HOP INVESTIGATIONS
(CRe5, OAES 36)
Distribution of Copies
1 Hop Investigations
Research Division
2 Industrial Crops Section, Crops
Station
1 Oregon Agricultural Experiment
State Univ.
1 Farm Crops Department, Ore.
Ore. State Univ.
1 Agricultural Chemistry Department,
Dept., Ore. State Univ.
1 Botany and Plant Pathology
Gash. State Univ.
2 Irrigation Experiment Station,
of
Calif.
at Davis
2 Agronomy Department, Univ.
Univ.
of Idaho
1 Parma Branch Experiment Station,
8 United States Brewers Association
4 Authors
1961
ANNUAL REPORT
of
HOP INVESTIGATIONS
(CRe50 ORES 36)
by
Stanley. N. Brooks Research Agronomist (USDA)
Chester E. Horner, Plant Pathologist (USDA)
Sam T. Likens, Research Chemist (USDA)
Charles E. Zimmermann, Research Agronomist (USDA)
Industrial Crops Section
Oilseed and Industrial Crops Research Branch
Crops Research Divisioh
Agricultural Research Servioe
United States Department of Agriculture
in 000peration with the
Oregon Agricultural. Experiment Station
Corvallis, Oregon
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION
1
S. N. Brooks
CR e5.1 (OAES 36:FC) BREEDING AND EVALUATING NEU AND IMPROVED
VARIETIES OF HOPS.
S. N. Brooks
BREEDING AND SELECTION
1959 Nursery
Results of Crosses Made in 1960
Seedling Reaction of 1960 Crosses to Dowiry Mildew (C. E. Horner)
Crosses Made in 1961
7
7
9
12
EVALUATION
Preliminary Quality Evaluation
Advanced Performance Trials
17
BREEDING BEHAVIOR, GENETICS, AHD BOTANY
Effect of Delayed Training on Flowering Dates of Male Hop Clones
Genotypic Differences in Pollen Germination and Longevity
(C. E. Zimmermann)
27
29
CR e5.2 (OAES 36:Bot) HOP DISEASES: THEIR ETIOLOGY, EPIPHYTOLOGY
AND CONTROL.
C. E. Horner
HOP DOWNY MILDEW
Effect of Streptomycin on Progression of Systemic Downy Mildew
infection
Pathological Histology of Systemic Downy Mildew Infection
in Resistant and Susceptible Hop Varieties
Resistance of Varieties and Breeding Lines to Crown Infection
314
35
37
by Downy Mil dew
CR e544 (OAES 36rFC) IMPROVING YIELD AND QUALITY OF HOPS BY
PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES,
So N. Brooks and C. E. Zimmermann
Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Fuggle Hops
Date of Pruning and Training
Planting Methods for Increasing Initial Yield of Fuggle Hope
Test with Herbicide on Fuggle Hops
Hop Seedlings Grown on Two Nitrogen Sources
39
43
17
1.8
49
CR-35,5 (OAFS 36:AC) CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS RELATIVE TO THE
EVALUATION OF HOPS,
S9 To Likens
EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL LINES
PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES DURING MATURATION
CAUSES OF CONE BREAKAGE (SHATTERING)
QUALITY CHANGES DURING DRYING AND BALING
FACTORS INFLUENCING STORAGEABILITY
EFFECTS OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON QUALITY
INVESTIGATIONS INTO ANALYTICAL METHODS
SERVICE ANALYSES FOR OTHER STATIONS
51
57
63
67
70
75
78
87
APPENDIX
Cultural Practices, 1961
Travel Report, So No Brooks, June 29.Augoll, 1961
Observations of Nursery Seedlings at Prosser, Washington
Analysis of samples from Observation Block for Brewers Evaluation
Data on Advanced Selections
Data from Genetic Block
Moisture Dry.down Percentages, Cultural Trials
Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Fuggle Hops
Planting Methods for Increasing Initial Yield of Fuggle Hops
Date of Pruning and Training
Causes of. Cone Breakage (Shattering)
Fate of Hop Oil in Boiling
91
95
117
120
121
123
126
127
151
153
169
174
1
INTRODUCTION
S. N* Brooks
This 1961 annual report of investigations carried out by the
regional hop project headquartered at Corvallis, Oregon includes data
collected and summarized during the period March 1, 1961 to February 280 19620
It includes data in some cases which were collected by personnel at the
Irrigation Experiment Station at Prosser, Washington* All data are reported
under one of four main lines of study or line projects* Detailed discussions
and summarizing data are presented for each experiment or phase as a separate
section within a line project report* Additional data or notes which are
important enough to be included as a matter of permanent record are appended
to the report.
A change in typing is incorporated into this report* To save space
and make the report more readable the report is typed single -space throughout,
except in tables or other areas where single-spacing would lead to congestion
and difficulty*
located
project
attempt
tion to
Some of the line projects are conducted cooperatively by investigators
at Oregon State University* In these Gases, it is necessary that a line
report be prepared by more than one person* Where this has occurred an
has been made to give each project leader full credit for his contributhe report*
The work summarized in this report is supported by public and private
funds. Cooperative research is carried out by Crops Research Divisions ARSa
USDA; Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station; and United States Brewers
Foundation through the Agricultural Research Foundation under Memorandum
of Understanding. In addition certain phases of the federal breeding program
are cooperative with the agricultural experiment stations in California,
Idaho and Washington also under Memorandum of Understanding* This report does
not summarize work done at any of the institutions which does not involve
direct cooperation of federal personnel*
The immediate staff of the hop research project in 1961 consisted
of the following persons* This list is made up of regularly employed
personnel who were associated with the cooperative State-Federal hop research
program and thus contributed directly to the work reported herein* Personnel
doing independent hop research at Oregon State University and field assistants
hired for intermittent or seasonal jobs on the cooperative program are not
included*
Dr* So No Brooksp Research Agronomists USDA,
Dr, C. E. Horner, Plant Pathologist, USDA and OSU,
Mr. S. T. Likens4 Research Chemist, USDA,
Mr* C. ED Zimmermann, Research Agronomist, USDA,
Mr* H9 Lo Dooley, Asst. in Plant Pathology (parttine
Mrs. J. M. Barnes, Secretary, USDA,
Mr* Bernes Frey, Agric. Aid, USDA,
Mrs. Hulda Bauer, Agric. Aide, OSU,
Miss Gail Nickerson, Research Lab. Tech*, OSU,
Mr* Richard Avery, Farm Laborer (part-time), OSU,
Mr* Larry Kitterman, Student Help (part-time)4 USU.,
OSU
2
During the summer (July 2 to August 4) the Hop Investigations
Leader was privileged to have the opportunity of touring hop production areas
and research facilities in Europe. Not only was it possible to visit with
many people with whom he had corresponded previously, but many others were
met also, While main contacts were with hop research personnel and most time
was spent at research agencies, some time was spent in becoming familiar
with production practices and talking with foreign hop growers. Undoubtedly
the hop research program here will continue to feel the benefits of this trip
for years to come* An itinerary and a detailed account of activities and
discussions are appended to this report*
Production of hops in 1961.62 amounted to 146,557,000 pounds in
the northern hemisphere and 5,183,000 pounds in the southern hemisphere for
a total world production of 151,740,000 pounds. This amount is down
25,432,000 pounds from 1960.61 and 28,867,000 pounds from 1959.60, This is
largely a reflection of decreases in the northern hemisphere, principally
the U.S., U.K. and West Germany, the three largest producers. Significantly
expanded hop production the past year or two has been noted in Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Jugoslavia, Japanl Argentina, and Australia. Many countries
are continuing to have increased beer production.
Production of hops in the United States in 1961 amounted to
35,4540000 pounds, 23% less than last year and 27% below average. The crop
was the smallest since 19420 Except for Idaho, acreage continued the decline
of the last few years. In Oregon, acreage dropped to its lowest level on
record, and California acreage was the smallest since 19310 Only in Oregon
was the yield per acre above that of 1960* Production and marketing data
from AMS reports are given in Tables 1 and 2o
Table 1.
Hop acreage and yield, 1960, 1961 and 195C..59*
State
Acreage harvested
Average
1960
1252152
/961
Yield per acre
WOK&
1950-59
Acres
Idaho
1960
1961
Pounds
2,000
3,200
3,200
1,935
19880
1,710
15,050
16,400
12,800
1,660
1,620
1,570
Oregon
79730
4,500
3,000
1,201
1,310
1,430
California
6,820
Sploo
3,900
1,534
1,470
1,435
31,600
29,200
22,900
1,538
1,575
1,548
Washington
United States
3
Table 2.
Hop production, prices received, and fann value, 1960, 1961
and 1950590
Production
Price per pound
Value
Average
State
195049
1960
1961
1960
Thousand pounds .
Idaho
Washington
Oregon
3,797
24,904
9,313
6,016
196/
Cents .
1960
1961
. Thousand dollars
50472
49
45
20948
2,462
26,56811 20,096
43
41
1,424
8,239
5,895=/
40290
49
46
2,889
1,973
10,590
70497
5,596
57
53
40273
2,966
United States 48,604
45,976
35,454
4609
4401
21,395
15,640
California
V Includes hops produced but not harvested because of economic conditions:
1960
Washington, 324,000 pounds
2./
Includes 262,000 pounds paid for but not harvested*
Washington hops started out well under favorable weather, However,
subsequent wind and heat damage caused production to fall below early season
expectationat Idaho's hops were hurt by above normal temperatures, High
temperatures the last half of June stimulated Early Cluster into full bloom
before there was sufficient vine growth for a full crop, Late Cluster
suffered from hot, dry weather in July, . There was little wind damage in
Idaho* In California, heat slowed vine growth and cone set was light*
Winds and red spider were factors also, Hops in Oregon showed good recovery
following cool, rainy spring weather, and grew well during a dry summer
according to Oregon Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, Resulting yields
were well above average. Weather data for Corvallis, Oregon are given in
Table 3,
4
Table 3
Climatological data taken at Hyslop Agronomy Farm, near
Corvallis, Oregon, in 1961 and during previous years.
Avg. Max. Temp.
Avg. Min. Temp.
( °F)
Avg. Mean Temp.
( °F)
Precipitation
(inches)
( °F)
Month
1960
1961
25 yr.
avg.
1961
25 yr.
avg.
1961
25 yr.
avg.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
65.32
52.83
45.65
64.69
53.13
48.06
41.68
37.17
31.77
43.45
37.51
35.66
53.5
45.0
38.71
54.28
45.36
41.70
50.19
52.71
53.42
59.03
63.48
77.27
82.
85.
72.13
45.34
50.54
55.34
62,32
68.80
73.44
81.31
80.95
76.77
36.06
39.18
38.16
40.20
44.88
49.53
50.71
53.
45.13
32.53
35.07
36.98
40.49
44.95
49.34
51.88
51.41
48.85
43.13
45.05
45.79
49.62
54.17
61.40
66.36
68.63
58.63
38.96
42.80
46.17
51.41
56.86
61.42
66.66
66.24
62.81
1961
2.52
10.49
4.15
25 yr.
normal
3.53
5.44
6.15
1961
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Yearly
total
4.80
10.12
7.46
2.23
1.95
.40
.59
.33
1.18
46.22
Yearly
63.25
mean
63.39
42.29
42.34
52.50
37.94
Avg.wind
velocity
1961 yr.
avg.
83.2
82.2
76.3
74.6
77.9
81.3
2.226
4.250
7.322
8.178
7.677
4.698
2.42
2.89
3.71
3.56
2.21
2.42
(%)
10._
78.5
75.0
75.8
69.5
74.4
80.0
Total
Mean
.38
1.30
No.ptly. No.
No.
tion (in.)
cloud
212245_
22-25
25
1961 yr. 1961 yr. 1961 yr. 1961 yr.
1961 yr.
avg.
avg.
avg.
avg.
avg.
@8AM
Sept.
.32
52.89
Rel.humid. Evapora-No.clear
Month
1961
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
6.42
5.10
4.06
2.10
1.85
1.29
79.3 75.5
2.552 7
4.053 6
4.642 17
4.347 18
6.002 16
3.936 7
9
15
11
10
18
17
15
11
11
11
71
8o
8
9
14
8
16
22
11
10
2
9
7
12
9
2
3
9
9
3
3
10
5
5
4
4
19
6
4
9
6
76
64
36
39
62
47
12
12
5.725 4.255 11.813.3 12.7 10.7
25 year averages are for 1936 through 1960.
6
14
6.5 10.3 7.8
(MPH)7
1961 yr.
avg.
2.12
1.39
1.62
1.78
1.62
1.78
.2.87 1.72
5
CR e51 (OAES 36:FC) BREEDING AND EVALUATING
NEW AND IMPROVED VARIETIES OF HOPS
S9 N. Brooks
The work done under this line project consists of development of
improved varieties of hops, studies of techniques of breeding or evaluating
genetic lines, basic studies of inheritance or inherent variation in the plant
itself, and studies on the botany of hops. The report is divided into three
sections:
(1)
that phase dealing with crossing and initial selection of seedlings
(2) preliminary and advanced evaluation of selections for field performances
and
(3)
that phase of this project dealing with botanical and genetic studies*
Clones of 8 plant introductions of H. lu
us (Polo 27.519 -525 and
-567) from Poland and 3 plant introductions (P.it. 7
..670) from the Soviet
Union were transferred to Corvallis, Oregon under post-entry permit No0
37..2858s Clones of plant introduction (P.14 25973,
Ho 2.:a.....Les) from
Yugoslavia were released from quarantine and sent to Corvallis from the U. So
Plant Introduction Station at Glenn Dale, Maryland*
This material is part of a continuing exchange program of hop germ
plasm with foreign countries* During the last three years cuttings of
commercial and experimental varieties have been sent to agencies in Taiwan,
Japan, Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union, and the Dominican Republic0 Wild American
stocks were sent to Japan and the Soviet Union. Hop seeds were provided for
Israel. Domestic and wild material was received from. Japan*
In projecting the breeding program for the next few years, there
are changes that should be brought in. Three new wiltctolerant varieties
from England are being introduced this winter. These will be used as a
basis of parental material in a new program for breeding for resistance to
Verticillium wilt, They will also be tested for production in this country
and if desirable will b e grown in lots sufficient for brewing trials.
Another phase that is tentativelybeing considered is polyploid
breeding. Enough is known regarding the use of colchicine on hops that such
a program could be initiated without difficulty. It is felt that development
oftriploid Fuggle plants would partially, if not completely, solve problems
of shatter, seed content, and yield in Fuggle. Reports from England have
indicated that triploid plants of either Bullion or Fuggle developed at Wye
College have a lower seed content, have a tougher cone, and are somewhat more
vigorous than the diploid Fuggleo A triploid plant cannot be produced,
however, without making a cross, and every time a cross is made genes are
transmitted from the male parent which may influence the quality of the
triploid plant* However, with two doses of the Fuggle genes and only one
dose of the male parent genes, it is possible that a triploid Fuggle can be
developed which does not differ noticeably in quality from the Fuggle grown
today.
There has been a transition in the evaluation program the past few
years. Starting in 1955 the program of making initial selection on the basis
of reaction to downy mildew was started. We are now selecting seedlings on
6
the basis of performance during their second year, which was not done until
1959 This makes it possible to observe a plant for several characteristics,
including some indication of quality and cone characteristics before selection
is made The small number selected for further observation are put into
4hill plots at Corvallis, and whenever possible in single hills in Washington
and perhaps California* As a new phase at this stage, cuttings will be
evaluated for Verticillium wilt reaction in future years. Following observa
tion in these plots, the best material will be put into replicated clonal
field trials at Corvallis for a period of three or four years. Two years'
data will be obtained from the small field tests* Following this, the best
two or three varieties will be placed in 500.hill (or more) blocks on growers'
farms. Future off-station tests will have one variety to each grower, and
each grower will glow a sufficient amount of material that it can be managed
as a commercial lot* With respect to selection of these growers, it is felt
that they should be selected by USBA in consultation with the Agronomists and
the County Agricultural Agent involved* USBA should continue to receive the
hops from the growers and put them into brewing trials. Brewing trials
should be standardized and be made as objective as possible* Perhaps threshold
amounts of new varieties in blends with standard varieties should be established*
Screening of the selections by the brewing industry early in the program
will be invaluable. Because of the inconsistencies in the correlation between
chemical analyses and brewer acCeptance, physical evaluation of cone samples
will guide the selection of lines for preliminary field testing and eliminate
much time and expense in evaluating lines which have no future.
7
BREEDING AND SELECTION
1959 Nursery
Selection was made in the 1959 seedling nursery at Corve1lis Oregon*
Four promising female genotypes (C59001, C590020 C59003 and C59007) were
selected and moved into the observation block* An additional seedling
(C59006) from a LC x LC cross was moved into the Observation Block because
it withstood the screening program of 1959* The 1.959 nursery was dug except
for 2 progeny rows of backcross material, 1 row of Late Cluster seedlings,
and a row of 128.1 seedlings.
Ipdividual cuttings of 186 genotypes from the Observation Block
and 1959 seedling nursery at Corvallis, Oregon were planted into single .ill
plots at Irrigation Experiment Station, Prosser, Washington by C. E. Nelson*
Observations were made on vigor, cone size, maturity and aroma* Final selection
will be made in 1962* A list of this material and observation notes are given
in the AppendiX*
Results of Crosses Made in 196C
Crosses made in 1960 were largely a repeat of crosses which had been
made previously because of difficulties encountered in 1959* Seeds from the
crosses were grown in the greenhouse and then inoculated by C. E. Horner
(see next section of report)
Wide differences in viability of seeds from different crosses were
observed. Percentages of emergence 28 days after planting varied from less
than 1% for some crosses up to 75%* Percentages of emergence varied from 1%
up to 91% among progenies of open-pollinated female clones* Viability was
less on the average, in progenies involving crosses between domestic
(European) and wild American clones than in progenies of strictly domestic
clones* Data suggest a search for possible incompatibility or lethality
complexes between the two populations* These observations are tabulated in
Table 1.
A 1961 field nursery of 515 seedlings from 71 progenies obtained
from the 1960 crosses was planted under trellis at a 4 x 81 spacing* Only
non- infected crowns were planted. Selection will be made in 1962. A
planting plan of the nursery is given in Table 20
8
Viability of hop seeds from the 1960 crosses
based on emergence in greenhouse flats in 1961.
Table 1.
Cross
No.
60001
60002
60003
60004
60005
60006
60007
60008
60009
60010
60011
60012
60013
60014
60015
60016
60017
60018
60019
60020
60021
60022
60023
60024
60025
60026
60027
60028
60029
60030
60031
60032
60033
60034
60035
60036
60037
60038
60039
60040
60041
60042
60043
640044
60045
No.seeds
planted
Feb07-15
853
140
355
576
780
660
237
220
220
220
220
418
200
160
820
1740
200
740
500
360
19
440
220
420
700
415
280
580
1100
11 ort
440
520
580
220
660
660
660
660
660
660
120
300
320
180
540
No.seedlings
emerged
emergence
March 6-8
43
0
5
0
8
2
69
10
496
12
1
75
18
5
32
8
83
8
2
15
4
38
1
0
6
<1
108
13
7
3
<:, 1
27
4
10
50
6
841
40
57
221
310
118
84
218
675
399
299
103
236
131
152
418
195
489
136
432
0
19
8
111
15
0
4
2
2
44
9
26
53
44
28
30
38
61
36
68
20
41
60
23
63
30
74
21
65
0
6
2
62
3
Cross
No.
64446
60047
60048
64149
60050
60051
60052
60053
60054
60055
60056
60057
60058
60059
60060
60361
60062
60063
60064
60065
60066
60067
60068
60069
60070
60071
60072
60073
60074
60075
60076
60077
60078
60079
60080
60081
60082
60.83
60084
60085
60086
60087
60088
60089
60090
No.seeds
planted
Feb.7-15
450
340
500
3$.
140
26o
620
580
66o
660
660
340
No.seedlings
emerged
March 6-8
emergence
40
9
38
11
44
0
9
12
18
9
3o
11
73
26
10
143
5
06
77
iloo
41
564
564
569
161
ll.'.
1100
1100
1100
1100
11$1
net
1100
220
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
440
0
7
2
il
4
2
42
9
4
51
51
52
15
93
8
130
284
230
12
26
3
21
1
85
85
375
376
341
78
237(14 alb) 54
16
71
344
78
69
16
352
80
166
38
348
79
157
36
56
245
282
64
90(16 alb) 20
399
91
221
50
8
37(7 alb)
123
28
315(28 alb) 72
197
45
206
47
273
62
9
Table 20
Planting plan of 1961 seedling nursery.
(rows numbered West
from well -line)
Raw
Cross number and number of plants in progeny
1
60059-5; 60070.10; 60071.8; 60072.5; 60073.1; 60074.5; 60075.1;
60076.3; 60077-1; 60078-5; 60079.2; 60080.6
2
60046.6; 60051.9; 60022.12; 60087-3; 60088.10; 60086-5; 60081.2
3
60028.35;60009.13; 60045..3
4
60028 -52
5.14
1959 and 1960 nurseries
15
60001-3; 60004.1; 60006-6; 60007-1; 60011 -6; 60018-1; 60021-10;
60023-3; 60024-10; 60025-6; 60089.5
16
60026.4; 60027-4; 60029-15; 60030-13; 60031 -10; 60032 -8; 60082.1
17
60033.10; 60034.6; 60035-10; 60036-10; 60037.10; 60090.6
18
60038.10; 60039.10; 60040-15; 60042.2; 600! -5
60052.3; 60085-1
19
60053.5; 60054.5; 60055-3; 60056 -5; 60057.5; 60058-6; 60059-5;
60060-15; 60083.3
20
60061-10; 60062-10; 60063 -6; 60064.5; 60065.5; 60066.5; 60067 -10
60047-5; 60048.1;
Seedling Reaction of 1960 Crosses to Downy Mildew
(C. E. Horner)
Direct inoculation of the crown with downy mildew spores (1960
report p. 8) was used to evaluate for resistance about 3900 seedlims_representing
progenies from 86 crosses and open pollinated sources. Included were several
progenies from wild American stock collected in the Rocky Mountains in 1959.
Procedure:
Seedlings were grown in greenhouse flats by the plant breeder from
March to August. Aerial stems were removed and soil pushed away from one side
of the crown and upper tap root. Crowns averaged about 1/4 inch diameter.
Seedlings with crowns too small to inoculate (less than 1/8 inch diameter)
were discarded before inoculation, except certain backcross progenies of
particular interest for other work.
Inoculum was obtained by washing spores from naturally infected
leaves and shoots obtained in hop yards. Inoculum was derived from several
lines anr1 varieties to include possible races of the pathogen, although no
evidence for races is known. Spore suspensions were filtered then placed at
10
20PC* to germinate. When sporangia had released abundant zoospores,
inoculation was accomplished by injecting 0.05 ml into the phloem tissue of
the crown of each seedling. Greenhouse temperature controls were set at
65°F0 and plants watered and cared for in the usual way. After 2.22 months
plants were washed and examined for downy mildew crown infection.
Results:
A total of 3900 plants from 86 crosses and open pollinated sources
were evaluated* Table 1 shows the data obtained. Percent systemic infection
ranged from 0 to 614 among the crosses. 520 plants from 71 crosses were
planted for field evaluation*
Discussion and Conclusions:
The highest percent infection (64% of 147 plants tested) indicates
that inoculation was at least moderately successful. Open pollinated seed
from 10 native American wild hops produced progenies that ranged from 6 to
36% susceptible, indicating that none of the wild parents was homozygous
dominant for resistance* Several other crosses produced large numbers of
resistant seedlings.
Table 1.
Downy mildew reaction of 1961 hop seedlings
Gross No.
Total
Plants
No*
Healthy
No.
Infected
1
18
18
3
2
2
0
0
14
10
9
1
3
76
5
5
7
8
5
3
58
5
2
2
9
13
4
13
3
51
6
10
%
Infected
0
0
1
0.0
0.0
10.0
0.0
23.7
0,0
0.0
0.0
25.0
18
0
Seedlings
Saved
3
-
1
6
1
.
13
B.
14
15
58
7
12.1
6
4
20
14
0
00
.
17
3
2
1
1
15.0
50 00
3
16
7
3
18
8
10
3
1
55.6
25.0
1
14
5
14
108
13
89
13
19
84
48
32
1
19
18
19
20
21
22
23
25
27
102
69
26
27
28
29
30
39
35
125
151
122
214
18
2000
17,6
0.0
29.6
1706
21
30.14:
0
8
.
10
13
3
10
6
4
7
1769
31
4
11014
14
87
138
99
38
13
23
30.14
87
8.6
18.8
15
10
33.
Table 1 . cont,
Cross No
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
1.1.0
42
43
44
45
146
47
48
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
wA58
WA59
wA60
wA63.
11/162
WA63
WA64
wA65
wA66
wA67
oP68
oP69
0P70
OP71
Downy mildew reaction of 1961 hop seedlings
Total
Plants
No.
Healthy
120
81
107
103
64
63
55
111
93
101
114
112
11p,
12
5
41
5
7
25
9
3
9
21
30
83
99
75
80
88
86
126
n
8
12
18
21
26
26
18
1
0
37
14
5
7
23
9
3
9
0
0
2
0
0
0
2
20
35
51
19
27
42
18
30
145
2'
63
53
10
1414
39
142
91'
101
60
33
38
40
3.19
3
33
81
68
25
118
76
95
53
29
29
29
100
3
31
71
59
31
0P75
0P76
28
OP77
0P78
0P79
0P80
OP81
OP82
16
31
10
19
10
146
38
0P74
17
17
24
5
34
10
34
14
0P72
0P73
No.
Infected
%
Infected
114e2
21.0
22.4'
12.7
190.48
20.8
22,8
23.2
12.5
8.3
0.0
9.8
0.0
0.0
8.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
3
10
8
10
6
10
10
10
10
10
15
2
5
5
7
5
1
9
3
2
11114! 4. 7505
2
10.0
5
5
3
3.9
5
5
5
6
114
2)4
15
6
7
4
9
11
19
0
31:L655:G999
16,5
5.9
11,7
12,1
23,7
27,5
16.0
0.0
2
6.1
10
1203
9
3
8
2
3
14
13,2
5
15
10
10
6
5
5
5
10
5
10
8
8.8(only light)5
20.0
1
8,8 (severe chemMamage)
28.6
1
3
1
9
6
8
6
32.1
37.5
17.4
4
1
703
6
1
3
18
55
13
12
12
51
9
3
25,0
0P83
147
17
6308
0P814
8
OP85
12
7
9
30
1
12
Seedlings
Saved
3
33.3
7.7 (light)
12.5
25.0
5
2
2
1
12
Table 1 . cont.
Cross No.
0P86
0P87
OP88
OP89
OP90
Mont.wild
Downy mildew reaction of 1961 hop seedlings.
Total
Plants
No.
Healthy
No.
Infected
ho
32
8
24
16
67
20
59
6
8
77
25
69
6
10
5
10
0
Seedl ings
Infected
Saved
20.0
33.3(severe
damage
13.0(severe che.:11.amage
20.0
5
14.5
6
0.0
Crosses Made in 1961
Seeds from 108 crosses were harvested in 1961 Included in the
crosses were the first back crosses to recurrent parents in the new back
crossing program. Initial crosses were made on Early Cluster to bring it
into this program. Several crosses were made with Wild American material
on old material and within the wild material itself* Included also were
crosses with stored pollen; the results of this study are discussed in a
separate section of this report.
On February 8.9, seeds for each cross were placed in small cylinders,
constructed of brass screening materials which were plugged at each end with
rubber stoppers* The cylinders were submerged into a sterilizing solution
(2 parts ethanol, 4 parts Chloroxs 10 parts water) and agitated for 5 minutes.
The cylinders were then removed and placed into a flask of water for 15
minutes* The flask was supplied with a constant stream of water, hence the
water was in constant movement. The cylinders were removed and dried on the
outside with paper toweling, the seeds were removed with a sterile spatula
and placed in sterile petri dishes* The dishes each had a sterile filter
paper saturated (5-10 ml) with 20 ppm Captan solution* The dishes were
placed in a dark temperature controlled room at 30C. for 6 weeks. After
cold treatment seeds which begin germinating within 24-48 hours will be
individually space - planted in flats in the greenhouse.
Following is a list of the crosses made in 19616
sassoao aoj 1961
ssoao
aaa2Tpaa
10019
3-101 (3-105) 0 SLOGS x 11-031
30019
(905)901 0 3CO61 X 3-131 (5E5) 0 39061
£0019
(905)901 a 3Co6I X
10019
(905)901 0 3C061 x
50019
(905)90T 0 3Co61 X 3-135 I 90095
90019
(905)901 0 zEo61 x 1-225
L0019
(9o5)8o1 0 CE061 x 9-1131 0 E8I6I
80019
ZrE
60019
ran 90361
01019
(Coti)Cqz 0 zzo61 x 11-91C z (6TC) 0 Eti06T
11019
(C01)Coz 0 33061 x g1-81/ z (613) I 90061 N
21019
(Col)£0z 0 zzo61 x 5-LT5 0 99015
£1019
(501)5oz I 1006T x e-815 (611) 0 01i0z5
11019
(501)5oz
51019
(501)503 I /0061 x /-935 I 51095
91019
(901)90E 0 1E06i x 1-61E (3-131) 0 19015
L1019
(9011)90E 0 112061
81019
E-8oz
61019
(eitOzTz 0 81061 x I-LIC
Oz0I9
(zTr)zIz 0 81061 x I-Ize (5z£) 0 61061 N
Izo19
(zT/)zu 0 91061 x -Tz5/1 5 (9zI) 0 01061 N
ZZO19
(UT11)ZTZ 0 93061
E3019
(zIti)az 0 91061 x /-9z5 I 51095
13019
(LoC)Loe 0 ozo61
S3019
(11C)1I£ I I0061 x
91019
(TEE)rEE
Lzo19
(ITC)TIC I 10061 x ti-9z5 I 51095 N
9o361
I
x
(£35) 0 09061
T-LIE (LIE)
0 111061 H
5 (931) 0 01061 N
I
L1095
Di
W
z-TzT (535) 0 39061 H
x sz-63
10061
Da
I 10061 X
x 5-0z5 (tizT)
0
0 39061 N
H
trioz5
14
10061
14
x 2-915 (611) 0 01035 w
(T-soti) 0 L£0£5 X `ti-ste 5 (ozE)
I
14
x Z-5Z5
x 5-L15
ti-6z
VIC)
o 11061
I 01095
0
tmo6t
14
N
0 99otl5 N
OS
I
10061
x
0 3906T w
(5zz) 0 otio6T
14
Cross Noo
61028
314(314) C 19076 x 121-2 (525) C 19062 M
61029
314(314) C 19076 x 521-4, 5
61030
314(314) C 19076 x 524-2 I 58006 M
61031
314(314) C 19076 x 527-1 1 58017 m
61032
316-3 (316-1) C 19080 x 108.S C 19172 M
61033
322 I 56001x 29.4 BG I 19001 x C 19062 M
61034
322'I 56001 x 29 -25 BG I 19001 x C 19062 M
61035
322 I 56001 x 421-1 2 (222) C 19040 M
61036
401 (201) C 19012 x 419.5 (222) C 52048 M
61037
40L (201) C 1901? x
61038
401 (201) c 19012 x 520-5 (124) C 52044 m
61039
401(201) c 19012 x 524-2 1 58006 m
61040
402 (202) C 19013 x 419-5 (222) c 52048 m
61041
402 (202) c 19013 x 517-5 c 54066 m
61042
402 (202) C 19013 x 519-2 (121) C 52042 M
61043
404 (204) C 19014 x 519-2 (121) C 52042 M
61044
404 (204) C 19014 x 524-2 I 58006 M
61045
405-3 (205-1) C 54010 x 524-2 I 58006 M
61046
422 I 56002 x 121-2 (525) C 19062 M
61047
422 I 56002 x 29.4 BG I 19001 x C 19062 M
61048
501.3 (101-1) C 50008 x 520-1, 2 (123) c 19009 m
61049
505 (105) C 19063 x 524.2 1 58006 m
61050
522 1 59001 x 29-4 BG 1 19001 x C 19062 m
61051
522 1 59001 x 29-25 BG 1 19001 x c 19062 m
61052
522 1 59001 x 526-4 1 58006 m
61053
523-1 1 58001 x 317-1, 2 (317) C 19041 M
61054
523-1 1 58001 x 221-2 (425-1) C 51101 M
61055
523-1 I 58001 x 421-1, 2 (225) C 19040 M
(126) C 19010 M
c 54066 m
3-5
Cross No.
Pedigree
61056
523-1 I 58001 x 521-4, 5 (126) C 19010 M
61057
523-1 I 58001 x 526-4 I 58015 M
61058
523-4 1 58004 x 221-2 (425-1) C 51101 M
61059
523.4 1 58004 x 317-1, 2 (317) C 19041 M
61060
523.4 I 58004 x 421-1, 2 (225) C 19040 M
61061.
523.4 1 58004 x 526-4 1 58015 m
61062
524-3 I 58007 x 121-2 (525) C 19062 M
61063
524.3 I 58007 x 321-1, 2(325) C 19049 M
61064
524.3 I 58007 x 421-1, 2 (225) C 19040 M
61065
524-3 I 58007 x 525-2 I 58010 M
61066
524-3 I 58007 x 527-1 I 58017 M
61067
524-5 1 58008 x-221-2 (425-1) C 51101 M
61068
524-5 1 58008 x 521-4, 5 (126) C 19010 M
61069
524-5 1 58008 x 526-4 1 58015 m
61070
524-5 1 58008 x 525-2 I 58010 M
61071
525-3 I 58011 x 525-2 I 58010 M
61072
525-4 1 58012 x 221-2 (425-1) c 51101
61073
525-4 1 58012 x 421-1, 2 (225) C 19040 M
61074
525-4 I 58012 x 527-1 I 58017 M
61075
525-3 1 58011 x 321-1 (325) C 19049 M
61076
525-3 I 58011 x 521-4, 5 (126) c 19010 m
61077
525-4 1 58012 x 317-1, 2 (317) C 19041 M
61078
525-5 1 58016 x 221.2 (425-1) c 51101m
61079
526-1 I 58013 x 121-2 (525) C 19062 M
61080
526 -1.I 58013 x 421-1, 2 (225) C 19040 M
61081
526-1 I 58013 x 525-2 I 58010 M
61082
526-1 1 58013 x 526-4 I 58015 M
61083
526-5 1 58016 x 317-1, 2 (317) C 19041 M
Pedigree
Cross No,
61084
526-5 I 58016 x 421-1, 2 (225) C 19040 M
61085
25-S I 19120 x 524-2 I 58006 M
61086
25-S I 19120 x 527-1 I 58017 M
Crosses made with year-old pollen stored at 3°C and under
different humidities (see note)
61087
25-S/19120 x 527-1 (S) 1 58017 M
61088
203 (403) C 19022 x 318-1, 2 (319) (S) C 19043 M
61089
203 (403) C. 19022 x 418-1, 2 (219) (s) I 19006 M
61090
203 (403) C 19022 x 221 -2- (425 -1) (S) C 51101 M
61091
209 (409) C 19026 x 525-1 (SA) I 58009 M
61092
209 (409) C 19026 x 221-2 (425-1)(S) C 51101 m
61093
209 (409) C 19026 x 317-2 (317) (SA) C 19041 M
61094
210 (410) C 19027 x 318-1, 2 (319) (s) C 19043 M
61095
210 (410) C 19027 x 221-2 (425-1) (s) C 51101.M
61096
210 (410) c 19027 x 321-1 (325) (s) C 19049 M
61097
210 (410) C 19027 x 527-1 (3) I 58017 M
61098
216 (416) C 19029 x 317-2 (317) (SA) C 19041 M
61099
314 (314) C 19076 x 527-1 (s) I 58017 M
61100
322 (322) I 56001 x 123-S (8) C 19182 M
61101
322 (322)
61102
322 (322) I 56001 x 524-2 (s) I 58006 M
61103
402 (202) C 19013 x 221-2 (425-1) (3) C 51101 M
61104
404 (204) c- 19014 x 321-1 (325) (S) c 19049 M
61105
412 (212) c 19017 x 527-1 (SA) I 58017 M
61106
412 (212) C 19017 x 218-2 (419) (SB) C 19051 M
61107
416 (216)
61108
505 (105) c 19063 x 221-2 (425-1) (S) C 51101 M
Note:
56001 x 526-4 (s) I 58015 M
19003 x 221-1 (425-2) (S) C 51114 M
Stored in cap-screw jars, without humidity control.
