‫‪1‬‬
‫المسألــة ‪ :19-2/1‬تنفيذ خدمات االتصاالت القائمة على بروتوكول اإلنترنت في البلدان النامية‬
‫االحتـ ــاد الـ ــدويل لالتصـ ــاالت‬
‫مكـتب تنمي ـ ــة االتص ـ ــاالت‬
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‫‪01/2014‬‬
‫ ‪2 01 0- 2 01 4‬‬
‫طبع يف سويسرا‬
‫جنيف‪2014 ،‬‬
‫التقريـر النهائـي‬
‫قطاع تنمية االتصاالت لجنة الدراسات ‪1‬‬
‫الـمـس ــأل ـ ــة‬
‫‪19-2/1‬‬
‫تـنـفـي ــذ خ ــدم ــات االت ـص ــاالت‬
‫الـق ــائـم ــة عـل ــى بــروت ــوك ــول‬
‫اإلنـتــرنــت فــي الـبـل ــدان الـنــامـي ــة‬
‫فرتة الدراسة اخلامسة‬
‫قطـ ــاع تنمي ـ ــة االتصـ ـ ـ ـ ــاالت‬
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:19-2/1 " #$" !"
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© ITU 2014
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.(ITU) 0! }#! B
19-2/1
1
1
2
1.1
2
2.1
3
19-2/1
3.1
3
2
3
1.2
5
(VoIP)
1.1.2
7
2.1.2
8
3.1.2
8
(EoIP)
4.1.2
8
5.1.2
8
6.1.2
01
(IPT)
2.2
00
05
3.2
IPv6
IPv4
05
01
IPv6
IPv6
IPv4
4.2
1.4.2
2.4.2
11
3
08
1.3
08
2.3
01
3.3
01
4.3
11
4
20
1.4
22
1.1.4
22
2.1.4
21
3.1.4
27
4.1.4
iii
19-2/1
5
12
28
1.5
28
2.5
21
3.5
6
33
31
1.6
31
1.1.6
30
32
2004
2.1.6
2008
3.1.6
33
4.1.6
33
5.1.6
33
2.6
33
1.2.6
35
2.2.6
35
IP
35
1.3.6
31
31
3.6
IP
IP
2.3.6
3.3.6
4.6
31
31
1.4.6
21
2.4.6
21
3.4.6
21
4.4.6
20
5.6
11
7
11
8
iv
19-2/1
I.
Annexes
Annex 1: Questionnaire on ITU-D Question 19-2/1: Implementation of IP Telecommunication
Services in Developing Countries..................................................................................................
47
Annex 2: Results of the Survey .....................................................................................................
55
Annex 3: Composition the Rapporteur Group for Question 19-2/1 ................................................
61
Annex 4: Reports of the Rapporteur Group Meetings for the study period 2010-2014 ....................
62
II.
Glossary ............................................................................................................................
63
III.
References ........................................................................................................................
64
5
1
13
2
13
3
11
4
31
5
31
1
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43
13
14
15
I.
Annexes
Annex 1: Questionnaire on ITU-D Question 19-2/1: Implementation of IP Telecommunication Services in
Developing Countries
Annex 2: Results of the Survey
Annex 3: Composition the Rapporteur Group for Question 19-2/1
Annex 4: Reports of the Rapporteur Group Meetings for the study period 2010-2014
II.
Glossary
III.
References
&!' !" #$% 19-2/1 Annex 1: Questionnaire on ITU-D Question 19-2/1: Implementation of IP
Telecommunication Services in Developing Countries
Question 19-2/1 (Implementation of IP telecommunication services in developing countries) is expected
to describe:
•
The potential challenges, benefits and opportunities that developing countries encounter when
implementing IP networks, services and associated applications;
•
The technical, economic, and regulatory conditions necessary for developing countries to
implement IP technologies, services and associated applications; and
•
The main issues raised by the operation of IP networks and IP services, and associated applications,
such as economic impact and possible regulatory frameworks.
Expected outputs for this question are:
1)
Annual progress reports indicating the status of IP applications;
2)
At the end of the study period, a detailed final report addressing all the issues raised in the
Question as well as lessons learned/success stories/conclusions; and
3)
Guidelines for overcoming the challenges identified.
