! B ]: "1% % ªE % ]: < (WEEE) "&%' "#$% ! * AB' "NO& S \ ZN% n & .F !$ eF " 9!4 + "&%' "7 D ;) jBVF dPT k o : nv .h!F 8 AB) "&%' "#$% ! 5 Z 2 ,1 [%F x lm "FN x"N5 A!F!Y ! ,Fw BQ $ " x= W:w d,N= 6%\ aFB5 " 6%7 X& a 5 + "67 AB:' " ! D=` x"4v A!: x! A` AB %F! x 4 hG "F= nN:o %H x AB' H% B xRB) j%G 8 A! N6 x! AB' O& %Fm .4 e e m g<h 3v 37 .|%E "- a d a "> . * "&%' "#$% ! * 9>7$ "N# "! W& nv !: 35F d9!4 ª$ "` + . g<M B!2 ?: "&& Q "6%2 dhBN: !: (nw$ ") C Y h%F! AB:)) "&%' "Y + "!5 ;) H np + d"! QFN e H d" N l4 a e "N & BB% 9B " 9!4 + (e# . * a " l& + AB A%m@ B , 3 "Y a " 3`% , XF! " "H% a qF ;) A% "¯% Q %F! AB:) 3 ."_4 ]: e4 %fVF "TU \) ;) jBVF (BB% %F! AB:) ,NY) "&%' %F! AB:$ WN# \ "FB 3#!4 S X& ;) d" "T [%° 3N [%° "fv U' nN: ± "7 % <6 dZ¯% Q lm + "&%' "#$% ! * .AQ , ]\NF (WEEE) "&%' "#$% ! * AB' "T "4 A.6 !: A!& S .eB [% "_4 N 3}H !$ 36 + "` ]} N "#$% !N nV5 :3v 4:$ F NH "T STU ,N |! Z_4 Z: C & d! AB:) "s d"_4 Z:% DN QF eU "q " ! .%\ "s x"&%' WN 3N5 ! 0 8 ! " "6%7 l% %F! AB:) .e_$ "N5 RB) .! 9N1 3 a "&%' AB) O& 3FN "T1 " LB4 5 S 5 • • • • • • • • • • / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' STU ª$ "67 "FB! X& ;) d"} g< " "2 Y W$ 9 3U "U S e_$ "N5 ABb " [!ho [%:o ,1 "N: + "T ." m !$ 36 + B/ C ) %!$ DE?+ 2 FG • 4.1 * ! ! ª) "_4 !# a ?6 ! $ B (EEE) "&%' "#$% ! ! AB:) 9) A= C ]: !:5F ) ":N !# ( /"&%' "#$% ! CF 8 !N "! %v6o Zh ! AB:) .%F! AB:$ e (" 9!4 + "N% 9!$ , dB!Y W!5 ]: A!#$ ! g<h B <4H .R` AB "F ;) 3 9 34 9!5 ."` 36 X5` de 45 D% `U) A!F!Y @ B (% X= o d"m A.6 N dB A. Q46 qFq ! AB:) + "4 S 2 Aq 3v ! U) !F!G k: jmF j< 3N .A!F! ! , "w "m ¡F d,N + e&%` %v6o P#%7 Z:N (!& k$ ]: A: d" M "NK S 2 Aq . $ " + W W W [ qFq ABFq d,N a " :m + S 2 Aq ]: Xm a n: |5 e` !F d" 9!4 a Qv6 + :m W$ a d"H v q6% " 4 J Z#!$ D 5 V dnv 34 ]: X45$ d2 ª$ + dA!F!Y ! l .% "H% ,N ;) H F d|%E d": aFq "Y ! eN: "w ! ( .) nU <F 8 "# t 8 367 .i&%&' ;) "4 4m no + !5 o 1.4.1 9!4 a !F! i d" F% + (WEEE) "&%' "#$% ! * AB) + A?@$ F NH d"2 Q NO u! ,N ZB6o lm @ lm 6 d:m * W$ 6%\ B!:) : + d" m + "&%' "#$% ! e_$ "N AB) T "% n2 "Y [! AB) 9>7$ "_4 F%7 5 BN: "U d"&%' AB) "` C7 " ! . ,- ® ": ® "&%' "#$% ! "&%' "#$% ! * AB$ ²F c2 " F%o ZN' 3K ;) .!h [! M "F:! 5$ "m7&o g<h a ª$ a}` (http://www.residuoselectronicos.net/) g<h AB' " m 3EB "7 X 2 a: "G "&%' "#$% ! * D6% , n` d"&%' "#$% ! * AB' " LB4 RELAC 3 %7& d2011 + .e# C 3T ,%N6 " LB4 ! .@ W:m 3N7 "N) A%F!5 A!# lN #& ;) eB ."&%' "#$% ! e_$ "N5 AB' 9N1 ;) "% "N' "t 5 < %Fm " + (COP 10) [%to %V %\ lN "4` j%5F5 ² ²&Y !2 nE i1%: ! .2011 %$6 + dnw$ (RELAC) ! * AB) a: ! D + (EMPA) B "F%5F5 "FB ? is ! 46 Q$ 3Fw? Z\ 3v 9!$ + j%5F5 "&%' &%$ nE a "&%' "#$% "" F% + "&%' "#$% ! * %F! AB:)" l%7 &? <h a: v4& .$ B!F% d"5 "5 !@ ]: jm 8 "K "FB "m7&o %Fm Q$ 46 + ! .$ wqF j< 6 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' "#$% ! * l% %F! AB:) qFq dA!F!Y "N5 ! + "! A= W5 "4% AB5 ! d"U@ ;) nE a "H% AB) + l%7 D5F dn ¢& ]: ."&%' "#$% ! "!5 AB'$ F NH ZN' D ?@ nB4 qFq |%Eo ,F7 a ."&%' R)' # $% &4 <4!J '! K L M N #>&" O' # $% P 2 - ,Q 1.1.4.1 D "$% Aw Aw k>7& Z:N &%$ h (CPE) D S 2 Aq "N% = C nE a (`o "&5 :m "N %H B ) h k [!M .2000 : 46 + nE a (J Z#!$ Z o) ! + D ":& W5 + A!:5 d"N' ":N AB5 ! a " 12 B ! . ! ;) + "=% " f + "$%= g<M %\ B%F ."_$ ":N "N !#H %HF j< "!5 " AB' ( !t ;) .2011 d46 1/RGQ24/1/008 " 5 V B%Ho l? 8 3N5 ! 0 8 S 2 Aq &? A!# D% q6% ] CTH "N Aqo g<h ,} « .|%E W$ a d"! _M NO "U@ 6%7 AB:' " "NY "` a n` a5` ]: 6 9N} d ;) d%$ F! O U) .&? N7F 8 "N 5 V 3EB ! 9N} "# "TT "& "!E (CPE) D S 2 Aq &%$ ! F d! ! AB:) A%H nE ;) & ! ,N~ &? F d ,$ !$ j d"&v A2 AB "F ;) 3 ` d« djB 37 A!#q "&%' %U e}F D% q6% a ] F j< d(CENARE) "&%' %F! AB:' t q6% .D% "4 Q "F!F!2 9B ª$ AB O m w%H 3N7F / ]: de:U eF!F AB ! ³ de ` Z: ! : Bq + AB5 %U g<h l4 .[7 (q 4 <6 "F!F!2 Q aF! "2 3 d"m ! + A. ;) jBV e_$ "N " F%m$ B g<h AB nN6 aN}F $ W$ a dj 8 %U ? .9$% f4& a !2 ` a e$ ) Qf> ;) « a dA!F!Y B (% T ]: Y Z_$ PF%$ ABq "E ;) !F deA%mE AB " v 9B ]: d|%E A% Q nN 3N %H %H dh Z:N %f M Z: "=% 9 %6<$ %F!Y a .X .46 + 95 a "\7h P#%7 %v6o "$ "N "_$ "=% + &? ¥%F dN% "&%' AB) =% ;) "H1'$ ; 8 X T Z: a "& "&%' "#$% & AB a > " "} ]: [% a Sm a 8 $% B :N ?* e ` >7 d"&%' ª# h!: ;) [!R SG ]: ZN XF! nE a " o DhN D 35 d a "* X& .. !` ]: "U@ DhH Z m Q %Fm nE a " 367 3` Sm D ?N "5#% & !` ! 8 d(EDERA) "o %Fm "m "N $ a $% ?* 9 m$ ;) "m4 g<h + AK "&%' #% a %90 k45& BF .(" ´B) $ Pm "m$ aN} # ! AB:) a a d ;) do ` DT "4 m5 #° A! |%E ?* 3N .A!F!Y "&%' & , q i&6 8 "m + AQ46 H ;) jBVF "% "46% (EM2) 2 "FY BUo "m (EM1) 1 "FY BUo "m !F!T k ]: Zh dAq " , EDERA !5 6 d" B ":N Z#$%6 S$ 3 "5$ $ (Fotomovil) "#} "m$ 3N " 7 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' N7F 8 "N 5 V ;) $% ?* ! . " o %U D EDERA ?* , 9%$ ! "6 9>7$ , c ]: j$% k e}F (CPE) D S 2 Aq &%$ ! F d&? .? g<h S 2 Aq a 278 292 (CPE) D S 2 Aq &%$ ] d2012 ?N5FB 31 ;) 2000 : a A% + : ;) 2005 : a .D% "4 l? ! a "# + 70 / 9 F <h d 181 152 D l? A% + .S 2 Aq a 115 659 nBF j d"&%' a et 2 371 e:U &? H d2012 9B 4 o T) "O B a et 1 765 k:N (% d2012 : ;) 2007 : a $% ?* a 600 k:N !\ d2012 : ;) 2008 : a .( Q d| A% "F!F!2 ."$ B :N i EDERA ?* D} d"_4 "<1 @T" U= 2.1.4.1 Wf 3 !` S ` w j d2012 : + 3Fw? + S ` w 9 100 ! ;) %F! Q7 9 70 ]: $% "H1) 4 2 B! :} h Po F5 9H 2014 : n§ x95 a .S ` w |% 2003 : + (2013 "FB 3Fw? "F- RGQ24/1/20 " f) 3U X ` l%7 Q !$ [!M .AB' "&q Jm Aw + 5 A%#B 5 t) + 2005 : < k7 a "N% A= AB4 g<h |! .B4 ./ ,- + U) q6% D} S 2 D% "t "4\ %7& h F%t a: k5& i + "&%' Qf> a !2 , dS47 XF! X 2 ! AB:) ,=7 nE .S 2 Aq A` AB "t) $ ."N% A= ]: X ;) "FB "2 H ]5 8 345 !` 3U l%7 ! D5 3v q6% .7&) D:! XF! "F%74 B ! ZN% 3U + Nv + !` 3vNF 8 #° AB! ": `5 Zh q6% .37 ! 7 000 a %v6 9 3Fw? 8 d"N + e}F 67F 9 D du%' !F? i&%&' ;) "T "4 ;) ME a a "2 !@ ;) F B 4F 9 d"N "FB " 5 ":N "H v "N ,F7 + "2 5 "w " o "T "4 S e}F q6% a ."H% .Z:N gH% D "T ao " "5 a d"FB "2 a D:!$ @ W:m a - 8 (CRC) S 2 D% q6% i_7& jB' D:! S 2 D% q6% aN} d#6%7 "&& "4 a AB $ .3U X ` l%7 nE ²F j< |5 ;) l? S 2 Aq D% ( : ;) e [!R Zh .7 46% k j< B!:) w%H (S x"4 .Bo QF "U B4 + ! dO&$ vF! j% 8 &! 4m a eB!: D +%2 XF! 3N %H QH (( xe# C h%F! AB:' "& "$ Q S 2 Aq ]: Fw j% NvF Fq S 2 Aq a :? Z (B xS 2 D% q6% + W S47 .aF* aF!5 d a Nv` dN: a5` 9N} " o ? "w "7 a µBo !2$ "% S 2 Aq Bq D% q6% .3U l%7 %H : i H "& %$ "w% g<h D} ."U@ !5 4m "4 3N) !N A%6< "Y B ! $ d"4\ [%mN6 3N 37 AB:) ! (CRC) S 2 dD% U' N: + ,m 6 S T Z: a " 7 & ª$ ! a .(3 9 a 8 " %v6o & 6 dZ#7 A%6 Y$ F NH " eB h 9 !$ .AB%5 %U a <EV 8 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' .1' S 2 D% q6% a: AB Aqo g<M "$ #f , A!5 "Y ;) "% S 2 Aq 3 % .3U X ` l%7 4m e H B4 ./ ,- ;) 3 $ 9 .}: F .l? ]: Z¯% ,$m & ;) "F!F!2 B "o 3 % . %m a ": ":N + S 2 D% q6% a: "G ! + Z4 5 ZN T4 D:B [! "FBf "\o X$& ! ` o 9q x%F! AB:) .e_$ "N " F%m$ 3F |%E B @ lm a .6%\ 3¶`%F d%F! AB:) 2.4.1 dFQ=& dnw$ " 5 q6% X& a F%H) + "&%' "#$% ! * l%7 < |% "_4 D: ! (EMPA) "m o "&? "NY 3v .6%\ , 9$ dn5 dnw$ " ZN' q6% D "$% A!T Do "NO (IMPEL) Z_4 9& &) < o B "4\ (6 !) " 4m "V5 nw$ " "& i&6 .(PACE) "$ 2 ! 