Assessment of Ozone Visible Injury on 16 ICP-Forests Level II Plots in Switzerland
Marcus Schaub a, Seraina Bassin b, Norbert Kräuchi
Sampling/Observation
Assessment of Ozone Visible Injury
Validation
40
65
35
60
30
• Optionalsampling/observation
• Trees, shrubs, perennials
• Time: late Aug – early Sept
• Percentage / score of needles
affected for each age-class
per tree and plot
Broadleavedspecies
Symptom-rating on leaves
• min. 30 leaves per sun
exposed branch
• branch from the upper sun
exposed part of crown
• Percentage / score of
affected leaves
• Percentage / score of
affected leaf area
40
10
Required:
5
35
• Photographic documentation
• Voucherspecimens
0
30
Optional:
• Microscopy
LE
NS
• Needles from current (C) and
previous (C+1) year
assessed separately
• min. 30 needles per branch
and needle age (C and C+1)
45
15
Non-symptomatic
AL
PT
AL
SC
BE
HA
TT
LA
EN
CH
IS
ST
OC
VO
K
RD
EM
W
OT
AG
HM
D
AR
SIN
GE
N
.NE
UN
KIR
CH
IMP – Ground Vegetation
Symptom-rating on needles
Conifers
50
20
VIS
CH
IRO P
NIC
O
CE
LE
RIN
A
LA
US
NA
AN
TIO
NE
NA
LR
AR
BE
K
AT
EN
BE
RG
INTENSIVE
MONITORING
PLOT (IMP)
• Regional Validation Centers
• Coordination Center CEAM,
Spain
55
25
JU
SS
Y
• Simultaneouslyonsame
individual trees as used for
Level II foliar chemical analysis
• At least 5 trees per plot and
species
Validation:
ISO
NE
IMP – Canopy Trees
Sampling of leaves/needles:
Quantitative:
5 branches per tree
Number of Species
All broadleaved forest species were registered and
examined for visible ozone-like injury on the Light
Exposed Sampling Sites (LESS) of all 16 Swiss
Level II plots from 30 July until 7 August 2001. The
objective was to apply and test the guidelines within
the new UN/ECE ICP-Forests Submanual for the
Assessment of Ozone Injury in European Forest
Ecosystems (Fig. 1). The weekly average of ozone
concentrations was monitored with passive samplers
at the open field meteorological stations of 5 Level II
plots. A guide for the identification of ozone-induced
injury (Innes et al. 2001) and a flowchart (Fig. 2)
were used for the diagnosis of symptoms on
broadleaved species. The total number of species was
recorded and split into (i) non-symptomatic, (ii)
symptomatic and registered ones on the ICP-Forests
List of Ozone Sensitive Species, and (iii) newly
identified symptomatic species (Fig. 3, Tab. 1). The
latter ones are planned to be validated within the
OTC research facility at Lattecaldo (Fig. 4).
The lack of correlation between symptomatic species
and the seasonal average of weekly ozone
concentrations demonstrates the influence of
environmental conditions (i.e. exposition, soil water
content, etc.) and species composition on symptom
development. This has to be considered in a risk
assessment of ozone effects on forest vegetation.
Symptomatic and registered
on ICP-Forests List
Newly identified
Fig. 3. Number of symptomatic species and seasonal
average of weekly ozone concentrations.
Required:
LESS–Vegetation
• Photographic documentation
• Mark plot and symptomatic
specimens
Qualitative:
• Closest forest edge within 3 km
• Area of min. 2 x 25 m
• All tree, shrub, and perennial
species within the LESS
LIGHT EXPOSED
SAMPLING SITE
(LESS)
List of symptomatic species
(tree, shrub, perennial species)
Optional:
• Seed collection
Fig. 1. Symptom assessment on LESS (modified from the Submanual for the
Assessment of Ozone Injury in European Forest Ecosystems, 2001).
Symptom
Interveinal
On Veins
Upper
Leaf
Surface
Lower
Leaf
Surface
General
Discolor.