During the first meeting of ITU-D Study Group 1 for the fifth study period, held from 20 to
23 September 2010, the Rapporteur's Group on Question 19-2/1 recognized the need to compile the
latest information about the status of IP telecommunication networks, services and applications from
various aspects (technical, regulatory, economic, social etc.) and to get views/opinions on the issues
addressed by Question 19-2/1 through a questionnaire to be sent to ITU Members.
Please read the guidelines below before answering the questionnaire. As your contributions are very
important for the success of this study, please answer the questions in detail as much as you can.
GUIDELINES IN ANSWERING THE QUESTIONNAIRE
The questionnaire has 3 parts:
In Part I, the main purpose of the questions is to get the latest information about the current status of IP
telecommunications (IPT) networks, services and applications in a country along with the national
strategies, policies, existing regulatory regime and approaches to IPT networks, services and applications.
It is expected that the questions in this part will be answered by the Administrations.
In Part II, the aim is to learn the potential challenges, benefits and opportunities encountered when
implementing IPT networks, services and associated applications along with the technical, economic and
regulatory conditions necessary for developing countries to implement IP technologies, services and
associated applications. Also, in the questions, it is intended to get views and opinions on the main issues
raised by the operation of IPT networks, services, and associated applications, such as economic impact
and possible regulatory framework. In Part II, questions are also intended to get information about the
main issues raised by the operation of IPT services, such as economic impact and possible regulatory
framework. These parts of the questions are addressed to the Administrations and Sector Members
where relevant.
In Part III, it is expected from the countries to provide specific needs for training and expertise and also it
is expected that the countries to share their experiences (country case studies) on IPT network, services
and applications which could be useful for developing countries. Administrations and Sector Members are
welcomed to provide their contributions for this part.
47
&!' !" #$% 19-2/1 For each part, it is appreciated if you can provide the relevant documents (legislation, law, web site
address, project description, etc.) or links to reach the documents if available online.
ITU-D Study Groups Secretariat, Telecommunication Development Bureau
Fax: + 41 22 730 5484, e-mail: devsg1@itu.int
With copy to
Mrs. Aysel Kandemir, Rapporteur for Question.19-2/1, ICTA (Turkey)
Phone: + 90 312 294 7259, Fax: + 90 312 294 7153, e-mail: akandemir@btk.gov.tr
And Mr. Fabrice James Djoumessi Dontsa, Vice-Rapporteur for Question 19-2/1, Telecommunications
Regulatory Board of Cameroon, Phone: + 237 99310548, E-mail : fabrice.djoumessi@art.cm
QUESTIONNAIRE
Name of your Administration: ......................................................................................................
Country: ........................................................................................................................................
Contact person: .............................................................................................................................
Tel:
...........................................................................................................................................
Fax:
...........................................................................................................................................
Email: ...........................................................................................................................................
Please answer the following questions in detail as much as you can. You may attach a separate document
in answering the questions.
48
&!' !" #$% 19-2/1 PART-I
(This part of the questionnaire is to be completed by Administrations only)
1)
Do you have in your legislation the definition and scope of "IP telecommunication network", "IP
services and/or applications".
Yes
No
If yes, please provide the web site address where the relevant document can be found. If your answer is
“no”, please provide your perception and understanding on the given terms.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
2)
Which of the following describe your legislation best in terms of addressing the issues raised by
IP telecommunication (IPT) network, services and applications? Please choose the most
appropriate one for your country.
There is a specific legislation governing IP telecommunication (IPT) network, services and applications
Existing legislation is based on the principle of technology neutrality so it is applicable to legacy and next
generation networks/services.
Revision required in some areas (licensing, numbering, interconnection, quality of service, consumer issues
etc.)
Other (Please specify below)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
3)
Do you have law/legislation which governs the access to IPT services by disabled people?
Yes
No
If yes, please provide brief information and the link if the relevant document available online.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
4)
Do you have specific law/legislation which allow for providing VoIP services (please refer to the
definition of VoIP made by ITU-T SG17)?
Yes
No
If yes, please provide brief information and the link if the relevant document available online.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
49
&!' !" #$% 19-2/1 5)
Do you have national plan and/or strategy for deployment of all-IP networks (overlay or
replacement)?