9>7$ 3N 3 a "6%7 (5&) "H v 9B a C "F!M "NY A!T "N F% "$o "1 i! .l%7N 5 a: .l%7 <M D:! (NVMP) "#$% = ;) $ a eUE d"&%' h%N: ]& 8 "N5 ! a H! !F! " ! aN} "F i$ 8 ! d"!5 !$ F NH D |% ." m aN1 !$ NH h%F! AB:) d F%H S% 4 9 WF 8 "_4 AB' !F!T dFQ=& & FB 6 a$ + "&%' h%N: "&& "NO DO a: e}H de_$ "N5 AB' .%' 4m " ! ."¯% Q "¯% :m + %2 !5F dPTU Q / ]: A%m@ 5 , 3F d9B 3$ F NH k& %F% W4F .!$ 3 dPTU 37$ "&%' %F! & + 3o ]: A!` A>7 h 9 Q .T (% m .M .$ ;) !4 <h + Y < 8 5 a j ! "N5 "&%' "#$% ! ,- "m7& 9 (FQ=&) + j%G 8 "FB ":N " ! %O W` + d%F! AB:) ,NY$ F 9 A% Q nN aNH .AQ46 3N: %H ! h%F! AB:) N% "B W2 WV5 NY ¡& m5 XF! "N: l%7 % F .A?@ a ]: |5 eN: D% XmF 8 "N5 ! B!2 ?: "6%2 "4% ,4 ]: q6% , dBN: _h . l%7 Q G , <6 d"&%' h%N: "F i$ '-* P - . 1.2.4.1 ,F7 "2 g<h i d!4 "N lm 9 !& "2 W4 9 !$ %` ? B BQ c% 8 "F= q2 iw d ! ABFq " !&% .B4 ;) "&%' "#$% ! a ?6 N6 nEB ;) 36 |B ! . lm "I " F%m$ C "&%' AB) NO 3N7F d"&%' "#$% ! * 9>7$ 4 .2011 d!& RGQ24/1/004 " f + < %\ B%F .%74 "_4 qFq ;) ]5 d"&%' AB) + "67 ": Y * V5 j5 ]: " 5 g<h C ]: " Zh ."&%' "#$% ! F NH F%H) %\ ":- !& k$ j< ! "f "Y q$" Z1 !4 ]: d! !: 9F 9 3}F d"_4 %1o PT "F <2 !4 AB) 3F "·$ F NH . a a C AB "F LB4 4m ZH d ;) "H1'$ .",H!$ Z : ]: , "V5 9H d3N5 ! 0 8 "&%' "#$% ! .F! !@ Z! "2 ]: d5 "#q= |5 ]: hG FB5 "&%' ,#}4 9 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' ":& "N e H AB!K .%7 i + !5N "#% d"e! %F! AB:) " " aN} ." "&%' + ! ! D% ]: ,=7 "_4 ":% D " 5 g<h wq d"&%' "#$% ! * %F! AB:)/AB wq Zh .P$% [!F ]: 6 ! W$ 5 A%m@ B a hT "&%' D dAmE ]: jm 8 B !F! . ;) d" [%to ,2013 W -V 4X YZ -V ,Q 2.2.4.1 " F} Zm [!ho a B!: "m ."&%' AB) 3N7 AB' "mE &­ i1 .9B AB %F! AB:$ c Z: ABFw "&%' AB$ "U@ P# 5 "% "U@ " LB4 P# W& 5 %Fm "m7& "2 i d"m@ < hB t) + AB$ F NH !4 7 3` F%t + "H ": g<h %Fm "N: ."&%' AB$ ."&%' ! _ & ()7. 0= ' [)* :] 0 B & ^(T (AICN) 3.2.4.1 + "5#% ": Y NO& 8 :N "4 + 5 "F® "} 9 ;) (2013) 1/273 " f Q7 q= Z £` W7 WNO 9 , D#B J iT4U ! 37 9N1 3 a h< WF 8 5 "FN2 "&& eB! e&& e ! F B!p 0 ."} "$ ABY !@ d"! "t B4 "&& `o a B! d5 "F® n! ¸F " ¥m@ " f ! N6 "_4 Qf> .w) e_$ S= nV5 S >$ 3N$ q s a) W5 q a: e}H "_4 0O .B v Dh%O& Z:% 9 @ QH "5$ F NH) D ` ( .(" o ` "4 "T 3.4.1 7$ dnw$ " "& i dLBM JK I + "&%' "#$% ! * AB) l1 F NH S (BCRC-SEA) 5&!&) d(BCRC China) W + nw$ " "N' q6% " m a A* 9!$ , &%$ H |% ."&%' N e_$ "N5 ABb ²F%G l%7 % "$ d(SPREP) LBM JK .2005 ?NH& + (9$) 6t + e¯ LBM JK I " m g<h AB) 9>7$ nw$ " JK I " m + " [%to "&%' "#$% ! * AB) ! W5 ;) &? ]5F d[!ho g<h T Z5 + .l%7 Q G , @ W:m W$ 6%\ .7&) nE a LBM , & < xN6 a 3 "= "&%' , x,1 D :ZF 3N7 "=% &? !N: "N5 AB' xw) "&%' aN1 !` µB ;) A%m@ B a 3 [! "_4 Z:% DN O&o ."4F! "m7&o nB4 qFq "#$% ! e_$ ,NY A!#% ,F7 t) x" B%Y D# :ZF LBM JK I + "t 3N "mE 3N7 l%7 A.6 D xNY Z° XF! d%F! AB:) D% x"&%' l% JmE xH xnw$ " "N' q6% nE a < "m7& 5 :|%E W$ a d"N' Jm@ 3N7 .k! 10 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' "O qFq d nB4 xZN) O a "&%' "#$% ! * + l%7 Q G J41 "#$% ! * ]: A%m5 W5T "N' ¢ .%) ". x" m 3EB 4\ BN o !F! d,F7 < @ W:m W$ 6%7 .7&) dA%mE N6 " "&%' ! e_$ "N5 AB' 3 a ]} N " LB4 xQF ,1 %F! AB:' "$ ."&%' AB' ZN) Jm* .7&) 9>7$ |! " B D d"&%' "#$% C , P - . #*% 1.3.4.1 AB) 9>7$ P# ":N 94 " "2 !U d2012 d9$ " RGQ24/1/15 " f + W4 T ]: AB:) ! AB:) $ NH 3 qFq d 3 g<h (&) , [! "&%' , 8 V5 P# B! .eN: "&%' "#$% ! e_$ "N5 AB' 9N1 dh%F! AB)) R6 |!`) nE a d"2 ." ": Y a hQ " "2 6 : ]: lm a "_h 3\ + d"&%' AB' "_h .7&) a: "V5 Zh d((DITT) " " LB4 ]: 5& ¢ V Z5H ]: "Y g<h . AB) "N ) 36 @ ." ]} N "! QF <6 "T AB$ "N# "Y N: e D:! 9 9$ "` ]: W deFB e$< AB' ¥7& aF 0 ) , 3 + Nv d"&%' "#$% ! u& %F! 3#!$ + %O 9 d"&%' ! l% "V5 "t N AB) ; .e_$ "N " F%m$ |%Eo 9!4 a "&%' AB' " " ;) e ` Bq + l4 "2 Y ,- a "B "N5 "&%' "#$% Bq g<h 3v a ¤> 3E! !U%F ."4 " AB) h% |%E " j "&%' " AB' a . AB) O& 3FN P# nv !: ]: "1% % a ..} !: e ²G 9 e}F (DITT) 3N7F d " AB) g%F! k_7 !U nE a "&%' AB) O& n ]: WF dD a .P# < "4% a: "V5 Zh F!4 ":% %#! d%#! .e! evF!` "= " AB) hB! ("&%' "#$% ! * "F4) "F_ "45$ ds5F 9 aFB5 W ! ]: A<H B nv$ Dq) ;) "H1'$ dP# < " 3FN !5F !U + d % ; ! o n "2 ! . c%$ "H ,NY q6% .7&$ A%m@ B :BF 9 "2 6 (E a "NY$ W5 B%Ho W5 ]: X ."! "&%' ! * nq q6% ;) 3 "&%' "­ ,N= .W ,NG q6% + 3N5 ! 0 8 DR! R>7 ;) T <h ]: iq: 8 "&%' $ " "Y 3 « ."&%' "#$% .AB' a !Fq } ! #* C ! )' # $% <& `( 3=-" 2.3.4.1 d:% ]: AB %H "&%' "#$% ! * 3EB %U a !F! B e%O& 0 8 ! a AB 9B (% "DN "F%}2 "N ,F7" 9$ F6 "F- 3v 9!$ (% d0 a " l U + ) !F ,#\ Q 9! h B 9! ."F%}2 t + NO AB d3N5 ! (&$ J H 9!$ "5¹ %f>5 j< FB& dF!4 q i$ º5= % F!&' kv a Aq 3v = + , m& ]: AB 9B !5 .e: k "# + 90 M aN}F ."#} BF!$ A&' !` ¢N$ 3N 8 \7 dX% " M S 2 d&6q B ¸&q F4 F!&' & 3v deB& e&! 20 a %v6 3 .hQ 11 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' "U ;) l% , %F! AB:' e= ! .%) ,1 A%} :! dAB 9B %F! AB:) 35 ! ." , + AB 9B %F! AB:) »! S " "& ITU-T L.1100 = ,$ AB) ¥ & aN}F dAB 9B %F! AB:) AB' ¼.%) F6 "F- i1 "3N" d"AB' "_h" d" , " :R` AB nE ."%F! !" ) %F 8 = + AB 9B a: "&U ,N~ AB' "_h H t 9!$ + |%Eo "FB' _M , %F! j! , H 7 d0 a "* l U a 9= A` AB nE ! = .N BqF .4t ]: ¼.$ d|%E 9B ]: 3 %F .%F! ! ;) [m "F + = nV A! .} & B%= d"Ft nE a " " B 9 9 X d"H %F! AB:) 9 Z .%F! ! ;) « dAB' "_M AB %U 3H "&) d"!5 " e H .AB 9B 3v %U: C7 .ZN .2012 dF6 "F- 1/182 2011 d1/INF/30 W f + "m7&o g<h a: " B% 4.4.1 et) 37 QF o B |! d"&%' N e_$ "N5 AB' n + eQ46 e! $ i ` "#$% ! * ! 8 " F%m P1 dg&B c% ds5 a B!: h .n <h + eT1 eNO ."$o 9!4 ª$ + "&%' - C . <( ' 4 Y0 #*a #b6 1.4.4.1 "N "_4 Aw |! "N6% A?@ (a$) (AICN) Z5 " F%H' "47 i1%: W= "V5" !4 ]: "&%' "#$% ! * AB) ,- + "5&% 9 ' 3 "!5 .h%N: "F + ! g<h a C " 3NT$ "&%' "#$% ! = qF ` d(ERP) "" D_F (Récylum ERP "_4 "NO&o) (PRO) "V5 ½ A!¾N NO + e 9= DO& d5&%H + Z5 " F%H' "47 RGQ24/1/2 " f) .(OCAD3E) A!¾N 5 "_h aN1 ¬ .(2011 da$ (AICN) "&%' "#$% ! "#q= G B%5F dA!F!Y Aqo m$ ]: ""_4 "s5" D c%F 8 "!` 3$ !`" l% "mE ]N5F t) + dA!F!Y Aqo a $ F .%\ !: e& "! "­ ! 0 8 ! U l!F) e}F W5N a .5&%H ./ ,- + ,- "m & 18 600 a %v6 nE a 3N W$ F% 3 a "_4 "s5 D ¿ 9 ]: ..%7$ q j 9B dW:w |! ) "` h !5 ;) l% + A%` "2 9 9 ]: d ]: A: d dh%N: "F + Z_4 h%fo e H = .(PRO) "V5 " NON " "4 K `À "F!4 |! a C q6% + "­ "&%' "#$% ! Z# & ,NY PÀ ! "­ "&%' "#$% ! * l% %F! AB:)/! AB:) ,NY ! Bw ! .eQ46 W$ %F! AB:) À ! % ` d"$ o B + AB!K [!h 9 46 !` ;) ! * Jm* + ": Y ,- X a dk5& i + ." ! l&o e H "# + 91 71 !` B% kg10 ´$ [! dZ# & ,NY + !Fq / ]: "% ! 9 "­ "&%' "#$% .2014 : n§ 12 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' B 36h n 5H) !4 nE a "­ "&%' "#$% ! * ! AB:) ,=7 " NO 3NT NH d"­ "&%' "#$% ! * %Nt , ;) nU } Z:N & ª$ a: A%\4 "V5 <6 3NT ! AB:) H% ;) ! 3 & (PRO) "V5 "_4 Z:% DN ,=7F <h dh! ,4 "U P# e H "&%' "#$% ! * + A%m@ . ! Z5 W$ Z_4 Z: D# qN D d"&%' "#$% ! * ]: " AB' ]: 3v$ " "V5 !4 4mF 13 34 o + "`%m " "&%' "#$% ! "` + ."A!F!Y !" ""! " W$ .h%N: "F + 3 "V5 !N [%K !5 3NTF d2005 ¢m5 (9a , 5 W#'2 ;) )' # $% @- :- . 2.4.4.1 -7 – T * • 3N i° <#< d2006 : + 5&%H + dADEME Z5&% q%$ eE "H% d"m "_4 AB) "6 i5 > ! 3F .%) F%t a: "&%' "#$% ! * AB) O& "s>$ Z: qFq ]: ,NY X 3v ,1 ! 3N7 ."_4 A:% a !Fq g<h AB qFq ;) [!R 8 ,F7 d" 9= :N aN1 de}F "m "_4 AB) "6 ! . "4t %F! AB:) " !& F DO nE a "T STU W$ B% <Eo % d"_4 9V7$ " Aw D:! Aqo Z= 3= AB) a: "NO "V5 3NT H d ;) "H1'$ .