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28
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K(f
1
http://www.itu.int/osg/csd/emerging_trends/crisis/confronting_the_crisis_2.pdf
2
This section is based on research carried out by Ms. P. Biggs, ITU, author of Chapter 8 on Voice over Internet Protocol: Enemy or Ally?
3
Infonetics Research, through VoIP News, 1 march 2008, at: www.voip-news.co.uk/2008/03/01/80-million-worldwide-voip-subscribersin-2007/
4
According to Point Topic http://point-topic.c
5
For example, Infonetics Research estimated that there were some 80 million VoIP subscribers worldwide by 2007, far more than earlier
predictions forecasting 55 million subscribers by 2009. In 2006, In-Stat predicted that the global market for consumer VoIP services has
arrived, with total VoIP subscribers worldwide at 16 million in 2005 projected to grow to over 55 million in 2009 (www.in-stat.com).
6
Point Topic, 23/10/2008: http://point-topic.com/content/bmm/profiles/BMMIPT081021.htm&comp_id =4685&g=2.
7
Adapted from Developments of Next Generation Networks (NGN): country case studies, ITU, 2009, see http://www.itu.int/ITUD/treg/Documentation/ITU-NGN09.pdf
8
TMG; Point Topic
9
Adapted from Developments of Next Generation Networks (NGN): country case studies, ITU, 2009, see http://www.itu.int/ITUD/treg/Documentation/ITU-NGN09.pdf .
10
ITU-infoDev ICT Regulation Toolkit, www.ictregulationtoolkit.org.
11
The TCP/IP suite was one of several protocol suites that were used in the development of the Internet, including Digital Equipment
Corporation’s DECNet, the Xerox Network Services (XNS) architecture, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI). The TCP/IP became
widely adopted with the establishment of the World Wide Web.
12
The pioneering work setting this vision out was Vinton G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn, “A Protocol for Packet Network
Intercommunication”, IEEE Trans. On Comms, Com-22, No. 5 (May 1974).
13
These are often roughly described as the utility layer, the transport layer, the network protocol layer and the link layer interfacing with
the physical network. Put simplistically and abstractly, each layer within the IP/TCP suite deals with its own problems, carries out its
own tasks, and interacts with the layers above and below it, allowing it to be modified without changing the other layers. Of course,
the reality is more complex than this, since the various layers are not neatly distinct. Application protocols are used as middleware for
other applications; many applications may serve one another and carry out more than one of the functions, blurring the boundaries
between the various functions. See Richard Bennet, Designed for Change: End-to-End Arguments, Internet Innovation, and the Net
Neutrality Debate, Information Technology and Innovation Foundation (September 2009), 31. Available at
http://www.itif.org/files/2009-designed-for-change.pdf
14
Timothy Wu, “Application-Centered Internet Analysis”, 85 Va. L. Rev. (1999) 1163, 1192.
15
In this paper Universal Access Funds (UAF) include Telecommunications Development Funds, Rural Development Funds, and any other
funds established to support and finance ICT access in underserved areas.
16
Building and Institutional Framework For Regulatory Impact Analysis (RIA), OECD, 2008.
17
Littlechild, S.C. (2006). Mobile termination charges: Calling Party Pays versus Receiving Party Pays. Telecommunications Policy, Vol. 30,
Issues 5-6, p. 242-277.
18
In the majority of EU countries mobile origination market is being considered as a fully competitive market and mobile origination rates
are left without regulation.
19
http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/09/222&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
20
http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=SPEECH/09/222&format=HTML&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en
21
http://www.itu.int/ituweblogs/treg/Hong+Kong+++Deregulation+Of+FixedMobile+Interconnection+Charge.aspx
22
Taken from the mission statement of the Dutch Regulator OPTA
23
Slide 4, “Defining VoIP”, presentation by Josua Turaganivalu, Ministry of Commerce, Industry, Investment & Communications of the
Government of Fiji, at the workshop held on 12 July 2007, available at:http://www.fiji.gov.fj/uploads/DEFININGVOIP.pdf
24
“VoIP Deployment and Regulation in Asia” (2006), Konrad L. Trope, Novo Law Group.
29
2009
25
See the ITU-T definition of NGN as “a packet-based network able to provide Telecommunication Services to users and able to make use
of multiple broadband, QoS-enabled transport technologies and in which service-related functions are independent of the underlying
transport-related technologies. It enables unfettered access for users to networks and to competing service providers and services of
their choice. It supports generalised mobility which will allow consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users” (ITU-T
Recommendation Y.2001 (12/2004), available at: http://www.itu.int/ITU-T/ngn/definition.html
26
A recent report commissioned by the OECD, which set out to examine the available evidence of consumer behaviour and analyse the
implications for policy and regulation. Exploring the evidence of actual consumer behaviour, the report makes a number of
recommendations for policy-makers and regulators, designed to promote the consumer interest. See: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Directorate for Science, Teehnology and Industry, Committee for Information, Computer and
Communications Policy: Working Party on Communication and Infrastructures and Services Policy, Enhancing Competition in
Telecommunications: Protecting and Empowering Consumers, London 24-25 May 2007, DSTI/ICCP/CISP(2007).
30
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