(SA) Stored in cotton-stoppered vials at 35-40% R.H.
(SB) Stored in cotton-stoppered vials at 77-80% R.H.
($)
17
EVALUATION
Objectives:
1*
To provide preliminary quality evaluation of new selections and make
observations on vigor and disease reaction*
2*
To make preliminary field evaluation of new selections in replicated
variety trials*
3*
To provide advanced field and quality evaluation of experimental
varieties*
To increase planting stock of promising experimental varieties for
4.
ultimate distribution*
Preliminary Quality Evaluation
Results
On the basis of last year's chemical and physical evaluation of dried
cone samples from 30 selections, ten selections were discarded and will no
longer be considered* BB513.2 40.S, OB83hi, and OB819 were discarded on the
basis of poor quality as evaluated by the USBA fixed hop committee* OB803,
8S, 95.S OB814 OB817, and OB838 were discarded because of low alpha acid
content and the fact that they were only average in quality as indicated by a
physical evaluation* OB807, OB815 and OB825 were discarded from the observation
block because of poor agronomic characteristics*
Selections which had only average quality in 1960 and are judged as
having only average quality again in 1961 will be eliminated from further
testing unless they possess a marked important agronomic advantage* Selections
having inferior quality in 1961 on the basis of sample evaluation will be
discarded Selections which show promise in either of the two years will be
advanced to preliminary yield trials in 1962 or 1963*
No attempt has been made in past years to select for either high
or low alpha acid content* It was not until 1960 that elimination of some
of the lines was based on low alpha acid content (4% or less)* Unless selections
are considered to have promise on the basis of physical evaluation, they will be
eliminated from preliminary and advanced testing if they have 446% or less of
alpha acid. While one at this time cannot select for a specific alpha acid
or oil content, it seems apparent that an intermediate to high alpha acid
content is desirable* Elimination of low alpha -acid hops from further testing
was agreed upon by USBA*
Samples of 20 selections were submitted to the Fixed Hop Committee
of USBA for preliminary physical evaluation* Some of these selections were
evaluated in 1960, but the bulk of them had not been evaluated previously
except for vigor and disease reaction* A list of the 20 selections examined as
well as the 15 discarded because of low analysis is given in Table 1, Results
of USBA evaluation are given in Tables 2, 3, and 4.
Table 1. New selections for physical evaluation in 1961.
Dry wt. basis
%
Accession
No.
Plot
moisture
alphaacid
%
betaacid
mls
/100 g
oil.
Date
harvested
USDA
opinion 1960
Pedigree
Group A (6% alpha-acid or more)
0B801 057008 '.
8.1
8.15
4.34
0.49
8/28
1/8 LGy1/8 EKG; 3/32 F141 6 GC;
1/16_SeMsohr1/6 Land -I3 32 X.
OB822
058105
8.1
6.26
5.56
1.19
9/14
1/8 LOA/8 LGA/8 Fur5 8 X.
OB826
056008
9.8
7.20
4.62
2.32
9/14
1/4 Ful1/8 EGA/16E49/16 K.
OB827
058107
9,0
6,29
3.07
1.64
9/14
3/16 Fulr1/2 MAP EG 1/16 KG.
OB829
C58109
7.9
6.02
485
0,62
9/5
0B830
056012
8.3
6,55
2.37
0.81
9/14
3/8 EKG91 /16 EG81 /32 KG;3/16FullA Bav;
7/32 X.
Promising (2)
1/4 Fuy1/4 EG;1/8 RV;3/8 X.
0B831 056013
8.6
6.34
405
1.43
9/5
5/16 Fu91/8Sereb;9A6 X.
OB835
C58112H
9.0
7034
2,37
1.12
9/14
1/14 BUy3/16 Fuy9/16 X.
15-S
019110
7,6
6.11
445
0.54
9/5
3/8 Be1,5/8 X.
Promising (6)
50-s
119137
8.1
7.23
2.18
1.39
9/5
1/2 Sun;1/2 X.
Promising (16)
BB519 -5
none
8.3
6.02
3.18
0.68
8/28
G2071-3
none
8.2
7.01
2.65
1.04
9/20
1/4 NV; 1/4 EG;1/2 X.
:6 Bav; Promising (11)
Promising (5)
Promising (3)
Promising (18)
Group B (4-6% alpha-acid)
057002
8.7
4.56
3.69
0.90
8/28
3/16 LC; 5/16 Fu; 1/16 Land; 1/8 EKG;
1/16 EG; 1/32 KG; 7/32 I.
OB810 057009
8.2
5,72
3.53
1.00
9/5
1/4 Furl/8 EGA/16 E49/16 X.
0B813
057011
8.5
5,81
5.29
1092
9/14
1/14 Bu r1/4 t0; 1/8 RV; 3/8
0B8/8
019020
8.4
4.95
2 86
0,89
9/14
1/2 LGA/14 FuA/4 X.
OB802
Samples evaluated in 1960, numbers in parentheses indicate ranking in group of 30 'samples.
Average (19)
Average (22)
Dry wt. basis
Table 1. cont.
Accession
Plot
No.
moisture
alphaacid
beta.
acid
mis
/100 g
oil
Date
harvested
USBA
opinion 1960
Pedigree
OB833
c56016
8.4
5.83
3.83
0.51
9/14
1/4 Urb; 1/8 to; 5/8 x,
OB837
c58113
8.o
680
4.03
0.61
9/14
1/2 BG; 144 EG; 1/8 EC; 1/8 X.
OB839
058114
8.0
4.93
4.55
0.90
9/14
1/4 Sun; I/4'RKG; 1/8 Bay; 3/8 L.
0B840
160001
8.3
4.81
3.93
0.40
8/28
Shinshuwase
Group C (less than 4% alpha-acid)
0B804
057004
8.3
1.48
3.41
1,10
9/5
0B805
054049
8.6
2 080
2.25
1.29
9.14
1416 OR; 1/32 KG; 146 L0; 5/32 Fu ;3/32 Bel;
7/32 I.
1/16 Bp; 1/16 LC; 1.4
Promising (7)
1/4 BIT;1/8 Ful5/8
0B806
057005
8.5
2075
4.55
0.95
9/5
Vit Ler VB Fur 5/18 X
0B808
057007
8.6
3.16
4.10
0.82
9/14
1/4 Sun; 3/4
0B809
057008
8.3
2.28
4,22
0.45
9/14
1/4 BF; 3/8 LG; 3416 Fur 3/16 X.
0B811 057010
9A6
2.28
3.23
0.50
9/14
1/4 Bliy 1/4 Fur 3/8 Bel; 1/8 X.
058102
8.4
2.19
3.69
0.29
8/28
0B820 019022
8.9
1.99
2.88
1.46
9/14
IA far
0B821
051026
7.9
3.58
3.62
1.07
9/20
1/4 ic; 1/4
0B823
058104
9,0
2,04
3.11
0.38
9/14
1/8
oB824
058105
8.3
2.33
6.37
1.11
9/14
1/8 LC; 3/16 Fu; 11/16
0B828
C58108H
9.1
3.60
4.00
1.37
9/14
0B832
058110
9.4
3,23
1.48
0.59
9114
3/8 EKG; 1/ICEG; 1/32 KG; 3416 Fu;
1/8 Bay; 7/32 X.
1/8 MI 3/32 Bel; 1/8 10; 7/16 FUJ 7/32
24-S
C19119
9,0
3.33
2.17
0.99
8/28
1/2 BG;1/4 EKG;1/8 EG;1416 Kal1/16 X.
142-8
c19194
8.0
1.72
3.27
0.43
9/20
1/2 Bel Burr1/4 Sereb;1/8 YU41/8
0B816
Str;
Wr Vit
Promising (14)
Fug 3A xi;
1/4i.
Fu; 5/8 z.
3//6 Fur 11/16
Z.
2./ Samples evaluated in 1960, numbers in parentheses indicate ranking in group of 30 samples.
Promising (8)
Promising (10)
Explanation of abbreviations:
Bav
- Bavarian hop grown in Oregon, 193i
- Belgain from Simoens Belgium, 1936.
Bel
Bel Bur- Belgian Burgunder (FPI 102850) from Dir. Urbann
Station France, 1933.
Bel Lub- Belgian Lublin, probably from Simoens, Belgium.
BF
- Brewers Favourite from Salmon, Wye Col., England,
1936.
BG
- Brewers Gold from Salmon, Wye Col., England, 1936.
- Early Cluster grown in Oregon, 1932*
EC
- Early Green from Blattny, Czech., 1933.
EG
- East Kent Golding from Salmon, Wye Col.,
KKG
England, 1932.
- FUggle grown in Oregon, 1932.
Fu
- Golden Cluster from New Zealand, 1933.
GC
- Kent Golding from British ColuMbia 1932 0
KG
. Landhopfen (FPI 102851) from Dir. Urbann Sta"
France. 1933.
LC
- Late Cluster grown in Oregon, 1932.
LG
Late Grape from New Zealand, 1933,
MR
- Miller Resistant, source unknown.
RV
Red Vine grown in Oregon, 1932.
Semsdh - Semsch from Hampp, Bavaria, Germany, 1932.
Sereb - Serebrianka from Kovalevich, Zhitomir USSR,1936.
- Sunshine, probably from England.
Sun
Urb
- Probably a seedling from Dir, Urbann Sta., France,
x
Parentage unknown because of open-pollination or
incomplete records.
OR
- Oregon Resistant
Strisselspalt
Str
and
"2 1
Table 2,
Hand evaluation of 1961 hop samples by each member of USBA Fixed Hop Committee
Sample
ARCS
FLR
RSH
RAS
FEC
RGW
OB826
37
35
38
43
40
42
(27)
37.4
2
50-S
53
32
3]L
25
50
24
43
36.8
3
OB835
43
39
25
35
39
42
33
36.6
4
154
44
33
30
39
32
29
45
36.0
5
0B831
50
27
35
37
45
25
30
35.6
6
G2071-3
39
35
37
40
29
19
35
33.4
12
OB822
47
35
34
34
23
22
36
33.0
13
0B829
36
31
35
30
45
22
(29)
32.5
14
OB830
49
29
34
24
26
29
36
32.4
16
OB827
36
25
28
39
26
34
(28)
30.8
17
OB801
40
26
30
31
27
(14)
34
28.8
19
BB519-5
38
36
24
26
28
20
(26)
28.3
20
0B839
40
35
33
31
45
40
42
44.0
40
38.9
1
0B833
34
29
36
33
27
35
37
39.5
46
35.1
7
OB837
34
37
33
39.5 34
42
28
27.0
40
34.9
8
OB802_
42
29
25
41
44
16
38
(32.5)
44
34.6
9
OB810
35
30
29
33.5 42
21
30
42.5
45
34.2
10
OB840
49
29
32
(23.5)47
(14)
hi
23.5
43
33.5
11
OB813
34
39
26
29
27
24
(29)
39.0
45
32.4
15
OB818
25
28
30
27
33
29
31
32.0
41
30.6
18
Group A (high
Group B (Ned.
(
KBG
JBB
SL
AVG
RANK
oc )
CX- )
) Listed by evaluator as having zero desirability, off, or definitely no good.
Table 3.
Hand evaluation of 1962 hop samples for each criterion by USBA Fixed Hop Committee
----
Average of all scorings for each criterion y
in Grou A 6% al.ha-acid or more)
#::
1113;
7 0:: 9
-S
0
Max,'
Criteria
possible
Picking, leaf & stem,
cone damage
5
Seeds
5
Cone color, shine,
feel
5
Cone growth,
uniformity
5
10
Lupulin
20
Aroma
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
205
2.5
2.5
2,5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2,0
3.6
2.6
2.9
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.0
3.1
2.7
8.4
12.6
6.0
3.0
6.6
9.4
4.9
3.6
6.3
9.4
4.7
2.3
6.0
11.1
5.4
3.3
6.4
11.7
6.3
3.3
6.6
12.3
6.1
2.7
7.0
11.1
6.9
3.4
5.9
13.0
6.3
3.3
5.6
7.9
3.6
3.1
5.9
114
33.0
37.4
30.8
32.5
32.4
35.6
36.6
36,0
36.8
28.3
33.4
Ot802
OB810
OB813
OB818
2.9
2.3
2.7
2.3
2.5
2.4
2.7
2.3
2.8
2.2
2,8
2.3
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.3
5
3.6
3.0
2.8
2.4
3,0
3.6
3.6
2.9
5
3.6
3.3
5.9
11.6
2.9
4.7
10.1
5.5
305
7.2
304
5.5
13.5
100
5.4
2.8
6.2
10.3
5.5
6.8
5.6
3.7
6.1
1003
6.0
3.0
6.6
11.4
6.0
34.2
32.4
30,6
38.9
33.5
35.1
34.9
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.4
2.9
2.7
Overall_desinextlity- 10
3.6
5.7
7.6
3.6
3.0
7.0
10.0
5.1
60
28.8
Total
Picking, leaf & stem,
cone damage
5
5
Seeds
Group B (4-5.9% alpha-acid)
0B839 OB840 OB833 0S837
Cone oolor shine,
feel
Cone growth,
uniformity
Lupulin
Aroma
10
20
Overall_desirability-
Total
1
60
5.2
11.1
5.9
34.6
A . max. value was inserted where the evaluator had not scored a criterion.
205
5.1
23
Table 4.
Evaluation of 196a hop samples by hand and analytical methods.
USBA hand
evaluation
score 1961
USBA
opinion
1960
Overall
Score for analytical
21 score
evaluation 1961
Alpha
Beta
1961
acid
Oil
acid
Remarks
Group A (6% alpha -acid or more)
OB826
50-S
OB835
15-S
OB831
G2071-3
OB822
OB829
OB830
OB827
0B801
BB519.6
3704
36.8
36.6
36.0
35.6
3304
33.0
32.5
32.4
30.8
2808
28,3
31.0 Promising
22.0 Average
14.4
14.5
167
29.0 Promising
33.0 Promising
33.0 Promising
26.5 Promising
20.8 Average
12.2
12.7
1400
12.5
12.0
13.1
12.6
16.3
12.0
2.3
101
1,2
2.2
2.0
1.3
2.8
204
1.2
1.5
2.2
1.6
406
2.8
2.2
1.1
2.9
2.1
2.4
102
1.6
3.3
1.0
1.4
2.3
1.9
2.0
1.3
108
2.0
2.6
1,4
1.8
1.0
1.2
1.8
2.0
0.8
3,8
1.8
5
10
58.7
5502
54.7
5105
53.2
50.8
5007
4801
4803
48.2
48.3
43.3
Promising
Promising
Promising
Promising
Discard
Group B (4-5.9% alpha-acid)
OB839
0B833
0B837
OB802
0B810
OB840
OB013
0B818
Maximum
score
possible
38.9
35.1
3409
34.6
34.2
9.9
11.7
906
9.1
3;01
30.6
1700 Average
11,4
9.6
1106
9.9
60
60
20
18.5 Average
Promising
Discard
111;601;
!!!!
43.7
Discard
95
il Group A based on 7 individual scores; Group B based on 9 individual scores.
Arbitrary scores for chemical evaluation as follows
Alpha acid - %0(x 2
Beta acid
Oil
2/
%r5x
= mls/100 g. x 2
Add 2.5 (i max. score for hard resins) to each overall score in order to
compare on basis of maximum score of 100.
24
Summar3r:
Cone samples harvested from 4-hill observation plots of 35 new
selections were analyzed for alpha-acid beta -acid, and oil contents. Fifteen
The
selections were discarded on the basis of low alpha-acid content.
remaining 20 were examined, some for the second year, by representatives of
U. S. Brewers Association. Several selections show promise and will be
increased for field evaluation* Three selections were discarded as a result of
physical evaluation.
Advanced Performance Trials
Procedure and results:
Three sets of advanced trials were established in 1961* These will
be used to furnish data on yield performance, disease reaction and pickability.
Bale lots of dried hops will be made available for brewing trials.
One set was composed of 128 -I and 144.1 planted on off - station
cooperative 3erds in Washington. A planting of 454 hills of 128.1 and 11 hills
At the
of 1)t)i -I was made at the Carl Allwardt ranch near Moxee City, Wash.
seedless hop ranch near Grandview, Washington, 99 hills of 128.1 and 396 hills
of 144.1 were established*
The second set of trials was composed of planting stock of yield.
tested Fuggle clones. Approximately 100 cuttings were supplied to Herman
Goschie of Silverton Oregon and approximately 100 crowns were supplied to
Bob Stauffer near Hubbard, Oregon. The cuttings were planted in a nursery
area by Mr. Goschie and these will be planted out in a commercial yard in
1962. Mr. Stauffer planted the Fuggle crowns at regular spacing under trellis.
Observation on the Stauffer planting indicated that the selected Fuggle clones
were quite vigorous as baby hops. It should be remembered, however, that this
planting is from year -old crowns and it is the performance of these selected
Fuggle clones on a mature plant basis that is of interest*
Commercial sized plantings were made of 128 -I and 135-1 in Oregon in
1961. Approximately a three-acre block of 128.1 vas planted on the eta
Weathers' ranch near Keizer in the spring of 19610 In the fall of 1961
approximately an acre and a half of 135.1 was planted on the Don Weathers'
yard, also near Keizer. Since that time it was decided that only 128-I
will be continued in Oregon. Arrangements will b e made to release it as a
commercial variety for the Willamette Valley.
An additional year's data were obtained from the cooperative off.
station variety trials in Oregon in 1961* Harvesting was accomplished by
grower equipment for the most part. Since Mr* Crosby had finished harvesting
his hops prior to the time that the later varieties were mature, the vines
from his planting were taken to Ray Kerr's machine for picking* The data
from these trials are given in Table. 1*
Performance of the three experimental varieties in off-station trials
in Oregon in 1961 was mediocre* Only
yielded as much as Fuggle, on the
average, and the yield of Fuggle was low. Stands of two varieties, 128 -I and
1)1)1..I0 are largely a reflection of downy mildew infection which killed several
hills of each, particularly at Crosby's.
25
Table 1. Yield data from Cooperative offstation hop variety trials
in 1961 (Oregon).
Location
Kerr
Crosby
Schwabauer
Average
Variety
Date
of
harvest
Fuggle
128 1
135 1
8/26
9/L1
9/6
Percent
stand
102
98
96
103
96
102
96
100
105
105
105
105
103
98
77
9/6
9/I
1122
780
636
970
1036
971
872
1071
104
104
101
104
100
100
9/iL
9/7
9/i
1012
906
866
1086
313
309
278
311
285
99
91
Fuggle
128 1
135 I
114 I
9/1
"A
Hills
harvested
104
9/1
Fuggle
128 1
135 I
Total
per acre V hills
879
966
1091
1216
3414. I
Fuggle
128 I
135 I
U44 I
Patinas hops
9/11.
8/26.9/1
9-
9/I
/7
100
1014
104
1014
305
312
309
81
105
89
99
96
100
85
0
1097
96
/00
92
22/ Yield reported on basis of 100% stand*
There were one or two disadvantages noticed about the new varieties
in the last two years. 128 I exhibits a restricted ability-to climb and stay
on the twine. If this variety were to be grown commercially, this character..
istic along with its susceptibility to downy mildew, would make it somewhat
difficult to grow. Two years' observations of 135.12 grown seedless, indicate
that the sidearms break somewhat more than the other varieties, resulting in
picking difficulties* 1114o4I appears to pick quite well, but seems to require
a longer drying time than most varieties. 144..I also is quite susceptible to
downy mildews
Two or three bales each of 128-1, 135..1 and 1)14.1 were made up from
the hops harvested from these trials. A seeded bale of 135I and a seeded
bale of 1)01.1 were made from the hops harvested at Ray Kerrts. A composite
bale from all three locations was made up of 128.1* Seedless bales of 135-1
and 144..1 were made up of the composite harvest from Ed. Crosby's and Louis
Schwabauer's. An additional bale of 128I was harvested from the College
hop yard at Corvallis, Oregon. All bales were sent to P. Ballantine and Sons
for distribution to various brewers for the 1961 brewing trials. Weights
of the bales submitted were as follows:
,
128.1: 204 lbs., 178 lbs.* 155 lbs;
135.J: 1148 lbs. seeded, and 165 lbs. seedless;
144I: 165 lbs. seeded, and 120 lbs. and 150 lbs. seedless
26
P. Ballantine and Sons will brew 128.1 and F. and M. Schaefer Brewing Co.
will brew 1.44-1. The bale of 135.1 will be sent to the Western Utilization
Research Laboratory at Albany, California for studies on hop oil components.
Summar!:
Three sets of advanced plantings were established in 1961. Selections
128-1 and WI.' were planted in 400-500 bill plots at 2 locations in the Yakima
Valley of Washington. A composite of the best 3 clones from a selection study
in Fuggle hops was planted in 100-hill plots at 2 locations in the Willamette
Valley of Oregon. A commercial sized planting (3 acres) of 128 -I was
established in Oregon.
Performance of 3 experimental varieties in Oregon off - station trials
in 1961 was disappointing. Only 1101-I yielded as much as Fuggle. Stands of
128-1 and 1)01-I were largely a reflection of downy mildew infection which
killed several hills of each. Performance of these varieties at Corvallis
in 19511.58 indicated they have more potential than they have exhibited in
grower trials. 135 -I will be discarded; lhh.I will be continued only in
Washington trials; 128.1 is being considered for release in Oregon. Future
off-station procedures will be modified on the basis of experiences gained the
past 2 years.
BREEDING BEHAVIOR, GENETICS, AND BOTANY
Effect of Delayed Training on Flowering
Dates of Male Hop Clones.
Objectives:
To determine the effect of different dates of training on initial
flowering of male hop clones.
Procedure:
Individual vines of it plants of 7 clones each were trained at 3
different dates. Plants of all clones were first pruned on April 12 when
natural daylength (sunrise to sunset plus twice hrs. of civil twilight) .V
was 14 hrs. and 21 minutes. One vine of each plant was trained on May 22;
the second vine of each plant was trained on June 15 or 16; the third vine
of each plant was trained on July 6 or 7, This resulted in having 3 vines
trAined at 3 different dates on each plant. At each training, only vines 18.24
inches in length were trained to insure getting vines that had developed at
different times. The date on which pollen was first shed was recorded for each
vine. Characteristics of the clones used in the trial are described in Table 1.
Results and discussion:
Initial flowering stages for each plant of all clones are illustrated
in Figure 1. Some variability is apparent which may be due to two things.
(1)
There is some variability in flowering dates caused by environmental
differences every year among hop plants of the same variety.
Plants are
in slightly different stages of development at pruning tine, and this would
affect subsequent development. (2) Some differences in stages and rates of
development of vines trained on different plants of the same variety would
occur even though vines of uniform length were selected at each training.
Regardless of the apparent differences, it is shown that initial flowering
dates of vines trained on May 22, 1961 are about the same as the averages
for 1958 and 1959. Pruning and training operations in those two years
occurred about the same time as pruning and first training in 1961,
Table 2 shows that delaying training 24.25 days past the normal
time had much greater effect on early clones than on later maturing clones.
This was also true when training was delayed 45-46 days. Almost as mach
delay in initial flowering was brought about by a 24.25 day delay in training
as by a 45.46 day delay. It would appear that flowering of one vine does
not influence flowering of another vine on the same plant.
The length of
for early training than
maturing lines were not
maturing lines had this
late training.
2.
time between training and initial flowering was greater
for later training, as a rule (Table 3). Early
affected greatly in this respect, whereas later
stage of development reduced to about half by very
The Nautical Almanac for the Year 1961.
of Navy, 1959.
U. S. Naval Observatory, Dept.
28
Table 1
Clone
106-S
123-S
110-S
217
518
317
425-1
Table 2
Clone
Characteristics of seven male hop clones.
Maturity
classification
Very early
Early
Medium
Medium
Late
Late
Very late
1./
(1960)
Usual
sidearm
development
Branches which
form panicle
of inflorescence
13
13
17
15
17
20
23
Very short
Medium short
Medium
Short
Long
Medium long
Very long
Secondary
Secondary
Tertiary
Tertiary
Tertiary
Tertiary
Tertiary
ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
ft.
Effect of delayed training of individual vines of same
plants on initial flowering date of those vines in 1961.
Maturity
classification
UMP
106-S
123-S
110-S
217
518
317
425-1
Avg.
length
of vine
Days delay in flowering from
training 24 -25 days late
Range
1122EN!
Very early
Early
Medium
Medium
Late
Late
Very late
28
Days delay in flowering from
training 45-46 days late
Averte
Range
24-30
0-28
5-15
4-14
0-6
0-9
1-7
10
10
7
4
5
4
1/
38-40
21-31
17-28
15-34
5-10
8-18
6-13
39
26
22
22
6
14
11
First training May 22; second June 15-16; third July 6-7.
Averages are for 4 plants each clone.
Table 3
Clone
106-S
123-S
110-S
217
518
317
425-1
Length of period in days between training and
initial flowering in 1961 (average of 4 plants).
Maturity
Classification
Trained
May 22
Very early
Early
Medium
Medium
Late
32
44
50
Late
Very late
56
66
Range among clones
48
58
34
Trained
June 15-16
35
28
36
30
37
36
Trained
July 6-7
26
24
27
24
19
44
24
31
16
12
Initial flouter stet/441961
WO Initial flower stage, 1958 -59
Aug.10
15h 24m
/ Initial elongation of laterals, 1958-59
July31 r
15h 52m
a
C
July 21
July I I
16h 16m
5=
16h 36m
II
4
37
July 1
0
0
0
m
U71
-6.
16h 47m
III
0
.41
June211-
16h 52m CA
0
23
2
1717
523
Junell
16h 47m
June
161136m
I-
0
C
May22
523
I
I 0 6-S
23
5234
12 3-S
I
110-S
5234
53
217
I
518
25
16h 15m
52 34
317
4 2 5-1
a_Ture 1. Initial flowering of vines of 7 Liale hop clones trained at 3
different dates. The 4 plants of each clone are numbered
Each plant
has 3 vines) each trained at a different date. :Tatural daylength includes
period fro;-,1 sunrise to sunset plus trice period for civil twiliL;ht.
CI.
29
Summary:
Training vines on plants of 7 male hop clones 24.25 or 45.46 days
after normal training time delayed onset of anthesis more in early clones than
in late maturing clones, The average range in maturity between the earliest
and latest maturing clones was 34 days when training was on May 22, 16 days
when training was in mid-June, and 12 days when training was on July 6.7.
Results indicated that anthesis in early male clones could be delayed to
coincide with flowering of late female clones.
Cenot
is Differences in Pollen Germination and Lon evit
(C. E. Zimmermann)
Objectives:
See 1960 Annual Rpports,p0 54.
Nature and extent of
revious work:
See 1960 Annual Report, p. 540
Procedure:
Storage conditions were extended in 1961 to include 6 controlled
humidities, ranging from 52% to 10%, at 0°C. temperature. Composite of pollen
was collected from each of 4 bagged male genotypes, screened, put into cotton.
stoppered glass vials and placed in each of 6 desiccators, which ranged in
relative humidity from 10 to 52%. The desiccators were kept in a refrigerator
where a temperature of 0°C. was maintained. A constant humidity in each of the
6 desiccators was obtained by use of chemicals as follows?.
Desiccator
A
B
D
E
F
Chemical
% RH
ZtC12'11 H2O
KC2H302
CaC12e6H20
Zn(NO3)206H20
KCBS
NaHSO4'H20
10
20
32
42
47
52
examinations were conducted on artificial media after 3, 5 and 6 months of
storage.
Storage at very low levels of oxygen and water vapor was accomplished
Four composite samples of pollen were
prepared as follows: Pollen was collected in glass vials, conditioned for
4 days in a desiccator with 20% humidity at 0 C., quick -frozen in acetonee
dry ice mixture for 15 minutes and vacuum- dried for 1 hour. The tubes were
sealed under pressure by heating and one lot was stored in the freezing
compartment of a refrigeratorn The other lot was stored at normal room
temperature, The two lots of pollen were tested for viability prior to
vacuum drying, two days and 6 months after treatment.
by a freeze vacuum - drying procedure,
30
The details of culture =die, pH, sucrose concentration and
temperature for germination of fresh pollen were developed in 1959 and
consisted of 16% sucrose, 1% agar, pH 6.0 and temperature of 20..30°C.
During 1961 it was necessary to adjust to pH 5.2 to gain optimum germination
of fresh pollen. Several workers have found that germination of stored
pollen required a higher sucrose concentration than fresh pollen, but a
12% sucrose medium gave better results with hop pollen than the higher
concentration,
During 1960 pollen utilized in the breeding program was stored in
2 ounce screw cap jars at 3 °centigrade. The unused pollen was maintained
under these conditions and used for pollinating in the 1961 program.
Germination tests were conducted with the pollen prior to pollination4 These
results and the subsequent seed sets are listed in Table 1. The table also
includes results of three genotypes stored in 1960 under 80% humidity at
0°C, temperature.
Table lo
Viability of hop pollen, stored one year as deitermined by the
seed set when llinations were made on s ecific females.
Crots
male
female
No, cones
harvested
No. seeds
harvested
Pollen germination
Seeds/Cones on artificial media
Stored 12 months at 102jasaz22Leija_rs without humidit
221.1
221.2
x41.6
x 209
167
96
"
x203
1414
"
3:210
x 402
x 505
318-1,2
x 203
321 -1
x- 210
"
a 404
1418-1,2
524.2
5264.
527 -1
"
x
210
x 203
x 322
x 322
x 210
x 314
x 25.S
6
120
52
22
9
53
35
37
44
107
39
98
90
56
296
38
66
226
24
43
38
24
95
28
22
38
n
1.5
1.2
1.2
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0,0
0.0
0.0
1.5
0.0
2.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.1
0.6
276
0.9
0.6
3.3
1.6
1.5
6.0
0.1
2e9
114
401
2
control
Stored 12 months at 0°C in cotton.stoppered vials in 80% RH
317.2
n
525.1
527 -1
x 209
x 216
62
6
70
209
101
367
18
3
x
x25.5
5
1,1
0.8
3.6
0.2
0.5
0.5
1405
U.S
It is not uncommon with field crosses using fresh pollen to obtain
only 2 to 4 seeds per cone, On this basis pollen from 5 stored male
genotypes (Table 1) could be regarded as being equal in viability to fresh
pollen, but pollen from 4 of the 5 genotypes failed to germinate pollen tubes
31
on artificial media. Females pollinated with the same pollen did not produce
comparable seed sets. Pollen from 527.1 did not germinate on artificial
media, but resulted in 0.1 to 4.1 seeds per cone when used in pollinating
three different females. Several crosses were attempted with pollen from
each genotype, but many were unsuccessful because of the female inflorescence
failing to produce cones under the parchment bag.
Viability tests of pollen stored under different controlled humidities
are listed in Table 2. Six genotypes were stored, but four of the sources
contained a large amount of resin glands which provided a substrate for growth
of gungi and lowered pollen viability.
Table 2.
Genotype
ollen viabilit when stored under various humidities at 0°C
ection storage and initial : ermination conducted on
3
Ho
Co
Humidity
condition
125
Months in stora
76.5
52
47
42
32
20
rtz
S
is
30.0
52
47
42
32
8.5
0.0
200
17.5
25.0
12.0
0.0
0.5
2,5
4.5
4.5
1.5
0.0
10
G..2034
4.c
1.0
S
20
10
1.0
20.0
19.0
29.0
36.5
0.0
1.5
9.0
11.0
6.5
18.0
0.0
12 05
0.0
2.5
13.5
14.5
60
9.0
,..D
The pollen germinations after three months of storage were thought
to have higher viability than that determined artificially. These germinations
were conducted on 16% sucrose media. An experiment was conducted with
genotype 125 to find the optimum sucrose concentration for germination of
stored pollen.
Table 3.
The relationshi of stored
llen 12 )germination and sucrose
agar and pH a
concentration on
% Sucrose
% Germination
0
5.0
2
5.0
4
10.0
6
11.0
8
6.5
10
14.0
12
43.0
14
31.0
16
32.0
18
23.0
As shown in Table 3 the 12% sucrose gave the highest germination. Therefore
the pollen germinations conducted after 5 and 6 month storage period were
germinated on 12% sucrose media. The viability test of pollen after 6 months
of storage showed an increase which may have resulted from a slight modification
in technique. Prior germination used an exposed hanging drop technique on a
microscope slide, whereas on the last technique a cover glass was gently
placed over the pollen seeded on the hanging drop. The storage condition,
(Tab;e 2) involving controlled humidity between 20 and 45% at a temperature
of 0 C., resulted in maintaining viable pollen over a six month period.
32
Table
Genotype
Hop pollen viabi ity when stored Tinder reduced
room temperature and at temperature of
C.
Fresh pollen
ressure at
After six months stora
Quick freeze &
vacuum drz____
Vacuum dry
Storage at room temperature
125
421
425.1
G-2034
Stora et
125
421
425.1
G.2034
45.0
10.0
10.5
6.5
5.0
1.5
10.5
0.0
6.0
3.5
12 °C.
45.0
10.0
10.5
6.5
u.0
0.0
4.5
5.5
31.5
Vacuum drying (pressure of vacuum ranged 1 to 5 r-t of Hg) and
storage at very low levels of oxygen maintained pollen viability when
stored at room temperature (Table 4)* Longevity of frozen pollen which
had been quick frozen prior to vacuum drying was not accomplished with 2
of the 4 genotypes* Vacuum drying without prior freezing maintained longevity
when either stored at room or freezing temperatures. All treatments were
tested for viability 2 days after initiation of storage conditions and the
results were negative in all. The germination tests conducted at the end of
six months were also negative* The opened ampules subjected to a 100%
humidity chamber at 0°C. for four days resulted in the germination results
as listed in Table 4.
Discussion and conclusion:
The lack of correlation between pollen germination on sugaragar
culture and pollination success of field crosses indicate that the potential
viability was not determined artificially and unsuccessful pollination may
be due to the female rather than the pollen (Table 1) Pollen stored at a
low temperature, without humidity control, for one year resulted in some
fertilization in all crosses attempted, even though viability tests =culture
were negative* It appears that pollen viability can be maintained at low
temperatures without critical humidity control, but low humidities will
shorten longevity through desiccation and extremely high moisture conditions
are conducive to fungi growth, thereby reducing longevity of pollen
Storage conditions under controlled humidities ranging from 20 to
50% and a temperature of 0°C. will maintain viable pollen as determined by
success of field pollinations* The viability test on nutrient culture does
not test absolute viability because various endogenous growth factors in
pollen maybe degraded during storage, but are replenished by the stigma and
style of the female when the pollen is used in pollinations.
Vacuum drying, without prior quick freezing, maintained viable
pollen in storage at freezing conditions or under normal fluctuating
temperatures in a room, but linder both conditions a revitalizing step was
33
necessary before pollen would germinate on a culture medium* The quick - freeze
pretreatment resulted in all genotypes displaying viability except G2034
pollen which did not germinate when pretreated, but when stored without
pretreatment gave high germination following a revitalization period*
The pollen from sealed tubes used in vacuum storage did not germinate
when tested immediately after opening tubes* A revitalizing process was used
in an attempt to restore moisture removed during vacuum drying The opened
tubes were stored at 0°0* temperature in a 100% relativa humidity chamber
for five days at which time pollen grains would germinate* Definite
conclusions on
longevity of vacuum dried pollen can not be drawn until
actual field pollination is attempted.