%F! AB:) ,NY mm 36 iY: iN 8 Á d 5 + "`%m ! N6 D5&>$ 9F 9=5F aF< d" "F% o .2009 &F 30 ¸F$ B %o k: C& X5` d: `4 , ! 45 : = e T @N – T * • "!) M q W$ ,NY nE a 2010 : 3# + ¢N$ " "N% "\7 "` X 2 i t© . !5 "7F QH d(n c%: "\\) S 2 ("@ dX Pm S ` a: A% 60-30 ! "m a Z` S 2 3 F d"_$ %O& " a "445 w D=` a ev 12 ;) nv 6 nv f X Pm S ` nN S ` , a: F NH S 2 A` AB 9 $ de! e%: "Fm4 9 AB: d|%E "`& a . ]: dj%2 4` " & 3 kT Z@ kH DmTF dZ` S 2 %F! AB:' .kFm$ A` A!6 Z` (q .(% 45 `) "&%' "` d(% 55 `) 4 "Fm4 "\7 :< e H 3F T (%5 "A" ;) 3 % 8 "&%' "` ¢: ]: dB a B%5F 3 Zh o %TF NH dZ` S 2 9w a "# + 80 a %v6 %F! AB:) Z4 de-) .T U "Nv 9B .k "# + 1 a 3 ]%F Z4 .2011 d5&%H dThales RGQ24/1/3 " f + 9h "2 B B% ()) - . + ,& #>&; 3.4.4.1 %F! AB:) "Y a: e}H d(MSWI) "F!4 |! "4 37 ! F " v 9B F5 l 9) AB:' "$ 9B Q46 !` ;) ! dMSWI + "&%' "#$% ! %T !H . %` F $ "#$% ! a e_$ D5 C 3 ,NY ."Oh$ $ ) hBB% <F d! d ;) "H1'$ ."F!4 |! Aw% Q + " v 9B E! a 3 F h%N: "F + "&%' 13 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' "\' & .%F! AB:) "N: .f !F!2 T 3v ! AB:) a 8 9B B%5 "F} "#N %` a .A!` ]: CF (hQ d":4m ! v " 4#q P) .X k ]: (J 46) %F! AB:' "$ Q 9 "#q= G qF d(ORDEA) C :% "&%' "#$% Aqo AB:) 9& X C$ DM PN5F h%N: "F + Aqo AB:$ e}F 95 qF .e& Aqo AB $ 9B5 a "&%' "#$% Aqo 9& 3N7F ."N} B4 ,- ¥ & "­ F %Nt , F%t a: :" _ x"6 &%' • x ! "4 ! • x.M !F? Aq • x"­ Aqo • x("$v AQ4 ": Bo .v $) Bo • xSo a: e}H kH% "1F% Aq • x(A.1' 46%) ¢& • .("=h P$ !:) P$ • AB' "F%5F5 "5 V nE a d@ lm a 3FN$ d C g<h ,- AB) j%G dAqo ,- .%\ % aN}F .(SWICO) DO "F%5F5 "m$% (SENS) . e 45 e:H! e¯ d(ORDEA) C :% "&%' "#$% Aqo AB:) 9& $ "N7 .e& ! l) a <h .":t ":m ]: h%N: "F + C W5 d"q) 3F "mE q dnH 2 O 3h :" "m "4% :ZF "N hF5/Q$! 3N7 H . x"N5 Aqo "N# C E 9>7$ "K m5 W5N "! .(, "N: ]: Qf> nE a) Aqo %F! AB:) W5 .(2011 dFOEN) "_4 j%5F5 jB X 2/INF/45 1/INF/40 W f + "F%5F5 "$%= %\ B%F _Y0 C?$. (EPEAT) - . 4 _Y0 ( #" :- . #>&f C Y, C g 4.4.4.1 (2013 W1/259 (i) ( -7) THALES h: ! C=, d"&%' =N Z_4 D AB) EPEAT d"&%' =N W_$ W¯ a: "s5 g<h ! "$ S 2 Aq Z "$o "m$% a ECMA-370) Z_4 9:' (A!T F .(o B QF "# e 4t %F! AB:) "m (&' DN 3N7 QF ]: EPEAT D F "NK M "7 X 2) ! D DF .("&%' =N Z_4 D ) .eFE e 28 eq) e 23 e 51 B! e 4t ( ;) S 2 \\ IEEE 1680 .$ + "NO& ¢ 3 a 1961 : (ECMA) S 2 Aq Z "$o "m$% i_7&© "NO& %Fm ,$ , + "} AQ4 AQ 6%7 "m$% + "F} S$ "NO& QF " "B "_h dECMA International ;) 1994 + ¯ ECMA "m$% Q . B!p j< ECMA-370 a (2009 &F) ,$% !U' "m$% %7& m7& t) + . 14 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' QF "H% P# e 4t "$ 2 ! = #%t "_4 ²&Y %O A T : Z_4 9:' 3N7F .ah% i + "4 " LB4 .(PEA) N "_4 B T dCEP "6%7 Z_4 ! "#$% (UNEP) Y0 #'2 ; j -, 5.4.1 1.5.4.1 ! a 9!4 (&) !FqF NH 3U d"°T ABFw B!T %$ ! %2 Bw dAQEo 5 + "&%' ! "m4% Aqo "7 S 2 Aq 6< %2 3N7F ."&%' "#$% B l% d! AB:) D% ! "$ ,m "w) 3 a d"N5 "F@ M "N5 9 d"&%' "#$% ! * C "4 X o ]: "$% a ?6 ! ¾ 9 D a .@ + A%m@ & , 3 + " N !5 d"N & l% N: !N 4#q "¾?© X m4v d"F "F 9$% 46% dF? U% B 3v) "&%' d1/INF/36 " f + "_4 A!T Do &? " LB4N 3 C B%F .("F} 46% ª$ 3 .2011 24/1 C=, 1 *' A U 4 $ " ! (i 2.5.4.1 !:© "B A!h h4:$ nw$ " ;) (2010 d "N X |! n nV5) d1/16 " f Q7 9!4 3 ;) "! 9!4 a A%m@ 3 & , !F!T k ]: dDo W$ A%m@ %` a !T a 9 S% + e_$ "N5 RB) 9N1 A! "ÂN "N6 3 e}F " a ! .(LDC) e .= 8 |%Eo A%m@ N e_$ "N5 AB' n + e 9!4 3 A!:5 d&) ! a # $% m j dkl i?i "&%' "#$% ! e_$ "N5 AB' 9>7$ 7 [% "6< .%7 N: nE a "&%' (&) mn [!M 9F 9 Z4F .)' # $% O' %N k C7 $ l? nE a 3N nq 8 "&% ! O' # $% xA!Y "& = AB' &$ A!: ,}F 9 !4 a .`U) a 8 & )' # $% x! + ."4 " F%m$ "&%' "#$% ! %F! ! ! 8 NO %O "&%' ZU ."! !h 4: W$ <Eo , d"t "NO "&& F} ]: q6% "s ;) " f Q7 3$ e%mE 37 8 B4 !F! d"&%' B4 %F! AB:) ! AB:) a: &$ !: ,1$ e}F "&%' + "t%5 B 3N7 9 a .|%E B W$ a dB 4#q U% a kF 3H 4 , " "q o K v j e4 .(PCB) A B! 3 Z#f 46% <6 " f Ã` .A B! 3 Z#f a A%mE N6 ]: d1977 : 34 " d(PVC) !F6 .g: A6< "fv ,1 ]: "` B B!:) [! " N . !$ lm1 "&) N nN ]: e%mE "&%' a C 37F 9N} =% ,1 Z4F + " v 9B 3v B a P\% %F! AB:) N: + 9> Q c% X= !F!7 %2 ZE "K .%K B %Nt , 15 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' , (Umicore) * " 3.5.4.1 " f) =$ a (Umicore) "6%\ h 2012 : + "_4 "$o nN:o q# a ""N: 3}H" "_H + q# 96 v &F (NiMH) u! 3 !F!h 46% a aT7 "$ Fm$ %F! AB:) + o d(2012 d1/141 .jY [ + "F} 46% 4 t) , de& 9B ("&Fo "2 + v j) (Li-ion) . %Nt , + CF !: "T "_4 ]: Fm4 "45 Qf> a S o <h 3 ! B5 ."* AB 60 ` D} 8 "&%' "#$% ! * a at 350 000 / eF "6%\ Ä B5F .] % w%H d"Nv 9B FB% FB4 o T + d"N g<h + 9B .T <h ]: T a at 20 000 W4 a et 25 d"} a at 2 400 C@ Xh< a at 100 .hw eF 5 ` Xh< qH 3F dnv 34 ]H .j! q a (% $ "& "5H AB%5 B " ? 350 ":4m ! * a !` at a B%5 % 250 , "& dq a !` am 9! a % "#$% ! * a B BB% a 9$% f4& 9 W` + d"% "NK M a !` at a % .q "Y ·7 + : "# + 80 "45$ 3 "&%' + 9N6 "# !5 d9B % B6 "&%' "NO&o %Eq 8 " 4 B !5 BH :("_4 D:) .Z\ 36 kH nTF .Z\ j kH !F j< "j%#! B" ;) Z}F ."& %@ (&) %Nt , ;) 3 "2 Z <$ d"# + 100 "45$ Fm4 "&%' %F! ." 9!4 + "Y q6% 4 U 3( 1 *' A o% `( U 3( 5 *' A ?6' 4.5.4.1 (24/1 ) ! "Y ! 8 F} ª$ " U + Å d2012 dRGQ24/1/19 1/156 W f e 4t AB:) ! AB:) AB) X d%F! AB:) "&%' a !2 n + ¢ lm $ :%F! |%Eo Aqo " FmN !` a`7 A! ¶" 9>7$ L.1000 "U • |%Eo Aq + A! $ B!b e!` e` ! "eF!F "NK <6 d"&%' D=` B!: a !T dA! $ B!b "@ !` ."N2 S !: "m ªE A. ABFw nE a "m W5T = + AB 9B %F! AB:) a: QH " F%t" 9>7$ L.1100 "U • . g<h »! 5& B! ZH " ¢¶ 8 ITU-T L.1001 "U l%7 ]: ¢ lm 5 ! "Y i H d2012 %$6 + • ! + ! Z@ !` A! ¶ n§ F NH 4m 7 dITU-T L.1000 "U 3N 8 d"U g<h . Aqo a65 " !Y U 4 :"4 `m A!` A! " 4m " o g<h nE a ."_4 U "5 .1} (N Z5m% H "m A.6 ": ! AB:) 35 d" H Aqo m& , F%t a: A! , ªE a "U .!Y ¥%H !1 gBNU k , ":& W5 dg%F! AB:) "&%' "! AB4 ! B a $ 2012 : + A " R% " B ! • a at 300 000 T$ ! F 3Fq A.$ "m 5F !` A! ¶ BN: 9 d(GeSI) " w f4& "m a n' "&) " ! %O d ;) "H1'$ .eF "&%' ."# + 50 25 W$ % "45$ "@ "m$ B!' !` a "_H! 5 16 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' ! >& 0 , # N #* j& _4! p C=, & kl, q( 5.5.4.1 (UNEP) Y0 #'2 ; j -, *'( r , ( #'$ k)* = P q= A2 AB ZN < 9>7$ P1 e`% d(2013) 1/286 " f ! ;) eB d" & "`% RB % 8 9!4 " 9!4 + ! .$ " A!:5 ,F7 + . ! B , %\$ i1 B ":N .2010 2000 Z: W$ A% + t "H6 + Q46 37$ Bw (PC) "7 X 2 4 9 ;) "s5 Q7 370 / ;) 2000 : + 0 ./ "H6 + i$ A!` 9 170 / a 3#h 37$ X 2 g<h nN Bw 9 740 ;) ` 4 3 9 Â! F ` d2014 : £` gG <h %N5 d2010 : + i$ A!` 9 .AQEo %7 5 + } a %v6>$ ABFw j dA!` q= w%H !F!T mE < 9 "$ 2 q= U) !F!G H% Z4F k&>$ <6 " f ZU H% Z4F .B AB %F! AB:) / HB Z4F 8 W$ a `U) h!F!G a 8 "$ 2 W " "TU "_4 "F® aN} " F%m$ 3N a !6> nw$ " " #f 3N5 9 !F!= " M "6%\ AB4 :gt) aN1 WB4 9 £` "6%7 &%$ 3¬ .nw$ " 4m nv , H .(PACE) "$ 2 q= 9>7$ 3N$ 3 a "6%7 (MPPI) 2 "# #$ ! !"# '( %&% # ( '.? 1.2 :" m 4: + <E>F 9 " 9!4 + "&%' AB' 3 O& j ]: X P# B :3N7 " B nE a d"&%' "2 C7 "` %F% "2 • A!F!Y ! BQ x"&%' "#$% ! W:w WN aFB5 W X& a dk ,F $5` 5 + "67 x"N5 hG "&%' "#$% ! 4 x ! 4 x= ! d"46% A!: x4% "&%' "&%' ! A` !$ ' x "&%' "#$% ! * N6 x! AB:' " x"&%' "#$% ! * AB' "T "4 B xA! "&%' D=` xA! ."NK o "&%' AB) a: "- "F= % ]UF d<6 %o 96 .A%m@ Q A%m@ B a ! Fq Zh "&%' 9 B) "s • A%m@ W$ qN$ N5 a "UE "_H "&%' "#$% ! * 4:$ " 45 "Y 3`% AB' a A%4 3`% + $ %t XG "$ d"#7 "­ 3`% * ZH d4 D% ]: .