Yes
No
If yes, please provide the main points and the link for the document where it can be found.
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
6)
Does your national regulatory authority encourage telecom operators to roll-out full IP-based
network?
Yes
No
If yes, please describe briefly how?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
7)
Do you have national strategy and/or plan for transition from IPV4 to IPV6? If yes, please provide
the planned deadline for such transition.
Yes (Deadline for transition :………….)
No
If yes, please describe the main point of the strategy and provide the link for documents available on the
subject.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
8)
Do you have any survey conducted in your country which measures the market demand for IPT
networks, services and applications and their availability in your country?
Yes
No
If yes, please explain briefly the main results below and provide the document or the link if available
online.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
50
&!' !" #$% 19-2/1 9)
Do the operators in your country deploy or planning to deploy IP based networks?
Yes
No
Please provide brief information on the status of IP based network deployment in your country.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
10)
Which of the following IPT services are provided in your country? Please provide brief
information about the range of services provided.
VoIP
IPTV
IP streaming
nPlay bundled services
E-services (e-government, e-health, e-commerce, e-learning others)
Others (please specify......)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
51
&!' !" #$% 19-2/1 PART-II
(This part of the questionnaire is to be completed by Administrations and ITU-D Sector Members if relevant)
11)
Which of the following challenges are the most significant for your country when implementing
IP networks, services and associated applications?
Investment cost and lack of financial resources
Existing regulatory regime
Lack of established standards
Lack of expertise and experience on IPT
Lack of specific regulations to govern IPT
Lack of IXP (Internet Exchange Point)
Inter-operability between existing and IPT networks and services
Technology knowledge and skilled human resources
Quality of service
Trust and security for IPT networks and services
Others (please specify......)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
12)
Which of the following benefits are the most significant for your country when implementing IP
networks, services and associated applications? Please explain briefly.
Increased productivity
Economic and social development
Innovations
Low cost in service provision
Provision of new, converged and bundled services to the customers
Accessibility of public services
Economic and social development
Others (Please specify...)
13)
Please describe the opportunities to be encountered when implementing IP networks, services
and associated applications in your country.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
52
&!' !" #$% 19-2/1 14)
What are the technical, regulatory, socio-economic and policy issues that need to be addressed
in your country in order to introduce/deploy IP networks, services and associated applications?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
15)
What are the main issues raised in your country by the operation of IP networks, services and
associated applications, such as economic impact and possible regulatory frameworks?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
16)
Is there any IXP (Internet Exchange Point) in your country?
Yes
No
If yes, please provide brief information about the success factors particularly impact on internet prices
and the link if the relevant document available online.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
If no, is there any plan to establish it? what is the effect of unavailability of IXP on Internet prices? And
what are the conditions necessary to implement an IXP in your country?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
53
&!' !" #$% 19-2/1 PART-III
(To be answered by both Administration and Sector members, if relevant)
17)
Could you share your countries’ experiences (best practices, success stories, lessons learned) on
IPT network, services and applications which could be useful for especially developing countries?
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
18)
Training needs: Please list the 5 most critical areas where your country needs trainings (seminars,
workshops, etc.) in order to introduce or to foster the use of IPT services. Being as specific as
possible will help ITU to seek ways to provide the required trainings
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
19)
Expertise needs: Please list the 5 most critical areas where your country needs expertise. Being as
specific as possible will help ITU to seek ways to provide the required expertise
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
20)
Other comments
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
Thank you.
54
&!' !" #$% 19-2/1 Annex 2: Results of the Survey
1.
Introduction
In order to compile the latest information about the status of IP telecommunication networks, services
and applications in various countries and to understand associated technical, regulatory, economic and
social challenges as well as to get views/opinions on the issues addressed by the Question 19-2/1, a draft
questionnaire was prepared by the Rapporteur and Vice-Rapporteur for Question 19-2/1. After
discussion, it was adopted by the Rapporteur’s Group in its meeting in 9 May 2011. Subject questionnaire
was sent to relevant ITU members. Answers to the survey received from 9 developed countries, 6
transition countries, 22 developing countries and 4 least developed countries (31 July 2011). Preliminary
analysis of the survey is provided below.