Pollen germination on artificial media was quite variable, and may be
due to differences in pollen chemistry, physiology and its relationship with
nutrient culture* The sucrose requirement varies between and within pollen
from different genotypes and this may be caused by the function sucrose has
in germinating pollen* If the role is physical in osmot'opressure control
or if it is strictly chemical in the supply of exogenous food, this difference
will determine the concentration of sucrose that is optimum for germination
and pollen tube growth* The hydrogen ion concentration appears to be critical
for germination of hop pollens having an optimum range of pH 4.7 to 5.5.
The effect of a glass cover slip on germinating pollen was interesting, in
that this method is not the recommended technique and the literature notes this
method employed with another species of pollen and the increased germination
was thought to be related to the presence of alkali on the glass slip.
A controlled temperature -humidity storage condition was used in
storing pollen during the 1961 breeding program. As male genotypes reached
anthesis, pollen was collected screened to remove resin glands, and stored
in vials at 40% humidity and 3"C* temperature until specific females became
receptive for pollination* Storing pollen in this manner and its utilization
on a need basis was successful in obtaining crosses between plants having
different maturities*
Summary:
The longevity of hop pollen can be maintained for at least 18 months
when stored under moderate humidities at 0°00 The stored pollen can be
germinated on sucrose -agar medium as a test of viability, but field pollina.
tions result in a higher percentage of fertilizations than the artificial
method would indicate to be viable*
Vacuum drying technique maintained longevity for six months when
stored at room or refrigeratedtemperatures* Pollen must be subjected to
a high humidity after its removal from the vacuum, before viability is
displayed*
Pollen germination can be accomplished on a sucrose -agar medium
to obtain a measure of viability, but field pollination are necessary to
substantiate true viability of stored pollen.
CR e5e2 (ORES 36:Bot.) HOP DISEASES
THEIR ETIOLOGY, EPIPHYTOLOGY AND CONTROL.
C. E. Horner
HOP DONNY MILDEW
Effect of stre
of Systemic
il
Infection
Objectives:
To determine how long after infection streptomycin can be applied
and still prevent progression of systemic infection into young hop shoots.
Procedure:
Two hundred forty disease-free rhizome cuttings of mildew..
susceptible Early Cluster hops were planted in early spring. When new
shoots were approximately 6 inches long they were inoaulated with a spore
suspension of downy mildew by spraying leaves and shoot tips. Inoculation
was done in the evening after heavy sprinkler irrigation. After inoculation
each hill was covered with a waxed paper "hot cap" to insure high humidity
for infection. Hot caps were removed 20 hours after inoculation. At 0, 2,
4, 6 8 and 10 days after inoculation a single spray of 1000 ppm streptomycin
selfate (Agri-Strep, Merck & Co.) was applied to wet all foliage to the
runoff stage* Inoculated but untreated and non-inoculated controls were
included* Plots consisted of single rows of ten hills each, and three
replications were employed. Data on incidence of systemicelly infected
shoots (spikes) were recorded weekly for 4 weeks.
,
Results:
Excellent infection was obtained. Stand was somewhat uneven prior
to treatment, consequently the number of plants per plot available for
evaluation varied more than was desirable. Results on control were however,
clear cut. As shown in Table 1, 1000 ppm streptomycin spray prevented the
occurrence of systemically infected shoots almost completely -- even when
applied 10 days after infection. On the 10th day after inoculation many
shoots in inoculated and untreated control plots, and in plots to receive
spray on the 10th day, were showing the first symptoms of systemic infection.
A single spray prevented further progression of symptoms of shoot infection
in those shoots.
Discussion and Conclusions:
The chemotherapeutic action of streptomycin or progression of
systemic shoot infection by hop downy mildew is clearly shown by these
results. Previous results (1960 report p. 62..63; 1959 report p. 70.72)
agree with the results reported here. Recent work in England also agrees
with our results. Growers in Oregon have been using streptomycin for 3-4
years successfully.
A technical paper has been completed and will be submitted for
approval in 1962.
Table 1. Effect of 1000 ppm streptomycin spray on progression of systemic
downy mildew infection in hop shoots.
Treatments
I
Inoculated control
No* spikes in Rep.
II
III
Totals
6
4
3
13
0
0
0
0
Strep, 1000 ppm 0 days
after inoculation
0
0
0
0
Strep. 2 days
after inoculation
0
0
0
0
Strep. 4 days
0
0
0
0
Strep. 6 days
0
0
1
1
Strep, 8 days
0
0
0
0
Strep. 10 days
0
0
0
0
Nonp.inoculated
control
Pathological Histology of Systemic Downy Mildew
Infection in Resistant and Susceptible Hop Varieties.
In 1960 (1960 report p. 64-66) a study of the pathological histology
of downy mildew infection was initiated and preliminary findings reported.
The study was undertaken to compare the amount and extent of fungal invasion
in a resistant (Fuggle)and susceptible (Early Cluster) with the hope of
finding a lead on the mechanism of action of resistance. The work is considered
to be preliminary to future work on the nature and mechanism of action
of resistance in hops to downy mildew.
Procedure:
One year old rhizomes on healthy Fuggle and Early Cluster hop
vines growing in the field were inoculated with a calibrated hypodermic
syringerscontaihing viable and motile zoospores of hop dommy. mildew. The
inoculation point was marked then covered with a patch of vinyl tape.
Thirty rhizomes of each variety were inoculated* At periods of 0, 2, b, 8. 16
and 32 days after inoculation 5 rhizomes from each variety were collected,
killed and fixed in Randolphts solution, At the time of collection each
rhizome piece was also evaluated for symptoms of systemic infection* Five
uninoculated rhizome pieces were similarly prepared for each variety.
The material was embedded in paraffin, sectioned, stained with 1%
lacmoid and mounted on permanent microscope slides. Each rhizome section
was prepared as above, so that a complete serial picture of that rhizome was
represented by prepared slides.
Slides were examined microscopically for mycelium and haustoria
of the downy mildew fungus* Tissue and cellular structure of healthy and
inoculated rhizomes were compared The degree and extent of invasion by
downy mildew was compared in the resistant and susceptible varieties.
Results:
Each inoculated rhizome was rated for
esence and extent of
visible symptoms of infection (1960 report p* 65 ). Infection was evident
in Early Cluster 16 but not 8 days after inoculation* In Fuggle no plants
showed visible evidence of infection until 32 days after inoculation when
1 of 4 plants was &lightly infected.
In contrast, when sectioned and stained slides of the same plants
were examined microscopically, 2 of 5 Fuggle plants collected 16 days
after inoculation were sparsely invaded by downy mildew. The amount and
extent of invasion, as ascertained by microscopic examination of sectioned
and stained slides is shown in Table 2.
Table 20 Frequency and extent of mycelial invasion of resistant and
susceptible hop varieties by downy mildew.
Variety
Days after
inoculation
Frequency of
invasion
2/
Extent of
invasidn
1:71
0
2
Fuggle
(resistant)
0/5
4
8
glA
16
32
0
2
Early Cluster
(susceptible)
4
8
16
32
sal
0/5
g
35
3/3
4/4
number of plants invaded over number examined.
= none,
= trace, ++ = slight, +++ = moderate, + + ++ = extensive
invasion
Early Cluster rhizomes were more frequently and more extensively
invaded than Fuggle rhizomes* Invasion of Fuggle had occurred 16 days
after inoculation, even though visible symptoms were not present* Mycelium
and haustoria were relatively sparse in Fuggle compared to Early Cluster*
Mycelial invasion progressed more rapidly in Early Cluster than in Fuggle*
A comparison of unwounded healthy, wounded healthy and wounded
inoculated rhizomes of Fuggle and Early Cluster revealed that secondary
thickening of cell walls in the wound area was more pronounced in Fuggle than
37
in Early Cluster Secondary wall thickening, presumably by deposition of
suberin or lignint was not dependent on the presence of the pathogen, but
occurred from wounding alone*
A comparison of cellular structure of healthy and invaded Fuggle
tissue did not reveal any distinct morphological changes.
I4ycelial invasion and penetration of cells by haustoria was
confined to phloem cells and zylem parenchyma, and no direct association of
the fungus with zylem vessels was observed*
Resistance of Varieties and Breeding Lines
to Crown Infection by Downy Mildew.
Current classification of male and female breeding lines of hops
as to their downy mildew reaction is based on field observation collected
over a period of several years* These observations have been valuable in
selecting parents in planned crosses, but the method leaves much to be desired.
Under the current system, field notes are made during the growing season and
clones which consistently have infected shoots are classed as susceptible.
One of the objectives of the breeding program is to develop varieties with
resistance to systemic crown infection regardless of the resistance of the
shoots. This objective is justified because crown infection is the most
serious form of the disease in the hop-growing areas of the United States,
and systemic crown infection is the source of most downy mildew inoculum
carryover from one season to the next. Therefore, resistance to crown
infection should be a good criterion of "field resistance".
Objectives:
I. Test and categorize males and female breeding clones for resistance to
systemic downy mildew crown infection.
2. Determine the levels of resistance in different clones of American wild
hops.
Procedure:
Shoot tip cuttings of 23 female and 9 male clones were rooted in
Top
sand, potted and allowed to grow to normal maturity in the greenhouse.
growth was then removed and the newly formed crowns were inoculated with
downy mildew by injecting a spore suspension into the phloem tissue of the
crown. After 2 months crowns were washed, sliced and examined for symptoms
of systemic infection.
Results:
Per cent systemic infection which ranged from 0-68 in females and
0100 in males is shown for each cross in Table 3. As in previous tests,
(1959 report p. 7880) a wide range of resistance was found among clones.
Numbers of test plants were too small for some clones, and clones with fewer
than 25 individuals tested will be included in future tests. Over the next
38
two years all breeding clones and native American hop clones will be assayed
and categorized for resistance to systemic crown infection* This should
provide the plant breeder with more precise information for planning crosses*
Table 30
Assay of breeding lines for resistance to systemic downy mildew
crown infection*
Females
tint:. No.
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
BB
No* tested
209
205
25.3
401
422
521.4
521.5
203
122
314
311
307
212
121.1
121.2
422
102
106
38
BB 111..2
BB 409.2
51
28
28
7
15
5
36
24
25
47
39
37
1
Infected
11i.
16
17
4
6
0
0
5
14
Not Info
24
35
11
24
1
15
5
31
10
% Inf*
37
31
61
14
86
0
0
14
34
58
68
28
15
23
22
41
40
0
1
17
13
16
8
7
4
3
39
21
4
18
0
43
9
34
5
6
0
4
5
2
0
57
16
o
21
0
67
14
Males
MB 110
MB 201
MB 206
pis 104
MB
EB
MB
MB
MB
107
109
102
103
101
7
0
7
0
12
1
34
13
25
8
11
26
8
23
46
28
12
29
12
43
19
6
7
7
4
31
18
0
25
12
9
10
100
14
72
47
39
CR e54 (oms 36:FC) IMPROVING ilELD AND QUALITY
OF HOPS BY PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES.
S. N. Brooks and C. E. Zimmermann
Cultural Studies pn hops in 1961 were confined to (1) effects of
gibberellic acid on Fuggle (2) dates of pruning and training on niggle
And Late Cluster, (3) effects of time of planting and kind of planting stock
on Fuggle productionl (4) residual effect of herbicides, and (5) utilization
of NH4+ and NO3. ions by hop seedlings*
Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Fuggle Hops
Objectives:
See 1958 Annual Report, p. 60.
Reasons for undertaking the work:
See 1958 Annual Report, p. 60.
Nature and extent of previous work:
See 1959 Annual Report, p. 88.
Procedure:
followed.
Table 10
Entry
2
5
6
7
8
9
Procedures and modifications given in the 1959 Annual Report were
Detailed notes on procedures for 1961 are given in Table 1.
Treatment given in 1961*
Treatment
Check
100 ppm at pruning
5 ppm. at
ht.
50 ppm at 51 ht.
100 ppm at 5* ht.
100 ppm at 10t ht.
100 ppm at burring
100 ppm at coning
100 ppm post harvest
5'
Date of Treatment and Remarks
No treatual
URRRft
URRIt
Pruned 4/6., treated 0.3 used 2 gal. of solution4
Treated 5/28
Treated 5/28
n
n
n
n
Treated 5/28
U
M
U
et
Treated 6/10
n
n
R
/I
Treated 7/9
Treated 7/21
n
n
ft
R
Treated 10/14/60
!I
II
DI
RRRUR
31
Results and discussion:
Data were obtained on yield, sidearm length, cone size, and
flowering date in 1961. Se T. Likens provided data on alpha. and beta -acid and
oil contents. These results are given in Table 2.
Three years' data (1959.61) are available for yield, alpha.acid
beta.acid oil content, cone size, and sidearm length* These data are
summarized in Table 3.
Data obtained in the Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggle in 1961e
Time of Application
at 100 ppm
2 prune
Yield
lbs/
acre
Sidearm
length
(inches)
Av. cone
weight
Atre,cone
Ofig)
:
(mm)
Mls. oil
per 100
grams
%
alpha
acid
%
beta
acid
length
Date
initial
burr
1040 b
27 a
152 a
29 a
0.96 a
4.07 a
2,07 a
6/30
990 b
21 a
112 b
26 b
0.95 a
4051 a
2.09 a
7/10
1360 a
23 a
86 c
22 c
4,35 a
2.13 a
7/5
7 - burr
950 b
23 a
117 b
28 a
:9127 :b
3.57 a
1.90 a
7/5
8 - cone
1080 b
19 a
145 a
29 a
0.80 be
4030 a
2004 a
7/1k
9 post harvest
1070 b
21 a
146 a
30 a
MO be
a
7/7
Mean
1080
190
22
N,Sa
144,8
0,87
0012
9.2
N.S.
,0
CV(%)
126
16
8.6
27
1,5D(005)
5- 5 ft.
6 - 10 ft,
1
41001k
2
503
N.S.
1100
Rate of Application
at 5 ft, ht.
t(check)
1090 b
26 a
122 a
26 a
0,76 a
4.13 a
2.01 a
7/5
3- - 5 ppm
1390 a
28 a
120 a
26 a
0.97 a
5009 a
2.22 a
7/4
4 - 50 ppm
1070 b
21 a
109 a
25 a
0.82 a
4,57 a
2.02 a
7/9
990 b
21 a
112 a
26 a
0,95 a
4.51 a
2.09 a
7/1.0
24
N.B.
--
116-
N.S.
807
26
NeSe
404
0088
N.S.
12.8
1457
N.S.
9.4
2.09
N.S.
8.5
5 - 100 ppm
Mean
1140
rag.%)
CV(%)
Notes.-
-210
16.8
The sidearm lengths represent the average of measurement taken at the five and 10 foot Might.
Table 3
Data obtained in Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggles 1959061
Time of Application
Entry
Yield
lbs/
acre
2 prune
1020 be
4.30
1.63
104 a
151 a
25
5 . 5 ft.
1050 be
4.64
148
0.86 b
108 o
26
6- 10 ft.
11)0 b
4.32
1.43
0.81 b
91d
29
7 . burr
910 c
4.03
1.37
0.76 b
130 b
31
8 - cone
1340 a
4.62
1.49
0.86 b
117 a
26
(4.74)
(1.57)
(0.84)
(140)
26
1.038
1.79
N.S.
0,87
126
27
9
--
9 ',post harvest *(1250)
Mean
LSD(.05)
1100
160
Perteht
alpha
acid
NOS.
Percent
beta
acid
Mis. oil
per 100
gran
041
Av. cone
weight
Sidearm
length
(mg)
(inches)
Rate of Application
at 5 ft. ht.
1 (check)
1250 b
1,50
1,167
0n91
129 a
31
3 (5 ppm)
1570 a
694
1.74
0096
114 b
33
4 (50 ppm)
1220 b
4.42
1.53
0.78
106 b
23
5 (100 ppm)
1050 b
664
1.48
0.86
108 b
26
Mean
1270
100
4.58
N.S.
1.61
N.S.
0.88
N.S.
115
12
28
LSD(.05)
.
* Values in parentheses are based on two yearst data and were not included in the statistical analysis.
42)
Results obtained in 1961 are similar to those obtained in other years.
The most outstanding yield difference was produced by an application of 5 ppm
GA at the 5..ift. stage* This treatment has been consistently good throughout
the test. The only treatments to compare favorably with it were applications
of 100 ppm at coning, hawevers it was erratic during the 3-year period*
Applications of 100 ppm at burring reduced yields appreciably.
Neither in 1961 nor for the 1959 -61 period were noticeable differences
in alpha- and beta-acid contents apparent* Oil contents differed slightly,
being higher for earlier applications of GA than for later applications*
Cone size appeared to be altered by applications of GA in some cases*
The results were somewhat erratic during the period, but it appeared that very
early or very late applications increased cone size. On the other hands
applications at the 5-ft. stage or the 10-ft. stage reduced cone size*
On the basis of results from 1959 and 1960 a field application of
5 ppm GA was made at the 5-7 ft. stage on seeded and seedless,Fuggle hops
at the Ed Crosby ranch. Application was made on May 29 using 15-20 gallons
solution per acre. Plots were 174 hills in size in the seeded trial and 210
hills in size in the seedless trial. Results are shown in Table 4.
Table 4.
Gibberellic acid trial on Ed. Crosby ranch, 19610
Yield
Treatment
Seedless:
Check
5 ppm
11211.4
Niogfpil
%
der&!au
1210
1360
26.5
26.2
1570
2509
2904
Opz
4.25
4023
2.11
2.17
0.81
0*70
Cone wt. Cone length
(mg
150
110
24
19
Seeded:
Check
5 ppm
1820
Summary
Foliar applications of 5 ppm gibberellic acid at the 5-foot stage of
growth produced significant and consistent yield increases of 300 lbs. per
acre over a 3 -year period in a replicated field trial of Fuggle hops. No
increase was noted for applications of 50 or 100 ppm. Applications of 100 ppm
at the burr stage appeared to reduce yields. No differences among treatments
were noted for alpha. and beta- acid contents. A slight increase in oil content was brought about by crown treatment of 100 ppm at pruning time. This
treatment also accelerated flowering and increased cone size*
Foliar applications of 5 ppm gibberellic acid on a field scale caused
a 250 pound/acre increase in yield of seeded Fuggle hops and a :150 pound/acre
increase in seedless Fuggle hops.
43
Samples of treated and untreated hops were sent to Merck and
Company of New Jersey and Eli Lilly and Company of Indiana for residue analyses.
Date of Pruning and Training
Objectives:
See 1956 Annual Report, p. 104.
Reasons for undertaking the work:
See 1956 Annual Report, p. 104.
Procedure:
See 1959 Annual Report, p. 85. Modifications and details of
procedures used in 1961 are given in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1. Date of pruning and training trial on Fuggles 19614
Entry
Pruning treatment
I
2
Fail 17,/29/60
3
Early vines (r)
It
"
Late vines (4
li Early growth(3/30)
4
n
n
n
Late growth (4/25)
5
6
II
Remarks
ft
tI
IMEri/Nn.
Vines li to 3 ft. when trained
8)
Early vines (5
Late vines (5
)
Early vines (6/1)
Late vines (6/12)
Vines l to 3
ft* when trained
Vines 1.-- to 3 ft* when trained
Vines 2 to 4 ft* when trained
Vines 3 to 5i ft. when trained
Standard treatment (check)
Table 2. Date of pruning and training trial on Late Clusters 1961
Entry
Pruning treatment - Training treatment
Remarks
1
Fail 109/60
uneven
uneven
2
Early vines (5/19)
Late vines (5 25)
a
3
.V Early growth(3/31)
5
Late growth (4/26)
6
Early vines (6/5)
Late vines (6A2)
Vines 22 to 5 ft* when trained
Vines 3 to 5 ft. when trained
Early vines (6
Vines 3 to 5 ft* when trained
Vines 4 to 6 ft, when trained
Late vines (6/1:9
Standard treatmen
check
Results and discussion:
The third year's results were obtained in the Fuggle trial, and the
second year's results were obtained in the Late Cluster trial These data
are summarized in Tables 3 and I. A summary of the three years' data on
Fuggle is given in Tables 5 and 6,
Significant differences in yield were noted in the Fuggle variety in
1961; as pruning and training were delayed yields were reduced* This was true
in the three..year summary, but no significant reduction in yield occurred
except with late pruning coupled with late training* There were no differences
in alpha-acid, oil content or sidearm length in 1961* Pruning and training at
other than the normal times (treatment 3 and 4) appeared to increase cone size,
In the three. -year summary there was no difference in alpha-acid content due to
treatment* Very early or very late pruning and training appeared to increase
cone sizes as it did in 1961* Differences in beta-acid and oil content were
apparent.
With Late Cluster all variation appeared to be random; no significant
differences for treatments were indicated for any of the variables studied*
These results conform to those obtained in 1960*
Summary:
Wide differences in pruning and training dates had little effect on
the yields of Fuggle hops* However, a decrease in yield was brought about
by pruning in late April or early May and training after June 1, based on three
years' results* Late training decreased beta -.acid and oil contents and delayed
flowering* There was no effect on alpha-acid content Cones were somewhat
smaller for the standard treatment than for either very early or very late
training*
Two years' results indicated that wide differences in dates of
pruning and training had no effect on yields cone size, oil contents or
contents of alpha- and beta-acid of Late Cluster hops. However, there was a
range of 11 days in flowering date from very early to very late training.
i
Table 3
Data obtained in Date of Pruning and Training Trial on Fuggle, 1961
Entry Prune
Sidearm
length
Train
Yield
lbs/
acre
Av. cone
weight
Ave one
length
(inches)
(mg)
talm)
Mls. oil
1
Fall
Early vines
1120 a
23 a
156 a
30 a
:*1:.:1304°
2
Fall
Late vines
1260 a
19 a
159 a
29 a
1.05
%
%
alpha
acid
beta
acid
Date
initial
burr
2.72 a
6/18
44,0::
2.48 ab
6/26
3
Barb, Or Early vines
1150 a
12 a
122 b
23 c
1.26
5.35
2.53 ab
6/26
4
Early Gr Late vines
1120 a
18 a
132 b
25 b
1.13
5,28
2.41 b
6/29
2.07 e
7/11
5:::
2.09 c
7/1.2
151TiF
2.38
0,27
7.6
5
Late Gr Early vines
980 ab
15 a
171 a
31 a
1.02
6
Late Gr Late vines
74 0 b
12 a
6 a
169
31 a
1.00
16
N.S.
--
152
28
15
6.5
2
N,S,
4.7
11911.:
1060
Mean
ISD(.05)
CV(%)
273
Table
Data obtained in the Date of Pruning and Training Trial on Late Cluster, 1961
I
Fall
Early vines 1500 a
-
160 a
33 a
0,53 a
5.78 a
3,47 a
7/12
2
Fall
Late vines
1460 a
_
163 a
32 a
0.59 a
6.48 a
3.81 a
7/13
34 a
0.64 a
6.42 a
3,52 a
7r20
13
Early Gr Early vines
1480 a
-
'4
Early Gr Late vines
1620 a
-
116674:
30 a
0.59 a
6.57 a
3.54 a
7P1
1540 a
-
154 a
31 a
0.60 a
7.37 a
3.79 a
7/23
1460 a
-
146 a
32 a
0.61 a
6.49 a
3.56 a
7/23
159'
32
N.S.
14.0
N.S.
7.0
N.S.
6.52
M.S.
9.8
3.62
N.S.
9.8
Gr Early vines
5
Late Gr Late vines
Mean
(%)
X.S.
16.3
.
46
Table 54 Data obtained in Date of Pruning and Training Trial on Fuggle
1959..61
Yield
Entry Lhaaa
1
2
3
4
5
6
1150
1130
1130
1090
990
670
a
a
a
a
a
b
Mean
1030
Isi(.05)250
laS 0 oil
%
2c=a2Ii
4tillad
4482
4.71
4492
4478
4.92
4496
2408
1087
1489
1476
1.70
1.73
4485
14S.
1.84
0.14
__per
10,vscrains.
a
be
b
bed
d
ad
Acre cone
Sidearm
akkamg1
19a2=172.1
1,014 ab
0489 fa
1410
0097
0492
0492
141
145
118
129
139
a
be
a
a
0.97
0409
a
a
e
b
ab
36
26
25
22
20
11414 a
15
136
10
MICR
24
Table 6. Influence of Pruning and Training Date on Flowering Date of Fuggle
1959-61
Date
Year pruned
Date of burring
No.days from pruning to burring
Early vines
Late vines
Early vines
Late vines
trained
trained
trained
trained
Early pruned:
1959 April 3
1960 April 7
1961 March 30
Jul 5
July 10
July 9
June 29
93
July 7
June 26
July 14
July 14
July 11
July 15
July 17
July-12
July 3
July 7
June 18
July 7
July 13
June 26
91
98
93
88
91
82
72
77
83
Late pruned:
199 April 23
1960 May 3
1961 April 25
Fall pruned:
1959
--
1960 Deo.1.1959
1961 Nov42991960
75
78
47
Planting Methods for Increasing Initial Yield of Fuggle Hops* 1961,
Objectives:
See 1960 Annual Report, p. 76*
Reasons for undertaking work:
See 1960 Annual Report, p. 76,
Procedure:
See 1960 Annual Report, p. 77,
Experimental results:
Yields produced in Planting Time and Plant Stock Trial on Fuggle,
1960.61*
Yield (lbs /acre)
Planting stock
Time of gutting
One cutting
Two cuttings
Three cuttings
Yr* old crown
One cutting
Two cuttings
Three cuttings
Yr* old crown
One cutting
Two cuttings
Three cuttings
Yr* old crown
Fall
Fall
Fall
Fall
Winter
Winter
Winter
Zfttar
Spring
Spring
Spring
Spring
LSD(A05)
a(%)
1960
1961
120
130
110
340
90
90
120
380
100
90
90
310
650
620
500
710
560
580
690
800
480
620
560
710
b
b
b
a
b
b
b
a
b
b
b
a
80
41*1
abc
abc
c
ab
be
be
abc
a
c
abc
ho
ab
180
2464
Discussion and conclusions:
The significant yield increase in intial production of nursery crowns,
noted in 1960, was not evident the second year as compared with treatments
planted to rhizome cuttings The 1961 yield data show small differences
between treatments, with the crown plantings producing the highest yield, but
not significantly different from the two cuttings planted in spring, which is
the normal commercial practice. The experiment has had a high.coefficient
variaWn both years it was conducted and definite conclusions can not be
obtained, but from this trial it appeared that nursery crowns planted in fall
or spring increased initial yield of "baby" hops as compared with rhizome
establishment* The yield advantage was lost with nursery crowns in the second
year of production after establishment.
The yield of this experiment has been thought to be lower than
expected, as compared with commercial "baby" hop yields, and after considering
possible causes to this reduction, the trial has been terminated at this time
and will be reestablished in the near future*
48
Summary:
Nursery crowns resulted in higher yields than rhizome cuttings on
the initial production after establishment. The differences in planting
dates for either cuttings or nursery crowns had no effect on yield of
Fuggle hops in the second year after establishment There was no difference
in yield among plantings of one, two or three cuttings per hill at three
planting dates.
Test with Herbicide on Fuggle Hops
Objectives:
See 1960 Annual Reports p. 71.
Nature and extent of previous work:
See 1960 Annual Reports p. 71.
Procedure:
See 1960 Annual Reports p. 710
Experimental results:
Yield in Herbicide Trial on Fuggles 1960-61
Treatment
Rate per acre
Simazine
2 lbs.
n
8
"
n
n
16
32
"
Diuron
n
n
n
Check
2
8
16
32
-m
"
"
"
"
"
19.0
1330
1250
1130
1160
800
1100
1280
1100
1230
Yield (lbs Ac.)
Ave.
19
1430
1040
1310
1130
1010
1200
1360
1210
1340
1380
'MO
1220
1140
900
1150
1320
1160
1280
Discussion and conclusions:
Herbicide treatments applied during spring of 1960s at rates up to
32 pounds of active chemical per acres resulted in good weed control the
following year with residue herbicide in the soil. The yield data from 1960
and 1961 indicate that sterilant rates of Simazine and Diuron had no adverse
effect on Fuggle production. The residue in the soil remained active for
two years, but due to its low solubility probably did not leach to depths in
the soil where it could injure the roots of mature hops.
Summary:
Residue herbicide treatments, with applications up to 32 pounds active
Simazine and Diuron per acre, had no effect on Fuggle yield the second year
after herbicide was applied,
49
Hop Seedlings Grown on Two Nitrogen Sources
Objectives:
To determine the ability of hop seedlings to utilize NH4-U as a
nitrogen source.
Reasons for undertaking the work:
Ammonia is utilized as a: nitrogen source on various agricultural
crops and thought to be more beneficial for the plant than nitrate* This
study was initiated to determine whether ammonia as ammonium sulfate can be
utilized directly or if prior nitrification is necessary by soil organisms.
Procedures:
Hop seeds were germinated in vermiculite saturated with 1 to 50
dilution of Nhitets basic minerals* After 30 days the seedlings were three
inches in height at which time they were gently removed and 60 uniform
seedlings were selected for the experiment. The roots were thoroughly washed
with distilled water and 4 lots of 15 plants each were placed into 4 porcelain
trays containing nutrient solution. Two trays were supplied with ammonia
(ammonium sulfate) as the nitrogen source and two trays with nitrate as
calcium and potassium nitrate. Two nitrate compounds were used to provide a
balanced concentration of all nutrients necessary.
The gram equivalents present in the ammonia and nitrate stock
solutions were as follows:
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfate
Potassium
Chlorine
Sodium
Phosphate
Nitrogen
Ammonia Stock
Nitrate Stock
0.450
0.513
3.400
0.650
0.720
0.947
1.140
0.419
0.430
0.510
3.400
0.650
0.310
0.925
1.140
0.1419
Additional nutrients were supplied with Nitschts trace element solution and
a chelated iron solution* The solutions were changed every 6 days and
pH measurements conducted before and after each change* The experiment was
conducted for 2 months.
Eaperimental results and conclusions:
Plants which received nitrate grew abundantly, reaching a ten foot
height at the end of the experiment These plants also produced a dense root
system along with a small crown approximately threefourths inch in diameter*
Plants supplied with ammonia made rapid growth the first week, but
ceased to elongate after 18 inches of growth. The root system on these plants
was quite sparse with the secondary roots less than one inch in length* These
roots had a reddish-brown appearance. In comparison with the plants grown in
nitrate culture, the ammonia supported plants with small dark green leaves
with purple petioles* At the end of one month these plants essentially
stopped transpiring as determined by water uptake measurements.
The initial pH measurement of both treatments was 6.20 but the
ammonia culture became increasingly acid, with a pH 3.1 at the end of 6 days
when solutions were changed.
At the end of one month, one lot of 15 plants grown in nitrate
culture was changed to an ammonia culture and one lot was changed from
ammonia to nitrate° The lot changed from nitrate to ammonia had wilted
leaves within two days and after one week the leaves on the lower half of
the plant had dropped. These plants ceased to elongate and the root system,
developed from prior nitrate culture, deteriorated. The lot of plants moved
from ammonia to nitrate culture made rapid growth and initiated a new
secondary root system.
No definite conclusions can be drawn regarding the utilization of
ammonia, as a nitrogen source, by hop seedlings since pH was not comparable
with the two treatments. A point of considerable interest is the rapid
reduction of pHs involving 9 liter of nutrient solution, with the ammonia
culture. The wilting observed with ammonia has been reported also with
sugar beet grown in hydroponic culture and thought to be due to interference
with the water transpart mechanism.
CR 05.5 (ORES 36:AC) CHEMICAL INVESTIGATIONS
RELATIVE TO THE EVALUATION OF HOPS*
So, To MD=
The general objectives, scope and responsibilities of this line
project are outlined in AR 1959* p 95* In line with these, the 1961 work
reported on the following pages includes:
I
II
IV
V
VI
vll
VIII
Evaluation of Experimental Lines*
Physical and Chemical Changes During Maturation*
Causes of Cone Breakage (Shattering)*
Quality Changes During Drying and Baling*
Factors Influencing Storageability*
Effect of Management Practices on Storage*
Investigations into Analytical Methods*
A* Two -point conductometric titration for hop 0C .acids*
Fate of hop oil during boiling*
Bet
Service Analyses for Other Stations
I* EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTAL LINES
Summary:
Nearly 100 males and over 400 females of the genetic experiment
have been collected and stored for analysis for CC. and Coecids* The male
parents have shown a range of 04% to 2.0%0C.aeid and 0.2% to 300%4? .acid*
Determination of transmissibility of these characters will have to await
analysis of the females; probably within the 1961.62 work year*
In line with objective 5* the experimental varieties ;g1.I* 135.1
acid
and "001.1 have been characterized* Their CC' -acid potential*
potential and oil potential (including cohumulone ratios, bwrcene and humulene
contents) have been established. Also, the characteristic mode of generation
of0C.acid* oil content, and cone weight (yield) has been established for
each variety* Similar information has been accumulated for each variety in
Oregon and in Washington where possible. Summaries of the three -year study
are on the following pages*
It is felt that sufficient information on these varieties has been
collected and presented to enable brewers to make an evaluation of their
quality and for growers to select a harvest date which would bring their
requirements (yield) into coincidence with the desires of their customers
(quality)*
It is therefore* suggested that this phase of USDA-.8 (36:AC.2) be
suspended until a new group of varieties reaches the advanced testing stage.
Objectives:
The objectives of this project have been re- smitten to provide a
Comprehensive statement regarding the relationship between the breeding
program and chemical evaluation*
52
The overall objective of this project is to clarify the quality
conditions of all phases of breeding and testing in the development of new
varieties intended for commercial use. This program falls logically into five
phases as listed below:
le
Characterization of parental stock*
To characterize as completely as possible all permanent parental stock
for the purpose of laying a firm foundation for possible breeding work to control
an or all factors involved in hop quality. This would include CK.acid,
-acid (and their components), oil content (and its composition) as well as
any other bittering or flavor component for which a chemical method is available*
2.
Inspection samples.
To make cursory quality examination of experimental lines through
the observation and yield trial stages of their development fot the purpose of
developing a history of major quality factors. This will include 0(-acid,
-acid and in some instances oil content,
3 Other bittering agents.
To determine the contribution of bittering factors other than a( -acid
to the concept of hop quality for the purpose of establishing an acceptable
definition of this aspect of hop quality, This would include Inilapone
humulinone and delta-resin of experimental lines in advanced trials and the
data would be correlated with results of brewing trials,
4*
Off station,
To characterize as completely as maybe desirable those lines
which reach the off-station testing stage of development. This would include
the maturation characteristics of CC -acid, oil content, and cone development;
the content of all bittering factors as found in the bale; the content and
composition (to the extent that it is useful) of the oil; and the storage
properties of the line.
Duration:
Continuous.
Reasons:
This work supports all phases of the breeding program.
Nature and extent of
revious work:
Similar support has been given the breeding program for several
years. 1962 will, however, be the first year of integrated, over-all
chemical evaluation of breeding stock, crossing methods and progeny-testing.
Procedure:
Incorporated into"Objectives"k
Results:
Work on objectives 1 and 3 will not be initiated until 1962 or 1963.
Under objective 2* I.3 samples were evaluated for oil. 06-acid and
a ...acid* For the complete list see appendix (CRe5-5, Table 1). For
summarized data and discussion see section CRe5-1.
Under objective 4. characterization of the three varieties remaining
in the off-station trials has been completed.