(j! D% U' aFq 3 ,NY) "#$% ! * ! 9 a d(C / "Y / ! / %F! AB:)) "Y "4m 9 !& 9 j%} a .95&' "TU "_4 "F® 9N1 3 a A%mE * U$ "&%' "N " F%m$ g<h ¾! 0 9) "`% j + ]= 9 a "&%' "#$% ! A%m@ ."! ]} N QF , e\ de_$ 17 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' D=` x!$ 36 + Z ,1 :3v X& A:% , "&%' AB' 3 O& !F!T "2 ! A` AB x"&%' "#$% ! 7& |! xH%° kH 5 d"N 3FN I x"&%' "#$% ! * AB' "w "T "4 x . ;) • * AB' " LB4 ,1 !: 4: + h<E Z4F 8 "5#% X&Y ZF NH :" 9!4 + H $/ 2.2 t |5 ]: " 9!4 + "&%' "#$% ! * AB$ " " " 5 !N 9 Z4F ! AB:) ,=7 Z4F d ;) "H1'$ .ZK |5 ]: "` B "F6 !: "4% S e%O& ZK Z4F ."&%' "#$% ! * ! a !` µB ;) 3 Z4F d"&%' "#$% ! :ZF dµB !T6 d3N7 9 A6< " 5 )*+, -( . /0 "!1% !& '( 1.2.2 a !6> "N5 ! " "Y Zh " 9!4 ` 9 9 a !$ "N: !4 9 34 d % F d"F g<M e ."&%' nEB ;) , + jBVF ! g<h BQ 9 8 .Bo "TU 4f) "B A:% d.Bo "TU 4f) 4E "&%' "#$% ! l}E) dBQ . ! a "* _ "! NO `% ! "2 D .%) a !$ d"&%' "#$% ! BQ $ F NH + B!: + P4 ZH d! "$ N$ nq 9 ! NH o d"%N "F ]: "H7" 9 A! 9!4 ]: X deH "&%' "#$% ! * ! Nv` .i a e45& AQ A%H . g<M e_$ "N5 ABb H% a qF F! " 9!4 9 a !6> d"°T ABFw B!T %$ ! %2 Bw dAQEo 5 + (2011 dUNEP) 1/INF/36 " f + . N6 S 2 Aq 6< %2 3N7F ."&%' "#$% ! a 9!4 (&) !FqF NH 3U "$ ,m "w) 3 a d"N5 "F@ M "N5 "&%' ! "m4% Aqo "7 "4 X o ]: "$% a ?6 ! ¾ 9 D a .@ B l% ! AB:) D% ! N !5 d"N & l% N: !N 9 d"&%' "#$% ! * a C 9$% 46% F? U% B 3v) "&%' + A%m@ & , 3 + " .("F} 46% ª$ 3 4#q "¾?© X m4v "F "F d"! F%7 !$ 36 !: e H R* "&%' "#$% ! %F! BQ N: <Æ 9 X F 9 X NY Z° 9 94 a: ." [%to W$ %` "H7 LB4 "4 A:% , <6 dR* "&%' "#$% ! BU B D5 J4} Ç " a DN w XF! .(WCO) " NY "NO D# O "% H "&%' ]: [% a: e}H ",5 D U !` O" d= e eO& i1 " NY "NO 9 A\'$ %F! &2) @ B$ !4F (! j%=\ 3h ]: F O& a: A4: O <h ."!` O" E$ g! "B N "& B ;) !5F "Y a "$ 3`% ?: F!$ Z} (9B %}@ 9N} = D !` O& QH "! A= Q5 !` O ,1 a c% 96 .]E nN .NY Z° " 18 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' 2+&% 324 2.2.2 1$ "F4 a "6%7 V5 a 9 "" "=" e B eF% ,} 9 !$ 36 + "T Z4F : T ]: d!F "5 B! ]: "67 |%Eo ": = N • :" Zh g<h "T "4` "5#% ."6%NY "_4 m5 3N7 + <E> 9 ]: d"&%' "#$% ! * DO AB) 9>7$ "! |5 ]: " BN: xAB' O& + 3N Q a5` + 3E! 8 3 ,- 4: N "7 AB' + W67 "T STU 3 d"2 = "T1 V5 B ) x"&%' 9 X .(% %F! AB:) ! AB:) l% $ F NH d q 9N1 d[!h ,1 e ! 4m 34 "&%' "#$% !N " Y "2 W$ : F [!ho g<h ÇÅ xeFB F! x"&%' "#$% ! * Z= O& AB) 95 :m + "&%' "#$% ! * AB) n + XF! 3N %H E ,=7 x"\7h %v6o x.} !: $ : c%H dP# nv 9N} "T STU * ]: "$% [%\' " "2 Y "T STU a: Wv D} "Y .7&) D a ."&%' "Y k DO Z4F ."FB :N + "&%' AB) O "NO " X&Y "7 c% d" d"&%' "#$% ! * AB' " X&Y + "FY T4 ,=7 ;) e}F ]5 9 "= ."F g<h T 3FN "NK B ! 9 ')* • B!p 9 X d9 !F ` " 9!4 + .= W:w WN aFB5 W a 9 "W=" "_H ]:! "_H + e WN aFB5 W ,NG a dnv 34 ]H .DRV5 !5 a 1$ .V5 ¢$ :" "5#% V5 3N .Vh "T STU 9>\ a x"&%' N "N° "NO& nv * AB$ F NH : 3T # a: %F% »! [!ho W=$ 3= ]: È2 x"&%' "#$% ! xO&o (&' "_4 Z:% DN$ " Ho %Fm 3v) " ("&%' "#$% ! * + A%m@ & 3v) " QH x"&%' "#$% ! * j%F! "&%' "#$% ! Z5 (,NY ¥ & x"&%' AB) O& 3FN >7© (N nv x"2 "$ [%\$ N5 x"&%' "Y + J7& !$ 19 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' "_4 AB' 3N5 ! 0 8 "&%' "#$% ! l% ,=7 ": :b N§ xM " ` ! ,NG ¥ & .7&) W:w = ]: X dg: V5 ;) "H1'$ .W=N 85 D:! »! 3N5 ! 0 8 ! '! s?& • :ZF NH "5#% V5 3vN .aF%7 :? a aF!5 W:?$ F x"&%' N "N° "NO& nv x"&%' "#$% ! * ! n! ªE ,=7 xW= ;) 3N5 ! 0 8 "&%' "#$% ! AB:) x"&%' AB) O& 3FN >7© (N nv x"2 "$ [%\$ N5 ."&%' "Y + J7& !$ • "N# 6%7$ d"&%' "#$% ! * %F! AB:$ AB:$ AB$ "N# Y$ 3F :" " o V5 .Vh "T STU ;F . C$ x"&%' N "N° "NO& nv "! N 3}H QF , ]\NF "&%' "#$% ! N e_$ "N5 AB' < xB! <h + !$ 36 |! A!N !: x"&%' "#$% ! * ! n! ªE ,=7 x3N %H E qFq ;) "% "2 P# nv xU h%F! AB:) ! AB:) "&%' l% $ F NH AB!K [!ho D:B x"2 "$ [%\$ N5 ."&%' "Y + J7& !$ -( . "*+:% ;$- (EPR) 15% 67(% 89 3.2.2 "V5 !4 " 9!4 ` R!N: 8 "&%' "#$% ! * P# aN} 9 Z4F "t B!T A%$: !N " 6%7 9o de: i4© 8 d(EPR) " ?: ! " "6%7 "V5 ! d!4 <h X .Z ! ]: 3N a h%N: "F + ! AB) " " 6%7 X:5 ` d! A` A! " 3`% ,AQEo [% d":- "FB%H "NO& nE a " "V5 !4 < a ." "V5 nE .(PRO) " "V5 NO" D $ <6 aN1 "T STU ª$ ]: XF 9 a d 5 + ` X5` dk&o "FB% "NO&o , 3 XF ! X d"&%' "#$% ! * AB$ F NH "2 1 8 [!ho p 9 !F "5 O ZH .B a %v6 "5 "5 !@ " 9 a N$ d"N "! ! AB) 9N1 20 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' ! a DF! X W!5 ]: X d"S$ ;) S$ a" ,- kH XF j< djB% " $ S4 o "$m N 9N1 35 %o$ 9F a dAB! , ;) 3N5 ! 0 8 ,- "` + .(2008 dEMPA dD. dOtt) "F= H w% "N ! ;) 1 d5 |! Z: 95H "F= H w% ]: D# l% d ,% d"S$ ;) S$ a" Å# & .l% c%o q 8 , + " "FG : B 9>7$ W ! e%O& e! q6% + ,N= ¥ & a "4\ < [! @ W:m W$ 6%\ ") a ":NY "NO&o nE a Z7 |! d|%E , W$ a d.N "!E ¥ & 4 " !@ q6% "N H% 5 i&6 . d"m h ":NY "NO&o < !: 4: + ,1F 9 Z4F %EI 3: h ." " 9Fq A%m5 a ?6 ! $ PN5F ZN' ! ]: "V5 "NO B 9o d(9!$ A!: 3N7) "N) "t ]: [%\' 9 ;) "H1'$ d" " m 9!$ W$ B!2 ?: "&%' "#$% ! * "6%` ]: .Y g<h 3v a !F! ]: [%\' a 2 ]: 3 A!` "V5 "NO d[!ho %5 d%F! AB:) 6%\ , 1 35 6 d"H1' Fq a eB!: ":NY "NO&o ! d"9$ W" !F! x"N "! (B) aÉ xD=2 H nE a ,NY ª "NO B 9H d|%E "`& a ."&%' AB) O& 3F + 9s5F aF< W=5 Q W= j " 3`% + l ` .7& ;) jBVF d"5H S F "V5 ½ J H A!` NO !T ,=7 9 "2 ]: X dS g<h 3v X= ."&%' "#$% ! * AB' 9 9 dm4} NO g<h 2 X% 9 Z4F .(2008 dEMPA dD. dOtt) "V5 ½ "* ." R&$ ]: lt$ "* t) + "$o 9!4 + kt 3$ 3NF (EPR) " W= "V5 O& ") AQ46 F! i1%: !" ! ."3FN "5 !@ t 3=5 ,NY nN: F!T g<h 3N7 do B k nv t) + T# i1 immE ) " 9!4 "4" .9!4 * + e` 3} Z:NY O "S¶%" ."o B k < a A 5 ! a !5 9 9!4 g<M a .(EPR) " W= "V5 .(2011 dScruggs Nimpuno) "N: "m $ " "&%' AB) n + " 6%7 ]: "2 %m5 9 Z4F deQE "$ d g<h AB) a52 "w ("! ]} N QF) " QFN nv 9N} "_4 CE% .95&' "TU "_4 ]: "45 f a !2 "5+1% ;$- 4.2.2 AB) a: <6 d 5 + ! a: "` + %O j%} a STU ]: WF j< O& AB) "V5 ": " 9 "T Z4F ."&%' :ZF aN} kH &$ =5F 9 !F "5 + "T + "&%' "#$% ! x" 6%7 a: ": : ! • .N 9w "F= " l X5` d 5 AB:) / l% ) "5 "5 a: o :3N5 ! 0 8 "&%' "#$% ! AB) • A%\4 Q A%\4 ! AB:' "4 ! N6 x(! .(D% / U') 21 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' "N6 l& x! J x"!5 ! "N6 l& :"&%' "#$% ! * AB) "N6 l& x( l& x"Y "&%' "#$% ! * "N6 l& xh%F! B .Z# C J e# C j% 8 • B j< %o dX i + vF! " ´$) "V5 .Vh "T STU 3$ ¥ ."4% !U% "m7&>$ A%} !: P# 3F! Jm c%o "2 ]: A!#$ (=!( #1) ?#(@A =-5B 5.2.2 (ª %F! AB:) d! AB:)) "fv ,1 4m ;) "&%' N "7 AB' :! no 3F!4 h4:$ ! A%\4 Q A%\4 ! AB:) ]: ,=7 ! AB:) jBV .%F! AB:) + d"&%' ! ! ªE ]: A!:5N Dho .3N %H E ;) s6 %F! AB:) ,- a e.q e` < Zh d,N P#%\ % H a Z¯% Q %F! AB:$ "N# Y ¤> d" 9!4 + "$ PTU Q / ]: <$ !$ ."&%' "#$% ! * + AB B %F! AB:) P#%7 3N %H E ;) " 9!4 + "&%' AB) Z} 9 Z4F .95&' "TU "_4 "#h nN:>$ " XF! "m7& B!:) A%} Z} d« a .Z¯% D H 3 F !F 8 e&%` %v6o "&5 .R "N5 AB' "&%' "#$% !N (D% / U') A%\4 Q A%\4 D% 8 6%7 + 3N %H E wq 9 h!$ "T a dXF! <h 3v %H 9 "2 = a d ]: A: d"T a .j! BN: ]: =7 Z4F 8 d"&%' AB) , 3 "#$% ! e_$ "N5 AB' < (W$! A% W° a "V) & XF! wq 9 ]: !:5 "_$ ,H B l <h a #° 9 ;) %O$ .% a !2 "7 [%° W5 "$ d"&%' .!$ 36 + M 2 (% 9 Z4F ""_4 ":% #°$" [% ZH dÊ Q lm ;) Z¯% Q lm D1 + 3vNF "&%' "#$% ! * AB) . XG 34 !` 9 P}F .(2012 d"! 3N "NO) g%O` k ¢H a e!$ dZ¯% ( =-5B 6.2.2 :ZF + %O ;) "2 :! dl1 <h "Y ( & / 0 2 0 1.6.2.2 "2 a D:!