2.
Preliminary analysis of the answers to the survey
Responses to the questionnaire on Question 19-2/1, attached as Annex 1, were received by 41 countries:
9 developed countries, 6 transition countries, 22 developing countries and 4 least developed countries.
Annex 2 provides the overall statistics prepared by BDT based on the answers received. In order to
provide some insight into the answers received, below is a summary of some of the main points of the
survey result.
2.1
Definition and scope of “IP telecommunication (IPT) network”, “IP services”
and/or “IP applications”
Regarding the question on definition and scope of “IP telecommunication (IPT) network”, “IP services”
and/or “IP applications”, developed countries stated that specific definitions of the given terms are not
available as they have technologically neutral legislation which covers all kinds of technology including IP
based technologies. On the other hand, one third of developing countries and least developed countries
provided their answer as “yes” giving some reference to their legal documents on the issue.
In general, the perception and understanding of the countries on the given terms are very similar. For
instance International Telecommunications Users Group (INTUG) provided its understanding as “IP
telecommunication network means a network using the Internet Protocol (IP) and IP addressing for
communication. “IP service” means a service available using an IP telecommunications network. “IP
Application” means an application accessible via an IP telecommunications network. The majority of the
countries who responded to questionnaire stated that their existing legislation is based on the principle of
technology neutrality so it is applicable to legacy and next generation networks/services. On the other
hand, some of the countries stated that a revision is required in some areas (licensing, numbering,
interconnection, quality of service, consumer issues etc.) on the issue (see Figure 1).
55
! "
" #$ 19-22/1 %&'
Figure 1:: Status of leggislation with
h respect to IIP telecommunication networks/serviices
2.2
Laws/legislation on access
a
to IPPT services and
a VoIP
Regardin
ng the existence of the la
aws/legislatioon in the diffferent countrries who respponded to th
he survey
which go
overn the acccess to IPT services by disaabled people
e, from the 39
9 answers recceived, only 5 of them
stated th
hat their legisslation has prrovisions regaarding accesss to IPT servicces by disableed people. Co
oncerning
the quesstion which sought
s
to und
derstand if thhere were sp
pecific laws/le
egislation in place which allow for
providingg VoIP servicees, from the 39 answers rreceived, 16 of
o them generally stated tthat VoIP is allowed by
legislatio
on. In some countries,
c
like
e Tonga, althhough it is no
ot explicitly sttated in the law, VoIP services are
provided
d by the operaators. The ma
ajority of couuntries who responded to the questionnnaire stated that they
have a national plan
n and/or strrategy for thhe deployme
ent of all-IP networks aand that the national
regulatorry authority encourages telecom opeerators to ro
oll-out full IP-based netw
works. For insstance, in
Latvia, th
o optical bacckhaul in rural areas.
he governmeent has decided to co-finnance the deployment of
Furtherm
more, most of
o the countries stated t hat the operrators are de
eploying or pplanning to deploy IP
based neetworks.
2.3
National strategy
s
and/or plan foor the transsition from IPV4 to IPV
V6
Concerniing the natio
onal strategy and/or plan for the transition from IPV4 to IPV6, from the 38
8 answers
received for this quesstion, 13 of th
hem stated thhat they have
e a plan to gu
uide them in the transition to IPV6.
For instaance, the Czeech Republic stated that tthe deadline for transitio
on is 01/01/22011, Viet Na
am stated
that their deadline is 31/12/2020 and Turkey sttated 31/08//2013 as theirr transition d eadline.
2.4
Types of IPT servicess provided
With reggards to the broad range of IPT servicces provided in the countries, in accoordance with
h received
responsees, the main
n services prrovided in thhe countries are VoIP, e-services
e
su ch as e-Govvernment,
e-Health, e-Commercce, e-Learningg, IP streaminng, IPTV and nPlay
n
bundled services (seee Figure 2).
56
! "
" #$ 19-22/1 %&'
Figure 2:: IPT services provided in the countriees
2.5
Challenge
es faced by the
t countriies in rollingg out IP nettworks
The survvey further showed that the chal lenges whicch are mostt significant for countriies when
implemeenting IP nettworks are the
t
followin g. Note that these are listed with the most significant
s
challengees first and th
he less significant challengges last in the
e list:
1.