Tables showing the actual accumulation of the various quality factors
for the 1961 off-station trials are given in the appendix (CRe5-5 Tables 1
and 2)* Summaries of the quality characteristics of the three varieties
128-I. 135-I and 1101-a are as follows:
128 -I
Average Analysis:
c< -Acid
Cohumnlone ratio- - -
/S-Acid
Oil Content
Myrcene
Humulene
Green
Bale
10.0%
-.32
4.0
2.5 mls/100g
60%
12%
10.0%
*32
400
IpS rastioog
53%
18%
Alpha-Acid:
This variety accumulates 85 to 90% of its CC-acid potential by the
time cone growth ceases* While the 0C-acid content of 128-I at Ray Kerr's
has consistently attained 10% by the end of August and arouna 12% by harvesttire in mi6sSeptember, Crosby's and Schwabauer's have contained only 6-8%
at harvest. In the Yakima Valley 128 -I attained nearly 7%0C-acid two weeks
before harvest, but would go no higher. At present there is no explanation
for this major quality difference between farms.
Essential, oils:
128 -I is a high oilsvielding variety providing harvest is delayed
until midpSeptember in the Willamette Valley or until late September in the
Yakima Valley. Its oil potential is between 3 and 4 mls/100 g. However, at
this point discoloration of the petals must be expected. If harvested according to usual grower practices, its oil content will be 2-3 mls/100g prior to
processing*
Yielding capacity:
128.I develops its maximum yield late in August in the Willamette
and,in'early September in the 'Mita Valle jr, Beyond this the
increase in actual harvest weight is comparatively small.
Oil of the green hops contains 60% myrcene and 12% humulene.
from baled hop was found to have 53% myrcene and 17% humulene.
Oil
I
o\.4
NORMAL
HARVEST
I
I
I
I
AUGUST
I
I
SEPTEMBER
144 -I
0
0
cx-ACID
O'
NORMAL
HARVEST
I
I
I
SEPTEMBER
Figure 1.
Maturation characteristics of
experimental varieties in off-station testing.
55
Comments:
Normal grower practices could be expected to provide baled hops with
7% to 10%oraacid and fairly mild with respect to essential oils. Special
arrangements with growers could increase both or -acid and oil contents but
would require compromising demands for uniform color.
135-I
Average analysis:
......
- ----- -
Cohumulone
13-Acid
Oil Content -
Eyrcene
Humulene
Green
Bale
2,5%
2.5%
0.40
.40
460%
4.0%
1.75 mis /lOOg
-
- - - 7Q%
----- - 11%
*50 rasti.00g
60%
15%
Alpha-Acid:
This variety contains very littleoc-acids 2..4%. Percentage wise
its or-acid content is constant throughout the growing season in'both the
Willamette Valley and Yakima Valley.
Theoc-acid from 135-I contains 35 to 50% cohumuloneo
Essential Oils:
135 -I continues to accumulate oil until about the time cone growth
ceases. The oil potential at this time is 1.75 to 2.0 mls/100g with a range
from 0.2 to 1.6 being delivered in the bale.
Yielding capacity
Cone growth ceases about mid - September in both Yakima and
Willamette Valleyis. putting 135-I into a late maturing class similar to Late
Cluster.
Comments:
Harvest date appears to be a problem of concern primarily to the
grower since cone growth is the last factor to reach full maturity.
1)14.1
Average analysis:
Green
CX7.-Acid . - . - - . - - .
Cohumulone
/3 -
Acid -
Oil ContentNyrcene
Humulene
44%
0.24
3.5%
1.50 mls/100g
68%
12%
Bale
4.0%
0.24
3.5%
0.75 mls/100g
57%
24%
56
AlphaAcid:
1101.1 is a very mild hop, containing 3.0 to 4.5%0Cacid. There
appears to be little, if any change in the °C.-acid content throughout the
season. Although testing has been done in the Willamette Valley only, it can
be reasonably expected that similar behavior would be emhibited in the Yaklma
Valley.
Essential oils:
If allowed to cone to full maturity, VOII has an oil potential of
1.75 to 2.0 mls/100g. Under average practices 1/01I would probably contain
near 105 mls/i0Og (similar to Fuggle) of which 0.5 to 100 mis /lOOg could be
expected in the bale.
Yielding capacity:
Increase in cone growth beyond the first of September is small.
The variety would be considered an early maturing.
Comments:
The characteristic of uniformo(acid throughout the season
obviates the possibility of too early harvest for this factor. Since the
oil potential of the variety follows the cessation of cone growth by only a
few days, normal harvesting practices would provide a hop of nearly
maturity in all respects.
57
II.
PHXSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHANGES DURING MATURATION.
Sumanar7:
3 years' data from periodical sampling of the 3 major commercial
varieties in the U. S. have been obtained and their maturation characteristics
relative to0C.acid, dry matter (yield) and essential oil accumulation has
been developed*
The usual harvest dates were found to be satisfactory from the
standpoint of yield. Fuggle and Bullion were found to develop maximum
012.acid prior to the usual harvest dates but Late Cluster is just approaching
maximum O( -acid at normal harvest. For this reason, periodic sampling of
commercial Late Cluster fields for CC -acid content maybe beneficial. If
maximum oil content is desirable, the usual harvest would have to be delayed
10-15 days.
The increase in oil content during the latter part of the season has
been found to be due primarily to myrcenes with the caryophyllenes remaining
fkirly constant. It is suggested that the increase in oil content late in the
season maybe at the sacrifice of oil quality.
Object:
Bee Annual Report, p. 88, 1958.
Duration:
See Annual Report, p. 88, 1958.
Reasons:
See Annual Report, p. 88, 1958
Nature and extent of previous work:
See Annual Report, p. 88, 1958.
Procedure:
Sample collection and handling have remained unchanged. Last year
the conductometric method of analysis for OC.acid was used in place of the
spectrophotometric. This year both methods were employed, but only the
results of the spectrophotonietric are reported here.
Experimental results:
developed*
In 1958 and 1960 sampling was begun as soon as the cones were
This year sampling was initiated while the hops were still in
the burr stage and analyzed for cX7- and-acids (Table 1)*
Although seasonal variations are evident, the same general OC.acid
accumulation patterns are apparent.
As in 1960, none of the varieties tested had reached their full oil
potential by the normal harvest periods. (In 1958 Fuggle had accumulated
58
maximum oil prior to harvest.) All oil curves in 1961 substantiate the
varietal differences observed in 1958 and 2960.
Three years? observations on cone weights (dry matter accumulation)
that crops are fully developed at the time of commercial harvest.
indicate
Table 1.
%
Summary of Maturity Series Data on Commercial Varieties 1961.
(underline d values represent the usual harvest date)
Dry Hatter
DJ)
C.
220h
7A3
ill
18.4
25
17,4
1.2
2.7
19.5
11
14
15.6
15
20.5 13.0
705
21.4
159
95
142
138
88
114,8
.
9.2
,,
284
205
22
138 119
139 111 208
2,
141 124
147 128
5.3
2.8 2.8
5.4
2,8 3.3
1.01
1.07
TR
2.74
0.92 0.14
5.7
047
2005
2,6 2.5
-425
9.7
4.6 5.5
4.0 4,3 9.8
9.6
4.2 5.2
4.2 5.1
5.6
2.5 4.0
2.1 3.2 4.4
4.2
2.60
1.60 0.15
1455 0.26 3,08
3.34
2.2 302
2.1 3,2
1,73 0.35
1,96 0040
8
1
DI.
4.9
-- --
2.6-
6.4 --
-
206
4.0
139
132 163
0.70
0.50
3.7 --
amino
202
0,21.
5.1
3.1
9.7
213
152
--
4.5 4.6
112
139 145 220
165 217
2.6
0.18
9.5
4.9 2.8
126 105
MINN
--
7.8
4.5 108
21
24.5
23.5 16,6
25 22.9 16.1 23.8
28
23011
29 24.3 1903
X. 224 16,7
2 7
9/ 1
2
4
6 2504 21,0 25.4
22,6 26,6
8
25,7
9
11
2505
12 2702
2309
15
22.2
29
22 27.4 24.3
-
179
22.0
17
1.9
2,9
3.4
Li
SNOW
209
4,7
148
3:24
0.6
2.1
112
224
Luo
TR
,
18.3
1.10
0.1
0.1
82
18.5
20.6
0.2
1.7
14.1
% a -acid
Eaollao pa. Ea. Logo Bu.,
__
--
15.8
10
18
oC..acid
TR
2102
8/ 1
2
7
8
%
--
__
21.9
20
21 21.2
26
Com Wei t
Esom&E
2.0
6.5
5.0
2.9
2,7
0.1114
OMNI
3.72
3.92
1.97 0.63 4.27
0083 3.98
3.90
3.88
2,08
2.25
1.06
2,05 1.21
59
OIL co
E1
o
ate Cluster
Late
X Bullion
A
820
7/31
8/20
8 30.
Sampling date
99
8/30
9/9
Sampling date
9/29
60
300
CONE WEIGHT
Fuggle
A Late Cluster
290
410-,11, niggle
4-110HT:a.lion
Normal
harvest
dates
L.C.
0
Sampling date
30
99
% DR! WISH
Fulfills
Late Clwster
Bullion.
/css
20
4,ruggie
Normal
harvest
dates
0
731
8
0
8
0
80
Sampling date
9/9
9
In addition to determination of total oil yields throughout the
season, oil fractionation, were made (GLI,C) The'oil composition at each date
is given in Table 2. Since some oils were not saved in 1961 data was
collegted on 1960 samples which had been sealed in ampoules and stored at
.20P117
Table 2, Composition of oils collected periodically through the growing
'Season.
Collection Total
Variety
date
oa
Bullion
1960
8/23
oC
-Oarti=eme
192' VS:
1.20
2.05
373
61.6
63,9
6844
6501
8/%5
8/%8
8/25
8/29
9/A
9/9
045
414
0.95
4304
53.3
5605
6704
50.8
0431
0.41
0.69
0499
1.27
1.17
re,G,
9/6
046
944
9/y.
0.26
0039
0.97
0474
0;94
624
1960
6001
58.0
53.0
63.8
4023
0.56
0.39
0.60
104
9.5
1006
4348
42.7
4841
44.5
002'
4700
3944
TO
9 2
9/6
Imle
9/14
9/18
9/22
128
Kerr.
1960
8
8
8/26
00
9/6
9/13
10°
8
8
8/22
8/25
8/29
8/31
9/6
9/12
9/16
9/19
L00:
1961
12844
Wash.
1961
8/31,
1.95
3,21
3.53
1.30
1075
148
1.95
4024
009
1.87
2073
3.20
3.12
0492
394
145
5044
6100
57.9
68.9
6100
6440
55.3
61.9
69.5
1.60
1055
1.73
1.96
1097
2.08
1491
2412
0.40
0063
VA5
145
9/19
9/22
1.06
1.21
8/0
9
9
9
phyllene
ats.
5.
2.42
2.143
0012
0.82
1017
1.54
1.39
0.34
0.63
0.88
089
149
1.19
1.26
145
1018
1047
564
0022
63.1
6747
60.9
63.8
0.140
3301
0016
5341
0,
0.80
ig.9.
50.5
0.78
0.64
0.77
0
11,8
9.5
8.6
7.2
0.30
6,1
6.4
4.5
0.27
45
0.23
000
93
238
0.23
0423
18.3
0.214
150
0,26
0.27
0.24
741
6.1
5.3
4.5
4.5
0.02
0014.
0.16
0.05
0.07
3,8
5.6
209
307
30.8
14.2
1245
1601
6.3
7.3
33
N. 14
mfs
042
0,7
0,01
0.20
0.16
0017
45
0.02
0.4
006
001
0.07
0.07
4008
0.09
0.08
0.09
101
1.0
105
1.2
0.9
0.9
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0,02
0.05
0042
60
0.01.
0.02
042
0.014
3,8
1.5
204
2.2
040X
0002
002
002
0405
0019
0048
0471
0.63
0.75
1504
1204
8.6
8.5
7.0
8.0
0.03
0005
0416
0023
0.22
0.25
146
102
104
1.3
1.5
1.3
8.2
6.7
603
607
0.07
0.08
0.10
0.10
1.5
1.0
041,
008
1.5.2
0.23
0.25
0.31
0,30
0026
54
009
0,5
0001
0.02
0.01
1745
0,314
0012
07
0.01.
146
0 3
601
5.9
042
0
003
0.30
6.7
5.8
5.2
0014
0.31
0.7
O.
006
0.5
0.01
20,8
17.8
0.07
0.07
0.09
0.12
0.10
5.8
3.4
25
0402
0002
0.03
4.3
0.014
3.0
0.04
25.8
2549
19.6
23.9
269
20.9
19.3
1902
14A
17.3
10.9
707
11.6
84;6
3506
2
001
2
0.
a
6.7
0435
667
6.4
19o2
0
0.28
10.3
Oat
10
301
201
1.8
1,8
1.7
040
0
0007
0.09
041
Nat
0403
044
005
0404
0AL
002
001
0.01.
001
U
0.00.07:
0.0e
042
002
001
0.01
000X.
101.
0.02
Discuasiont
Data from 1961 maturity series generally substantiated 1958 and
1960 material* Discussions found in Annual Report 1960,,pp* 100.101 apy4y.
This is the first fractionation of the oil samples collected
periodically and it is interesting to note that the only maIpr increase in
most oils throughout the teaLon is in the myrcene content47-1Na GC -cam
ophyllene, (humulene), and limcaryophyllene content of the hops remains
fairly constant through-the'iseason* The only convincing departure from this
is the 12$01 from Kerr in 1960*
Conclusions:
Gondlusions regarding the accdthUlation of C7C acid, oil and dry
matter were stated last year, Annual. Report 1960 Pp* 101.102* 1961 data
strengthened, but did not change those conclusions*
The participation of each'of the components. in the accumulation of
the total oil has inferences relative to the qualitYof the oil Myroene
is considered to impart a harsh quality to beer flavor, while desirable
characteristics are believed to come'from oxygenated components with the
caryophyllenee possibly offering a synergistic effect If this is truly the
case, it maybe difficult to justify the emphasis which has been placed on the
beneficial qualities of fully developed oil potentials*.
Noter
This work is being discontinued and the 3 yearet data are being
prepared for pdblieation.
63
III* CAUSES OF CONE BREAKAGE (SHATTERING)*
A method for the coirbraled breakage of dry hops was developed and
found to have good precision*: No effect on shatter was found for: Date of
pruning and training (Fuggle) ; sate of pruntraining (Late Cluster);
Irrigation levels, or NPK fertility or combinations A negative correlation
between resistance to shatter and cone size was found. for Fuggle but not Lae
Cluster. Methods for reducing cone size need further attentions e.g.
Seedlessness, gibberellic acid
Methods for testing green hops are not yet adequate but should be
developed early in 1962*
The 1962 season will be devoted to establishing the relation of
cone breakage as measured in green hops to cone breakage as measured in
dry hops as well as verifying the correlation mentioned above
Objective:
A* To establish a method for the objective measurement of
susceptibility to shattering.
B* To determine the extent to whiCh various factors involved in the
culture of hops influence shattering* Tentatively these include:
1* Maturation,
2, Varieties,
3. Fertility*
Duration:
Objective A should be accomplished during 1962.
expected to require 2 to 4 additional years*
ObjeCtive B is
Reasons:
Shattering is estimated to be responsible for as mach as 20% of the
crop in some instances and Is consequently of great economic concern to
growers* It is further responsible for considerable loss of storage stability
and, subsequently, quality and is therefore of ooncern to brewers*
Nature and extent of previous work:
NO11.3.
Procedure:
First test procedures will'be developed.
testing various agronomic practices for differences
As these are located, detailed examinations will be
nature of the cause of resistance or susceptibility
This will be followed by
in resistance to shatter*
made to elucidate the
to shatter.
Results and Discussions
Tozabling*200 grans of dry Puggle for 60 motes left anroximately.
5'0% whole cones, This is a satiafaotory degree of breakage, leaving plenty
of room on either side for evaluation of treatment effect. Duplicate analyses
on 1i2 samples gave coefficients of variation of 3 and 8% due to analytical
Methods. This is onemfifth the random variation and was considered
sufficiently reliable to justify abandoning duplicate analyses,
Preliminary conditions to get about 57% breakage of Pug le (green),
14
200 grams; tumble 1 hour; 90% whole copes,
/I, 196 grams + #7 rubber stopper; tumble * hour; 50,5% whole cones,
Test of precision and recovery of initial weight of ?jiggle (green)
Init,wb
Petals
.Wb shole
200
200
200
200
175
109
106
113
100
86
Recg.2.....vered
82'
78
96
95
96
9Is
97_
84
5
Tumble 30 minutes with #7 stopper,
80
95
% whole stows
54
53
56
50
49
Test of tumbling time of Bullion (green)*
IniteWt: Tumble time
300
300
30 mica.
300
300
60 min,
II
Wt.i hole
II
n
whole
69
269
90
90
250
240
83
80
With #7 stePPerer
Test of sample size of In 4gle (green)*
Initigsb," Wt,Whole
200
200
141
300
300
228
133
"
$ wb,oke
21.5
21.
ish.0
443
65.7
67.5
30 mina tumble with #7 stopper
400
100
262
270
* Tumbler built 1960
See Annual Report 1960 p. 120.21 for details,
65
The importance of time lapse between picking and tumbling.
Time lapse
25 min*
Wt* whole
VI
W
158
165
2
hos
148
if
*
"
IL
hotrs
*
*
15
g
6 hour a
II
11
300 grails
gi
% whole
524,)
7
55,0
3
0
141:N
5045
52.70)
4843
43,7
46,7
4511#7
30 min* tumble with #7 stopper* Fuggle, green* handmpioked4
Adding a No* 7 rubber stopper to 300 grams of green Tuggle and
tumbling 30 minutes gave breakage of over half the cones* The method was
found to be very sensitive to sample size; whole cones remaining being
inversely proportional to sample size (sample size should be within I gram)
%whole Cones remaining was inversely proportional to time of tumbling
(tumble time should,be controlled within I minute). Precision appears to be
within 5%. Less easily controlled is the effect of time lapse between*pick*
ing and testing* The % whole cones remaining drops about L for each hour
the analysis is postponed after pickings A standard time lapse should
therefore be standardized upon and adhered to within 30 minutes,
.
Tests of the 1960 agronomic trials for shatter showed that the
time of pruning or the growth which was trained did not influence the
shattering in either Tuggle or Late Clusters Neither the rate of application nor the time of application of gibberellio acid affected shattering of
Tuggle, Irrigation rates from none to high moisture in combination with
fertility treatments of N P and K had no measurable effect on shattering
in Tuggle*
Cone size was negatively correlated with % whole cones remaining
after shatter test Or
0.57, p sa 05) in Fuggle pruning - training experiment
but not in Late Cluster.
Maturity studies on 1961 green. hers were not wholly satisfactory
due to uncontrolled time lapse between picking and testing Trends*
kppeared however which justify continuation of testing Fuggle seemed to be
getting tougher around harvest while Late Cluster seemed to be getting more
susceptible to shatter*
St miary and Conclusions
A method for controlled breakage of hops has been developed and
found to have satisfactory precision
Tests on 1960 dry hope showeds
1
2
h
(5)
No effect
Date of pruning and stage of growth of training, Fuggle 4.
'
Date of pruning and stage of growth of training, Late Cluster 11
1
1
Irrigation levels, BPI fertility or eembinationes
Correlation, between cone size and resistance to shatter
Late Cluster
alittvir05
Correlation between cone size and resistance to shatter
Fuggle
None
Teets on 1961, green hops, showed:
(1)
(2)
Time lapse between picking and testing decreased the resistance to
shatter with Fagg"... This appears most pronounced soon after picking.
After the firet week in August niggle Appeared to be getting tougher
while Late Cluster and Bullion were becoming more susceptible to
shattering.
These results indicate that procedures for reducing cone size with!.
out losing. yield or quality (e.g. gibberenic acids &tactlessness) should
be investigated more fully .0. particularly with Late Clusters
If the effect of time lapse between picking and testing is a result
of wilting, vines shOuld not be out until immediately prior to picking.
Perhaps other factors related to turgidity should be evaluated (e.g. night
pickings wetting vines as they enter the picker.)
The trends of Fuggle and Late Clusters as their shatter resistance
is related. to maturity's need to be clarified. Analytical control in'1962
should be adequate to demonstrate these clearly, if they are present.
67
IV.
QUALITY GRANGES DURING DRYING AND BALING.
8 Bullion samples handpicked between 8/21 and 9/il showed no
apparent loss of CK:.acid and an average los6 of 5% of their oil content
during drying at 145°. The sane samples-showed-no loss of 00...acid but did
lose an additional 5% of their oil durihg baling. The average loss of oil
after both drying and baling was 9% of that present in the undried hops. A
trend towards higher oil losses with more mature hops will require additional
years data.
Object:
To determine factors responsible for qualittr losses, especially
oil content and composition, as they are associated with the production processes
drying and baling.
Duration:
1961 through 1964.
Reasons for undertaking this work:.
Very little data is available on the loss of oil that occurs or the
changes that take place in the oil during drying and baling. It has been
estimated that up to 1/3 of the oil is lost during drying. This is a serious
quality loss and with the current interest expressed in hop aroma and essential
oil content, it is an area urgently requiring attention.
,
,,.,...
extent of
Very little work has been published on losses of hop oil during
processing. Bullis and Fang have suggested that mature hops suffer higher
losses during. drying than immature ones. Howard has stated that about 0
of the oil is lost during drying and that generally there is no change in the
composition.
Procedure:
Quality losses will be measured on samples of ranging maturation
processed on a laboratory scale. evaluation will be made of losses resulting
from processing but due to predisposition of the hops i.e. picking machine
damage.
Any differences found will be followed up with lupulin granule
examination and an attempt will be made to correlate quality losses with
granule condition and/6r structure.
Results and discussion:
All samples (1215 Ito.) were picked at 67 A.M. from 14 to 7 ft.
in a commercial Bullion yard. Analyses were made immediately on the green
68
hops and the remainder was dried at 145°F. for 8.10 hours as required.
They were allowed to equilibrate 48 to 54 hours and part was analyzed for
O( ..acid, oil and moisture oontent. The remainder was put into 2 bales
at about 12 lbs./cu. ft. One bale was analyzed immediately and the other
put into 35°F. storage for analysis after 10 to 12 months.
Table 1 gives the results of the 1961 trial. The average loss of
oil during drying was 5% with no indication of relation to maturity* Baling
(normal density, about 12 lbs /cu. ft.) showed a further loss of 5% of the oil
with no apparent relation to maturity. The total loss, however, due to both
drying and baling suggests a possible link with maturity* Additional data
will be required to clarify.
The 9% loss of hop oil due to drying and baling does not agree
with Howard's reported loss of l/3. It is very possible that the contraa
diction lies in the different condition of the lupulin granules resulting
from handiapicking versus machine.picking.
Conclusions:
There maybe a direct relation between loss of hop oil due to
processing. and the maturity of the crop. This should prove to be of interest
since current recommendations indicate highest oils are obtained with complete
maturity, with an inference that the same relation holds in the bale. If this
trend proves to be true it amid very likely be tied to the characteristic
change in the oomposition of the oil with maturation: while myroen builds up
most rapidly, it is also most susceptible to loss, both through volatilization
and resinification.
The small losses of oil incurred during processing hand.picked
samples leads to the belief that bruising associated with pickingmmachines may
be of more consequence than has been, realized previously.
69
Table 11:
Changes in hop quality during drying and baling as related to
maturity:
(Hand picked Bullion, dried at 145°F6 in Lab: drier and baled
in Lib. baler)
Piaking
Date
Condition
8A1/61. green
dry
bale
8/25/61, peen
dry
bale
8/28/61
green
bdry
ale
9)1/61
9/4/61
green
dry
bale
green
bdry
ale
9i6/61
9/9/61
green
drr
bale
green
dry
bale
9/11/61
green
dry
bale
% V: .aaid
14184 oil
2115.1ACA
per 100 gD6Mt
9.6
8.6
10.2
2.60
261.
2.56
9.5
945
% oil ree:
after dry
mtge...
atc
loo
98
98
3408
2494
3.03
95
100
98
1043
9,7
9.7
3.44
3.24
9
3.19
98
946
8.2
3.72
94
8
10,0
ig
7.9
948
9.9
3.92
3460
3.42
862
10.0
4427
1041.
»
98
91
89
92
95
87
88
93
82
96
94
90
99
88
87
33.7590
944
945
373
1060
949
1065
3488
Average reoovery after drying
Average reaorery after baling
93
34.52
3486
3.39
95
70
Vor
FACTORS INFLUENCING STORAGEA13ILITr
Summary:
In a 7 months (35°F) test of 4 seeded varieties and 2 seedless
varieties stored at densities ranging from 1 lb /cue ft. (loose) to 36 Ibitauft*
(3 times normal bale density), no detectable influence was found for CPC .acid
but a sharp decrease in oil stability due to increased bale density was noted
No clear varietal differences were noted; i.e * Late Cltster, Brewers Cold,
Bullion and 1284111 lost equal percentage6 of oil at any given density* At
12 lbs./Cu* ft* 100% whole cones lost half as much oil as the average and
100% broken cones twice as much as the average*
Oil losses appear to be associated with lupulin damage in both cases*
All tests will be repeated after 15 monthst storage.
Objects
To determine the effect of compression on the storage stability of
hops
Duration:
1 or 2 years.
Juetifioationr
Increasing value is being placed on OC -acid and essential'oils as
knowledge of their role in brewing is Clarified* Extensive economic loss is
experienced when hops lose Atm 20 to 40% of their 0Cmacid and 30.60% of
better preservation of hop quality
their oil annually* Information leading
is sorely needed.
171112LigtElatELILEEttka21222tt:
Much work has been done in the field of0C.acid preservation during
storage, Most of this is associated with temperature regulation or with
protective coatings or atmospheres*
Procedure:
Several varieties were compressed to bale densitiel up to 3 times
commercial practice, These have been tested for OC.acids /3 ...acid and oil
content after 7 months storage at 35-F-(near consumer storage temperature).
They will be held an additional 8 months and tested again. Oils are being
Saved for quality.evaluation by gas chromatography*
Experimental results
and discussion:
Results of the experiment to date are listed in detail in Table 2
-acid content*
and plotted in Fig. 1* No data is tyaildble on the initial ,
There is no change in0Cacid or /...1 -acid content which can be firmly
associated with bale densities after 7 months storage, Differences may
appear after 15 months*
71
The oil content of allvarieties is tied closely to bale densities
Nhen put on a percentage basis there is no detectable difference between
varieties, (see Fig. 1). Figure 2 depicts the average loss for the
densities tested (Table I)
Table 1. Relation between, bale densities and oil content after 7 months
storage at 35°F.
Average bale density
(au varieties)
1
12
23
31
% of original
oil lost
13
33
47
5/
% of original
oil retained
87
67
53
43
The hops were tested dry and loose within 2 days after drying to
provide the "initial" values. The loss experienced by the dry, loose samples
after 7 month storage represents "natural losses" due to factors other than
compression.
Losses greater than 13% (natural loss) of the original oil content
can be attributed directly to compression. This is shown (Fig. 2) to be a
nearly linear relation;
A single set of 100% whole cones and 0% whole cone samples baled to
12 Ibs./6u.ft exhibit loss which departs logically from the average for the
remainder of the group. In this case note that even the QC -acid content
drops appreciably for the.broken cones. Portraying these losse6 as in Fig. 2'
is useful but not strictly reliable in-as-much-as no data are available for
the dry, loose material after separation either initially or after 7 months,
and it is undoubtedly in error to arbitrarily assume these values to be the
same as the dry loose values for seeded Late Cluster initially or for the
remainder of the group after 7 months. Since the O( -acid content dropped only
17% it assures that the loss of oil due to physical loss of lupulin does
not exceed this, indicating that broken cones are far more sensitive to
compression damage than whole cones.
Microscopic examination of lupulin granules at various densities
revealed that severe physical damage is associated with baling. At
36 lbs./Ouft. most granules appeared to be ruptured.
Conclusions:
Physical damage of lupulin is apparently associated with storage
instability of oils. This is borne out both by damage incurred at increasing
compression and by damage incurred at a single compression but cones with
different initial lupulin exposure
Fig. I. % 011 Retained vs. Bale Density
Legend
90
a Seeded LC.
o Seeded Bu
x Seeded BG.
128-I
Seedless B.G.
O Seedless L.C.
IA
80
70.
X
0
X
ea
Ao
V
Bale Density (lbs./curt.)
10
5
15
20
Fig. 2
{Natural loss
(loose cones)
Additional loss
due to
b0% _tools
80-
1oompression
/Average of AS-IS
14
(all var.)
70,-
\ \100% broken
0
Bale Density (lbs./Oft.)
5
15
20
25
30
35
73
Table 2
Effect of bale density on hop quality during storage at 35°F:'
Cud
Late Cluster (Initial)
geedia tasf Farm
108
Pick 9/1, 8
Bale 9/21
% of oil
lost
Anal. after
Lbsi per
Variety
(644)
(1410)
5.8
3.3
0492
12
12
642
647
3.5
3.7
048V0470
2045
645
644
3.5
3.7
6.3
5.9
3
446
41
1.6
30
Store 05
336 0.5
(Initial)
* Salem
PiOk 9 6
Bale 9 2
store 9/25
1.43
Bale 9/21
Store 9/25
0.55f
(,),4
5.7
3.71
12
8.2
67
2.59
23
23
8.7
3:1
346
2,21
94.
32
32
8,7
8.6
3.8
3.8
40
49
093)
70
14681
(607)
(9.3)
449
3480
12
12
706
7.5
3.1
247
279
24
7.4
8.0
3.2
3.7
7.4
7.0
3O5
128.1 Experimental (Initial)
geedfase, corvallia
1,143
57
248
8.7
32
32
48
(4.32)
941
Brewers Gold (Initial)
gviaed, Salem
1.57
Flak 9/1)4
(1145)
0.60
34
2142J
2
3314
1.85?
1.74)
7
36
111
56
(3410)
(1.0.8)
9:8
3.2
2.72_
33
32
12
10.2
9.3
3.5
3.3
2629)
2.25
27
22
22
9.9
9,8
34
30
1.69
1.67
46
29
29
10414
30
3.14, 6
9,5
3.T
1.78
48
74
Table 2.
cont.
Ma. Per
Gunk-,
Variety
Gravers Gold
(Initial)
1.43
aass, Nrvallis
Pick 9/20
Bale 9/27
Store 9/30
Late Cluster Whole
Seeded, Corvallis
(10.3)
3.5
10.6
61-1
% of oil
lost
(3.74)
3.02
19
12
12
10.9
10.8
3.3
3.9
2.59?
2.48J
32
24
24
10.7
3.6
3.3
1.96)
104
53
29
32
10.6
9.8
3.7
3.9
1.78
Late Cluster (Initial)
Seedless, Corvallis
1.15
Pick 9/27
Bale 9/30
Store 10/2
Anal, after 7 moo
X ocmeaid 7 /3ftaci4
I58j
(1.50)
(8.2)
8.0
4.6
12
12
10.3
9.1
2.8
22
22
9.9
8.4
5.1
5.2
0071
29
32
9.6
868
5.4
5.2
41
(Initial)
12
Broken (Initial)
5.5
(664)*
separation into whole and broken.'
1°
33
12
0683
147
58
(140)*
(6.14)*
6.3
1635
4.6
0.88
(163.0)*
20
75
VI. EFFECTS OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON QUALITY (Samples from Agronomic Trials).
Summary:
A 3.year summary- of data from the gibberellic acid on Fuggle trial
has indicated that it is safe to use up to 100 ppm G.A. on plants 5 feet high
and that 5 ppm G. A. can be applied safely as long as the plants are not in
burr. ,Fuggle plants treated with G.A. while in burr may suffer losses in
OC acid and will very likely suffer losses in oil yield.
A3myear summary of Fall, early and late Spring pruning in combination
with training the 1st and 2nd crop of shoots indicates that no changes in hop
quality (0C .acid or oil content) can be expected within this range of treat
manta.
a
A 2.year summary of the same pruning and training treatments on Late
Cluster also indicates no change in quality can be expected.
Objectives;
See Annual Report 1959, p 106.
Experimental results and conclusions:
Gibberellic Acid; Fuggier (For details of experimental layout and
complete observations see CRe5.4, this report.)
A summary of 3 years' data appears in Table 1. There appears to be a
possibility CL year Out of 3) -that 010(.ecid can be reduced by application of
5 ppm G.A. at burring. 5 ppm at other stages of growth is safe from the stand
point of_quality. Although the plants may respond in other ways, there is no
indication that conc entrations. up to 100 ppm affect hop oC -acids if applied
when the plants are 5 feet high. Oil content is more susceptible to the
influence of G.A.-and 2.years out of 3 the oil yields were lower when G.A. was
applied at burring.
Table 1,
Farb It
3 year summary of effect of Gibberellie Acid on the Quality of
Rate of Application of G.
when vines 5 ft* high.
ppm
cC -acid
G.A.
.42a
lb
.L.b..a
0
50
3.00
.21.6
4.13
468
1.29
4487 4485 5.09
0073
0.68
0.70
1.3.9
407 4.99
i
5
652 4.16 4.57
5.17
4.24
4.51
0013
0.76
0497
0.82
005
76
0G.A.smLfEaParbll.10diferentstasofrowths
Stage
of
% OC -acid
Entry
1252
Prune
2
51
10t
5
6
Burr
7
4.28
5.17
4.14
3.81
Cone
Harv.
8
G_ rowth
9
=
---
1960
mis oil, 00
122
19
1.46
It_FM
4.97 4.30
0.70
0.70
0.58
0.46
0,60
4.93
---
1.14 0.80
4.07
4.51
4,35
3.57
4.54
4.24
11.418
4.72
4,54
0.96
0.95 0.95
0.92
105 0.77
1.17 1577
In general, 5 ppm G.A. applied to Fuggle is likely to be harmful
to hop quality only when applied at burring and there is no indication that
it will increase the quality under any of the circumstances tested.
These results are not consistent with
1.
Skotland this A.R. 1959, p.
(Late Cluster, 0C-acid lowered due
to G.A.) *
2. Nash & Mullaney, Nature, No. 4705, p. 25, Jan. 2, 1960, (Pride of Ringwood,
0C-acid lowered due to G.A.)
3. Roberts, Wye Coll. Ann. Rpt. 1960, p. 17, (Bunions, CC-acid increased due
to 0.A.)
It is probable that the discrepancies noted above are due to either varietal
differences or to the possibility that the relation between the accumulation
rates of dry matter and OC -acid is altered so that some samples are actually
harvested too early for the plant to achieve full CC-acid maturity even
though other factors indicate ripeness.
Pruning and training, Fuggier
(For complete report, see this A.R. CRe5.4).
No statistically significant treatment differences were found for
either OC .acid or oil content in 1961. This substantiates the conclusion
from the 1956.1958 time and severity of pruning experiment and the 1960
data from the present experiment, but is inconsistent with the 1959 finding of
high
-acid content being associated with late pruning.
Table 2.
3i.year summary of Effect of Pruning and Training on Fuggle Quality.
Treatment
Prune time
Training
Fail
1st crop
2nd crop
Early Spring 1st crop
2nd crop
0.67
4.62
4.84
1.30 1.13
0.60 1.01 1.05
4.15 5.26
4.44 4.63
5.35
5.28
0.72
0.65
4.32
4.68
5.21 4.92
1.32
1.12
1.26
1.13
1st crop
0.69 1.04
09 4.71 4.96
2nd cro
0.68 1.07
4.68 5.14
va ue represe s average o
reps
er& ne values sig
1.02
Late Spring
eac
1.11Y-129. 1961
as 04/100 g
12E2 196o 194
1.00
7?
Overall it can be said that changes in the quality of Fuggle cannot
be expected to result from pruning and training practices.
Pruning and training, Late Cluster: (for complete report, see this .44,GRa544.)
The second year's data support the 1960 findings: no significant
changes in OC.adid or oil Content of Late Cluster due to treatments.
Another year's data is anticipated.
Table 3. 2year Summary of Effect of Pruning and Training on Late Cluster
Quality.