$ d"&%' N "N5 ABb "w "T "4 X6% wq 9 " 9!4 Z4F dA% Q nN 3N: %H @ eF!$ 9F 9 a j! 9 h4: + ,} ) ."! NO / . ! a: ½5F 9 " 45 "Y 3`% W$ ¥7 <h (!F 9 D a ! * AB 35 3 a "Y 3`% F NH ! a !$ d ;) "H1'$ !4 %` $ d! !$ + de_$ "N " F%m$ e# C Y ! "&%' "#$% .!$ 36 + A%v . 4 !T W d! a S% j%F! ;) "&%' "#$% ! Z= a H!$ Nh WF d" X&Y$ F NH B a6 !F! d ! , + "!5 B R& 9>7$ d"&%' "N5 AB' <h H! 35F .|%E W$ a dB g<h a C#E dA%m@ %}T5 .95&' "TU "_4 ]: "4 fI j ]: A%m5 }E a a d"&%' N 22 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' * AB) + N 3}H l4 9N1 3 a " " LB4 "_4 QF 4m$ ]UF l%7 ,}F . g<h A` AB C 8 [% "! QF A:% , d ! * AB' " 3`%N "$o QF d"T STU * kH 7F j< dWEELABEX ."&%' AB) a: "V5 6%7 "4% c%$ ! N: j% d"&%' "#$% :(2011 dUNEP 1/INF/36 " f) " B4 + %O D aNH d4 ;) "H1'$ (PACE) , N '! C=, <4! <" h= & / 0 • A:% , dh%N: ]& 8 "N5 S 2 ! e_$ "N5 AB' ABFw ;) " LB4 g<h [!R " LB4 i1 ! .A2 AB .w) nB4 qFq "!5 "N d":N "V5 ]& 8 "N5 "$ 2 !N e_$ "N5 AB' 9>7$ B\) " f :&? t) + " #f 9>7$ Z !4 x`U) N% "N5 "$ 2 ! 4E + "_4 "5 9>7$ Z !4 xh%N: !N B!2 ?: 3 9>7$ B\) xh%N: ]& 8 "$ 2 ! %F! AB:) B BB% + "_4 "5 ."$ 2 ! 9>7$ 3N 3 a "6%7 Tm B%5 xh%N: ]& 8 "N5 "$ 2 (MPPI) ( tZ P h= #* 0 & / 0 • ]& 8 "N5 " M AB$ " " M + "6%7 AB4 " LB4 %H "N5 " e_$ "N5 AB' 9>7$ B\) " f :" #f " LB4 %H .h%N: %F! AB:) B BB% 9>7$ Z !4 x"N5 " M D% 9>7$ Z !4 xh%N: ]& 8 + "6%7 AB4 Tm B%5 xj: DN 4: 9>7$ Z !4 xh%N: ]& 8 " M ." M tX-; u -. " Y0 _$ 4 2.6.2.2 A` AB "t' 3# 34 B ) ;) eN#B ]5 9 ! " 6%7 Z4F ."_4 A:% %v6o B a hQ$ N + "!5 A%m@ B a: "1 ]: 3N ! a l <h d"&%' "#$% ! * ! n! ªE ` a e$ ) eQf> "_4 Z:% DN %fVF 9 a a Xm nw$ " 9 Ã`& 9 D a . ªE dB AB g<h AB) 35 .a !` µB ;) A%m@ ! a !T H [%to B 9 Z4F d" 9!4 + ZN% Z:N (!& T "w ! BQ 3%F Z . [% "! !: a "%U %v6 "f B ]: "FK ! BQ ]: "1% 8 "N5 " e_$ "N5 AB' 9>7$ (MPPI) " M + "6%7 AB4 B\) " f 8 3 a B!: % e% " f g<h 9 9 a .! g<h DN$ 4: %m 2h%N: ]& :ZF 3v d ! DN !: 4: + h<E Z4F U% :Zh o B A%m@ B ! k h%O` 8 i5 B 4: + <EV 9 X • x? B! 3 Z#f 46% ? B! 3 Z#f VH Z ! % 4#q B 1 2 3045 67 8* 9 :!;< !=>? 0 #/0- )*+ ,(- .( &'! $% !# 2 .4/1 2 !- 23 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' + DhQ W!5 %F! AB:) 6%\ "NO _M , 5$ 3N 9 " 6%7 Z4F xi5 A%m@ B$ F NH Fo [%O %t !F! x! AB "f6 C#@ Q 9B dU% "¾? m4v a "@ 3#!4 !F! "&) 9 Z4F j dB + Q Xm Z4F d ¢ A!F! C#E m , x" ¢& ]: 37 wq 9 "NK S 2 Aq " M " M 3v !N " 6%7 Z4F F@ 3v B F%t a: "Fm4 aT7 AB!= "m ! nE a "m ª " 6%7 aÉ dX m4v ;) "2 3 F ZF 9 "m ª a ."5N7 xA.$ AqN "&%' & ! ABFw 3v 3#!$ ;) nT a "`% 9 F h d ! a "5 " 4 B %F! AB:) ,=7 + 4 3`% a: . a aÉ / ]: dB E + eB!7 %v6 9 9 X DN x%F! AB:) t a !T e A!` a`7 n` , DN 9>7$ ITU-T L.1000 "U + %O DN <h 35F . ! a " ":N , "m . (&) a @ B ]: Xm a g!$ 3 F dAqo + "Bw XG "1 3F!4 • • • • • • 3N 9 D: WF aF< dW |! "F "_4 Z:% DN a 3 (EPR) " W= "V5 !4 .O 3FN AB! e H d"&%' "#$% ! * AB$ "m4% 36 ª$ "A&A "5+1% @55 "!1 C +0(9 ?5 ;? 7.2.2 :ZF " &4 QH nE a "H¶% "m4 ,1 4m qF 9 "&%' "#$% ! Z ]: 0 8 ! A%H ,N= ¥ & x"_4 "T ]: "NK %t xA%m@ B | "&%' "#$% ! * , 3 !: "s>$ W5 4F 9 e}F W ]: X .3N5 ! :c% <M DN q% c%: F%t a: d"FB: N6 *$& # ./ 0&1!" 234 1 ()* + !,$ - :1 %&'$ 89 :; <= >9 : ?@ 5 67 !$ :' 3# d"&%' "#$% ! !F "5 + "T STU "2 a D:!$ ;) 3N5 ! 0 8 ! X 9N1 "$ dW5 W$ Z_4 Z: E + Z !$ e}F !$ 36 + D lm ªF ."V5 " F%m$ 3N5 9 |%E W$ a d,N= ¥ & . A%h° D=` a: aF!4 Q dS47 nto |! Z_4 Z: qFq + h 24 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' &(DA =-5B 8.2.2 9 e}F D a d"&%' "#$% AB) O "NO ":N ("_4) " X&Y ;) "H1'$ .e "! . 4 S4 >$ B qF 9 X O 9o d"FB X&Y + %OF '! <4!J '! K L - . + ,& '!4 = #*. P 9 4$; v7 1.8.2.2 - . + ,& 37 ! "&%' "#$% Aq "7 AB' 9 P1 a W$ 9w "s n) !: , dA!` ]: !$ 3$ "U@ [%O .1 + WF 8 nN:o % e! [%m ª , R !` + "FB !#H Y Z5$ ]>F Sm %fo 9o x":N "_4 "FB X&Y ." 9!4 + N d% a !2 "_4 !# a AB' g<h Ë a 9F 9 Z4F N: "#$% Aqo %F! AB:) ":U i&6 2006 : + d(IAER) &%' %F! j! "! "N= e H 0 ./ ,- + "Y "m 500 + C\ 19 000 / 3NF B 1,5 qh "F e`$ ! "&%' "#$% ! * AB) 9 ]: ah?F j< %o (2008 d|%E Kahhat a: e & d2006 dIAER) ." 9!4 + N d"F "Fq "§% AG 9 9 a "&%' dk: .B%F) H% 3v R* 3N5 ! 0 8 "&%' "#$% ! AB) 3`% a "`% 36 "! " |!Y 3T A6K ( 4m ]: jm !$ ,m}F 9 !$ 3 aÅm a5` a jB%H / ]: )) AB "45& "w "T "4 :3v Q 4: W$ <Eo , d" hF5 ! N6 x3N5 ! 0 8 ! l% aN} X x(" m + |%E 9!$ , "6%\ t) + j! x ! A%\4 Q A%\4 ! AB:) xA! AB5 9 4: + <Eo , d3N %H a !Fq ! 3 a j! qFq + A% 3vN) Z& + ) A%m@ C#@ B AB) x"O B %F! AB:) x(]: "7 ]: jmF Z& .(Fm4 "FBf "\o X$& ":4m ! 8 "&%' "#$% ! l% x(A>7) "T "4 + o Nv : &' B$ ?6 9 9 P%F "Nv 9B 3H dv Fm4 "FBf "\o X$& AB) x(4m S o X5`) 3N5 ! 0 T "F!F!2 9B l% a ! BF ! ,$ a ¤> 9 PQH Dho !# ." v AB e: "w "T "4 37 d" 9!4 "` + .":4m ! + AB AB "Nv 9B ":4m ! %F! 9 4: + <Eo , d(AB "Nv 9B) "N B "K AB WN e5# .k4G Z4F " 9!4 ;) ! * ! ! a !2) J H "_4 i5 ,H ! " "N6 ! AB:) qFq ]EF ) ,N= 9 j%} a d4t + "FB e}F 3$ d("N% A= C ) ":N ("&%' "#$% + "&%' "#$% ! g< È` 9!5 (p § X i + 3N5 ! 0 8 ! g!$ <h dnt 4 %N$ O aN1 MEB) AB:) <$ aN}H daq a "Ft % DN: a6 DMw D:B a 3$ F , d! AB:' "$ ! + $ ,H%F ! AB:) ! a !FqF .(2011 dHoyos, J.) O ?6 - . + ,& '! #*% O X- <)4 ) 5 ue 4 2.8.2.2 "#$% ! * AB) O& 3FN " "FB (N !F! a 9!4 a B!: "$%G iÆ : T ]: d"&%' 25 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' B & <)w • ! AB) " 3$ F .%7 i + 5 ;) kN de 45 %F! AB:) D ,HB ]: @ <h jmF 9 d"#% 9 9>$ ]UF a d5N "#% Q "#% % 9 ! .h%N: "F ;) 3 !: A!F!Y dAstaíza dM.) k$ 9s5F ! H%F 9 X W5 9o dN6 A aNv "m$ ]: 3 5 !46 %O d@ < ."FB "Fq a dnV5 "s>$ F NH Z: |5 ,H ]: !:5F <h .(2010 "FB "! 9N} Z ! 5 s5 9o de #: 37F <h d" "V5 "= "Y 3NT " W= "V5 !4 , <h cF d ]: A: ."&%' "#$% ! * AB) O .5 : ]: " "V5$ Z F d"_4 Z:% DN ,1 9B np (EPR) D: "2 g<h + d,- "m & ;) 3N5 ! 0 ! AB:) W5N a ` d(N <h ]: ,F h .%\ !: "!5 ! D5 "&%' AB' n a e4 H!F 9 qH` j ! F no @ 9o dX Q <h 3FN ( .(A!`$ A!`) B: DE %5$ d !F!Y d! DRB:) !: ,H! a S% n QH 95 3}F ) d"N5 "&%' "#$% ! AB:' . ! nV5 qH` j ! F uv @ 9 W` + ')* P $ &A <)w • AB) O& 3F a: "V5 9:w 95 9N 9B5 9 ;F d(N <h + ! l& ]: F <h dA2 AB "F + DR= Z_4 %fo 5 + D67 ]: "&%' 8 $o a (N <h ! .% "K no ¤> 9 Z4F . 5 + iEB 8 "&%' "#$% "V5 9:w 95 9= 3NTF "2 g<h + . ! ,$ a i a: |>F ! $ d ",H!F " !4 , !` ;) cF <h ."N "! ! AB) a: " .O "FB "! 9N} eH6 9F ! d5 B & ')* P $ &A <)w • ,$ a i 8 $o a ¤>F 9 Z4F) n a ¨4 ,HB W:w W5 W ]: WF d(N <h + ! l Z_4 %fo 5 + D67 4: W$ <Eo , d("&%' "#$% ! ! AB) "V5 A6< ": Y 3NT .h%N: "F ;) 3 !: "5 ."N "! .%\ j !: Z#% D h de 45 %F! AB:) D ,HB F%t a: O 3F + 5 Dh5F dn ¢& ]: ! 6 ` a ! U X5` "s5 ! .A!F! ! , d?6 "s5 ¨4 9F 9 Z4F dAQEo "2 + .(nN:o ± 6%7) (ZK ­) 5 ."_4 ]: hQf> 3N5 ! 0 8 "&%' "#$% ! "N6 l& A:% .!$ 3 "U@ [%O , X F , d" 9!4 "` + (N <h ! % F P1 a .k§ k! 9N1 + "&%' AB' O& < !: "5#% F!T !` 3vNF de! "% "Y H% "&%' "#$% ! " 45 "Y 37 .7&' "FNv 9 "I !F!T 3\ 3 .%) A%} Z} < .e45& AQU - a 8 A= ! N6 9 N§ d"&%' AB' |%Eo 3`% "5 "5 "m A.6 %v6o 3FN .Fq a e!$ 3N5 ! 0 8 DR! D5 "s>$ ! Z5 ": 26 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' "_h "$ [%\) i S5` E !U + W 3F ( F%t a: ,N= 8 no lB 9 Z4F a ¤> 3E! , S52 <h a: "G !# !U% 9 a ."2 [%t a c% <M " "UE ": ."N "! ! AB) 3FN % ;$ E+? D FG. 9.2.2 AB) O& + "67 ": Y * ]: "$% [%\' "V5 "* ": 3¶N 9 "T a P# "&%' "#$% ! * 9>7$ "4 " 5 nv 9N1 [! d"&%' "h­ "H7 X 4: .F) , d"NO A$ .