Trrust and security for IPT ne
etworks and services
2.
Investment cosst and lack off financial ressources
3.
uality of service
Qu
4.
Laack of establisshed standards
5.
Exxisting regulattory regime
6.
Inter-operabilitty between existing
e
and IPPT networks and services
7.
Laack of expertise and experrience on IPT
8.
Laack of specificc regulations to govern IPTT
9.
Laack of IXP (Intternet Exchan
nge Point)
10.
Teechnology knowledge and skilled humaan resources
11.
Fu
urther detailss can be found
d in Figure 3..
57
! "
" #$ 19-22/1 %&'
Figure 3:: Challenges when
w
implem
menting IP neetworks
2.6
Benefits and
a opportu
unities relatted to the implementa
i
ation of IP nnetworks
Regardin
ng the benefits which are most significcant for the countries wh
hen implemeenting IP netw
works the
followingg benefits weere mentione
ed (further deetails can be found in Figu
ure 4). Note tthat these are
e listed in
order of significance.
1.
o the custome
ers
Prrovision of neew, converged and bundleed services to
2.
Innovations
3.
opment
Ecconomic and social develo
4.
Lo
ow cost in serrvice provision
5.
Acccessibility off public servicces
6.
Increased prod
ductivity
Figure 4:: Benefits of implementin
i
ng IP networkks
58
&!' !" #$% 19-2/1 As for the opportunities to be encountered when implementing IP networks, services and associated
applications in the counties, various issues are mentioned by the countries as opportunities. They include
the following:
•
Employment opportunities
•
Infrastructure development
•
Innovation
•
Increased productivity
•
Ease of expansion and upgrading of the network
•
Greater availability of advances services
•
Lower costs of network development, lower service cost
•
Faster access and collection of information
2.7
Issues to be addressed in order to successfully introduce IP networks, services,
and applications
Regarding question on the technical, regulatory, socio-economic and policy issues that need to be
addressed in a country in order to introduce/deploy IP networks, services and associated applications,
some of the countries stated that the regulatory frameworks to govern the implementation of IP
networks, services and associated applications have to be put in place, including the issue of
interoperability between the legacy network and the all IP network. In addition to these, human resource
development and capacity building are stated as the issues to be addressed.
Concerning the main issues experienced in a country with the introduction and operation of IP networks,
services and associated applications, various issues have been stated by countries. For instance, the main
issues raised in Tonga were noted as being the unavailability of a regulatory framework and the quality of
services provided to the general public. Montenegro stated that the main issue in the country is the
shared use of underground ducts and global Internet access. For Eritrea, the main issues noted are the
high prices and the latency of the existing IP network, as well as inadequate capability and experience of
the young engineers. They further noted the need for longer training on high-end software.
The International Telecommunications Users Group (INTUG)1 stated that the major challenges affecting
most regions/countries are the following:
•
Cost models used for determining regulated prices for significant market power (SMP) operators;
•
Progressive elimination of fixed and mobile termination rates;
•
Transparent traffic management rules to prevent discriminatory network prioritization;
•
Spectrum allocation processes (avoiding stealth taxation through auction fees); and
•
Establishing and sustaining open competition in wholesale and retail markets.
2.8
Impact of Internet Exchange Points on internet prices
In order to better understand the impact that the existence of IXP (Internet Exchange Point) have on
demand and on internet prices, countries are asked whether they have an IXP in their country and if this
1
INTUG is an international association of business users of telecommunications, bringing together national and
multinational user associations throughout the world. They have members and contacts in all five continents.
59
&!' !" #$% 19-2/1 has an effect on internet prices. From the 38 answers received, 23 of them stated that they have IXP in
their countries. In Pakistan for instance, there is no IXP, however operators and ISP's have established
interconnects with each other so local traffic can be routed locally, without the need to go to internet
cloud and back and in this way increase costs.
2.9
Training needs in the countries
Concerning the training needs of the countries in order to introduce or to foster the use of IPT services
various areas are depicted by the countries. Some of them are as follows:
•
Regulation of IPT services
•
Implementation, administration and management of all-IP networks.
•
Legal implications and policy issues of IPT.