Treatment
Prune time
Training
% OC.acid
1960
1§6%
Fall
1st crop
2nd crop
6.79
6.34
5.78
6.48
0.54 0.53
0.63
0.59
Early Spring
1st crop
2nd crop
6.59
6.52
6.42
6.57
0.63
0.55
0.64
0.59
Late Spring
1st crop
2nd crop
6.73
7.41
7.37
6.49
0.49
0.49
0.60
0.61
mis oil/100
1966 1§0..
78
Part VII*
INVESTIGATIONS INTO ANALYTICAL METHODS
StamnarY:
A rapid 2 -point conductometric titration for hop OC.acids was
developed This method is based on the linear relation between the o(7-acid
content and the change in conductance due to an increment of lead acetate in
excess of that required to precipitate all VC. -acid present. An equation with
empirical constants had a standard error of 0.11 mis for an overage end -point
of 2.61 vas, and it was demonstrated that this standard error could be
reduced by a factor of 5 (to .02) by establishing specific constants from
a few complete titrations.
Hops were boiled at a rate of 0.5 lb.barrel and 3 fractions
collected: that which boils off, that which remains in the boil-water and
that which remains in the "spent" hops* This preliminary work has clearly
indicated that it is practical to apply this technique to tracing the
distribution of hop oils during brewing and determining the qualitative
nature of each fraction. The amount of oil in the boil-water (equivalent tc,
wort) was found to decrease from about 4 ppm for an 8 minute boil, to 0.5
ppm for a 60 minute boil.
Attempts to prepare serial sections of lupulin granules while still
attached to bracts and bracteoles were not satisfactory. The delicate nature
of the cuticle layer enveloping the granule would require other than standard
procedures.
Object:
See Annual Report, 1959, p. 113.
mint Conductometric Titration for Hop ,oC- acids.
Introduction:
The usual introduction including literature survey, etc* will be
omitted in this report Development of the necessary equation will be
omitted also. A manuscript has been prepared and 2 sections from it will be
presented below* The summary will appear first since it contains the methods
including final forma of the equations. Experimental results will appear
second since it contains all data and discussion*
Summary:
A system for locating the end- point of a conductometric determination
of OC ...acids by calculation based on only two additions of titrant was devel...
oped. It was demonstrated that, under sufficiently controlled conditions,
the slopes of each segment of a titration graph are fairly constant for a
wide range of hop types, growing areas, and management practices. This
permitted development of an equation based on the simultaneous solution of
two straight -line equations of the form y.1111 rix
b. The general form
arrived at was,
v2
Mi7,1
(09
0l)
ep
c Pb
1111
79
where ep is the end-point (mis titrant); c is a constant related to the
s
of the excess-titrant segment (m0 by
relation m2 = c(Pb), where
Pb is % Pb(CH3COOH)2.3H20 in methanol containing O,5% acetic acid; ml is
t e slope of the precipitation-segment in mhos/M1; q is the cell- constant
of the measuring electrodes; v1 is the volume of the first increment of
tibrant and v2 is the sum of the first and second increments of titrant;
and Ci and C2 are the measured conductances associated with vi and v2,
respectively* See Figure 1 for illustration of the components of the
system*
LEI
Empirical values were established for o and ml from 30 titrations
representing 11 domestic and foreign varieties. These values and the
volumes of titrant indicated in the method reduced the equation to:
1.544 % Pb
0.040
0.386 % Bb . 0.040
(C
(0.386 % Pb
C1)
0.040) x 104
The standard error of observation for the 30 titrations was 0.11 mis
for an average end...point of 2.61 Pas, but it was shown that the standard
error could be reduced to 0.02 mis by establishing specific constants for
samples of similar nature from a few complete titrations*
The method consists of macerating 20 grams of dry hops for five
minutes with 250 mis of toluene in a standard food blender. The slurry
is cooled and filtered* An appropriate aliquot from 15 to 25 mis is mixed
with 150 mis methanol and the total volume made to 175 mis with toluene.
1.0 mis of standardized lead acetate (approximately 4%) in methanol containing
0.5% of acetic acid is added and the conductance, C1 is measured. 3.0
additional mis of titrant are added and the conductance, C2 is measured. The
end -point is then calculated usipg the above equation. q(C2 - C1) must be.
between 0.2 x 10", and 4.0 x 10", mhos in order for the end- point to be
reliable* If the hops are more than one year old, it is recommended that they
be subjected to a second five -ninute extraction before filtering.
Experimental results:
Lead acetate exhibits similar conductivity properties in methanol
containing any of the 3 chief hop extracting solvents chloroform, benzene
or toluene* Therefore, the choice of solvent had to be made on some other
basis. The data in Table 1 support Trollets point of view that chloroform
extracts more lead-titratable material than other solvents, particularly
in old hops. The 1959 report of the A.S.B.C. Subcommittee on Hop Analysis (6)
indicates, however, that toluene or benzene extracts compare more favorably
with C)C -acid values found by other methods, especially in fresh hops.
Because of the questionable nature of the lead- titratable material extracted
by chloroform and the toxic nature of benzene, toluene was selected as the
best solvent for development of the method.
Maceration times of 3, 6, and 9 minutes with toluene (Table 1)
revealed that, for practical purposes, 5 minutes continuous blending gives a
satisfactory extraction in most cases* The data suggest, however, that 2 -yearold Late Cluster requires additional extraction and that prior hand-grinding
in a food chopper is not helpful* For this reason, it is probably advisable
to extract all hops which are more than a year old a second 5-minute period.
80
excess..titrant segment
with slope ze
precipitation segment
with slope ml
No.
.11,4111.11111.
V
Figure 14 Diagramatic sketch elb a conductometric titration graph
and its various oomponents4 Broken line shows the course of the
titration and solid lines indicate the tangent lines used for
location of the intersection of the segments.
81
Microscopic examination of the residues of the various extraction
techniques showed many whole lupulin granules present after three minute
blending but few remained in the longer extractions.
Table 1.
Apparent O( -acid content of hops after various extraction
procedures,
Extraction Method
Solvent
3 min., continuous
Chloroform
6.3
4.0
8.9
55
toluene
5.6
3.1
8.2
5.0
6 min.. 2x3 min. interval toluene
6,2
3.0
8.7
54,4
9 nin4. 3x3 nin4 interval toluene
6,0
34.
8.7
5.8
5 min., continuous
6,2
300
8.6
5.1
3 man., continuous
(1)
(1)
toluene
hand
5 vino continuous toluene 6.0
.2
o prevent overheating, the extraction cup was cooled
running water after each 3- minute interval.
5.1
minutes in
Toluene extracts of hops prepared as described in the section on
methods are stable up to three hours (Table 2), both from the standpoint
of the quantity of lead.titratable material, (ep), and the slope, (c), of the
exoess.titrant segment (see Table 2).
Table 2.
Stability of toluene extradts.
Tilelstandingcliatroom tem erature
limrecre.
ours
I c(nhosikl%)
ours
ep (m1s)
0.389
2.75
0.404
2.69
0.416
2.70
06400
2.72
II c(mhos /m1%)
0.400
0.404
0.404
0.400
S. "LlBL---2!§2------M9-------2Z2------?.i'62--,
The reliability of a 2- point titration for location of the end
point depends upon the constancy of the slopes of the segmentgo The
precipitation segment has a very low slope (ml
0,0386 x 10'2 mhos /ml)
and, as a result, is of minor importance. The exuess.titrant segment, however,
is relatively steep (1466 x 1(J", Mhos/61) and must be controlled closely
in order to be useful. Several experiments were run to determine the influence
of the various parameters involved.
The total volume of the titrating solution affects the slope of
the exoess.titrant segment such that 2 mis changes the slope Nal to 0.02
mhos/M1. Therefore, the initial volume should be maintained at 175Ig colas
and the volume change during the titration (V2 .77/) should be kept as law
as possible.
82
The titrant has two influences on the slope of the excess - titrant
segment First, itfurnishes conducting ions and influences the slope
according to re in ok!b)
Second, it contributes to the total volume and
can change the slope by dilution. This effect is minimized by using a small
volume of relatively concentrated titrant.
The slope of the excess - titrant segment varies inversely with the
toluenes methanol ratio. Aliquots of hop extracts from 10 to 25 mis give
the sane slope providing a total of 25 mis of toluene is maintained.
The excess- titrant segment of the ccmductonetric titration graph
is a straight line from 0.1 ml to 2.0 mis beyoncl the end.point. To correspond
with this, e( 2
CI) must be between 0.2 3:10m, and 4.0 e:10"' mhos.
Men q(C2
C1) is outside this range, a new aliquot must be taken.
Temperatures from 21° to 29°C have only a slight effect on the
conductance of this system and no measurable influence on the slope.
Table 3 compares the end- points of 30 extracts of hops of various
origins arrived at by both the graphic and calculated methods* All extracts
were prepared and treated according to the directions above except that all
titrations were carried out completely using 0.5 ml increments of lead acetate
reagent. From the associated graphs, each end -point was located graphically
and mm,, and c were calculated for insertion into equation 5). Conductances
at 14,10 and I.0 mis were inserted into 6a) and each end -point calculated,
(q
107 and Ob 3.80).
The constants nil and k/ developed for equation 5) are a compromise
for a broad range of varieties, localities, and management practices. Student's
tetest for paired observations indicated the standard error of each observation
to be 0.11 mis for an average end.point of 2.51 min. Increased precision can
be obtained by determining specific values for a and ml to be used with samples
of similar nature. The 15 samples in Table 4 were calculated from an equation
based on only five sample titrations but the precision increased by a factor of
five (standard error of each observation
0.02 mis).
The two.point conductometric titration of OC.acids described above
offers several advantages! First, it permits handling extracts in groups thus
greatly reducing the time required per sample Second, it obviates the
necessity for constructing graphs which removes the subjective element from
locating the endpoint and, at the same time, further reduces the over-all
operator time per sample. Third, the general formula, 5), is very flexible and
the constants are easily determined, which permits individual laboratories to
adjust the parameters to those best suited to them.
83
Table 34;
Comparison of graphic and calculated methods of determining
endpoints for 30 hop extracts.
Seeded Late Cluster:
Oregon, 1961
25
20
20
25
2,95
2.12
1.88
3.05
2,91
2.05
2,02
3.05
2.78
2.72
2,65
II
25
473
2.80
2.77
2.39
2.44
-0.02
"
20
20
25
25
2.13
2.00
0.13
20
20
2.75
2.63
479
004
2.51
0.12
25
25
25
2.37
455
m0:18
2.45
453
2.54
2.67
'409
0.14
20
15
2.21
3.55
3016
2.28
3.58
3.12
.63.07
.,O.03
15
3.14
3.22
m0.08
25
25
25
25
2.0
2.62
2.54
2.07
2.38
2,47
2.56
1.98
0605
0615
25
2.60
2.45
045
25
25
2.22
2.16
2.60
0.06
0.00
2.94
3.17
2,95
m0,03
m0.01
25
25
2.34
2.114
2.37
2.30
0.20
0.07
25
2.78
2.77
0.01
II
X
11
N
11
Seedless Late Cluster:
Oregon, 1961
N
Idaho
If
It
Seeded Late Cluster:
Oregon, 1959
Seedless Early Cluster:
Idaho,. 1961
N
Oregon, 1961
It
11
11
X
Bullion:.
Oregon, 1961
a
it
!
!
128I (Experimental)t
.0regon 1961
Hal/ertaut
.
Oregon, 1961
Germany, 1961
X
N
Belgium, 1961
Gebrig:
296/
Tettnang:
1961
Gsrmauy 1961
Styrian
1961
Yugoslavia *
Spaltt
1961
Germany, 1961
Saar
Czechoslankia,196I
25
25
2,60
3.114
0.04
0.07
m0.14
0.00
010005
0.26
0.29
0.04
0.02
0.09
84
Table 14.
Comparison of complete titration and 2.upoint titration using a
specific equation for similar samples
End mint_ (nis)
Variety,
Grower
A
A
Bullion
A
If
B
C
D
D
It
Brewers Gold
,n
B
B
B
B
E
Grp
Difference (pis)
2.83
2.914
.441
201
200
2.87
2.91
3.51
3.06
2.58
3.58
3.52
3.32
2,87
2.77
2.93
3.38
3.67
o.04
-(401
0.01
3.52
3.10
2.67
3,66
3.58
3.30
2.84
2.71
2.90
3.36
3.58
0.014
0.09
0.08
0.06
0.02
.0.03
o.o6
.0.03
.0.02
.0.1/
Fate of Hop Oil. During Bonin&
Introduction:
There'has been much speculation concerning the influence hop oil
has on the flavor of brewing products but little actual data is available
to indicate the amount actually present in beer or its composition. The
experiment described below is of preliminary natures designed to reveal
whether such an experimental plan could be expected to yield quantitative
and/Or qualitative results when applied to brewing practices
The object
of the experiment is to boil hops at near national hopping rates for times
commensurate with brewing practice and to determine the amount lost by
distillation during the boils the amount rejected with the "spent" hops and
the amount left in the boiling water.
Emerimental results and discussions
20 grams of dry Fu le were added to 10 liters of boiling water
in a 12 1. flask (2 0.5 lbs./barrel). The oil distillate which came over
during the test period was dripped through a layer of petroleum ether
and
cycled back to the boiling flask. At the end of the test period the mixture
of hops was strained The boilater was connected to a new distillation
set-up and the distillation continued, again trapping the oil from
the
distillate by dripping through a petroleum ether layer. The "spent" hops
were added to 10 1. of fresh boiling water and their distillation continued
and the oil collected as before.
The oils from the three fractions were recovered from the solvents
weighed and sealed in glass ampoules
A,"whole" oil was collected in the same manner (20g/10 1.) for
comparison
85
Table 1.
Approximate distribution of oil during boiling (mg. oil/10 1. water).*
Boil time
Whole
Boil -off
8 min.
158
33
158
44
30
n
Boil-water
Recovered
ena....1,hoo
45
36
116
40
205
61
89
60 '
55
158
* Values not adjusted for solvent contamination nor polymerization loss.
Table 1 gives approximate values for the oil, recovered in the three
experiments. These values provide adequate estimates but are not reliably
quantitative for 2 reasons: (1) It is difficult to remove all solvent from
the oil without losing some oil. (2) Exposure to long boiling periods
(6 hours) during the distillation permits polymerization of susceptible
components, notably myrcene. The portion of the material collected which
was still volatile at the time of analysis and which was not solvent ranged
from as low as 1% (Boil-water fraction at 1 hour) to 100% (Boil. -off fraction
at 30 min). The "% purity0 of each fraction can be determined approximately
by the area traced on a gas Chromatographic analysis trace. Each fraction
was adjusted in that manner and the amount contributed by the different
components was calculated. The results are listed in Table 2.
Table 2.
Amount of each component found in each fraction for 8, 30 and 60
minute boiling periods.
1 1. from 20
-wa, a
Fu le hoes
sr
component
1.2
0.2
11.8
0.9
0aryophyllene .8
3.0
Humulene
...1
Unidentified
4.4
17.3
969
7.8
0.8
1.0
10.0
12.3
Total
44.3
31.7
Myrcene
Mt Ij.K.
7.7
Lest
01
0.4
1.8
2.9
0.6
0.1
0.3
1.2
1.8
5.3,
5.3
4.0
17.9
0.7
Oa
2.4
2.0
7.6
1.5
0.3
0.3
3.6
5.11.
114,4
460
00
11.3
16.5
0.3
0.1
52 mg was recovered from the 30 minute test period and 61 mg recovered from the
60 minute test period. The amount which should have been in the boil -water
fraction of the 8 minute boil would have to be 25 to 35 mg totals indicating
a high initial solubility which is rapidly displaced during boiling. This
hypothesis deserves further tests. Note that these recovery-figures place the
original oil content of the hops at from 2.0 mls/100g, indicating the right
order of magnitude has been accounted for.
Table 3 indicates the amount of oil and its composition that was
found in the boil.mater fraction in terms of ppm.
86
Table
3,
ppm of components found in boil.water.
Component
Myrcene
30 min, boil
60 min. boil
0.01
0.01
K,Caryophyllene
Humulene
Unidentified
0.014
0.18
0.29
0.06
0.01
0.03
0.12
0.18
Total
0.53
0.40
MsPiX41
All oil analyses were done on a GC..2 gas chromatograph at 160° with a
25 foot 5% polyester-succinate column.
87
Mt: SERVICE ANALYSES FOR OTHER STATIONS
S`tt
About 80 samples from the Idaho Branch Experiment Station
(R. R. Romankn) were analyzed for brewing value* These included selections
from Cluster crosses, material-from virus experiments and material from the
USDA breeding program. 40 Early and Late Cluster selections from the
Irrigation Experiment Station at Prosser, Wash* were analyzed for C. B. Skotland*
Object:
See Annual Report, 1959,
Results:
Samples listed in Table 1 were done for R. R. Roman1o, Plant Pathologists
Branch Experiment Station of the University of Idaho*
Table 1. Samples from Parma, Idaho.
(Received 9/20/61)
arson
-7------Orneisto
all
1b121
Wt.
103
108
135
234
1.6
1.07
0.61
0.71
0.80
0479
4110
100 gm,
L.C.
262
87
100
86
70
76
177
01
24.6
2342
161
91
26,5
1142
1.1101116
24.8
35.6
25,9
.24.5
23.5
24.3
28.8
28.7
96
99
/53
.......
03
eh
05
o6
09
010
011
012
019
023
23.4
27.3
g3/44
2403
115
153
7i2
7.7
7.5
7.4
742
10.5
Illineadeb
MON1111006
.......
1.01
,
Amur
7.7
7.2
7.4
7.0
8.1
7.0
6.5
1101111106
7.1
88
000011111
116
164
a.....
8.3
3.4
IIMMIO
4.9
ZOO pa
0.53
0.82
0.61
0,47
0.64
0.86
0.7
408
1.0
........
2.7
4.2
40
1.5
1.5
24
6.2
2.9
2.1
MINIM
5.76
6.9
2.6
2.4
4.6
3.7
2.1
5.5
3.2
4.5
3,24
0110
2.1
5.3
ilmailla
MINNIMI
.........
.....,
---------.......
2.5
2./
2.7
0.8
1.6
1.8
44
2,2
4.5
2.5
1.1
Received 10/27
015
017
No sample
No sample
7.7
7.8
e !ern.
ffry weigh basis
1.9
3.5
88
Table 1. cont.
Received from R. Romanko Sat. Sept. 9 * frozen until 9/11/61
Dry
Green.
Cone
Toond-X
% DM
I'M.
% OC
1
23 42
2
23.6
160
136
-3
....
2249
.....
.......
150
......
22,7
175
104
2248
2245
25.2
130
176
180
158
.......
20.9
2244
22.3
24.1
32.5
........
137
165
193
.....
2348
2348
22.0
2141
22.7
2341
27.6
21,5
23.5
23,9
161
171
252
136
155
162
173
147
151
Sample #
I.
6
7
8
9
22,2
10
n.
12
13
Mos
Mb
Mo
Mosaie.
Average
Mosaic
Control
Control
Control
Aver-rage
158
%
410111110
6.0
5,9
5.5
5,9
8.15
6.4
5.8
5.9
701
6.7
6.3
8.9
6,2
641
6,4
6.0
6.0
5.8
No sample
4.6
8.6
5.0
5.14
3.7
5.7?
.........
1.2
1.3
.......
....
1.3
...
6,5
IIIIIIIIOND
6.3
am...
111010
6.9
6.1
No sanvas
6.6
6.9
6.9
6.9
6.6
7.3
8.0
7.5
No sample
7.4
7.0
.
.0..
.......
......
am..
ar.....
&seen
Cone Els 0
Var.
8/29
a/29
% DM
Ifto
100 gm
107I
21L.2
128.1
21.5
137
157
0.83
0490
1Condaatometric Dettmtn.
2
s%0,(2,
1./..2.
2.6
2.8
3,3
2.3
3.4
1.2
3.4
3.4
3.0
2.8
3.I
2.5
3.6
3.3
3.3
7.7
6.8
3.4
3.5
364
3.5
3.5
1
lic
1.5
3.1
7.2
6.2
100 gm, %44;
.83
...
2.4
6.0
0_
1.8
33.4
Dry weight basis.
Spectrophotometrio Dettmtn. Dry weight basis.
3Lab Dried
LINO
labels on green samples. Dry samples labeled
2,
& 3*
The samples listed in Table 2 were done for C.-B. Skotland, Plant Pathologist
at the Irrigation. Experiment Station of, Washington State University.
89
Table 29 Samples from Prosser, Washington, 1961.
Pas. oil
6
Sample
% MC
100 gm DM
El
7.85
8.35
0.17
0.31
5,25
E1B
E2
E2A
7.70
8.55
0,30
0.32
5.16
5.31
3.09
ES
8.50
8.75
0.24
0.56
4.62
5.94
3.09
8.50
8.65
0.29
0.63
4.80
6.54
2.99
E9B
MO
8.65
8.110
0,26
0.48
4.91
5,85
2,99
ElOB
E21
8.55
8.95
0.38
0.47
5.141
E21B
5.23
3.33
Li
8.30
0.20
3.12
9.15
0.50
4431
LIB
5.78
3.40
12
8.85
8,90
0,36
0,75
6.26
7.00
4.07
L2B1
L3
9.00
8.65
0,69
0,82
5.59
5.60
3.50
L3B1
LA
8.35
7.95
0,214
4.414
3.38
LAB
0028
5.15
3.88
L8
L8B1
8.60
8.45
0.22
0,32
5.50
4.15
3.89
L9
7.85
8.40
0,51
4.75
3.84
3.14
8.10
8.70
035
4.50
5.22
3.08
3.30
E5B
E9
L9B
L16
Wm
* Dry weight basis
0955
0.42
%C
(dwb)*
5,72
6.55
%
(thib )*
3,20
3.35
3.38
3.18
346
3.02
3049
4.32
3.92
2.60
APPENDIX
9X
CULTURAL PRACTICES
General
Hop hills were burned off in early spring with a propane burner.
This burning operation was started in 1960 and observations in 1961 indicate a
decrease in annual weed growth around the hills. The burning this year was done
on March 30 and followed with a second burn a week later.
All experimental areas received two irrigation applications of two
inches eachj the first applied in late June and the second three weeks later.
The early irrigation coincided with early burr stage of growth and the late
irrigation approximated the cone stage. Experimental plots were plowed on
April 8-9 and pruning operation started April 10 and completed April 24.
Training was started on May 15 in the gibberellic acid trial and Completed
two weeks later in the planting time and stock trial. The pruning and training
periods were two weeks earlier than last year, but they are comparable to
average date for these practices. Harvest of plots started on August 21,
The Fuggle prune and train plus the herbicide trial were picked by hand
but the remaining trials'were harvested with a portable picker and harvest was
completed on August 29.
College East Farm
Trials were fertilized, using a 5 ft. spreader, on May 15 with 1200
pounds of 13 -13 -13 fertilizer per acre, except the 1960 nursery and the planting
time and stock trial which received 600_pounds of.13.13.1301
The 1960 nursery was planted during late fall of 1960, whereas the
1961 nursery was planted in the fall of 1961. The fall planting practice has been
adopted when applicable to assure a better stand and growth the first growing
season.
The trials north of the roadway were sprayed twice (6/27 and 7/14)
with Metasystox (6 oz/100 gals) spray for aphid control. The remaining east half
of the yard was sprayed with Systox and the west half with.Ftosdrin, both applied
at the rate of 1 pint per 100 gallons on June 28
Smith Yard
The height of trellis trial was re-established with 6 varieties in
late fall of 1960. The entire yard received 600 pounds of 13-13-13 fertilizer
per acre on May 16. The entire yard was sprayed for aphid control on June 20
with Systox.
Brown Yard
Fertilizer was applied on May 16 at the rate of 600 pounds of
Phosdrin was applied on June 28 for aphid control.
13 -13 -13 per acre.
92
Field Map of Hop Investigationsp Lewis Brown Farm
Seedless Variety Trial
Field Map of Hop Investigations, Smith Farm
93
Field Map of Hop Investigations, College East Farm, 19610
p4.4
Herbicides
aIl
la
t'l
L"
03
In
.r1
P
H
1
C:)
IA
to
Fuggle
Time of
Pruning
and
Training
Gibberellic
on Fuggle
p-
$1
H
ss
vD
o.
g0
8
13:1
f
i
0
vp
a.
r-I
(1)
VD.
a.
H
n-I
Breeding
Block
rt
Male Lines
Observation Block
Late Cluster
Time of
Pruning and
Training
Insecti
cides
Bulk Planting in 1962
Fuggle
Time an
Stock
IPlantin
Genetic Study
Disease
Nursery
Reserved for New
Expt, Variety Test
95
TRAVEL REPORT
S. N. BROOKS
JUNE 29 - AUG. 11, 1961
Itinerary and Contacts
June 30 - July 1
Mr. L. S. Gimbel III and Mr. Bernard Schwartz,
S. S. Steiner, Inc.,
655 Madison Ave., New York 21, N.Y.
Mr. Frank Kenney and Mr. William Stewart,
P. Ballantine & Sons,
57 Freeman St.,
Newark 1, N.J.
July 3 - 4
Dr. A. F. Posnette (Head), Dr. P. W. Talboys,
Mr. J. F. Wilson, Mr. J. T. Legg, and
Mr. P. J. Ormerod,
Plant Pathology Sections
East Mailing Research Station,
Nr. Maidstone, Kent,
England.
July 5 - 7
Dr. H. S. Darling (Head), Mr. R. A. Neve,
Mr. R. F. Farrar, Mr. J. B. Roberts,
Dr. J. Coley-Smith, Dr. I. H. Williams,
Mr. H. C. Thompson, and Mr. F. H. Beard,
Department of Hop Research, Wye College,
Nr. Ashford, Kent,
England.
July 10 - 12
Mr. G. P. Chater (Director), and Mr. N. Moss,
Rosemaund Emperimental Husbandry Farm,
Preston-Wynne, Hereford,
England.
July 14 - 18
Mr. W. Raymond Ogg,,
Agricultural Attache
American Embassy,
Brussels, Belgium
Dr. Jo Verbelen, Directeur Genral,
Administration dela Production Agricole
30 rue de la Lois
Bruxelles 4, Belgium.
Mr. Franz Hoed (In charge), and Mr. Morimont,
Institut National Beige du Houblon,
190 Dieweg.Uccle,
Belgium.
6
Mr. Andrg J. Allaeys (President)and Mr. A. Bortier,
Allaeys Engineering Works Inc.,
Poperinge
Belgium.
July 19 - 20
Mr. George Parks,
Agricultural Attache
American Embassy,
The Hague, Netherlands.
Dr. H. deHaan, Mr. Eilenburg, and Dr. Cley,
Dept. of Agricultural Plant Breeding and Foundation
of Agricultural Plant Breeding,
66 Nude,
Wageningen, Netherlands.
July 24 - 26
Prof. Dr. F. Zattler,
Abtl. Hopfenbau und Hopfenforschung,
B. Landenanstalt far Pflanzenbau und Pflanzenschutz,
Mtinchen 230
Brieffach,
Bavaria.
Dr. Pfeifer and Mr. H. Jehl,
Deatschen Gesellschaft far Hopfenforschung E.V.
Hopfenversuchsgut Hull,
bei Wolnzach,
West Germany,
Mr. Karl Gebhardt,
L. Oppenheimer and Co. Inc.,
24 Hochstrasse,
Nuernberg
West Germany.
July 27 - 28
Mr, S. Stinor Gimbel (from U.S.), Mr, Karl Held,
Mr. Prach, and Mr. Steinbeck,
Simon H. Steiner, Hopfen,
Steiner Strasse 3/8 (Postfach 70),
Laupheim
West Germany,
Mr, Helmut Steiner,
Steiner Hopfen G.m.b.H.
General Guisan Strasse 35 (Postfach 7),
St. Gall 10,
Switzerland.
July
31.
Aug. 1
Aug, 2
Aug. 3
Aug. 5 - 8
Mr. G. Meneret (Le Directeur), Mr. G. Sixdenier
and Mr. Cohn,
Station D?Amelioration des Plantes,
14 Avenue Victor-Hugo,
Dijon,
France.
(Directeur) and Dr, F. Gouin
Dr. Alfred Schneider
Coop. des Planteurs de Houblon dIAlsace,
3 Rue Kirschleger,
Strasbourg, France.
Dr. Minneman and Mr. Williams,
Agricultural Attache,
American Embassy,
Paris, France.
Dr. L. M. Pultz (Chief), and Dr. J. 0. Culbertson,
Oilseed and Industrial Crops Research Branch,
Beltsville, Md.
Detailed Account of Visits
East Mailing Research Station,
KentLIFILLalzlanills.
Section, and discussed the
I met Dr, Posnette, Head of Plant Pathology
and Mr. J. F. Wilson. Main
him
and
Dr.
P.
W,
Talboys
work of the Station with
problem in England. There
discussion was concerned with the Verticillium wilt
varieties in England. Whitbred.
are now about 1600 acres in wilt-tolerant
Mid-season since 1953. It is
Golding (1147) has largely replaced Keyworthys
qualities. There are three new
not particularly good, but it has no bad
These are Density (Dl),
hops
being
tested.
varieties of wilt-tolerant
Arrangements were made to have these three
Defender (D3) and Janus (J2).
the near future. Wye College
varieties introduced to the States for testing in
and 0M26) that are not good commercially, but
has two other selections (0B53
which possess good tolerance to wilt.
wilt, but
American wild hops possess no particular tolerance to
of tolerance (D1 and D3).
derivatives of American wild hops are good sources
"American aroma" which is undesirable
However these derivatives also possess the
to English Brewers.
By 1930 a
Fluctuating wilt was first noticed in England about 1925.
and by
This
became
wide-spread,
mutant strain was found which was very severe.
Spread seems to follow the cultiva1938 it was considered a serious problem.
winds, Keyworth started
tion pattern in addition to direction of prevailing
working on wilt about the middle 19301s.
Hop work at East Mailing is now almost entirely concerned with virus
diseases and Verticillium wilt. Breeding work is all done at Wye under a
cooperative scheme whereby East Melling screens the seedlings for tolerance to
Verticillium wilt. This scheme seems to be quite effective.
East Mailing has approximately one acre in the wilt screening nursery
which is surrounded by lewing to cut down on spread of wilt inoculum.
Inoculation is made by applying approximately 112 pounds of chopped refuse
of wilt infected plants and incorporating this into the soil. Coupled with
the field screening are pathogenicity tests made in the greenhouse. Persons
leaving the area where wilt tests are being carried out are required to rinse
their boots in a formalin solution when leaving.
The progressive strain of wilt in England is most surely not
V. dahliae, but it is V. alb.-atrum. Fluctuating wilt symptoms are often not
seen during the seasonbecause the practice of stripping eliminates them.
It creates an enlargement of the lower vine caused by continued replacement
of vascular tissue which becomes filled with tyloses. Progressive wilt does
not form tyloses but kills the vine clear to the top. Vascular cells become
permeated with mycelium, but dye movement upward is not stopped.
Symptoms
begin with zebra striping of the leaves, followed by necrosis at leaf margins
which progresses inwardly interveirially. There is also upward curling of
leaf margins. Symptom expression of progressive strain in tolerant varieties
resembles the symptom expression of fluctuating strain in susceptible varieties.
Virus work at East Milling was discussed with Mr. J. T. Legg and
Mr. P. Jo Ormerod. There are three virus diseases which are serious problems
in England. These are Nettlehead, Split-leaf Blotch, and Mosais. Work at
East Mailing has shown that Nettlehead can be sap-transmitted, which leaves
out the "yellows" type of virus. They are not sure what the vector is, but
feel it is not leaf-hopper. It may be soil nematodes. Split-leaf blotch
usually precedes Nettlehead in a particular hop garden. This would indicate
that perhaps Nettlehead is a complex of Split -leaf blotch and another virus.
Split-leaf Blotch may be transmitted by aphids.
Because the variety Fuggle is a carrier of Mosaic virus, it is
recommended that Fuggle not be planted near any field of Goldings varieties,
because Mosaic is usually fatal to Goldings. Just recently J. T. Legg of
East Mailing has described a mild strain of Mosaic virus which is not fatal
to the Goldings varieties. Their work has shown also that Mosaic is
transmitted by the winged damsel hop aphid.
The following reprints were obtained from the East Mailing Research
Station. These reprints will be loaned on request to anyone wishing them on
a temporary basis.
E. W. Talboys, A Culture Medium Aiding the Identification of Verticillium
albo-atrum and Verticillium dahliae. Plant Path. 9t 57-58. 1960.
J. F. Wilson, Notes on Three New Wilt-tolerant Hops. Annual Report of the.
East Mailing Research Station for 1958, pp. 161-1620 19590
J. F. Wilson, Density, Defender and Janues. Three New Wilt-tolerant Hops.
Ann. Rpt. of the East Melling Res. Sta. for 19582 pp. 110-115. 1959.
J. T. Legg and P. J. Ormerod Research on Hop Virus Diseases at East Melling.
Ann. Rpt. of the East Melling Res. Sta. for 19582 pp. 157 -160. 1959.
J. T. Legg, The Effect of Split-leaf Blotch and Nettlehead Virus Diseases
on the Yield of Fuggle Hops. Jour. of Hort. SU. 344 122-125. 1959.
J. T. Legg, A Mild Strain of Hop Mosaic Virus.
Res, Sta. for 1958, pp. 116-117. 1959.
Ann. Rpt. of the East Mailing
J. T. Legg and P. J. Ormerod, Yellow Net -- A Virus Disease of Hop.
Rpt. of the East Mailing Res. Sta. for 1960, p. 105. 1961.
Department of Ho
Research, W
College; Kent, En land (Jul
Ann.
5-7)0
The work at Wye College is carried out under the direction of
Dr. H. S. Darling, Head of Department. The department is well equipped and
well staffed. Mr. R. A. Neve and Mr, R. F. Farrar are in charge of the plant
breeding work, Mr. J. B. Roberts is in charge of work on hop quality both
from the standpoint of independent research as well as servicing the plant
breeding project and agronomic studies, Dr. I. H. Williams is crop
physiologist working on growth and development of the hop plant, Mr. H. C.
Thompson and Mr. F. H. Beard work jointly on the management and agronomic
studies, Dr. J. Coley-Smith works on downy mildew control methods and
cooperates with Mr. Neve on breeding new varieties resistant to downy mildew.
The scheme for breeding at Wye College does not differ greatly from
the scheme used at Oregon State University. Crosses are made and the seedlings are grown in the greenhouse the first year, During this time they
are screened by the plant pathologist for resistance to downy mildew.
During the second year progenies are grown in pots. Coley-Smith inoculates the
seedlings with a spore suspension applied at ground level in order to get
crown infection. Disease-free seedlings are selected for further test,
During the third to fifth years the selected seedlings are grown in 3-hill
observation plots. Observations are made every year, but no real selection
is made until the seedlings are three years old. During the fifth and sixth
years the selected material is increased for variety trials, At the same time,
cuttings are sent to East Mailing, that is if they have not been sent earlier,
for incorporation into the Verticillium wilt nursery where their tolerance to
wilt is determined. From the sixth to the tenth year, trials are established of
the remaining selections in 2 x 5 hill plots in field trials, Subsequently
the new varieties are grown in "new variety" plots on grower yards,
Sufficient material is grown to get a pocket, more or less, of hops from each
variety for brewing analysis. Brewing trials are then made on the material
in the new variety tests. Previously, however, inspection samples have been
submitted to the brewing industry from the 3-hill observation plots.
Occasionally brewing trials are performed on a pocket or so of hops composited
from four replications of the 2 x 5-hill plots,
Mr. Neve has been working on the cytology of the hop plant. He has
found that XXXY tetraploid individuals are both male and female fertile. This
may prove useful in obtaining inbred material in hops. More important,
however, they furnish a means of examining the cone characteristics of the
male parents used in the polyploid breeding program°
Work done by Neve indicates that the sex-ratio of the progeny from
the crosses can be controlled by management° He suggests that the percentage
of female plants compared to the number of males in a progeny can be increased
by the following management treatments8
lo
Use a large amount of pollen in making the cross°
2.