%' g<h < Z4F .!$ 36 + " .A. "51 10.2.2 "FB' $ 3N7 ! ."F%w "#q "FB) $ $ ":7 "$% [%\' .%) 9 9 a ! a d% c%H "&%' "#$% ! * j%F! a "7 "_4 CE% XT $ 9 9 X ."N "! ! AB) 3FN $ g<h !#: .":B " , "4 "H "1% *# "$)% "_4 RUE 3H d" 9!4 + "&%' AB' v !` ( !F 3v 9!4 ,- W$ "6%7 3 ª$ h 9 !$ ."H v "FB " ":N ."&%' "#$% ! * 9>7$ " j "U + "5#% 4: d2 a Qv6 + ."N% A= C "H% ,N= T " 9!4 "` ¢ ! AB:' `U !: W4F "N5 ! ;) "2 g<h jBV .RB) W 8 "&%' "#$% ! * D=` + AQ46 ABFw + X45F dA%\4 Q A%\4 x! g<h 3v nEB J4} "T1 QF aN} 9!4 9 a !6> X < A<EI d"&%' "#$% ! e_$ "N5 AB' q 9 " 9!4 + T D a j< ± S} a D% ]: d2 ,1 W5T "% P# 5 BN: nE a AB4 w + A! "&%' $ " 9!4 %) ;) Z}F ": Y * W$ e&` >7F 9 a x. !` ]: (@ 3E! E + %O 9 " 9!4 Z4F d(EPR) " W= "V5 !4 < + 9!4 * A?E ;) eB BQ :ZF " n2 X& ;) d"&%' "#$% ! * 9>7$ R + !4 < <Eo 8 [!ho ,1 + (! d"T STU V5 xR* "&%' "#$% ! %F! "T "4) " X&Y x(XF! "N) ":N X&Y x O& x Z4F Z5 ": :) xO&o (&' "_4 Z:% DN x(" " LB4 O& 3FN "FB (N xnN:o %H) "FB X&Y x ! x$ xO ]: "$% [%\' x("&%' "#$% ! * AB) "! |5 ]: " 9!4 + "&%' "#$% ! * AB) 9>7$ ": " BN: Z4F "#$% ! * 3 ]: q6% , d"&%' "#$% ! ! AB:) ,=7 xh%F! AB:) "&%' 27 3 • • • • • / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' 9o d%F! AB:) "6 ]: ! AB:) "6 " 9!4 + AB) P% 9>$ ]UF B (% Xm o d"m 3 ]: jm 9$% ! + A.6 %v6 ;o xA!F! " W 4: + <E> 9 " 9!4$ a5p d"&%' "#$% ! * 9>7$ R ,1 !: " ` dPE-CONS 2/12 o B k + AB "&%' "#$% !N i5 _H xe-) "_H 3 AB!K C# AB' < 35 3 a dA!` ]: DÆO 9 a "_H 36 9 a "_4 Z:% DN a: e}H d"&%' $ F NH $ T4 wq 9 "T D a a !2 g<h AB) 35 + "5#% 3 Zh 9 4:$ d" 6%7 X& x "m4% <h 9o d"&%' N "N5 AB' 3 a BN: 3 & t 9!4 36 Xm "&%' "#$% ! * D=` djB Z:N 1 ]: :|%E W$ a d!N xj! 3 ,NY 3v 3`% + " | ]: Xm xkB) W j< - D5 8 d" 9!4 "` + . * 9>7$ "N# P# x"N "hV Q " ! 3N %H ! ]: ?6 "!$ q6% XF 9 Z4F d"m4 % ! l$ x"&%' "#$% ! * AB) "N: a .q=6 QF 9!4 !N 9 % F d"&%' "#$% ! N e_$ "N5 AB' 3 a "_4 ]: "NK "45 Qf> a !2 "$ t <6 ! ! ]: [% ]} N x"&%' N "N5 Q "Y a: "- 95&' "TU (AB "Nv 9B) "N B BB% "K "T "4 %Fm eB n<4 9 t 9!4 D a .7&) nE a dPT k ]: "&%' "#$% ! F $ + AB A%m@ AB) ;) d%F! AB:) X "h "TU a T " %Nm , "& %@ 9%H %2 m + 3 & $ , B!2 ?: A%m@ 3 a !2 a: F d"U " " QF ;) eB d x"w "T "4$ Aq Q 9!4 ;) "7 A! B BB% : jmF 8 N < "w "T "4 .7&) wq 35 9 "T Z4F 3v n ) a: . $ d + AB (AB "Nv 9B) x" 9!4 + g<h m45 8 A%v . $ 9N1 d"N AB' ,} (@ ;) g<h [!ho 3F! ,1 d"&%' "#$% ! Jm N: %Fm$ %o F !: "T STU kF<F !$ 36 "` g%F! kN O& B ?F d"$% [%\' " xB! <h + e5# e: 9%E WN# W= WN A 6 j%m ZN' |5 ]: %F! AB:' " "NO .7&$ ]UF "#$% ! * + AB AB 9B B & 9>7$ nB4 a %F! AB:$ + e}F A6< "Y "NO 9 .ZK |5 ]: D / ]: N: AB) qFq "$ d"&%' " "&%' "#$% ! * %F! 8 Y$ " " »! a ,1 x! 8 !@ Z |5 ]: " 9!4 ;) "¾ % "&%' "#$% ! * AB' "N° P# 5 B!:$ ]UF !H jo AB P " F%m$ "_4 ":N "FB X&Y W$ J$% "N 35F ¬ ]: DO + D}F j< dZ¯% Q lm (B$ PN5 d"&%' "#$% ! * AB) nN: ;) x95 a e&%` %v6o P#%7 2 • • • • • • • • • • 28 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' ]: "&%' "#$% ! * AB) + "67 & 3 % F j%} a 3$ !4 8 e}F 3N7F 9 d(nv 34 ]: ":4m ! ) 3E! ! 8 Qv6 + .(hQ d3#5 n5F% \\ d"FBf "\o X$& \\ 3v) A%m@ B "Y "2 a 36 a "F! s5 kF< 3F O& a 3 dÅ3E! 9 a d2 a xk: ½ e% ! Z5 Z= nV5 ! AB:' F% d"2 <6 dW:w W5 W=N D a h + l1 <h (B) d 34 + n 3# * ° d"&%' "#$% ! (3#M) h / gG 9o dA! "&%' N6 a !T "=% 6 dS47 nto D xDhB %mÌ <F hB n) 9B d"&%' "#$% ! N AB) O& < .7&) 35 9 "T Z4F h!N 8 F%7 nv 9N1 [! d"h­ "H7 QF ;) eB dk: % +%\' xl1 <h 9>7$ %O " a A!#H %v6o hF5 a !6> a DN A6 ( !5 " 9!4 Z4F 9B dR* A= "&%' "#$% ! AB) O "! " ":= aN} 8 "FB xB7 %fo 3 a d":N "_4 "FB X&Y W$ 9w ") n) % F < .9>7 <h + "N " $5 A?@ ? d"&%' "#$% ! * AB) P# < !: a "`% 36 + >7 ! 8 45 ]: [ [! d" t 9!4 + M (%F A!# %$ < v 8 367 ]: d"N "` a "&%' "#$% ! * AB) 3`% !4 < x<$ "m4% $ Z¯% Q lm B Fq x3N5 ! 0 8 DR! D5 9>7$ . ;) d(EPR) " W= "V5 29 • • • • • / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' +,& - a: dA%mE * F $ D} 8 BN "F%2 "N " 4 "N BB% "N: :U "/ )' # $% .(2005 d46 d4741 MADS %) %F! AB:) AB%6 " F%t [!R Zh .eH%t 170 " g<h D} .F a hQ A%m@ n [%to AB! "_$ A!h :9a , 5 ?: & 3 a: dF a hQ A%m@ ! a: "- A} f a 95&' "TU "_4 "F® ;) F 5 + q` iEB 1989 : + %© &Nv %E + nw$ " 9>7$ c |% . C B!2 .("&4 '$ http://www.basel.int/Home/tabid/2202/Default.aspx) 1992 S 2 N & ! :)' # $. y /* 8 k35 v? y /y .BB% "N ABFw %F! AB:) E , / B 3H 3 a F %` nq nw$ " a ,$% T + AB!K N : _+ & X= "NN nUo X5` "`4 eE A* , + dh%F! AB:) < 8 eUE dA%m@ .(2005 d46 d4741 MADS %) "_4 95&' "TU a n %t* %1 j "FB' "mm " "7 "NO " 5 Q$! a "$7 "m$% "6 : = #*. C £` A%m@ F ! a "F a e.!$ d"$% "4 "N "N ":N .F) , dM Z:N n4 "Y N: a ]v "FB A!# "_4 ,H W> Q@ d Z# .(2005 d46 d4741 MADS %) " m "`& 36 [%° `$ X Nh , ;) "% "m7&o + dX T ]: "N |B%H d"w Q$! ,- BN: : = A ! Y :% / h%F! AB:) & Fq - h>7 + Mq: &) A%m@ F 8 "N#! / "V A} f a "_4 "F%74 "T "F® 3 a dh%F! hBQ e# C / .(2005 d46 d4741 MADS %) F g<h 3v a: D= ! ;) 850 W$ % A%` B + ·N2 F Q! %2 "F%2 "Y :^N ."F_ "B 1 100 a %v6 = 8 "&%' "#$% ! * : " z (WEEE) - . + ,& '! .% o "&%' "#$% ! * : h= " & &A (WEEE) - . + ,& '! ."U@ " 5 V a: "G 5 + i`%©t 8 "&%' "#$% ! * :{'( (WEEE) - . + ,& '! . g<M "N° "&& `o & .!$ 34 8 "Y [% 8 "&%' "#$% ! * :4 - . + ,& '! . 5 a i%E ! "Y g<h 9 U (WEEE) &4 O 3v "m7& nE a "% AB! "&%) "#$%6 ! ]: n2 "N: : ." ! ` + `U' aN} 9 a .? F! .(EEE) "&%' "#$% ! + nm:o a "5 W B: 3m: PT "N: :q?1. 30 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' 0 8 "&%' "#$% ! ,- / AB " "Y g< .%) : ! " U ."&%' "#$% ! * AB$ "* H% D% q6% ;) & d!5 ! N$ ! q` ;) "° R& |!`) "&%' "#$% ! |!`) AB:) :O' # $% .U' D% !$ TF de!F! e%N: mF dk$7 3N$ k5& "2 9B dR& "&%' "#$% ! ! "U 9f !5 :#: 0 O' # $% .eU k a ! iU j< c% ! <h 3v 9F 9 ¥%\ dB: F! D% `U' `U) .%) !$ "&%' "#$% & !N 9f !5 ! :#: 0 F8 O' # $% .eU k a ! iU j< c% ! <h 3v 9F 9 ¥%\ dB: F! D% = B l}E) + 3vN 8 dnw$ "$ .$ ,$% T + : " N :)' # $% .!F! E AB ]: nT "& "#N6 "#FqH "Y A! (WEEE) "!5 DN5 =& 3: 36· "445 d#E 37 ! F& * :#3D ) " "_4 q` ? d3v$ .N e%1 T d"_4 95&' "TU ]: e%mE dZ:\' ¥7 |! n\ .(2005 d46 d4741 MADS %) A%mE F& * B g<h , ]: i&6 8 B ª$ ]: eB ,}F j< 2002/95/CE o 9? k ;) Q7F :(RoHS) #3D '( :J$%) 2003 %F?H + o B g!N: ! d"&%' "#$% ! + A%m@ .(http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/weee/index_en.htm + d(WEEE) "&%' "#$% ! * "Y A>7 + Z& Z#N6 Z#FqH ¥7& j :A ! . C B!:' h%F! AB:) B BB% $ NH 3 A%m@ & .PT k ]: a ,U 8 "° jBVF 9 ME a# ,F 8 A! "q A! :# N #* 31 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' &.% /0 (5&%H) "m AB) "_4 "6 (African ICT Consumers Network) " F%Ho Z5 "4\ (Advance recycling fee) %F! AB:' 45 D % (Basel Convention Regional Centre) nw$ " ZN' q6% $ "$% " mN "N "_4 q6% (Environment and Energy Management Agency (France)) ADEME AICN ARF BCRC CEDARE (Center for Environment and Development for the Arab Region and Europe) "&%' %F! AB:' t q6% (Chlorofluorocarbon) "F "F 9$% 46% (Cathode ray tube) jBf l7 S4& (Department of Information Technology & Telecom) A%#B "o %Fm "N $% "m (National e-waste recycling centre) CENARE CFC CRT DITT EDERA (Educational robotics and automation development station) "&%' "#$% ! B "F%5F5 "FB ? (Electrical and Electronic Equipment) EEE EMPA (Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology) " W= "V5 (International Association of Electronics Recyclers) &%' %F! AB:' "! "NY (Information and communication technologies) (ICT data and statistics) .