Old L. >
Young L.
Young L.
> Old L.
Stipple
< 1 mm
No Insects
Old L. >
Young L.
Late
Season
Insects
Young L.
> Old L.
Early
Season
General
Discolor.
Old L. >
Young L.
Young L.
> Old L.
Stipple
< 1 mm
No Insects
Old L. >
Young L.
Tab. 1. Symptomatic species in 2001 (registered on
number of plots/plots where symptomatic).
Acer pseudoplatanus (6/
(6/Novaggio
Novaggio))
Alnus incana (2/
(2/Beatenberg
Beatenberg))
Alnus viridis (2/
(2/Isone
Isone))
Aquilegia vulgaris (1/
(1/Bettlachstock
Bettlachstock))
Carpinus betulus (5/
(5/Neuenkirch
Neuenkirch,, Jussy
Jussy,, Othmarsingen
Othmarsingen))
Cirsium helenidoides (2/
(2/Celerina
Celerina))
Fraxinus excelsior (10/
(10/Othmarsingen
Othmarsingen,, Bettlachstock , Alptal
Alptal,, Lens
Lens))
Heracleum sphondyleum (1/
(1/Bettlachstock
Bettlachstock))
Lonicera nigra (1/
(1/Alptal
Alptal))
Lonicera xylosteum (4/
(4/Bettlachstock
Bettlachstock))
Robinia pseudoacacia (1/
(1/Othmarsingen
Othmarsingen))
Rosa sp. (7/
(7/Bettlachstock
Bettlachstock))
Rubus sp. (9/
(9/Novaggio
Novaggio))
Salix alba (1/
(1/Othmarsingen
Othmarsingen))
Salix caprea (5/
(5/Othmarsingen
Othmarsingen))
Sambucus racemosa (1/
(1/Chironico
Chironico))
Senecio ovatus (1/
(1/Isone
Isone))
Vaccinium uliginosum (4/
(4/Alptal
Alptal,, Beatenberg
Beatenberg))
Vaccinium myrtillus (2/
(2/Beatenberg
Beatenberg))
Viburnum lantana (3/
(3/Bettlachstock
Bettlachstock))
Total: 20 species / 11 Level II plots
Innes, J.L.; Skelly, J.M.; Schaub, M., 2001: Ozone and broadleaved
species. A guide to the identification of ozone-induced foliar injury.
Ozon,, Laubholz
Ozon
Laubholz-- und Krautpflanzen.
Krautpflanzen. Ein Führer zum Bestimmen von
Ozonsymptomen.. Birmensdorf, Eidgenössische Forschungsanstalt
Ozonsymptomen
WSL. Bern, Stuttgart, Wien
Wien;; Haupt
Haupt.. 136 S.
(ISBN 3-258-06384-2)
Insects
Young L.
> Old L.
ICP-Forests Internet Based Pictorial Data Bank for O3 Induced Injury
O3 Visible
Injury
Fig. 4.
4. The OTC research facility at Lattecaldo,
Switzerland.
Average of Weekly O3 Concentrations (ppb)
Section Forest Ecosystems and Ecological Risks, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), 8903 Birmensdorf
b Swiss Federal Research Station for Agroecology and Agriculuture (FAL), 8046 Zürich
Zürich--Reckenholz
NO
VA
GG
IO
a
a
Not O3
Induced
O3 Visible
Injury
Not O3
Induced
Not O3
Induced
O3 Visible
Injury
Not O3
Induced
O3 Visible
Injury
Not O3
Induced
Not O3
Induced
Not O3
Induced
Not O3
Induced
Fig. 2. Flowchart summarizing the main diagnostic features for the diagnosis of ozoneinduced symptoms on broadleaved species (L = leaves).
http://www.gva.es/ceam/ICP-forests
http://www.gva.es/ceam/ICP-forests
http://www.wsl.ch/ozone
http://www.wsl.ch/ozone
Contact:
Contact:marcus.schaub@wsl.ch
marcus.schaub@wsl.ch