Give sufficient cold treatment to the seeds°
30
Select early germinators and do not allow these to go dormant because
of day length at the time of emergence°
He states that female seedlings germinate early as a rule, if they have been
given sufficient cold treatment prior to germination, and quite often the
early germinating seedlings will become dormant because of day length conditions
at the time of emergence° As day length increases in the springtime the late
emerging seedlings will be predominantly male, and these will be the ones that
will make up the bulk of the progenies°
Mt° Jo B. Roberts is working on the utilization of oil constituents
in brewing. Oils are steam-distilled, and hop samples are sent to merchants
for evaluation. Roberts states that the so-called American aroma is
associated with anabundance of myrcene in the hop oil. Comparisons are
being made with the wort distilled from one variety.
Roberts and Neve have found that 12.5 ppm of gibberellic acid on
Bullion at floral initiation, which is about June 15, increased the alpha
acid content 50% in other words from 6 to 9%.
Recent work has shown that 2 PSP or 2 -chlorophenylthio propionio
acid applied to the foliage caused male flowers to develop on female hops.
Roberts has synthesized 12 relatives to 2 PSP but the results were not yet
availableo
In connection with the downy mildew screening of seedlings from the
breeding program, Coley-Smith has tested the detached leaf method of Hoerner
and the method of inoculating single shoots from potted plants. During
preliminary trials detached leaf methods gave variable results, probably
because of differential ages of leaf and inoculum concentrations.
Measuring the number of shoots which became lateral spikes on the individual
shoots following 10. to 15-day incubation periods in a cold frame seemed to
provide a better indication of the degree of field resistance of the hop
varieties. In these inoculation trials, one variety (2I, 118) a resistant
hop obtained from Professor F. Zattler of Munich, and another (16/54/14) a
seedling derived from an open pollinated plant of 21, 118, proved to be very
highly resistant to downy mildew.
Williams and his co-workers have developed the two-node method
of propagating softwood cuttings in large batches, This method is now in
commercial practice in England whereby propagators provide planting stock
of desired material, Experiments have shown that a misting system controlled
by an "electronic leaf" designed to maintain automatically the maximum
turgidity of the cuttings during the rooting period, and bottom heat of the
soil of 75°F, greatly increases the number of the cuttings that survive
as well as their rates of rooting, This is done in the glass house and can be
done any time of the year when source material is available. Maintaining
propagation material in a heated greenhouse with a daylength of 16 hours
provided a rate of production of cuttings by this method of about x 10 every
six weeks. In other words, if one cutting is taken at the beginning of
January, it will have rooted after two weeks in mist propagation and if
potted it will develop a shoot in about four weeks from which 10 or 12
two-node cuttings can be taken for further propagation, A unit 6'8" x 31
is capable of a turnover of 300 cuttings every two to three weeks,
A satisfactory greenhouse is available commercially in England for
this type of work, It is called a Byron glass house and has dimensions of
16' x 10'. It costs about 80 pounds or about $200, exclusive of the cost
of any foundation necessary. For an additional $200. to $300, a mist propagation unit can be supplied along with a pot watering unit both of which are
automatic, This additional cost will also include lighting and ventilation,
Experiments on the carbohydrate balance of hop plants by Williams
indicate that newly-planted hops should be allowed to carry as much healthy
leaf as possible!in their first year in the field and that as much leaf area
as possible is left until the shoots die naturally. Williams advocates for
all hops the cleaning off of suckers because they draw on root reserves early,
He believes low laterals should be left to furnish photosynthetic areas after
harvest. In other words, don"t strip. In addition when bedded sets are used
for planting they should not be trimmed too drastically in order to leave
a supply of carbohydrate,
Williams is not convinced that irrigation is economically feasible
in England, The indications are that it would increase yields appreciably
one year in ten. However, commercial irrigation of young plants of up to
three years may greatly assist establishment and increased yield particularly
when May and June are exceptionally dry. In all irrigation experiments at
Wye College Penman's method is used to determine irrigation scheduling,
Height of wire-work, variety testing, continuous cover crop and
other management studies are carried out by Thompson and Beard. Experiments
on the effectiveness of Terracytam and Metasystox are being carried out to
test their effectiveness against insect pests, Metasystox gives protection
for about three weeks when four fluid ounces of a mixture containing 12
pounds to 200 gallons of water is applied to each hill, About four fluid
ounces of a mixture of Terracytam of one quart to fifty gallons is used,
A height of wire work trial is under way at Wye College° Fuggle
Northern Brewer and Bullion are being tested at three different trellis
heights (141, 161 and 18') and at three different spacings (605 x 9,
6.5 x 7.5, and 6.5 x 605)0 The numbers of plants per acre for these three
spacings are approximately 745, 800 and 1031, respectively. The experiment
is in a split plot arrangement. In addition to getting data on the effects of
wirework and spacing, comparisons are being made between machine and hand
picking.
Also at Wye there is a trial of 15 late and 8 early Golding
selections. Presumably these Golding selections all arose from a common
source at one time and are similar in type and quality. Another variety
trial is carried out in cooperation with the European Brewing Convention
Hop Liaison Committee which includes Span, Fuggle N, Northern Brewer,
Hallertau and two of Winge°s Danish varieties, S 978 and S 1478. This
particular variety test is being carried out in several countries simultaneously.
A trip was made with Mr. Thompson to the GuineSs Hop Farms at Bodiam.
Here we were shown around the Guiness Hop Farms by Mr. H. R. Roberts,
Managing Director. Guiness Hop Farms at Bodiam have approximately 900 acres
of hops, of which about half is picked by machine and the other half is picked
by hand, utilizing approximately 1000 pickers during the season. Of interest
here were the permanent cover crop plots and the commercial irrigation
facility being used. S50 Timothy is being grown in the permanent cover
crop yard. Several grasses have been tested along with tumbledown (natural
growth), and S50 appears to be the best species for grassing down. The use
of grass as a permanent cover crop is to cut down on the amount of travel
across the ground for cultivation purposesy to provide a more solid footing
for work in wet weather, which may be continuous during certain periods in
England; and if pure grass is available, it presumably reduces the spread of
Verticillium wilt through a particular yard.
The following reprints and bulletins were obtained from Wye College,
and these can be furnished on temporary loan to individuals desiring to read
theme
E. W. Weston, Changes in Sex in the Hop Caused by Plant Growth Substances.
Nature Vol. 188, pp. 81-82. 1960.
J. R. Coley-Smith Testing Hop Varieties for Resistance to Downy Mildew
Disease Pseudoperonospora humuli I. Preliminary detached leaf and shoot
tests° Wye Col. Dept. of Hop Res. Ann, Rpt. for 1959, PP. 40-470 1960.
J. R. Coley-Smith, Overwintering of Hop Downy Mildew, Pseudoperonospora
humuli. Wye Col. Dept. of Hop Res. Ann. Rpt. for 1959, PP. 107-1140 19600
I. Ho Williams and J. T. Sykes, Hop Propagation II. Soft Wood Internodal
Cuttings, Wye Colo Dept. of Hop Res, Ann. Rpt, for 1958, pp. 62 -69, 1590
I. H. Williams and R. F. Farrar, Hop Propagation III, The Growth of Suitable
Material for the Provision of Soft Wood Cuttings for Mist Propagation, and
the Subsequent Behavior of the Cuttings in the Field. Wye Col. Dept. of
Hop Res. Ann. Rpt. for 1959, pp. 48-530 19600
I. Ho Williams, Changes in the Carbohydrate Balance of the Hop, (iumulus
L) in Relation to the Annual Growth Cycle in Young Plants. Wye
Col. Dept. of Hop Res. Ann. Rpt. for 1959, pp. 98-1060 1960,
I. H. Williams, Irrigation Problems and the Hop.
Res, Ann, Rpt. for 1957, appendix V, 1958.
Wye Colo Dept, of Hop
H. Williams and J. F. Brown, Hop Irrigation -- Progress Report, Wye
Colo Dept. of Hop Res. Ann, Rpt. for 1959, Pp. 70-810 1960.
Co A. Watson, The Effect of Soil pH and Manganese Toxicity-on the Growth and
Mineral Composition of the Hop Plant, Jour, Hort. Scio Vol. 35, pp. 13619600
]-45,
F. Co Thompson, The Effect of Spacing and Height of Wirework on the Pattern
of Growth, Yield and Resin Production of Hops. Jour, Inst, Brewing Volume
63 No, 5, PP. 399-4070 1957.
F, Co Thompson, A Long Term Manurial Experiment with Hops. The Effect of
Heavy Manuring on Soil Fertility and On the Yield, Leaf, Mineral Content and
Resin Content of the Variety Fuggle. Jour. Hort. Scio Vol, 35, pp. 1852010
/9600
Rosemaund E erimental Husband
Farm Herefordshire
England
Jul
10-12):
The Rosemaund Experimental Husbandry Farm located near Hereford,
England, is one of a chain of experimental husbandry centers of the Nationsl
Agricultural Advisory Servics.of the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and
Food, These husbandry farms were designed to fill the gap between the research
project and the simpler trial carried on by NAAS officers on commercial farms,
Local problems are studied as far as it is possible within the facilities
available, These farms should not be looked upon as demonstration farms,
although good farming practice is emphasized.
The Rosemaund Experimental Husbandry Farm has as its director
Mr. G. P. Chater who was for a number of years hops advisory officer in
Herefordshire, Recently Mr. N, Moss has replaced Mk. Chater as the hop
advisory officer.
The Rosemaund Experimental Husbandry Farm performs experiments on a
wide variety of crops as well as on livestock. Hop research constitutes a
significant part of the farm's activities,
Facilities for hop research at Rosemaund are excellent. The station
is equipped with a mechanical picker (Bruff) and a new hop house containing
three kilns of 20 x 20 feet and four other kilns of 11 x 11 feet for small
plot work, The driers are well instrumented, and there are presses built
in for compressing the hops from the experimental plots into pockets for sale,
Sulfuring during drying is accomplished on the basis of Burgess's formula
to give specific concentrations of SO2 in the air for a 30- minute period early
during the drying period. Horse hair lifting cloths are used to remove the
dried hops from the kiln floors and to transport them to the presses, which
are on the same fldor. This system of removing hops from kilns is fairly
standard in England and allows the hop grower to remove his hops and prepare
them for pressing with a minimum amount of breakage.
In addition to the facilities for picking and drying, three hopyards
are available on station lands for various hop experiments. Most of the work on
hops at the station is concerned with management, however observations are
made on new varieties being developed by Wye College or by the Wye College East Mailing joint program.
The Herefordshire District is for the time being free of progressive
Verticillium wilt infestation. Progressive wilt was found on the Rosemaund
Experimental Husbandry Farm at one time, but in 1957 that particular yard
was grubbed out and probably will not be grown to hops for 30 years or more.
wilt tolerant varieties are grown on the farm because the staff does not
No
The point being
want to have varieties grown that will not show symptoms.
that if wilt comes in, they want to know it.
A one-half day trip was taken to the Frome Valley in Herefordshire
to visit the Claston Farm owned and operated by Phillip and Peter Davies.
This farm has about 60 acres in hops out of a total of about 187 acres.
The hop varieties grown are Fuggle,
The Davies also operate other holdings.
Golding, Early-bird Bramling and Mathon. All hops are grown with the
Incidentally, SplitWorcester system ( 8 x 3.5 feet) on 15 foot wirework.
leaf Blotch spreads more rapidly in the Worcester system than it does in the
umbrella system. Moss said that eel-worm is suspected of transmitting
Split-leaf Blotch from plant to plant. The eel-worm involved is probably
Xiottillatm. However, the Davies do not like the Kent system (umbrella)
because of the wind. The Davies have won numerous prizes on hops during the
past several years. During the last few years there has been a transition
from hand picking to machine picking and the Davies will be completely hachine.
picked in 1961.
An afternoonls trip was made to the Teme Valley in Worcestershire to
the farm of Mr. James Notts a very impressive gentleman who has been active in
agriculture for many years. Mr. Nott has been growing Salmonfs variety since
19430 He is also now growing WFT2 which is a triploid Bullion. He is the
type of person who enjoys doing experimental work along with his general
farming operations. He grows 30 acres of hops and altogether farms 450
acres. In addition to his farming enterprise he has a mist propagating
system and is in the commercial production of propagating stock of Bullion,
WFT2, and a few other hop varieties. He explained to me that Herefordshire
is an older agricultural area than Kent in Southwest England and that there
are 1000-year-old records on some farms in Herefordshire. The Worcester
system is also used by Mr. Nott with a spacing of 9 x 4 feet. In fact, the
Worcester system is by far the more common system of training used in the
just mow beteg tested live few. ammo
West Midlands* The umbrella system is
The following publications were obtained from the Rosemaund
Experimental Husbandry Farm and as the others, are available for temporary
loan:
Anonymous,
Farm.
Rosemaund on Record 1950-19600
Rosemaund Experimental Husbandry
Anonymous, Summarized Report on the Experimental Work on Hops.
Experimental Husbandry Farm, Jan, 19590
Rosemaund
E. L. Jones and N. Moss, Report on the Experimental Work on Hops.
Rosemaund Experimental Husbandry Farm, Jan, 19590
Anonymous,
Farm Guide.
Rosemaund Experimental Husbandry Farm, 1961.
General impressions from Great Britain
Several ideas were picked up which probably could be put in use in
this country for the benefit of the hop growing industry. (1) Probably
we need to modify our trellis system for maximum production. Double wires
for each row seem desirable since this would enable more strings to be
grown to each hill without undue tangling of the vines. At least the
umbrella or Kent system should be tried on an experimental basis. (2)
Mist propagation of planting stock is very good. In this respect the John
Innes potting medium appears to give excellent growth. In all the pot-grown
plants I saw in England, both at Wye College and East Mailing, and in commercial
propagating greenhouses, no chlorotic or unhealthy plants were seen. All
plants grown in pots appeared to have good color and good vigor. I attribute
Another thing we need to do is
(3)
this primarily to the potting medium.
Undoubtedly this will
Burgess.
to study the drying and sulfuring work of
and
a
better
knowledge of drying.
give us more objective control of sulfuring
also
supply an advantage
(4) The lewing used for wind breaks in England should
They
seem
to
be
very
effective
in
cutting down
for American hop growers.
wind damage to the cones and to prevent fallen vines during the season.
believe that lewing would be particularly advantageous in the Yakima Valley.
Finally we need to concentrate on more uniform and maximum production
(5)
per acre both in our farming enterprize and in our experimental work. In all
the hops I saw in England, gaps or missing hills are almost non-existent.
Efforts are made to make every plant produce to its maximum. As a rule, hop
yards are uniform from hill to hill with respect to vigor and color and in
having a common number of vines trained at each hill. Only in problem areas
was there non-uniformity.
Belgium
(July 14-18):
Sincq the scientific personnel in Belgium had not been heard from
prior to my visit there, initial contact was made with Mr. Ogg, Agricultural
Attache for Belgium, stationed in Brussels. Mr. Ogg was extremely helpful in
Mr.
helping me line up appointments with Mr. Hoed, near Brussels, and with
96
Allaeys of Poperinge. In addition Mk. Ogg made available to me several
agricultural attachd reports regarding the hop industry in Belgium.
In 1958 there were approximately 800 hectares of hops being grown
in Belgium. The largest producing area is in the vicinity of Poperinge
where there are approximately 520 hectares. The other important areas are
those in Alost and Asse. Approximately 424 families are in the hop producing
business in the district of Asset 180 families in the district of Alost and
366 families in the district of Poperinge. This was in 1960-61. In 1958
the variety Hallertau constituted approximately 70% of the total hop
acreage. Tettnang and Northern Brewer each constituted about 10% with the
remaining 10% of the hop acreage being composed of Fuggle, Saaz, and other
varieties.
The Belgian hop industry has had rather severe setbacks of recent
years. Because of inclement weather and slow market demand in 1960 and 1961
the Ministry of Agriculture felt it necessary to subsidize hop growers. A
subsidy of 200 Belgian francs per are (119.6 square yards) was granted in 1961.
A visit was made to the hop research station at Uccle immediately
J. Verbelen, Director-General
south of Brussels. I was escorted by
Administration of Agricultural Production (similar to our Agricultural
Extension Service). We were shown around the experiment station at Uccle by
Professor F. Hoedt who is in.oharge of the research work there. One of
the main experiments being carried out at this station is a study on the
nutrient requirements of the hop plant based on ionic equilibrium. It is
conducted with hydroponic solution in sand culture pots. The nutrients being
studied are nitrates phosphates and sulphate ions as well as calcium,
magnesium and potassium. Different combinations are incorporated into the
trial to give different ionic balances. In other words SO3 with 6000 and 10
units of calcium, magnesium and potassium etc. The results of this trial
were not available, but they will probably be published in future years.
Details of the experiment were not available since the experiment is under
the supervision of Mr. Homes of the University of Brussels.
Another project being done at.this station is a development of new
varieties. Crosses are made in a double-cloth house. During the pollinating
season men never enter this house because of the danger of allowing pollen
to be spread throughout the hop area. There is an extremely strong effort
in Belgium to prevent any seed production in the commercial varieties,
therefore the station has to be very careful and not be responsible for
allowing male pollen to be dispersed during the flowering period. All
spraying for disease and insects and,irrigations eta.are made through openings
through the building wall which are then re-sealed.
During the season of 1961, 13 female plants were being pollinated
by one male (japonicus) plant. Every year different combinations are tried.
After the crosses are made, standard procedures are used in testing the
varieties. The seedlings are first tried in single hills where they are
observed for one or more seasons. The selected material is then moved to
observation plots of several hills each. Based on performance in observation
plots, the few remaining selections are then put into replicated field trials.
_07
The trellises used for growing hops at the station at Uccle are
the highest I have ever seen. It is common in Belgium to have trellises of
705 meters in height. This is approximately 252. However, trellises of
almost 9 meters (about 302) are being tried. The point is that they do not
want the hop vines to reach the wires, They feel that some growth is lost
if the vines are allowed to reach the wires and droop over. Attempts are
being made to devise trellis heights which will allow the vines to grow in
an upright position throughout the season. Common spacing at the station
was 2.5 meters by 1.25 meters (approximately 8 x 4 feet). Usually two
vines were grown up each wire per hill0
A trip was made to the Poperinge district in Western Belgium where
the largest Belgian hop area is located. There is no research work being
done in this area, but there are two points of interest with regard to this
trip.
At Poperinge is located the Allaeys Engineering Works, manufacturers
of hop picking machines. The Allaeys machines are gaining increasing favor
in continental Europe with most of the production going to the German hop
growers* Mr. Andre J. Allaeys, President of the engineering works, and
Mr. Antoon Bortier explained the manufacturing of hop picking machines and the
distribution of the Allaeys machines during the past few years. If I remember
correctly the Allaeys Engineering Works are manufacturing approximately 500
machines per year. Sizes range from their Junior model to the Europa, with
the different sizes being geared to accommodate different sizes of hop
enterprises* One Allaeys machine was being shipped to the United States for a
trial run in the Yakima Valley during the 1961 season.
A visit was made to the farm of Mr, Top, one of the leading
farmers in Belgium, who farms a total of 30 hectares in the vicinity of Proven.
Mt. Top grows 5.5 hectares of hops with the remainder of the farm being taken
up with barley, oats, wheat, sugar beets, potatoes and a small livestock
enterprize. He and his family live in a house the foundation of which is 400
years old, supporting an upper part that was built in 1803. Mr. Top is an
unusual farmer, having brought the first deep freeze into Belgium, purchased
the first mechanical hop picking machine in Belgium in 1951t (an Allaeys
portable), grew the first Star variety of hops and is the fifth generation
of Tops growing hops. His son will be the sixth generation, and when that
time comes a sixth cone will be added to the marketing stencil used in
marking all bales produced on the farm* Mr. Top grows hops on a trellis of
a height of about 6.5 meters, with the usual spacing of 2.2 meters x 14
meters. Some hop fields have a spacing of 2.8 x 1.8 meters, depending upon
the variety.
Usually the vines are cut one meter above the ground for machine
picking, but following harvest they are cut below ground level and then soil
is plowed over the rows. In February the soil is plowed off the rows and
the stocks are then cut again about 40 to 50 centimeters below ground level.
Mr. Top claims that he has treated a Hallertau yard in this manner for 23
years without having had to replace a single hill during that time.
()8
Another unusual practice observed on this farm was the cutting of
the lateral tips following blooming. Lateral tips are all cut at 3 nodes from
the main vine. This apparently does not change the yieldss but the claim
was made that it allows more sunshine to reach the lower portions of the vines,
and improves quality by having fewer small cones in the final product. An
average yield for Mr. Top is from 2000 to 2500 kilos of dry hops per hectare,
With respect to drying, drying is done on the farm at a temperature
of 55°C, with a bottom fan which delivers 28,000 CFM, Approximately 1800
kilos of green hops are dried in 8 hours on floors laid approximately 80
centimeters deep,
No scientific literature was obtained in Belgium, The only material
obtained were leaflets describing the various types of Allasys hop picking
machines,
The Netherlands (Jul
19 -20)°
The decision to visit the agricultural research center at Wageningen
in the Netherlands was not reached in time to make definite arrangements to
visit scientific personnel there. Therefore initial arrangements were made
through the Agricultural Attache, Mr, George Parks, in The Hague. Mr. Parks
made appointments for me to visit the Department of Agricultural Plant
Breeding at Wageningen with Dr. H. deHaans one of the scientists on the staff.
The Department of Agricultural Plant Breeding at Wageningen is an
internationally known organization in the field of plant breeding. It is
directed by Professor Dr. J. C, Dorst who is Head of Department, The
activity of this Department is concerned with the instruction of students,
scientific research studies on varietiess breeding work of winter and spring
wheats winter and spring barleys (Data, maizes winter rye and peas. Investigations are also made on disease resistance in potatoes. Varieties produced
by the department are also maintained by the department. Literature is
supplied by means of an extensive catalog in a well-stocked library. The
Department is famous also for Euphytical the Netherlands Journal of Plant
Breedings which it edits. There is close cooperation between this department
and the Foundation of Agricultural Plant Breeding located in a neighboring
building,
Many visitors from many lands come to the Department of Agricultural
Plant Breeding and other departments at Wageningen. There are excellent
facilities for taking care of the many visitors received, A film is
available which demonstrates the work of the plant breeding establishments.
A reception or lecture room is available in which there is a showcase and a
place where visitors can be welcomed before they visit the field plots,
Various leaflets and mimeographed papers are available explaining the work
of the station and of the various departments,
Most of the time spent at Wageningen was in getting acquainted with
the potato breeding work done by the department. Mr, Eilenburg, an extension
103
man, showed me around the potato greenhouses and some of the field work
connected to the greenhouse work., There are two or three things about the
potato work which probably would be of interest to the workers in this country.
They normally store pollen in vials at temperatures of from 12 to 16
(1)
degrees Centigrade for one year for use in their crossing work. (2) In order
to keep the potato plants flowering over a several week or a several month
period, which I understand is difficult under normal conditions, the pOtatcies
are grafted on to either tomato stocks or grown on bricks. Either treatment
provents the plant from forming tubers, and since this phase of the life
cycle is restricted, the flowering phase will last much longer and is much
more profuse than under normal growth conditions. These are both standard
techniques in their potato breeding program and they are quite proud Of the
In their virus work with potato virus
(3)
fact that they, developed them.
X and Y the tomato stocks are used to infect the potato seedlings. Infected
tomato stocks are used for the grafts, and potato seedlings can then be
They have some 30 to 40 people,
screened for reaction to virus X and Y.
(4)
out of which six or seven are professiohal scientists at Wageningen and at their
Northern Station in potato breeding work, This does not include work on research
on new varieties. Before a new variety can be included on the list of new
varieties, it has to undergo some 12 year& testing on quality, production, and
botanical differences.
Dr. Cley of the Foundation for Agricultural Plant Breeding is doing
work on sugar beet viruses. His work includes breeding for resistance to virus
yellows and nematodes, using wild types from the Mediterranean area and elsewhere. A backcrossing program is his common method of approach, using aphidi
In addition Dr. Cley receives
as vectors to create infection in the seedlings.
about 100 grams of seed per family from private breeders for screening for
tolerance to virus work. The tolerant selections then are given back to the
private breeders as a source of resistance to disease, which enables the
private breeder to proceed with his program of developing new varieties. In
fact, the philosophy of this breeding program is to provide germ plasm of
specific types and having specific tritits which would be useful in production.
The germ plasm is supplied to private outlets for the actual development of
varieties to be used in production.
.
A team of scientists, Mr. and Mrs. deWever are also doing some work
at the Department of Agricultural Plant Breeding after returning from many
years in the tropics. Mr. deWever is now publishing work on the cytology of
sugar cane which will be a culmination of many years of work. Mrs. deWever
is doing mutation work on Phalaris canariensis using EMS (ethyl methane sulfonate)
and X-ray treatment.
One of the notable things about the Department of Agricultural Plant
Breeding is its library. This is a very well-stocked library, and their card
system of indexing is unique and very effective. While this is a plant breeding
department, the library is not confined entirely to literature on plant breeding.
Publications, reprints, references from all phases of crop production are
included. Dr. deHaan has taken a special interest in the development of this
library through the years, and is quite proud of it. Dr. deHaan is also
managing editor of Euphytica.
Following is a list of publications and mimeographed leaflets obtained
at Wageningen. These are available for temporary loan.
Anonymous,
Wageningen, Center of Agricultural Science 1961, 191 pages, illus.
H. deHaan Wageningen, Center of Agricultural Science in the Netherlands..
Maya 1961. (mimeo.)
H. deHaan, The Showroom of the Institute and the Foundation for Agricultural
Plant Breeding at Wageningen in 19600 Euphytica 9(3)g 304-316$ 1960.
H. deHaan
The Showroom at the Institute of Plant Breeding, Wageningen 1961,
(mimeo.)
G. A. Thijn, FoUndation for Agricultural Plant Breeding (S.V.P.) II
'"Professor Broekema Fare, Marknesse (N.E.P.) (mimeo.)
H. deHaan
Library in the Field of Plant Breeding.
Euphytica 52245-2539 19560
Anonymous, Classification of the Card Index System, Library I.V.P.-S.V.P.
Wageningen. (mimeo.)
H. deHaan, FactOrs Influencing the Breeding of Agricultural Crops in the
Netherlands. Euphytica 8(3)s' 183-195, 19590
Germany July 24=;28).2
The research work done on hops in Germany is carried out by representatives of the Bavairian Landenanstalt fUr Pflanzenbau and Pflanzenschutz at the
research station .of Hopfenversuchsgut Hull der Deutchen Gesellschaft fir
Hopfenforschung e.V. near Wolnzach in Bavaria. This work is directed by Professor
Dr. F. Zattler who has his office in Mich, The German organization for hop
research is a private organization, however the research personnel for the most
part are state scientists. Work at Hail consists of a breeding program which
began in 1926. This work is carried our by Mr. Jehl. There is work also on
downy mildew control consisting of breeding resistant varieties and using sprays
and dusts. The work on downy mildew, Verticillium wilt and on some insect
problems is carried our by Dr. Pfeifer. A Mr. Lieber is the one in charge of
the insecticide and acaricide work.
Among the disease problems important in Germany are downy mildew,
physiological drying (doldensterben) and rotspitzigheit which is caused by
gall midges. Red spider, aphid, and nettlehead virus disease are also problems.
Nettlehead disease is the same disease as has been called kreuselkrankheit
in past years. Symptoms of nettlehead virus expression are more apparent when
copper fungicides are applied. This disease has been a problem for 20 to 25
years in the Tettnang area but only for the past three years in the Hallertau
district.
11
Verticillium wilt is also becoming a problem in Hallertau hop growing
soils. According to Dr. Pfeifer, progressive and fluctuating wilt strains
from England give the same symptom expression at Hal. In other words, it is
impossible to distinguish between progressive and fluctuating strains of wilt
on the basis of symptom expression at Hiahlo I understood that in the Northern
Hallertau district where there are light sandy soils whose temperatures seldom
get above 28 to 300 Cep that there are few problems due to Verticillium wilt,
nettlehead, or nematodes.
In the crossing program approximately 50 crosses are made each year
and from 50 to 70 thousand seedlings are grown from these crosses. Since 1926
approximately 1 1/2 million seedlings have been grown. Out of this many seedlings they now have 4 selections which are good and have the possibilities of
being released as new varieties. Some crossing is done in the yards at Hull.
However if male plants are grown there they must never be allowed to shed
pollen unless it is under a bag. The males for the crossing program are grown
in nearby woods in a small garden. I understood that these are the only hop
male plants allowed to grow in Germany.
The seedlings from the program are artificially infected with downy
mildew so that original selection is made on the basisOf reaction to this
disease. They are now testing 87 varieties of new breeding in four-row plots
seven hills long and in single replications. They also have a collection of
old German, Belgium and Jugoslavian varieties which they are keeping as a
museum and as a source of germ plasm*
At the time that I was there a representative of the Bundessortenamt
was inspecting the plantings of the new varieties. She was cataloging all
traits on every plant with respect to morphological characteristics, disease
symptoms and general condition. In the selection of any variety for commercial
production no variety can be grown by growers until it has been examined for
four years by the Bundessortenamt. A new variety must be as good as Hallertau,
Spalt, or any of the other commercial varieties and also be resistant to downy
mildew. Out of the four varieties in advanced testing they hope that two will
be acceptable in agronomic characteristics and in quality. A selection
numbered 11061 is one of the four now showing promise.
Some polyploid breeding is being done. It was reported that
tetraploid x diploid material generally gives about 30% triploid. In obtaining
tetraploid material young shoots are treated with a 0.5% solution of colchicine
and approximately 5% of the shoots so treated are tetraploid.
Various fungicides are being tested for effectiveness against
Verticillium wilt. No results are available at this time, but there is one
material, PFV-31 which is made by Duval of Amsterdam, that is showing some
promise in controlling Verticillium wilt. This particular fungicide should
be tried in this country if it has not already been.
Manure experiments are also being carried out in which different
rates of N, K, P, Mg, B. Co and Mn are being tested. Plots are made up of 56
20
plants each in a 6 x 9 arrangement with border plants, and there are about
and alpha-acid
These
plots
are
harvested
for
yield
treatments altogether.
I-,
content. Spacing in these trials is about 1.5 to 1.6 meters by 105 meters:
the same as commercial yards. Spacing in the breeding yard is 1.4 meters by
1 meter.
It was reported that spider mites in the Spalt and Tettnang areas
are resistant to Metasystox. Metasystox has been in use for about ten years
so spider mites have taken a relatively short time to develop resistance to
this material. Work on insects is aided by a machine for brushing insects off
a vaseline slide for counting. This is a small machine developed by the
Phillips Duval Company of Amsterdam, a company which also makes Tedion.
A trip was made through the Hallertau district with Dr0 Pfeifer
and Mr. Jehl. Most hop growers in the Hallertau district have approximately
10% of their land in hops. The rest of their farms is in wheat, barley, oats,
with some sugar beets and forage for milk cows. One stop was made to visit
a continuous drier near Geisenhausen on the farm managed by Mr. Liebhardt.
This machine is manufactured by BindesBiirgmayer of Freising. It has a
capacity of drying about 30 centners (3300 lbs.) in 20 hours. It takes
about 13 days to dry the hops from 10 hectares. It takes approximately 5 to
505 hours for a single hop to go through the machine. During this time a hop
will pass three times (in a layer about 5 centimeters thick) at a temperature
of 55-60 Co From 30 to 40 thousand cubic meters of air go through the drier.
This machine is in commercial production and appears to be satisfactory.
Another stop was made at *t the farm of Otto Hgfter & Sons of
Neuhausen2 a small village near Mainburg. There are two of the after brothers,
Leo and Helmut. Leo is the one in charge of the farming operations and Helmut
is in charge of the brewery located on the farm. There are 20 hectares of
hops being grown on the after farm which makes Leo after the largest hop
grower in Germany. Mr. Leo H8fter is an agronomist holding a diploma from the
University of Weihenstephan.
Two days were spent in touring the Tettnang district which is just
north of the Lake of Constance and visiting the S. S. Steiner facilities in
that area and across the lake at St. Gall, Switzerland. During this trip I was
driven by Mr. Karl Haid, German representative of S. S. Steiner, and Mr. S.
Stinor Gimbel, vice president of S. S. Steiner of New York City. In
Switzerland we were met by Mr. Helmut Steiner, who is head of the Steiner
firm in Europe.
A visit was made to the magazine at Laupheim which is controlled by
the So S. Steiner Co. The Steiner Co. is a large buyer of hops in that area.
Hops are brought in from growers all over the Tettnang district where they are
dried, sulfured, and baled for market. It appears that most of the German
farmers do not have drying facilities on their farms and this is a customdone
job, carried on by the magazines in the hop marketing centers. The magazine
of S. S. Steiner at Laupheim is in an extremely old building which does not
lend itself to remodelling in some instances, but the company is currently
remodelling and building on to this old building in order to make their operation
more efficient. It is apparent that they are making good use of the facility
at hand. At the same time various labor saving devices and other improvements
have been incorporated into the operation and a first class job is done in
handling and processing hops.
A visit was made to the Steiner affiliate farm near Siegenweiller
which is a model farm using both horse and tractor power. Hops, dairy cattle,
fruit, and other farm products are grown* This farm is managed by Mr. H.
Steinbeck* In the hop fertilization program approximately 5 kilograms of
barnyard manure are added each year to each hill. In addition to this there
are approximately 35 grams of N, 40 grams of P205 and 50 grams of K20 added
each year to each hill. There are 4500 hills per hectare. The trellis is from
7 to 7.2 meters high and the spacing in the rows is 1.5 meters on the square,
With this type of arrangement0 yields in the Tettnang district normally run
from 28 to 32 centners per hectare. The commonly grown variety is Spalt
which is susceptible to downy mildew* On this farm0 spraying had already been
done 12 times as of July 270
One of the breweries in the vicinity of Laupheim was toured
throughout. This brewery had a kettle of approximately 600 liters capacity and
one kettlefull was brewed each day. Surprisingly these small breweries, which
are numerous in Germany and Switzerland0 are very good family economic units.
They do not produce very much beer in a season, but their net returns are good.
One of the problems common to most of these small breweries is the storage of
beer after it has been brewed. As a result of inadequate storage, brewing
schedules have to be reduced in winter time and can hardly keep up in summertime.
The following pUblications were obtained in Germany.
available for temporary loans'
lathe Schmidt,
14, 16 and 19*
These are
Die deutschen Hopfensorten. Hopfen Rundschau Nos. 11, 12, 13,
From June 1 to October 1, 1958.
Anonymous. Welkekrankheit des Hopfens (A leaflet describing the symptoms of
Verticillium wilt)*
Freidrich Zattler Neue Untersuchungen Ifithrend der Reifung des Hopfens Nor
semen Gehalt an Alpha-Bittersiuren. Brauwissenschaft 14: 233-240. 1961.
Versuch-und Forschungsatigkeit auf dem Hopfenversuchsgut
H!i'il1 and in den Hopfenanbaugebieten im Jahre 1960. Deutschen Brauwirtschaft
No. 9, May 10, 1961,
Freidrich Zattler0
Maria von Berchem, editor.Die Hallertau.
"Bayerland ". 40 pp. illus.