`) &$ Z_4 9& &) < o B "4\ (Extended producer responsibility) EPR IAER ICTs IDS IMPEL (European Union Network for the Implementation and Enforcement of Environmental Law) ! B (Liquid crystal display) 3#5 n5F% "\\ (Mobile Phone Partnership Initiative) 3 M "6%\ AB4 "#$% "&! = a C "F!M "NY (International Telecommunication Union) ITU LCD MPPI NVMP (Dutch Association for the Disposal of Metal and Electrical Products) "­ "&%' "#$% ! n 5 "6 OCAD3E (Household WEEE Authorized Coordinator Agency) C :% "&%' "#$% ! AB:) % ORDEA (Ordinance on the Return, the Take-back and the Disposal of EEE) "$ 2 ! 9>7$ .%' "6%\ (Polychlorinated biphenyls) A B! 3 Z#f 46% (Printed circuit board) ":4m AB "` (Producer Responsibility Organization) "V5 "NO (Polyvinyl chloride) B! !F6 (Partnership for Action on Computing Equipment) PACE PCB PCB PRO PVC 32 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' "&%' "#$% ! * 9>7$ ²F c` " F%o ZN' &? RELAC (Regional Latin American and Caribbean Platform for WEEE) A%m@ B ! (Swiss Foundation for Waste Management) AB' "F%5F5 "5 V LBM JTN ZN' "_4 &%$ "& (Restriction of hazardous substances) RoHS SENS SPREP (Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme) "&%' "7 3` AB4 "NO N "F%5F5 "NY (Solving the e-waste Problem Initiative) StEP SWICO (Swiss Association for Information, Communication and Organizational Technologies) "_4 A!T Do &%$ (5&) "H v D "$% A!T Do "NO (United Nations Environment Programme) UNEP UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) A!T Do " (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment) "&%' "#$% ! * (WEEE LABel of EXcellence) "&%' "#$% ! * "Y + qN A\ (United Nations University) 33 UNU WEEE WEELABEX / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' 12#( Astaíza, María F. Análisis de la gestión de terminales de telefonía móvil en desuso en Latinoamérica [Analysis of the management of disused mobile phone terminals in Latin America]. Plataforma RELAC – SUR/IDRC. March 2010. Computadores para Educar [Computers for education]. Document 1/RGQ 24/1/008-S, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. Colombia, September 2012. European Parliament and Council of the European Union. Directive PE-CONS 2/12. Brussels, May 2012. MPPI. UNEP/Basel Convention. Guidance document on the environmentally sound management of used and end-of-life mobile phones. September 2008. Hoyos, Juan C. Desarrollo y Aplicación de un Modelo de Simulación de un Sistema de Gestión de Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Elecrónicos Asociados a las TIC en Colombia para Analizar su Viabilidad Económica y Financiera [Development and application of a simulation model for ICT-related waste electrical and electronic equipment in Colombia with a view to analysing its economic and financial viability]. National University of Colombia, 2011. Karin Lundgren. International Labour Office, Programme on Safety and Health at Work and the Environment (SafeWork), Sectoral Activities Department (SECTOR). – Geneva: ILO, 2012. United Nations. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 2013. Downloaded 8 March 2013 from http://archive.basel.int/index.html. Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), Switzerland. Electrical and Electronic Devices, Documents 1/INF/40E and 2/INF/45E, 2011. Ott, Daniel. Gestión de Residuos Electrónicos en Colombia. Diagnóstico de computadores y teléfonos celulares [Management of e-waste in Colombia. Diagnostics of computers and cell phones]. EMPA/Centro Nacional de Producción más Limpia, March 2008. Plataforma RELAC. Lineamientos para la Gestión de los Residuos de Aparatos Eléctricos y Electrónicos (RAEE) en Latinoamérica: resultados de una mesa regional de trabajo público-privado [Guidelines for management of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) in Latin America: Results of a regional public-private symposium]. Proyecto Regional sobre Armonización de la Gestión de Residuos Electrónicos en Latinoamérica. March 2011. UNEP. Guidance on the Environmentally Sound Management of Used and End-of-life Mobile Phones and Computing Equipment and Experience with E-waste Management in Developing Countries and Countries with Economies in Transition. Document 1/INF/36-E, ITU-D, SG1 Question 24/1. August 2011. UNEP. Proposal to develop guidance for the practical implementation of a life-cycle approach for ICT equipment in technical assistance and capacity building projects (Document 1/286E, 2013). UNEP. Document 1/INF/36-E, 2011. BDT Focal Point for Question 24/1. ITU Activities in the area of electronic waste. Document 1/205-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. September 2012. BDT Focal Point for Question 24/1. ITU Activities in the area of electronic waste. Document 1/108-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. August 2011. BDT Focal Point for Question 24/1. Lessons learned on e-waste. Document RGQ24/1/005-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. April 2011. African ICT Consumer Network (AICN). Droits et responsabilités des consommateurs : Historique et signification. Document 1/273-F, 2013. Kingdom of Bhutan. E-waste management in Bhutan. Document RGQ24/1/15-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. March 2012. Republic of Benin. A useful example for the work of the Rapporteur Group. Document RGQ24/1/2-E, 2011. Republic of Colombia Ministry of ICT. Survey on telecommunication/ICT waste material. Document 1/95-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. August 2011. Republic of Colombia Ministry of ICT. ITU Activities in the Area of e-Waste. Document RGQ24/1/014-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. April 2011. Republic of Korea. Standardization activities to facilitate recycling of rare metals from ICT waste. Document 1/182-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. August 2012. 34 / ! 