•
Transition from IPv4 to IPv6
•
Allocation of IPv6 resources
•
IP Interconnection
•
IP QoS
•
IP service licensing
•
IP network security
•
Billing for IP based voice services
•
Internet regulatory policy
60
&!' !" #$% 19-2/1 Annex 3: Composition of the Rapporteur Group for Question 19-2/1 ―
Implementation of IP telecommunication services in developing
countries
Function
Name / Country
Rapporteur
Mr Fabrice James Djoumessi Dontsa (Cameroon) from 2012
Ms Aysel Kandemir (Turkey)
Vice-Rapporteur
Mr Youcef Bouzar (Algérie Télécom SPA, Algeria)
Vice-Rapporteur
Mr Seyni Malan Faty (Senegal)
Vice-Rapporteur
Mr Rachid Outemzabet (Algeria)
Vice-Rapporteur
Mr Patrick Zeboua (Côte d'Ivoire)
BDT Focal Point
Mr Desire Karyabwite
61
19-2/1
Annex 4: Reports of the Rapporteurs Group Meetings for the study period
2010-2014
The reports of the Q19-2/1 Rapporteurs Group meetings for the fifth study period are available at the link
http://www.itu.int/md/D10-RGQ19.2.1-R/ .
The reports of the Study Group 1 Q19-2/1 meetings are available at
http://www.itu.int/md/meetingdoc.asp?lang=en&parent=D10-SG01-R&question=Q19-2/1
the
link
26
19-2/1
II.
Glossary
3G
Third Generation
BWA
Broaband Wireless Access
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
DSL
Digital Subscriber Line
EoIP
Everything over IP
FTTH
Fiber To The Home
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
GDP
Gross Domestic Product
HDTV
High Definition Television
ISP
Internet Service Provider
IP
Internet Protocol
IPT
IP Telecommunications
IPTV
IP Television
IXP
Internet Exchange Point
MMS
Multimedia Messaging Service
NGN
Next Generation Network
NRA
National Regulatory Authority
PSTN
Public Switched Telecommunication Network
QoS
Quality of Service
RFID
Radio Frequence Identification
SMP
Significant Market Power
TDM
Time Division Multiplexing
VoB
Voice over Broadband
VoIP
Voice over IP
WTDC
World Telecommunication Development Conference
WTSA
World Telecommunication Standardization Assembly
26
19-2/1
III.
References
1.
ITU-infoDev ICT Regulation Toolkit
2.
WTPF-2009
Background
documents
http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/wtpf/wtpf2009/
3.
ITU
Internet
Reports
2005:
The
http://www.itu.int/osg/spu/publications/internetofthings/
4.
Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), Consultation Paper on Issues relating to Convergence
and Competition in Broadcasting and Telecommunications, January 2006 (WTPF 2009 Background
paper)
5.
Convergence and Next Generation Networks, OECD Ministerial Background Report, 2008,
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/25/11/40761101.pdf
6.
ICT Regulatory News, May 2010, http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/treg/publications/ICT-Reg-News-e.pdf
7.
New Technologies and Their Impacts on Regulation, Module 7 of ICT Regulation Toolkit, March
2007, Author: Technical University of Denmark
8.
VoIP: Developments in the Market,OECD,10 Jan
http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/56/24/35955832.pdf
9.
A Handbook on Internet Protocol (IP)-Based Networks and Related Topic and Issues
http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/special-projects/ip-policy/final/IPPolicyHandbook-E.pdf
10.
The Essential Report on IP Telephony, 2003 http://www.itu.int/ITU-D/e-strategy/publicationsarticles/pdf/IP-tel_report.pdf
11.
Convergence, IP Telephony and Telecom Regulation : Challenges & Opportunities for Network
Development, with particular reference to India, Lirne.Net,2005
12.
Various contribution documents of the meetings
13.
GSR Discussion Paper 2009
14.
Plenipotentiary Resolution 180 (Guadalajara, 2010)
15.
WTDC Resolution 63 (Hyderabad, 2010)
16.
WTSA Resolution 64 (Johannesburg, 2008)
and
online
Internet
2006,
resources,
of
Things,
DSTI/ICCP/TISP(2004)3/Final,
_____________
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