Sonderausgabe der Zeitschrift
FESETtiLLE2mIlaill:
There are three main hop growing areas in France. These are the
Bourgogne, the Alsace and the Flandres. Hop acreages by districts are as
follows: Bourgogne, 100 hectares; Flandres, 160 hectares; Alsace 1000
hectares. The Alsatian hop district is composed of about 89% Spalt and
Strisselspalt varieties. In the Bourgogne district Strisselspalt is grown
1
"
for the most part although there are late, early and mid-season selections of
so called Bourgogne variety. Some Hallertau is grown also. In the Flandres
district Hallertau is the predominant variety with smaller acreages of Northern
Brewer and Fuggle. Northern Brewer and Brewers Gold are increasing in acreage
in Flandres, but Fuggle and Hallertau are decreasing (1960-1961). Two types
of varieties are grown in France, those for ale and those for lager. This
means that the hop industry cannot specialize in one type, but must produce
varieties for both types of consumption.
Agronomic research in France is carried out under the auspices of
the Ministry of Agriculture. Main center of hop research in the Eastern
region is carried out by the Plant Improvement Station at Dijon and on the
neighboring Domaine Experimental d'Epoisses, which is about 10 miles from
Dijon. This research station has approximately 170 hectares and serves an
area about 100 by 200 miles in area or approximately 20,000 square miles.
Mr. M. Meneret is the Director of Research. Assisting him are Mr. Cohn and
Mr. Sixdenier.
The work on hops at Dijon and at the Domaine consists primarilly
of clonal selection in Bourgogne and Alsace varieties. No actual breeding
work is being done at Dijon, however seeds were received in 1957 from Professor
Dr. Zattler in Munich. Selection was made among the seedlings for yield and
resistance to disease, but so far no selection for quality has been made.
They also have a cross of Northern Brewer x Tettnang, which was made by Mr.
Hoed of Belgium. This is a good picker and has a very high ratio of cones
to foliage. Another variety being tested is the Savinja-Golding from
Jugoslavia which when grown in Alsace is as good as the hop grown in
Jugoslavia when the weather is good. Mr. Meneret believes that the Golding
variety is not originally English, but that it is of Jugoslavian origin.
Styrian is the same type as the Savinja-Golding. Incidentally, this is the
same variety that we have recently introduced from Jugoslavia and is now in
quarantine at Glenn Dale, Maryland.
On the Domaine the hops are grown under trellis which is about six
meters high. Spacing of the hop plants is approximately 1.8 meters times
In the variety trials
1.7 meters with three vines being trained up per hill.
each selection occupies a 6-hill plot. This is somewhat different than the
spacing used on farms where the rows are about 2.5 meters apart to
accommodate the present tractors. There is a possibility that special
tractors will be developed to cultivate narrower rows. A common planting in
France is from 2600 to 3400 plants per hectare.
The Chemist in the hop work at Dijon is Mr. Guy Sixdenier. The
Chemistls work is primarilly the evaluation of selections coming from the
experimental trials and no work is done on the chemistry of hops. Mr.
Sixdenier uses the Walter Hastings method for analysis with petroleum ether.
All samples are stored in vacuum in glass jars and kept in cold storage
(0°C.) until they are analyzed. In 1961 the work was concentrated on the
analysis of green hops. In addition to chemical evaluation at Dijon,
cooperative work on the evaluation of varieties is carried on with the school
of brewing at Nancy. Another phase of the chemistry project at Dijon is to
analyze Fanners samples. Each farmer sends in samples for analysis. About
15 growers will send in samples each year, and these are analyzed for moisture,
total soft resin, alpha and beta resin, leaf and stem, seed content, and
cone size. In these trials Northern Brewer is the highest variety with
respect to alpha acid that has been tested. It runs from 10 to 12 percent
alpha, whereas Bullion runs usually about 10% alpha.
A visit was made to a commercial hopyard in the vicinity of Dijon.
This concern had a drier and warehouse which was still under construction to
some extent. There was a continuous drier in the building that was being
developed. I gathered that it had never worked satisfactorily. The variety
of hops being grown was entirely Strisselspalt. There were 13 hectares, and
it required about 15 days to harvest the 70 tons of green hops produced.
One thing of interest on this farm was the presence of a weather station for
recording humidity and temperature conditions which are used in forecasting
when spraying or dusting should be done for downy mildew control.
The main center for agronomic research in Alsace is at Colmar, I
was told that Colmar is the hottest and driest city in Alsace, and that snow
would be common to the North and South of there, but not in Colmar itself.
There are only about 40 centimeters of precipitation per year. We travelled
through Colmar on the way to Strasbourg but did not stop because the
agronomist, Mt. Marocke, was on vacation. However, Mr. Meneret explained
to me the type of work being carried on at Colmar. This consists of a study
of the hop soils of the region.. The nutrition of the hop plant is also
being studied in fertilization trials. This work involves the use of boron
and potassium. Work is also being carried on in correlating climatic
conditions with production of hops in the area. Other work at Colmar under
the direction of Mr. Vuittenez is concerned with the biology and ecology of
downy mildew, studies of the other fungus diseases of hops, and control of
viruses by sanitation.
A visit was made to the COPHOUDAL which is a cooperative handling
almost the entire hop business in Alsace. This concern is directed by
Dr. Alfred Schneider who is also Secretary General of the Association of Hop
Producers of France and Secretary General of the European Hop Committee for
Hop Culture. The Chief of Culture who advises in the production of hops in
the area is Dr. F. Gouin, who is also Conservateur of the Zoological Museum
of the City University.
The COPHOUDAL handles the bulk of the hops grown in the Alsatian
district, Since 1939, the year of founding, it has had a great influence on
price stability of the Alsatian hop crop. Alsatian hops have been enjoying
a good reputation on the world market for many yearn, and the cooperative
has been effective in capitalizing on this reputation to the benefit of the
Alsatian hop growers. The COPHOUDAL is well equipped to do drying and
sulfuring and otherwise preparing for sale the hops as received from its
members. Approximately 20,000 to 25,000 hundredweight are handled annually.
A visit was made to several hop yards in the surrounding area. In
the vicinity of Ittenheim in Alsace one yard was inspected which had a
spacing of 3 meters by 1.1 meters with two strings and 4-6 vines being trained
up from each hill. There were two stringing wires per rows and the strings
from each hill were put up in opposite directions. This was not a normal
yard with respect to spacing. The regular spacing in the Alsatian district
is narrower, about 1.5 meters, and the trellis height is 7.5 meters. As in
several of the hop producing regions of continental Europe the closer
spacing of rows does not permit the'common types of tractors to pass through.
Therefore about every fourth row will be wider than normal and is often
grassed down to permit the passage of spraying equipment.
The following publications were obtained in France.
available for temporary loan.
These are
G. Meneret, M. Bonnat, and J. Guiolet, Forme des Bractees Chez les Houblons
CultivEls. Annales de LIAmelioration des Plantes 22 209-246.
1954.
Anonymous, Station dlAmelioration des Plantes de Dijon et Domaine
Experimental d'Epoisses.
23 pp., May 1960. (mimeo.)
R. Marocke, Quelques Considerations sur les Sols a Houblon de la Basse
Alsace et les Problemes de la Fumure du Houblon. Bulletin de 1'Association
Francaise pur 1'Etude du Sol, 93g' 1045-1060. 1957 (mimeo.)
G. Menerets Mme. A. de Saint-Michel and E. Cohn, Houblons de la r4colte
1959. Brasserie No. 168, pp. 257-269, Sept. 1960.
Anonymous,
Cote-dfOr.
Houblon de Bourgogne. Direction des Services Agricoles de la
Ministere de 1'Agriculture, 27 pp.
Le Houblon Fin DIAlsace. Association aln4rale des Producteurs de Houblons
Strasbourg 23 pp. (tri-lingual)
F. Gouin
LIUtilisation Th'erapeutique du Houblon.
pp. 201-204, October, 1957.
Brasserie No. 133,
F. Gouin, Les Hepiales Nuisibles au Houblon. A report to the Comite
Europeen de la Culture du Houblon. Dobrna-Zalec July 22-25, 1954.
F. Gouin, Der Hopfen als Heilpflanze in Alter and Neuer Zeit.
Rundschau Nos. 22, 23 and 24, 19570
Hopfen
IlL7
1961 Report on New Hop Varieties at the
Irrigation Experiment Station,
Prosser, Washington
(. E. Nelson
Cone
Cone
Vigor
0.9*
size
0.801
6
PI
2
2
7
3
0.802
0.803
2
8
2
2
0.8014
6
0.805
3
L
E
L
8
4
E
14
134
7
5
1:6
8
6
)4
ME
ME
3
3
3
L
)4
;715
2.1
5
3
ME
4
2021
5038
2
7
9
7
4
L
0
6010
8
ift.
8
mg
)4
L
2
2
6.:IS
5
6
3
3
3
2
E
4
4
4
M
2.31
2.33
2.36
3
3
E
E
0
0
3
0
No.
1.35
54414
61
6-5
6.7
0.811
0.832
0.833
4
0.8111
h.
0.815
3
(1)
Maturi
Missing
E
M
2.25
2.26
8
L
2-27
3
14.
m
2.30
7
7
4
2..29
6.19
6-20
6.42
6.25
6.27
0.816
0.817
0.818
0.819
0.820
** 0
No.
3
1
Missing
8
3
3
2
Aroma
0
0
2
2
2
2
2
7
Missing
2-5
)4
E
L
2
3
5
2
E
2
6.12
6-a3
3
3
4
3
2
E
E
1
1
3
5
L
2
MI,
4
6017
8
3
7
E
7
13
2
3
7
2-19
2-37
2.38
6.30
6.31
6.32
2
Missing
7
6
7
6
7
6
it
9
8
Inju.rei
L
4
Missing
0
14
E
2
3
m
5
6
5
L
L
3
14
B
3
7
E
4
0
ME
L
2
6.34
6
ms
0.821
3
E
It
0
3
6
14
L
L
L
3
3
le,
0
0.8214
L
3
0
Damaged
2
E
2
1
2
7
7
2
3
3
small
3
2
0.)
Maturit
3
2
3
poor
0.806
0.807
0.808
0-809
0.810
size
0
3
0
7
7
3
Vigor
0.9*
0.822
0-823
ML
5
Mt
2
0.825
7
7
2
0
2039
2
2
2-110
6
2441
8
8
7
Missing
6
6-33
14
M
242
2
3-i
ear
go
large
14
medium
L 11. late
4
1
5
It
L
2
2
3
3
ftimmXZ
tett-1...0 t-- c
045-
wcvmiNv
cv
so
10
a
*LA .c) VD CV M M
mMMMM
to
a
02
v4
vDocochm
tv m
m MM
to
.
03
'IA M (.1
M CVCV
I
01-0
:3: rA X
1O
aa
03 ea
cn'LA 0
Z X NI ri
cv1A-4 mor-tHm 0
cri
rzl 1-4 1-4
X WW
co
X
4)
r4 MIA CV 0.1
02
tet II IA (+1 cv
10 WI
r4 0\ 0 M V t---to U
r4
0
(.;
A_/.AA
111-4Hu1 m
'
0.0
r4 r4
Al
ide
E
XZ
1
A
r4 M rt
1
/11/
UNIckIttrA
glAMco.P
471
-1*NIANO
ZAAAP mrTimm
lAcm0m0 HOIAmm
mr-%4)
IAH-1NolA
isq
AP4
Em
7d
N-11A0.-r4
cococo
Hmr-t-
0
TITO
I
.or-opel
HNm.4AA
mmmmm
Ake(Mm
rAwzo%
mmmm
I 17 1111cv
AAAAA
n111
00r40.4
3A
MM
mmAoH x4/44
nal x%latum
HH-7Ht-
cgOIA0c- MAH 111
ArA m rAXXXM
Om
IA
r--0(qmliN mmOo
11
coocqJ Z-1.41>IA
CO
oc.11.
cve.
ClOt-C\IN
xlm
2A.41.AC-W
OZMWM ZW-le pmAm
C-0\0\COVa
.0t..030.0
alrliti 55553
cont.
Hop varieties Prosser,
Vigor
one
size
I
59-4.21
59-4-22
59-4-2 3
59-4-24
59-4.25
591.013
59445
59447
1
'--
1
(1)
Maturit
Aroma
Om
VL
0
Missing
1
1
3
3
VL
o
0
Missing
04
O.
No
(1)
Maturity
Aroma
0
L
1
m
m
1
1
4
4
1
3
3
B
6
5
NE
E
E
E
E
E
0
0
0
0
59-4.34
7
59-4..35
2
59.4.36
59.5.6
59-5-7
59447
1
1
4
8
8
L
6
1
1
3
2
594,48 1
1
6
E
E
2
0
59-1.29
59.1.30
59.1.33
1
E
2
2
1
1
1
3
59-5-8
2
6
59-545 3
5
E
E
5
5
59.2.17 1
1
B
C
594.41 3
3
3
3
E
E
1
59-2-23
128.1
3
4
ME
4
59.1.20
1
4
1
1
5944047
59..449
2
5
3
7
Very weak
M
m
Missing
59-630
m
m
5
6
59040.31
59..4-33
8
8
8
8
59441
3
3
E
2
594-23
1
1
1
L
L
E
0
0
6
m
5
59444
Cone
size
5
59-149 1
59.4.22
Vigor
0
3
3
Mech. injured
59.1025
7
1.
7
7-44
7
6
120
Table 1.
Analyses of Samples fram Observation Block for Brewers Evaluation
Sample
Mls o31/100gm DM
801
802
803
804
805
806
808
809
810
811
813
814
816
817
818
839
820
821
822
823
824
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
835
837
838
839
84o
Genetic G 2071.3
0.49
0.90
0.95
1.10
1.29
0.95
0.82
Obs.
Selections 8
15.5
24diS
4o-s
50.3
93-S
1421d5
BB
519.5
approx.* 0.145
1.00
0.50
1.92
0.45
0.29
0.33
0.89
1.36
1.46
1.07
1,19
0.38
1.11
2,32
1.64
1.37
0.62
0.81
1.43
0.59
0.51
1.12
0.61
0.49
0.90
0.40
1.04
0.77
0.54
0.99
1.09
1.39
1,00
0.43
0.68
%00.acid.
415
4.56
5.22
1.48
2.80
2.75
3.16
2,28
5.72
2.28
5.81
0.61
2.19
1,23
4.95
4.71
1.99
3.58
6.26
%43-acid
4.34
3.69
4.45
3.41
2.25
4.55
610
4.22
3.53
3.23
5.29
3.94
3.69
4.12
2.86
3.08
2.88
3.62
5.56
2.014
301
2,33
7.20
6.29
3.60
6.02
6.55
6,34
3.23
5.8?
7.34
4.80
2.30
4.93
6.37
4.62
3.07
4.81
7,01
2.57
6.11
3.33
2.93
7.23
3.88
1.72
6.02
600
685
2.37
4.05
1.48
3.83
2.37
4.0,
2.24
4.55
3.93
2.65
2.29
4.115
2.17
3.97
2.18
2.62
3.27
3.18
Table 2. Accumulation Data for Maturity Series of Experimental Varieties
in Offstation Testing (1961)*
Part I . Oregon (Kerr Hop Ranch, Salem)
Sampling Date
Variety
0.69
862-
0.26
128I oil **
0(.4(44 ** 5.2
16
DM
Cone wt: 4191
19.6
104,
90
0.88
8.3
19.4
121
1636
949
20
,
i,'
1.85
1060
20.9
4111
2.44
2.44
11.9
21.9
115
21.8
121
Alt
3.12
10.1
2
4
fiti
3.27
11.6
22.6
136
Ir
003
1.10
0.90
168
14 24 2.4
114.6
16.7
16.2
18.3
19.3
MOO
=WO
OMB
OMR
MIA
0.41
2.8
14.4
0.70
3.3
16.8
0.98
2.9
1.04
1.22
34
17.1
19.5
3.0
20.8
=NM
IOW
WINO
ORM
0.47
0.80
4412,
DM
Cone wt.'
135..1 oil
O( -acid
14404 oil
0Gaoid
Cone wt.
Part
II
li49
2.6
2067
_
Washington (Carl Allwardt
Ralleh)
Sampling Date
r
328I oil
OC
DM
Cone wt:
2.6
17.3
113
0.48
4.9
19.9
126
0.65
6.7
20.4
137
141
1.148
6.4
5.7
23.6
149
23.2
138
1.78
6.7
230
132
* Analyses as described in Crops Research Bu11.AR8 34.47 (1960), except
CC -acid on dried samples by epectrophotometrio method.
a* Oil in as/100 g (hydrodietillation of green sample); 06maoll in %
CDryMatter) in %; oone weight
(SpectrophOometrio on dry siMplei);
All results on dry basis.
in mg,/oone
122
Table 3
Analysis of Off. station. Material at Harvest (Units as Table 1).
1
128.1
2
135..1
1
5
9/11 9/U 9/11
5
9/18
Oil
4a2
2.7
3,1
1.8
1.7
1.2
1.8
2,2
1.7
1.8
OC toid (3)
8,8
7.1
7.6
6.7
2.4
2,6
1.5
34
2.9
2.3
6 ..acid (0)
3.5
2.7
3.2
3.1
4.0
4.0
4.1
4,1
3.1
3.3
18.4
27.2
24.7
19,9 21.6
21.1
92
105
123
DoM,
Cots weight
1.
241.
3.
23.9 21.6 234 22.6
132
Kerr
(Salem, Oregon)
(Woodburns Oregon)
Sohwabauer (Hubbards.Oregon)
Crosby
4, Allwardt (Mbxee City, Washington)
9A
rain
123
Incidence of systemic downy mildew infection
under natural conditions in genetic block in 1961.
0
ari
CO
0
5
IA
A
a.
0
H
101.
Parents
0
0
0
3
3
16
16
0
0
1
(A
VR
2
3
(C
(D
03
VU
R
VS
vs
5
4
10
(F)
114
15
18
(G)
S
0
7
7
7
8
s
s
0
7
7
o
s
2
9
T
VS
3
7
18
29
17
10
11
X
Y
Z
VR
VR
VR
1
0
0
5
15
14
5
15
7
5
10
2
2
0
4
5
6
12
9
9.
0
33
15
R
R
1x7
1 x 10
3x11
6-x 12
VR x VR 5
VR x 3 19
VR x VS 15
VRxS 16
VR x VR 5
VRxVR 3.0
S x VR 8
6x9
6x7
6 x 10
5x8
5x9
5x7
2x9
2 x 11
VS x S
4 x 12
4x8
VS x VR 17
vs x s 16
VS x VS 44
4x9
4 x to
4 x 11
3x9
3x11
SxVS 10
sxs
6
S x VR 3
6
VS x vs 26
vs x s
22
VR x VS 13
VR xVR 6
vs x VR 25
Vs x VR 20
R x VS 0
RxVII: 1
29
52
55
56
65
62
28
25
29
32
29
39
43
22
314
71
70
0
15
27
21
70
22
7
72
14
36
35
35
35
35
65
65
22
72
.35
19
15
16
37
8
19
28
46
35
34
35
0
3
Total
Resistant Parents A 49
Susoeiitible
1
14
58
50
72
72
14
65
71
8
sx
R
7
24
52
71
70
27 \
21
13
0
.63
A
8
28
32
15
46
36
35
22
9
32
53
35
75
3.14
24
ig.3
136
38?
523
26.0 1
10
6
25
29
35
35
29
17
17
40
43
35
65
65
17
f:g
314
53
46
61
35
30
314
62
72
35
22
37
0
__.3
3.6
71
9
32
314
15
55
56
22
3
17
40
71
147
34
70
117
29
17
65
15
72
71
67
29
65
22
Crosses s
1 x 12
1x8
x9
5
10
6
2
19.14.
sxs
6
29
26
22
16
39
19
35
44
28
72
{]3
2!
3ra
34
46
61
70
Analyses of Male Parents in Genetic Experiment.
Parent
1143-1
.75
20354
.47
.53
.48
2035.2
2035...3
30371
3037
.34
.71
3037...3
.40
Av'.
1044..2
1044.3
2078.1
2078.2
2078-3
30784.
Av.
T
iC
2.8.32.b
DM
.16
.007
.15
.03
41
S
(3
.87
.63
.86
.75
.71
675
.78
.60
.61
.62
1.35
1.42
U4107
.89
.93
.71
.69
1.20
1MI5
.30
1020 -1
1.63
3.16
1,2
347
204
0.77
.18
.07
.21
.04
.17
.4.
.85
2.62
2059.3
093
3.52
3.09
4.09
109
447
1.29
.51
.54
.86
2.22
2.69
30391
_._82
2.38
20592
3039.2
.57
IT
1020-2
1020.3
20594
oc//
3624
.83
.26
3.58
1.40
.86
2.82
.36
.37
.27
*15
5031.2
694
.30
.28
2.15
3634
5031.3
01
7.64
3.4
ty...A
.47
.75
0.63
093
.91
.99
.74
1.23
.72
.71
1.01
.37
30393
4051.1
#93
t21
40512
4053s.3
503ip.1
3.47
.28
Av.
10164.
10163
2068 -1
2068.2
3093.1
.26
3093.2
3093-3
4052-/
5059-1
5059-2
5059-3
.32
.75
.40
.70
.74
.67
.80
1.28
.91
659
«87
.32
.36
.82
Av.
0094
.43
.54
.93
rs
.96
Analyses of Male Parents in Genetic Experiment .. cont.
Parent
Plot lent
1.5.
1'
1012.1
1012.2
2046.1
2046.2
2046.3
.04
417
Av.
r
2006..1
2006.3
Av.
45
.1
4
143
2428
1;71
LI
.20
.20
.20
.29
.16
trolr
147
3t*
ocie
.20
85
.75
.72
,.#
.97
IAA.
126
Moisture dry -down percentages.
Replication
Entry
f
II
Vf
V
Total
Avg.
1009
0.2
987
981
1018
1025
995
1043
1018
24.7
24.5
25.4
25.6
24.9
26.1
25.4
Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggle, 1961
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
24.2
25.1
24.5
25.4
26.9
25.1
25.7
25.6
25.3
26.9
23.9
25.1
25.4
25.6
24.9
26.0
26.3
25.6
24.1
23,4
23.8
24.8
25.1
24.7
25.3
25.3
24.7
25.7
26.3
24.7
26.2
24.9
24.8
27.3
24.6
25.8
1.''
9-01."
225.3
5.2
Prune and Train on Fuggle, 1961
1
25.8
2
3
24.5.
4
5
6
24.2
26.0
25.5
24.7
25.5
24.7
26.6
26.8
27.0
25.0
24.1
24.6
25.5
25.8
25.1
24.2
24.0
24.1
24.6
24.9
254
994
979
1009
1035
1026
24.8
24.5
25.2
25.9
25,6
24.9
25.2
903
22.6
23.5
23.6
24.5
23.5
23.5
23.6
25.8
Prune and Train on Late Cluster, 1961
1
2
3
4
5
6
24.0
23.9
22.4
23.4
22.0
22.4
20.7
26.5
22.6
25.4
25.2
23.5
23.4
20.7
25.2
24.6
22.2
23.1
24.4
24.6
24.6.
22.1
23.5
24.8
9Is2
946
980
939
34;
Planting Time and Plant Stook on Fuggle in 1961
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
26.4
27.0
28.1
25.6
27.8
26.6
25.6
25.6
27.1
25.7
26.1
25.1
29.0
26.3
27.3
26.2
26.5
28.3
27.0
27.1
25.7
26.1
25.8
27.2
27.2
26.7
25.5
25.7
27.3
26.5
25.6
28.0
26.8
25.6
26.4
27.5
27.6
27.6
28.4
280
28.4
27.5
26.5
27.2
26.5
27.7
28.7
27,0
1102
1076
1093
1055
1100
1089
1047
1079
1061
1051
1070
1068
12871
27.5
26.9
27.3
26.3
27.5
27.2
26.2
27.0
26.5
26.3
26.7
26.7
26.9
3.27
Harvest Weights in the Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggle in 1961.
Harvest Weights by Reps.:1Met
far maittime)
Reication
pl
Ent
IV
V
VI
Total
Ave
Lbs. Ac
22.3
39.9
30.3
35.9
39.9
38.3
31.1
25.6
34.2
38.9
25.1
28.8
190.4
243.1
187.3
172.8
31.7
40.5
31.2
28.8
1090
1390
1070
990
137.1 .128.4
134.9
127.0
793.6
33.1
1140
II
I
Rate of Application
1
3
41.5
43.9
33.3
30.1
19.6
37.0
32.2
28.6
148.8
117.4
.
4
5
Totals
32.9
45.1
35.3
23.8
b
a
b
b
Time of Application
2
5
6
7
8
9
Totals
35.4
30.1
43.3
34.4
37.8
28.5
30.9
28.6
43.8
41.0
30.9
39.8
28.5
23.8
39.7
22.8
27.0
25.5
32.4
35.9
45.1
26.6
29.8
29.3
29.7
25.6
28.0
21.8
32.9
36.8
24.4
28.8
37.6
20.0
30.1
27.9
181.3
172.8
237.5
166.6
188.5
/87.8
30.2
28.8
39.6
27.8
31.4
31.3
1040
990
1360
950
1080
1070
209.5
215.0
167.3
199.1
174.8
168.8
1134.5
31.5
1080
Rate of Application
SySY.
2
Sy2T
Sy2R
Time of Application
193416
'
27.32U24
= 160.29000
105,53438
Source
Sy
t
Sy2
Sy2T
=
Sy2R
DF
1.134.5
37.206.43
. 217,692.43
= 216,793.83
Analyses of Variance
SS
MS
F
Rate of Application
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
3
5
15
23
473.443
141.838
464.252
157.814
28.368
30.950
5.10 *
105.913
75.960
21.782
4.86 **
MOOD
1079.533.
Time of Application
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
5
5
25
35
529.565
379.798
544.560
1453.923
3.49 *
b
b
a
b
b
b
Total
Entry
1
(486,2)
368.6
447.4
1959
9
1960
1961
190.4
243.1
187.3
172.8
3
(251.3)
322.7
4
5
255,3
226.6
193.7
233.1
179.0
134.0
Total
1055.9
739.8
793.6
Entry
1959
1960
1961
Aug.
1
1550
1990
1580
1400
1110
1330
1020
770
1090
1390
1070
990
1250
1570
1220
1050
1630
a
1060
1140
3
4
5
416.2
435.6
b
a
b
b
435.3
2589.3
129
Harvest Weights in the Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggle, 1959 to 1961
Time of Application
Replications
Entry
2
6
7
39.2
25.4
2404
233.2
28,1
35.4
41.7
26,6
29.7
107,2
81.2
88,8
101.4
98,0
89.0
56S.6
1959
1960
37.4
23.8
1961
30,1.
43,6
13.8
28,6
31.6
21.8
23.8
47,0
23.9
35.9
25,9
20.9
25.6
41.1
29,8
28.8
226.6
134,0
172,8
Total
91.3
86.0
77.2
106.8
72,4
99.7
533,4
1959
1960
1961.
36.8
19.7
43.3
52,6
18.5
43.8
33.2
1402
39.7
47.7
11.2
45.1
3500
16,3
28.0
39.6
16.0
37,6
244.9
95,9
237.5
Total
99.8
114.9
87.1
10400
79.3
93.2
578.3
1959
1960
43.2
28.0
24.1
34.4
31.2
41,0
24.6
15.6
22,8
18.0
19.6
26.6
17.7
14.2
21,8
35.9
2401
20.0
167.4
128.8
166,6
101,7
100,2
63.0
6402
53.7
80.0
462.8
50.7
32.9
37.8
52.4
24.9
30.9
51.8
25.6
27.0
51.9
36.2
29.8
48.0
33.8
32.9
46,4
32.6
30.1
301.2
186.0
188.5
Total
121.4
108,2
104.4
117.9
114,7
109,1
675.7
Total
521.4
490.5
420.5
494.3
418.1
471.0
2815.8
1959
1960
1961
151.1
134.0
95,9
128,8
186.0
69505
Iy60
181.3
172.8
237,5
166.6
188.5
1959
1960
1961
Entry
43.7
Total
Entry
233.2
226,6
244.9
167.4
301.2
117373
1959
2
1440
2
5
6
7
8
Iwo
8
1510
1030
1860
9
(1410)
6
7
Total
41.8
27,2
32,4
Total
5
VI
35.3
25.0
28,5
1961
8
V
31.5
18,8
30.9
1959
1960
1961
Total
5
IV
870
770
550
740
1070
970
9 46:7
1961
1040
990
1360
950
1080
1070
-000
830
1080
a
c
b
Avg.
1020 be
1050)boc
1140 b
910 c
1340 a
(1150)
151.1
18103
130
Harvest Weights in the Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggle, 1959 to 1961
Rate of Application Time of Application
2
y2 T2
Sy2T2
SY2112
100,528 ,33
10712,876049
1,124,879,05
Sy2TR2
Sy'TY'
2,292,029.81
2919385009
585,955083
Source
DF
97,235.64
1,609,604.14
1,330,249,56
2,757272,,011657.6.42
2
568,043.06
Analysis of Variance
SS
MS
Rate of Application
Treatment
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Years
Y x T
Error b
Subtotal b
Grand total
3
5
15
23
2
6
40(39)
48(47)
71(70)
2,042.104
622.220
1,346,338
4,010.662
2,383.541
115.959
900.467
3,3990967
79410.629
680.701
124.)14h
7.58 **
1.39 N.S.
890756
1,191.770
19,326
23.089
51.62-**
N0S.,
Time of Application
Treatment
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Years
Y x T
Error b
Subtotal b
Grand total
4
5
20
29
2
8
50
60
89
1'5860308
877.113
2,788.877
3,803.385
1,448,006
4098.376
6,349.767
9,1380644
331.364
117.262
43.856
1,901.692
181.001
21,968
7,56 **
2,67
11080,
86.57 **
8.24 **
131
Cone Length of Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggle in 1961.
(Plot total length (mm.) of 25 cones)
Rate of Application
Entry
1
3
4
5
Totals
I
Replication
V
II
615
610
639
614
702
650
627
647
646
673
637
653
2478
2626
2609
Sy2
10,268
Sy0 - 6,601,506
Sy:1
26,363,366
26,371,266
Sy2R
VI
Total
Ave*
615
651
602
687
2578
2584
2505
2601
644
646
626
650
2555
10268
Cone length(mm)
26
26
25
26
a
a
a
a
26
Source
DF
Analysis of Variance
MS
SS
Treatment
Replication
ErTor
Total
3
3
9
15
1,352.50
3,327.50
7,337.00
12,017.00
F
N.S.
1.36 N.S.
450.83
1,109.17
815.22
Time of Application
Replication
II
V
520
654
741
647
518
778
695
687
567
703
718
782
Entry
5
6
7
8
9
Totals
Sy2
Sy,
S4T
790
740
725
653
606
696
696
728
3993
4206
4104
697
614
2
16,421
= 11,364,901
45,364,255
Sy2R la 67,435,225
Source
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
Total
Ave.
714
650
553
708
750
2858
2601
2211
2831
2912
3008
4118
16421
VI
716
DF
5
3
15
23
Cone length(mm)
728
752
29 a
26 b
22
28 a
29 a
30 a
27
Analysis of Variance
MS
SS
105,678.71
3,819.12
20,018.13
129,515.96
21,135.74
1,27304
1,334.54
15.84 **
-- N.S.
132
Average Cone Weight (mg.) per Sample of Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggles 1961.
Rate of Application
Replication
V
II
Entry
VI
Total
Ave.
487
478
436
450
122
120
109
112
1851
116
111
121
100
104
151
138
124
121
95
117
108
107
130
433
534
422
462
1
108
3
4
5
Totals
111
105
Source
Sy2 =
1,851
Sy, = 217,377
Sy;,T = 858,249
DF
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
= 864,173
3
3
9
15
a
a
a
a
Analysis of Variance
MS
SS
F
141.56
635.23
101.01
424.60
1,905.69
909.06
3,239.44
1.40 N.S.
meal
Time of Application
Replication
V
II
Entry
582
152
112
86
117
145
146
3032
126
87
140
108
132
136
725
827
704
776
Totals
°
=
608
450
343
469
92
9
6
146
95
Ave.
138
148
156
7
8
5
172
Total
133
130
84
121
158
150
157
104
80
102
142
2
VI
132
121
Source
DF
580
Analysis of Variance
MS
SS
a
b
c
b
a
a
F
3,903,250
Sy ;T = 1,584,898
Sy R = 2,307,346
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
5
3
15
23
12,920.23
1,253.40
1,772.10
15,945.73
2,584.05
417.80
118.14
21.82 **
3.54 *
133
Weight of cones (mg) in Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggles 1959 to 19610
Rate of Application
Entry.
I
Replication
II
V
VI
Total
1 1959
116
1960
1961
129
108
145
145
151
114
130
III
133
lhh
117
508
548
487
Total
353
441
355
394
1543
1959
1960
1961
124
115
121
136
106
138
115
84
111
123
108
498
392
478
Total
360
380
310
318
1368
119
76
100
133
96
124
100
1960
1961
105
123
117
107
475
365
436
Total
295
353
281
347
1276
1959
1960
1961
113
90
119
loit
120
90
121
95
128
102
130
480
369
450
Total
307
331
301
360
1299
Total
1315
1505
1247
1419
5486
1959
1960
1961
508
498
475
480
548
392
365
369
487
478
436
450
Total
1961
1674
1851
Entry
1959
1960
1961
Avg.
137
5
127
124
119
120
98
91
92
122
120
109
112
129
114
106
108
Ave
123
104
116
3
4 1959
5
Entry
1
3
it
5
1
3
it
76
87
87
a
b
b
b
114
Weight of cones (mg) in Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggle, 1959 to 19610
Time of Application
Re lication
Entry
I
II
Total
V
VI
155
154
133
582
618
608
1959
1960
1961
136
152
157
151
160
172
140
152
146
Total
445
483
438
442
1808
1959
1960
1961
113
90
104
120
119
89
87
121
95
128
102
130
480
368
450
Total
307
330
301
360
1298
84
94
80
96
99
92
93
84
87
89
108
84
362
385
343
Total
258
287
264
281
1090
1959
1960
1961
121
120
102
155
157
138
123
140
108
138
146
121
537
563
469
Total
343
450
371
405
1569
1959
1960
1961
145
141
142
160
158
148
145
143
132
146
147
158
596
589
580
Total
428
466
420
451
1765
Total
1781
2016
1794
1939
7530
1959
1960
1961
582
480
362
537
596
618
368
385
563
589
608
450
343
469
580
Total
2557
2523
2450
Entry
1959
1960
1961
Ave.
154
7
8
146
120
91
134
149
14o
147
152
112
86
117
145
151
108
91
130
147
9
(143)
132
146
(140)
130
127
126
2
5
6
1959
1960
1961.
7
8
Entry
2
5
6
7
8
2
5
6
Ave.
92
96
a
c
d
b
a
135
Weight of cones (mg) in Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggle 1959 to 1961,
Rate of Application
q,2
-,72 2
Sy,T,
1y4131
T2Y
v2 2
Sy,TR2
Sy4TY
'A
°
0
0
642,480
7 . 567 850
2
7'562,820
10-073,998
1,906590
as
2,543:696
Source
Treatment
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Years
Y x T
Error b
Subtotal b
Grand total
D
3
3
9
15
2
6
24
32
47
Time of Application
985.344
11,718,754
14,214,374
18,906,278
2.941,418
3,919,390
Anal sis of Variance
MS
SS
Rate of Application
14216,7
3,650.1
1,0770
3,230,9
182.8
1,644,9
8,52,9
5
2,620,8
1,31004
/Oil o5
2,649,0
7000
1,680.2
6,950,0
15.47509
F
6,66 *
5,89 *
18,72
6,31 **
Time of Application
Treatment
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Years
Y x T
Error b
Subtotal b
Grand total
3
12
19
2
8
30
5940
31,547,8
2,609.9
1,300.0
3,457 .7
298,9
2,985.8
1,586.6
4,871.3
40,3290
7,887,0
870,0
108.3
149.4
373,2
52,9
72083
72,83 **
8.03 **
2,82 NeS,
7,05 **
136
Gibberellic Acid on Fuggle, 1961
% OC -acid (dry weight basis)
Rate of Application
Replication
II
V
Entry
1
VI
Total
Mean
16.52
4.13
5.09
4.57
4.51
4.48
5.18
4.46
4.44
3.29
4.75
4.87
4.39
4,04
5.47
4.35
4.18
4.71
4.96
4.62
5.02
Totals
18.56
17.30
18.04
19.31
Sy
73.21
338.8515
3
4
5
-
Source
Sy'llf, la 1034704109
Treatment
Sy2R2 so 1,342.0813 Replication
Sy,'",
, us
DF
(Sy)2 " 5,359,7041 Error
3
3
9
Total
15
20.36
18.30
18.03
73.21
Anal sis of Variance
MS
SS
1.87122 ---0.62374
0.53882
0.179606
0.162218
1.45996
3.87000
11.57
F
3.85 N.S.
loli N.S.