24/1 "# $%& ' Republic of Korea. Methodology to facilitate recycling of rare metals from ICT waste. Document 1/INF/30-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. August 2011. Republic of Rwanda. Update on Rwanda activities on E-Waste Management. Document RGQ24/1/21-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. February 2012. Republic of Rwanda. Strategies and policies for the proper disposal of e-waste in Rwanda. Document RGQ24/1/004-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. March 2012. Federative Republic of Brazil. Computers for Connection. Document RGQ24/1/20-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. February 2013. Federative Republic of Brazil. Electronic waste – mobile phones. Document RGQ24/1/16-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. April 2012. UNEP Secretariat of the Basel Convention. Contribution to the report with recommendations and actions to be taken by developing countries to implement a comprehensive system of management of telecommunications/ICT waste. Document RGQ24/1/12-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. February 2012. StEP Solving the e-waste problem. Sustainable innovation and technology transfer. Industrial Sector Studies. Recycling – from e-waste to resources. (2009). Downloaded 22 May 2013 from http://www.unep.org/pdf/pressreleases/E-waste_publication_screen_finalversion-sml.pdf. Switzerland. Electrical and Electronic Devices. Document 1/INF/40-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. August 2011. Tanzania. Strategies and policies for the proper disposal or reuse of telecommunication/ICT waste material. Document 1/99-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. 22 August 2011. THALES Communications (France). European Directive of 2012 on waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). Document 1/145-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. July 2012. THALES Communications (France). European Business Document 1/141-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. June 2012. Awards for the Environment 2012. Thales Communications (France). Electronic waste material: recycling aspects (United Nations, Basel Convention). Document RGQ24/1/3-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. March 2011. THALES Communications (France). Recommendation ITU-T L.1001. Document RGQ24/1/19-E, ITU-D, SG 1 Question 24/1. November 2012. THALES Communications (France). Ecolabels for electronic products: EPEAT and IT Eco Declaration: EPEAT and IT “Eco Declaration”. Document 1/259-E, 2013. ITU-D. ICT Statistics. (2013). Downloaded 15 May 2013, from http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/statistics ITU-T Study Group 5. Liaison Statement concerning on ICT and Climate Change Mitigation. Document 1/156-E. April 2012. Vega, Jorge J. Las TIC como Motor de Desarrollo Económico con Oportunidad Social [ICTs as a motor of economic development with social opportunities]. Argentina, June 2009. 35 (ITU) ������� ����� (BDT) ������� ����� ����� ���� ����� ���� Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Email: mailto:bdtdirector@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5035/5435 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 ������ ������ ������� ��� ����� (IP) ��������� ��������� ����� (PKM) Email: bdtpkm@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5447 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 Email: bdtip@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5900 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 ��������� ������� ������� ������ ����� (IEE) ���������� ���������� Email: bdtiee@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5421 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 ������ ����� ����� ����� ���� (DDR) �������� ������ Email: bdtdeputydir@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5784 Fax: +41 22 730 5484 ������� ����� ������ ���� ����� ������ ���� ����� ������ ���� ����� ������� TelOne Centre for Learning Corner Samora Machel and Hampton Road P.O. Box BE 792 Belvedere Harare – Zimbabwe 19, Rue Parchappe x Amadou Assane Ndoye Immeuble Fayçal, 4e étage B.P. 50202 Dakar RP Dakar – Sénégal Immeuble CAMPOST, 3e étage Boulevard du 20 mai Boîte postale 11017 Yaoundé – Cameroun P.O. Box 60 005 Gambia Rd., Leghar ETC Building 3rd floor Addis Ababa – Ethiopia a E-mail: itu-harare@itu.int Tel.: +263 4 77 59 41 Tel.: +263 4 77 59 39 Fax: +263 4 77 12 57 E-mail: itu-dakar@itu.int Tel.: +221 33 849 77 20 Fax: +221 33 822 80 13 E-mail: Tel.: Tel.: Fax: E-mail: Tel.: Tel.: Tel.: Fax: itu-yaounde@itu.int + 237 22 22 92 92 + 237 22 22 92 91 + 237 22 22 92 97 itu-addis@itu.int +251 11 551 49 77 +251 11 551 48 55 +251 11 551 83 28 +251 11 551 72 99 ��������� ������� ���� ����� ������ ���� ������� ����� ������ ���� ������� ����� ������� ����� ������ ���� Colonia Palmira, Avenida Brasil Ed. COMTELCA/UIT 4 Piso P.O. Box 976 Tegucigalpa – Honduras Merced 753, Piso 4 Casilla 50484, Plaza de Armas Santiago de Chile – Chile United Nations House Marine Gardens Hastings – Christ Church P.O. Box 1047 Bridgetown – Barbados SAUS Quadra 06 Bloco “E” 11 andar – Ala Sul Ed. Luis Eduardo Magalhães (AnaTel) 70070-940 – Brasilia, DF – Brasil E-mail: itutegucigalpa@itu.int Tel.: +504 2 2 201 074 Fax: +504 2 2 201 075 E-mail: itusantiago@itu.int Tel.: +56 2 632 6134/6147 Fax: +56 2 632 6154 E-mail: itubridgetown@itu.int Tel.: +1 246 431 0343/4 Fax: +1 246 437 7403 E-mail: itubrasilia@itu.int Tel.: +55 61 2312 2730-1 Tel.: +55 61 2312 2733-5 Fax: +55 61 2312 2738 ������� ����� ������� ����� ����� � ���� ������ ����� ������ ����� ������� ����� ������� ��������� ����� ������ ���� ����� ������ ���� 4, Building 1 Sergiy Radonezhsky Str. Moscow 105120 Russian Federation Sapta Pesona Building, 13th floor JI. Merdan Merdeka Barat No. 17 Jakarta 10001 – Indonesia Thailand Post Training Center, 5th floor, 111 Chaengwattana Road, Laksi Bangkok 10210 – Thailand Mailing address: P.O. Box 25 – Moscow 105120 Russian Federation Mailing address: c/o UNDP – P.O. Box 2338 Jakarta 10001 – Indonesia Mailing address P.O. Box 178, Laksi Post Office Laksi, Bangkok 10210 – Thailand E-mail: itumoskow@itu.int Tel.: +7 495 926 60 70 Fax: +7 495 926 60 73 E-mail: Tel.: Tel.: Tel.: Fax: E-mail: Tel.: Tel.: Fax: itujakarta@itu.int +62 21 381 35 72 +62 21 380 23 22 +62 21 380 23 24 +62 21 389 05 521 ������� ����� itubangkok@itu.int +66 2 574 8565/9 +66 2 574 9326/7 +66 2 574 9328 Smart Village, Building B 147, 3rd floor Km 28 Cairo – Alexandria Desert Road Giza Governorate Cairo – Egypt E-mail: itucairo@itu.int Tel.: +20 2 35 37 17 77 Fax: +20 2 35 37 18 88 ������ (BDT) ������� ����� ���� ����� ����� (EUR) ������ ���� (ITU) ������� Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 – Switzerland E-mail: eurregion@itu.int Tel.: +41 22 730 5111 لالتصال بنا :املوقع اإللكرتوين www.itu.int/pub/D-STG/ :املكتبة اإللكرتونية لالحتاد devsg@itu.int :الربيد اإللكرتوين +41 22 730 5999 :الـهـاتــف www.itu.int/ITU-D/study_groups 1 المسألــة :24/1استراتيجيات وسياسات للتخلص السليم من مواد مخلفات االتصاالت/تكنولوجيا المعلومات واالتصاالت أو إعادة استخدامها االحتـ ــاد الـ ــدويل لالتصـ ــاالت مكـتب تنمي ـ ــة االتص ـ ــاالت Place des Nations CH-1211 Geneva 20 Switzerland www.itu.int 01/2014 20 10 -2 0 14 طبع يف سويسرا جنيف2014 ، الـتـق ـريــر الـنـهــائــي قطاع تنمية االتصاالت لجنة الدراسات 1 ال ـم ـس ــأل ـ ــة 24 /1 اسـتراتـيجـيــات وسيـاســات للـتـخـلـص الـسـلـيـم مـن م ــواد مـخـلـف ــات االتـصــاالت/تـكـنــولــوجـيــا الـمـعـلــومــات واالتـصــاالت أو إعــادة اسـتـخـدامـه ــا فرتة الدراسة اخلامسة قطـ ــاع تنمي ـ ــة االتصـ ـ ـ ـ ــاالت 2014-2010