CV I. 9.35%
Time of Application
Entry
2
5
6
7
8
9
Totals
I
Replication
II
V
Total
Mean
3.24
4.44
4.08
4.02
3.70
3.00
4.34
4.39
4.37
3.90
4.23
5.56
4.26
4.18
4.69
2.75
4.80
4.85
4.45
5.02
4.25
3.62
4.47
4.75
16.29
18.03
17.39
14.29
17.20
18.16
4.07
4.51
4.35
3.57
4.30
4.54
22.48
26.79
25.53
26.56
101.36
4.22
Sy
=
101.36
SY; , "
437.3834 Source
S4T`, . 17,226,8680 Treatment
ll
Sy'.
25,802.6900 Replication
(Sy)2 . 10,273.8496 Error
Total
CV le 13.3%
VI
DF
5
3
15
23
Analysis of Variance
SS
ms
1(459470
0.51894
0.65593
1.96780
0.31626
674390
9.3064
F
1,614 N.S.
2.07 N.S.
137
% 0C-acid (dwb) in Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggles 1959 to 1961
Rate of Application
Re lication
V
II
,nlIa,
VI
Total
5.04
4,80
4.48
4.14
3,84
3,29
4.24
5.36
4,04
14.06
3.94
4.71
17.48
17.94
16.52
14.32
11.27
13.64
12.71
51.94
4,70
4.84
5.18
4.95
4.63
4.75
5.33
4,93
5.47
4.52
5.00
4.96
19.50
19.40
20.36
14.72
14.33
15.73
14.48
59.26
4,94
5.30
4.46
4.50
3.82
4.87
3.78
4030
4.35
4.86
3.22
4.62
18.08
16.64
18.30
14070
13,19
12,43
12.70
53.02
5.02
3.78
4.44
4.73
4,28
4.39
5,07
4,00
4.18
5,87
4.89
5,02
20.69
16.95
18.03
Total
13.24
13.40
13.25
15.78
55.67
Total
56,98
52,19
55.05
55,67
219.89
1959_
1960
VIM
1
17.148
3
4
5
19.50
18.08
20.69
17.94
19.40
16.64
16.95
16.52
20,36
18,30
18.03
Total
75,75
70.93
73.21
Entry
1959
1960
1961
Ave.
1
4
5
4.37
4.87
4.52
5,17
4.99
4.85
4.16
4.24
4.13
5.09
4,57
4.51
4.50
4.94
4.42
4.64
Ave.
4.73
4.43
4.57
1
1959
1960
1961
Total
3
1959
1960
1961
Total
4
1959
1960
1961
Total
5
1959
1960
1961
Ent
3
'
a
a
a
a
138
% q--acid (dwb) in Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggle, 1959 to 1961
Time of Application
Replication
Entry
I
II
V
VI
Total
4.34
4.53
3.24
4.07
4.66
4.34
3.78
4.74
4.26
4.93
4.23
4.45
17.12
18.16
16.29
12.11
13.07
12.78
13.61
51.57
5.02
3.78
4.44
4.73
4.28
4.39
5.07
4.0o
4.18
5.87
4.89
5.02
20.69
16.95
18.03
13.24
13.40
13.25
15.78
55.67
4.11
4.33
4.08
3.87
4.86
4.44
4.37
3.74
5.35
4.69
3.82
4.25
16.58
17.94
17.39
12.52
12,68
13.78
12.93
51.91
4.70
5.58
4.02
3.17
5.41
3.90
3.17
3.18
2.75
4.19
4.72
3.62
15.23
18.89
14.29
14.30
12.48
9.10
12.53
148.141
4.98
5.35
3,70
4.08
4.16
4.23
4.59
5.19
4.80
4.66
5.20
4.47
18.31
19.90
17.20
Total
14.03
12.47
114.58
14.33
55.41
Total
66.20
64.10
63.49
69.18
262,97
Entry
1959
1960
1961
2
7
8
17.12
20.69
16.58
15,23
18.31
18.16
16.95
17.94
18.89
19.90
16.29
18.03
17.39
14,29
17.20
Total
87.93
91,84
83.20
Entry
1959
1960
1961
Ave.
4.54
4.24
4.48
4.72
4.97
4.93
4.07
4.51
4.35
3.57
4.30
4.54
4.30
4.64
4.32
4.03
4.62
9
4.28
5.17
4.14
3.81
4.58
(4.76)
Ave.
(4.46)
4.65
4022
2
1959
1960
1961
Total
5
1959
1960
1961
Total
6
1959
1960
1961
Total
7
1959
1960
1961
Total
8
1959
1960
1961
5
6
2
5
6
7
8
(4.74)
a
a
a
a
a
139
% 0( -acid (dwb) in Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggle, 1959 to 1961
Rate of Application
Sy
219.89
102108483
y2T2
sy2
sy2R2
Sy2Y2
Sy2TR2
Sy2TY2
12,,11907805
12,100.1679
16,128,8315
3,044.0891
4,050.5695
Source
Time of
262.97
1,176.0571
13,867.0581
17,308.1025
23,088.5105
3,490.3905
49647,9509
Anal sis of Variance
SS
DF
Rate of
Treatment
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Years
Y x T
Error b
Subtotal b
Grand Total
3
3
9
15
2
6
24
32
47
2.6564
1.0220
3.6927
703711
0,7267
1.9340
4.4912
7.1519
14.5230
0.8855
003407
004103
2.16 N.S.
003634
0,3223
0.1871
1994 N.S.
1.72 N.S,
0.7586
0,4399
0.5463
1.39 N.S.
0.9359
0,5660
0,2065
4053 *
2,74 *
Time of Application
Treatment
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Years
I x T
Error b
Subtotal b
Grand Total
4
3
12
19
2
8
30
40
59
3.0345
1,3198
605555
10,9098
108718
4.5277
6,1941
12,5936
23.5034
=a111111.
1140
Gibberellic Acid -- Fuggle -- 1961
Mls oil/100 gm D.M.
Rate of Application
Entry
I
Replication
II
V
VI
Total
Mean
1
0.98
3
4
5
0.91
0,95
0.94
0.48
0.97
0.64
0.90
0.89
0.98
0.85
0.96
0.71
1.01
0.85
1,01
3.06
3.87
3.29
3.81
0.76
0.97
0.82
0.95
Totals
3.78
2.99
3.68
3.58
14003
0.88
=
14.03
12,6289
49,6807
49.5873
SY",
Sy' ,m
Sy?,*.
Sy2R2=
(Sy)'.. 19608409
CT = 12.82%
Source
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
DF
3
3
9
15
Analysis of Variance
SS
MS
0.117619
0.094269
0.114456
0.326344
0.039206
0.031423
0.0127173
F
3.08 N.S.
2,47 N.S.
Time of Application
Replication
II
V
Entry
VI
Total
Mean
9
0,93
0,94
0.93
0.95
0.83
0.71
1011
0.90
1.01
0.79
0.83
0.88
0.85
0.96
0.88
0.68
0.76
0.79
0.97
1,01
0.85
0,65
0.79
0.81
3.86
3.81
3.67
3.07
3.21
3.19
0.96
0.95
0.92
0,77
0.80
0.80
Totals
5.29
5,52
4092
5.08
20.81
0.87
2
5
6
7
8
Sy
20.81
18.3273
Sy2T2= 72.7897
Sy4Rt= 108.4673
(Sy)2= 433.0561
Sy2
,==
CV ° 9,19%
Source
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
DF
Analysis of Variance
MS
ss
5
0.153421
3
0.033879
0.095996
0.283296
15
23
0.030684
0.011293
0.0063997
a
a
ab
c
be
be
F
4,79 **
1.76
Gibberellic Acid Trial -- Fuggle. 1959-61
(mis. oil per 100 grams dry matter)
Rate of Application
Replication
V
VI
Total
I
II
1959
1960
1961
0.67
1.37
0.98
0.65
0.93
0,48
0.80
1,70
0.89
0.59
1.17
0,71
2.71
5.17
3.06
Total
3,02
2,06
3039
2.47
10,914
1959
1960
1961
0.59
1,19
0.91
0,72
0.98
0.97
0,88
1.32
0.98
0.72
1,30
1.01
2,91
4.79
Total
2.69
2.67
3.18
3,03
11,57
1960
1961
0.60
0.84
0.95
0.82
0.74
0.64
0.69
1.02
0.85
0.60
0,78
0.85
2.71
3.38
3.29
Total
2.39
2.20
2.56
2.23
9,38
0.78
1.08
0.90
0,614
1960
1961
0.70
0.69
0.94
1.01
0,96
0,66
1.00
1.01
2,78
3.78
3.81
Total
2.33
2.76
2.61
2,67
10.37
Total
10.43
9.69
11.74
10.40
42.26
Entry
1959
1960
1961
1
2.71
2,91
2.71
2078
5017
4.79
3.38
3.78
3.06
3.87
3.29
3.81
10,914
11.11
17,12
14.03
42.26
Entry
1
3
4 1959
5 1959
3
5
Total
Rate of Application
SY2
NT2
-Y24 2
Sy R
Sy2Y2
sy2TA2.
Sy2TY2=
.
42026.
3908340
449.0698
448.6686
613.3674
113.6814
155.9512
Time of Application
52.0L
49.4088
547.7334
677.2230
952.5452
137.6276
194.6852
Total
11057
9038
10.37
3,87
1142
Gibberellic Acid Trial -- Fuggle, 1959-61
(mis. oil per 100 grams dry matter)
Time of Application
Replication
V
Ent
II
VI
Total
1959
1960
1961
0078
1042
0.93
1.35
1.11
1.76
0.85
0,62
1.32
0.97
2.80
5.85
3.86
Total
3013
3.08
3.39
201
12.51
1959
0070
0.96
0.66
1.00
1.01
2,78
3.78
1961.
0.69
0.94
0,78
1.08
0.90
0.64
1960
Total
2.33
2.76
2.61
2.67
10.37
1959
1960
1961
0.53
0.76
0.93
0.65
1.07
1.01
0.54
1.11
0.88
0.62
0,77
2.34
0.85
3.67
Total
2,22
2.73
2.53
2.24
9,72
1959
1960
1961
0051
1.18
0.95
0.42
0078
9.79
0.45
1,25
0,68
0,48
1.00
0.65
1.86
4.21
3,07
Total.
2.64
1.99
2.38
2.13
9.14
1959
1960
1961
0.60
1.00
0.83
0.67
1.04
0.83
0.55
'1.42
0.76
0.58
1.21
0,79
2.40
4.67
3.21
Total
2.43
2.54
2.73
2.58
10.28
Total
12,75
13.10
13,614
12.53
52.02
Entry
1959
1960
1961
2
2.80
2.78
5.85
3.86
5
3.78
.3.81
6
2.34
1.86
2.40
3.71
4.21
4.67
3.67
3.07
12.18
22.22
17.62
2
5
6
7
8
7
8
Total
64,11a
1.01.
3.21.
Total
12.51
10.37
9.72
9.14
10.28
3.81.
3.71.
li43
Anal sis of Variance
Source
DF
Rate of Application
0.21607
Treatments
3
0.18264
Replications
3
0.28868
Error a
9
0,68739
15
Subtotal a
2
1.12905
Years
0.43627
6
Y x T
0.37488
24
Error b
32
1.94020
Subtotal b
2.62759
Grand total
47
time of Application
Treatments
005431
4
0.0469
Replications
3
0.1846
12
Error b
0.7746
19
Subtotal b
2.5260
2
Years
0.5009
8
Y x T
30
0.5060
Error b
40
Subtotal b
3.5329
Grand total
403075
59
Ent
1959
MS
SS
1960
2.24 N.S.
1.90 N.S.
0.07202
0.06088
0.03208
36.14 **
4.65 **
0.56452
0.07271
0.01562
8.82 **
1.01 N.S.
0.1358
0.0156
0.0154
1.2630
0.0626
0.0169
74073 **
3.70 **
1961
Averse_
0.76
0.97
0.82
0.95
0.88
0.91
0.96
0.78
0.86
a
a
a
a
0.96
0.95
0092
0.77
0.80
0.80
0.87
1.04
0.86
0.81
0.76
0.86
a
b
b
b
b
Rate of Application
1
3
4
5
0.68
0.73
0.68
0.70
0.69
1.29
1.20
0.84
0.94
1.07
Time of Application
2
5
6
7
8
9
0.70
0.70
0.58
0.46
0.60
(0.58)
(0.60)
1.46
0.94
0.93
1.05
1.17
1.14
1.12
(0.84)
Gibberellic Acid on Fuggle 1961
% 3 -acid (dry weight basis)
Rate of Application
Entry
I
Re lication
II
V
VI
Total
Mean
5
2.38
2,28
2.14
2.19
1.71
2.18
2.22
1.96
1.72
2.08
1.74
1.81
2.25
2.34
1.98
2.42
8.06
8.88
8.08
8.38
2,01
2.22
2.02
2.09
Totals
8.99
8.07
7.35
8.99
33.40
2.09
Sy2
Source
DF
CV
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
1
3
33.40
70,5884
27903288
280.7876
Sy'2 =
1,115.5600
(Sy)2
Sy
El
=
Sy2T2 =
8049%
Anal sis of Variance
MS
SS
0.1097
0.4744
0.2818
0.8659
3
3
9
15
0.0366
0.1581
0.0313
F
1.17 N.S.
5.05 *
Time of Application
Time of A
Entry.
2
5
6
7
8
9
Totals
Sy
va
Sy2
°
SyT2
sa
Sy2R2
(Sy)2
CV
Total
Mean
1.82
1.81
1.91
1.63
2.26
2.14
2.23
2,42
2.20
1.70
2.02
2.01
8.27
8.38
8051
7.61
8.17
8.19
2.07
2.09
2.13
1.90
2.04
2.05
12.69
11.57
12.58
49.13
2.05
Source
DF
II
1096
2.19
2.36
2.14
1083
1.81
2.26
1.96
2.04
2.14
2.06
2.23
12.29
49013
10105793
402.7745
604.2015
2,41397569
10.98%
lication
V
VI
I
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
5
3
15
23
Analysis of Variance
SS
MS
0.12043
0.12705
0.75862
100061
0.02409
0.04235
0.05057
N.S.
N.S.
6
Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggle, 1959-61
%
-acid (dwb)
Rate of Application
Replication
Entry
V
VI
Total
1
3
4
5
1959
1960
1961
2.28
2.05
2.38
1.87
0.73
1.71
2,14
0.30
1.72
2.02
0.62
2.25
8.31
3.70
8.06
Total
6.71
631
4.16
4.89
20.07
1959
1960
1961
2.06'
2.06
2.28
1.80
0.82
2.18
2.08
0.42
2.08
R
7.99
Total
6.40
4080
4.58
5.12
20.90
1959
1960
1961
2.07
0.82
2.14
1.68
0.72
2.22
1.70
0.46
1074
1.84
0.94
1.98
7.29
2.94
8.08
Total
5.03
4.62
3.90
4.76
18.31
1959
1960
1961
2.04
0.49
2.19
1.82
0.29
1.96
2,00
0,58
1.81
1.79
0,40
2.42
7.65
1.76
8.38
Total
4.72
4.07
4.39
4.61
17,t9
Total 22.86
17.80
17.03
19.38
77.07
1959
1960
5,70
1
8.51.
3
;1;
7,65
12111
1.76
1961
8.06
8.88
8.08
8.38
31.24
12.43
33.40
14
5
44
1.67
443
8.88
1.74
1.53
1.48
145.9589
1,491.3551
2
Sy 2T .
sY
Ave.
e
/:256.:11;
379.8891
565.5637
!4Y2
Sy2RT
Sy YT
CF
123.74552
Analysis of Variance
Source
Treatment
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Year
Y x T
Error b
Subtotal b
Grand total
SS
3
3
9
15
2
6
24
32
47
0.53407
1.67322
0.67689
2.88418
16.62964
0,48169
2.21787
19.32920
22.21338
MS
F
0.17802
0.55774
0.07521
2.37 N.$,
7.42 **
8.31482
0.08028
0.09241
89.98 **
-.
M.S.
146
1959-61
Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggle,
%
-acid (dwb)
Time of Application
Replication
Entry
2
5
6
7
8
I
II
1959
1960
1961
2.09
1.53
1.96
1.84
0.58
Total
V
VI
Total
2.26
1.86
0.41
1.82
2.12
0.86
2,23
7.91
3.38
8.27
5.58
4.68
4.09
5.21
19.56
1959
1960
1961
2.04
0.49
2.19
1.82
0.29
1.96
2,00
0.58
1.81
1.79
0.40
2.42
7.65
1.76
8.38
Total
4.72
4.07
4.39
4.61
17.79
1959
1960
1961
1.52
0.46
2.36
1.50
0.46
1.86
204
1.65
0.94
65
1.
1.91
2.20
2.12
8.51
Total
4.34
4.00
4.50
4.32
17.16
1959
1960
1961
1.95
0.48
2.14
1.58
0.79
2.14
1.146
1.69
1.70
6.68
2.16
7.61
Total
4.57
4.51
3.50
3.87
16.45
1959
1960
1961
2.26
0.63
1.83
1.72
0.46
2.06
1.96
0.37
2.26
1.77
Total
14.72
4,24
14.59
4.314
17.89
Total
23.93
21.50
21.07
22.35
88.85
1959
1960
1961
3.38
2
5
6
7
8
0.41
1.63
7.91
7.65
6.53
6,68
7.71
1.76
8.27
8.38
2.12
2.16
2.01
8.51
7.61
8.17
36.48
11.43
40.94
Source
Treatment
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Years
Y x T
Error b
Subtotal. b
Grand total
OF
4
12
19
2
8
30
40
59
0.31878
0.54410
1.30733
25.30390
0.1481423
1.57940
27.36753
28.67486
1.63
1.148
1.43
1.37
827...107171
2.02
sy2
sy2T2
-
'
584.1979
1,978.3623
3,137.5189
398.6381
631.2185
r
2
sy:
1.149
160.21469
1
Sy .R.
SeRT
2"YT
Sy
131.57204
CF
Analysis of Variance
SS
0.)00145
3
0. 148
Ave.
MS
0.11111
0.10626
0.04-534
12.65195
0.06053
0.05265
215
2.34
N.S.
N.S.
2140.30 **
1.15
M.S.
147
Length of Sidearm (inches) in Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggle in 1961
Time of Application
Eats/ light.
5'
2
10'
Total
5
5'
101
Total
6
5'
10'
Total
7
5'
10'
Total
5'
10'
8
Total
5'
10'
9
Total
Totals
Ave.
27 a
35
21
56
28
17
45
132
84
216
19
24
43
14
24
8
28
25
69
25
38
33
53
28
24
52
31
31
62
15
20
35
13
28
33
61
16
32
48
13
24
37
15
27
42
19
18
37
290
98
167
21 a
24
87
99
37
186
23 a
25
19
44
1
33
34
70
117
187
23 a
28
60
19
47
4
22
26
10
25
35
26
30
56
23
19
42
170
280
271
237
1078
92
152
19 a
78
92
21 a
27,104
-
50,748
=
= 196,114
= 292,110
= 584,740
Sy2H
Sy2HT -
Total
35
20
55
Sy,f,P
Sy2 j
VI
34
26
60
Sy?,
Sy4T
Replication
V
II
I
101,416
Source
Treatments
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Heights
H x T
Error b
Subtotal b
Grand total
Analysis of Variance
MS
SS
DF
5
3
15
23
1
5
18
24
47
304017
132.42
727.33
1,163.92
154.09
685.66
890.25
1,730.00
2,893.92
60.83
44.14
48.49
1.25 N.S.
N.S.
154.09
137.13
49.46
3.12 N.S.
2.77 *
148
Length of Sidearm (inches) in Gibberellic Acid Trial on Fuggle in 1961
Rate of Application
Entry Hght. I
Replication
II
V
1
5'
17
18
10'
40
11
29
Total,
57
28
25
53
167
203
765
14
24
38
25
33
204
137
221
Total
Totals
SA
Sy2P
StI
Sy2R =
Sy'll
Sy HT=
88
78
8
19
24
43
5'
116
20
15
35
25
34
10'
26 a
31
20
51
28
18
46
5
95
109
204
9
4
Total
27
30
57
35
76
58
5'
10'
Ave.
32
26
58
Total
30
28
51
101
61
Total
41
13
23
36
3
33
28
VI
112
228
166
28 a
21 a
69
98
21 a
20,431
39,149
149,045
150,435
293,033
75,099
Source
Treatment
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Heights
H x T
Error b
Subtotal b
Grand total
Analysis of Variance
SS
MS
DF
3
3
9
15
1
3
12
16
31
3142.34
516.10
427.78
1,286.22
26,28
118.85
711.37
856.50
2,142,72
114.11
172.03
47.53
2,40 N.S.
3.62 N.S.
26.28
39.62
59.28
N.S.
N.S.
149
Length of Sidearms (inches) at ten foot height, Gibberellic Acid Trial on
Fuggle 1959 to 1961.
Rate of Application
Re lication
I
II
V
VI
Total
40
30
40
20
13
11
60
52
22
28
24
30
172
89
109
43
22
27
Total
110
44
110
106
370
31
1959
1960
1961
31
19
61
19
35
59
43
26
191
28
40
16
23
112
48
24
28
Total
78
79
115
128
400
33
1959
1960
1961
31
16
18
28
13
25
39
23
20
33
20
15
131
72
78
33
18
20
Total
65
66
82
68
281
23
1959
25
16
24
24
21
25
43
34
25
121
90
30
1960
1961
29
19
24
98
24
Total
72
65
70
102
309
26
Ent
1
3
4
5
1959
1960
1961
97
Awe.
22
150
Length of Sidearms (inches) at ten foot heights Gibberellic Acid Trial on
Fuggle, 1959 to 19610
Time of Application
Entry
2
5
6
7
8
I
Re lication
V
II
V
Total
Ave
40
132
83
84
33
21
21
1959
1960
1961
24
14
26
16
Total
12
52
19
20
21
38
17
64
48
92
95
299
25
1959
1960
1961
29
19
24
25
16
24
24
21
25
43
34
25
121
90
30
98
24
Total
72
65
70
102
309
26
1959
1960
1961
39
39
41
154
24
35
19
31
20
20
27
24
93
99
38
23
25
Total
90
85
79
92
346
29
1959
1960
1961
39
27
33
35
16
38
17
52
164
41
32
19
26
33
86
117
22
29
Total
99
83
74
111
367
31
1959
1960
1961
32
19
41
54
23
154
24
27
13
27
22
72
92
38
18
23
Total
75
67
77
99
318
26
(23)
18
18
(25)
(56)
(39)
(143)
14
25
21
30
21
19
74
(36)
18
92
23
59
64
107
79
309
26
9* 1959
1960
1961
Total
27
17
19
* Treatment 9 was not treated until the fall of 196a.
22
151
Harvest Weights in the Planting Time and Plant Stock Trial on Fuggle in 1961.
Harvest Weight by Reps. (not adj. for moisture)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Total
Replication
IV
III
V
VI
Total
Ave.
Lbs./We
24.1
20.1
18,4
26,1
19.3
18.2
22.5
13.7
14.6
23,2
13.5
22.3
26.0
20.8
12.4
16,4
13.4
24.2
20.0
30,6
20.0
13,0
23.7
19.7
106.2
17.7
16.8
14.4
14.8
12,3
15.5
12.5
13.3
8.6
16.8
8.9
11.0
12.3
21.6
5.4
16.7
10,9
18,3
94,2
113.1
131.5
7900
101,7
91.6
115,8
19.2
15.3
1507
18.8
21.9
13.2
17.0
1503
1903
650
620
500
710
560
580
690
800
480
620
560
710
189.6
156.3
236.0
24002
1221,8
17.0
620
I
II
17.7
14.7
13.6
19,5
1708
15.2
20,7
23.0
9.3
1305
1106
20,1
10.0
17.3
12.9
13.6
20.3
7,6
25.4
20.6
15.3
2005
19,6
19.9
15.9
14.7
15.1
22.7
12.0
196.7
203.0
Entry
18,0
12.2
22.0
10810.:g
115.1
91.7
1122108
=
= 22,516084
Sy4T a 127,018074
2
Sy R n 253,669.78
Sy
Sy?,
Source
Analysis of Variance
SS
DF
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
11
5
55
71
436.523
405,881
941.169
10783.573
MS
390684
81.176
17.112
2.32 *
4.74 *,
Harvest Weights of Herbicide Trial on Fuggle in 1961
Harvest Weight by Reps. (not adj. for moisture)
Entry
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Totals
I
II
Total
61.2
30,0
30.3
38.6
25,2
49,0
34.7
38.0
53,7
49.3
48.8
36.2
32.4
34.5
35.5
45.2
77.0
70.4
78.8
66.5
71.0
59.7
84.5
79.9
275.4
373.6
649.0
23.2
23.3
214;1
Ave.
Lbs/Wo
40.0
1040
1310
1200
1340
1130
1210
1010
1430
1360
36.1
1230
30,6
38.5
35.2
39.4
33.2
35.5
29,8
42.2
abc
abc
c
ab
be
be
abc
a
0
abc
be
ab
152
Planting Time and Plant Stock Trial on Fuggles 1961.
% GK.-acid (dwb)
Replication
Treat.
II
V
VI
Total
1
4.50
4.35
4.93
4.32
4.01
4.20
3099
60 3
4.52
4020
4.56
4.59
4.38
4.59
4.18
4.38
4.67
4.07
4.06
3.83
4.21
52.07
51.72
4.62
4.14
4.46
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Total
5.14
4.86
4.17
5.66
4.74
4038
3.78
4.81
4.85
3.67
4.34
4.40
4.21
4.48
4.28
4.12
4.51
4.10
4.26
3.76
3.91
4.07
3.62
54.58
149.72
'4.18
Sy,i
%
Treatment 11
Replication 3
Error
33
Total
47
8.02%
17.80
17.18
16.72
16.84
16.81
15.60
16.69
4.59
4.44
4.42
4.71
4.45
4.45
4.29
4.18
4.21
4020
3.90
4.17
208.09
14.33
.17.80
2.08987
.99467
3.96986
7605440
.18999
.33156
.12030
1.58 N.S.
2.76 N.S.
,acid (dwb)
Treat.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Total
y2T2
y2R4
Cv
18.36
17.77
17.70
18.82
Anal sis of Variance
909.167 9
3,616.813 5
Sy2R 2 is 10,837.2981
Sy'T 2
CV
Av
I
Re lication
II
V
VI
Total
Av
6.59
6.39
1.73
1.59
1.54
1.71
1.76
1.77
1.91
1.75
1.91
1.64
1.68
1.66
1.67
1.75
1.79
1.54
1.91
1078
1.74
1.92
1.75
2.00
1.67
1.92
1.55
1.50
1.51
1.75
1.78
1.70
1.83
1.55
1.72
1.78
1.68
1.79
1.64
1.55
1.57
1.67
1.56
1.87
1.73
1.88
1.80
1.40
1.69
1.45
6.67
7.01
7.12
7.21
7.10
7.18
6.82
6.72
6.82
1.65
1.59
1.60
1.67
1.75
1.78
1.80
1.77
1.79
1.71
1.68
1.71
20.65
21.414
20.14
19.81
82.04
1.71
141.0894
561.8014
12684.1518
7.27%
Source
60141
Anal sis of Variance
DF
Treatment 11
Replication 3
Error
33
Total
47
.23032
.12595
.51310
.86937
.02094
.041983
.01555
,1.35 N.S.
2.70 N.S.
153
Harvest Weights in the Date of Pruning and Training Trial on Fuggle in 1961.
Harvest Weight by Reps. (not adj. for moisture).
Entry
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
Sy,
Sy;
Sy T
Sy2R
Replication
IV
III
I
II
3509
43.3
34.3
20.6
19.2
19.8
39,0
4003
30.1
41.4
40.8
29.0
34.9
27.1
25,9
30.6
180
173.1 210.4
V
20.1..
2103
32.4
4509
38.6
19.4
2594
31.0
31.9
23.4
35.3
30.7
23,5
167.9
183.0
175.8
VI
39.3
38.0
40,3
34.5'
2906
21,7
203.4
Total
Ave.
Lbs./Ac
195.5
220.8
201.1
196.3
170.3
129.6
32.6
36.8
33.5
32.7
28.4
21.6
1120
1260
1150
1120
980
1,113.6
30.9
1060
1,113.6
36,663074
211,746004
208,188.38
Source
Analysis of Variance
SS
DF
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
5
5
25
35
843.65
250.70
1,122.03
2,216.38
MS
168.730
50.140
44,881
F
3.76 *
1.12 N.S.
a
a
a
a
ab
154
Harvest Weights in the Date of Pruning and Training on Fuggle.
Entry
1
2
1959
1960
1961
36.6
24.6
35.9
45.9
33.6
39.0
Total
97.1
1959
1960
1961
4
5
6
Replications
III
IV
V
VI
Total
44.1
28,6
236,7
166.5
195.5
194
22.9
15.4
2103
314
5103
40.7
3903
118.5
88.5
59.6
103.7
131.3
598.7
5601
17.3
43,3
4601
37.2
40.3
38.1
18.3
34.9
35.1
16.8
32,4
32,5
13.8
31.9
32,1
2009
38,0
240.0
124,3
220,8
116.7
123.6
91.3
8403
78.2
91.0
585.1
1959
1960
1961
37.7
25,4
34,3
29.2
26.8
30.1
34.4
23.1
2701
47,2
41.0
45.9
27.6
17.4
23,4
51.0
35.6
40.3
227,1
169.3
201.1
Total
97.4
86.1
84,6
134.1
68.4
126,9
597.5
1959
1960
1961
(42.8)
(19.1)
34.3
28.8
41.4
21,0
14.2
25.9
41.9
2704
3806
42.8
22.4
35.3
42,8
(225,6)
(139,0)
196.3.
Total
(82.5)
104.5
6101
107.9
100,5
104.4
560,9
1959
1960
1961
54.6
11.9
19.2
41.2
31.7
40.8
35.1
23,0
30,6
22,9
13.2
19.4
27.3
19.3
30.7
38,9
24.6
29.6
220.0
12307
170.3
Total
85,7
113.7
88.7
55.5
7703
93.1
514.0
1959
1960
1961
16,5
12,2
19,8
25.4
15.3
18.8
20,3
2004
21,2
18.0
25.4
22,8
14,5
23.5
23,5
17.7
21.7
12907
87.4
129,6
Total
48.5
59.5
50,4
64.6
60,8
6209
346.7
Total
52709
60509
464.6
506,0
488.9
609,6
3202,9
97.1
116.7
97.4
8205
85.7
48.5
118.5
123.6
86.1
104.5
113.7
59.5
88.5
91.3
84.6
61.1
88.7
50.4
59.6
84.3
134.1
10709
55.5
64.6
103.7
78.2
68.4
100.5
77.3
60.8
13103
91.0
126.9
104.4
93.1
62,9
598.7
585.1
597.5
560.9
514.0
346.7
527.9
605.9
464.6
506.0
488.9
609,6
3202,9
Total
3
II
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
20.6
35.9
23.6
9.7
27.].
34.5
155
Harvest Weights in the Date of Pruning and Training on Fuggle
Entry
1959
1960
1961
Total
1
236.7
240,0
227.1
225.6
220.0
129.7
166.5
124.3
169.3
195.5
220.8
(139.0)
123.7
87.4
196.3
17003
129.6
598.7
585.1
59795
560,9
514.0
346.7
127901
810,2
1113.6
3202.9
Rep.
1959
1960
1961
Total
I
II
244.3
222,1
184.8
19102
197.1
239,6
110.5
17304
111.9
131.8
116.0
166.6
173.1
210,4
167.9
183.0
17508
203.4
52709
60509
464.6
50600
488.9
609.6
127901
81002
111306
320209
2
3
4
5
6
Total
III
IV
V
VI
Total
Sy2
Sy2T2
Sy2R2
Sy4Y4
Sy2Te,
Sy2TY2
Sy2RY2
=
=
22
=
=
=
=
20101-
106,616.69
1,756,795.65
1,7280317.75
3,5320625081
304,628.45
607,161047
5979546055
Source
DF
Treatment
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Years
Y x T
Error b
Subtotal b
5
5
25
35
Analysis of Variance
MS
SS
5220603
2,613,014
206.182
1,030.909
2,912,150
116.486
6,556.073
2
391410751 1,570.876
45.207
10
452.069
25.518
6o(58) 1,480.053
5,073.873
72(70)
Entry
1959
1960
1961
Ave.
1
1420
2
3
1440
1360
1350
1320
780
920
680
930
790
680
480
1120
1260
1150
1120
980
740
1150
1130
1150
1090
990
670
750
1060
5
6
Ave,
4.49 **
1,77 NeS.
61956 **
1077 NoSo
107(105)11,6290946
Grand total
4
F
1280
a
b
a
a
a
a
a
b
156
Average Cone Weight (mg.) per Sample of Prune and Train Trial on Fuggle in 1961
Replication
II
V
Entry
1
(150)
2
145
3
112
4
5
6
Totals
150
168
132
129
164
174
174
172
129
160
186
169
(874)
990
Sy, =
3,638
Sy4 s,
562,258
2
Sy ,T = 2,237,792
Sy'R = 3,317,546
VI
Total
Ave.
(623)
165
149
150
117
125
173
169
677
156
159
122
132
171
169
891
883
3638
152
114
162
Source
DF
Treatment
5
Replication
3
Error
15(14)
Total
23(22)
635
490
528
685
a
a
b
b
a
a
Analysis of Variance
SS
MS
7,987.83
1,464.16
1,345.84
10,797.83
F
16.62 **
5.08 *
1,597.57
488.05
96.13
Average Cone Weight (mg.) per Sample of Prune and Train Trial in Late Cluster
Entry
1
I
Replication
II
V
VI
157
151
5
6
170
153
158
156
173
137
131
202
151
159
162
131
185
134
137
184
146
166
156
149
179
Totals
947
936
958
980
2
3
4
Sy0
=
3,821
=
617,101
- 2;438,145
Sy2R = 3,651,069
194
Source
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
DF
5
3
15
23
Total
Ave.
642
652
669
160
163
167
164
154
3821
656
618
584
a
a
a
a
a
1146 a
159
Analysis of Variance
SS
MS
1,201.21
176.46
7,388,29
8,765.96
240.24
58.82
492.55
41.1111
157
Average Weight of Cones (mg) in the Pruning and Training of Fuggle
Replication
Entry
I
II
V
vf
131
141
150
106
156
149
(623)
Total
1 1959
122
1960
1961
140
(150)
118
154
174
Total
(412)
446
422
411
(1691)
1959
1960
1961
119
158
145
118
158
172
122
153
168
122
159
150
481
628
635
Total
422
448
443
431
1744
1959
1960
1961
116
106
112
123
124
129
98
122
132
115
126
117
452
478
Total
334
376
352
358
1420
1959
1960
1961
114
132
129
128
129
160
106
118
114
126
162
125
474
541
528
Total
375
417
338
413
1543
117
134
164
124
118
1960
1961
lids
186
104
162
120
122
173
479
504
685
Total
415
454
384
415
1668
1959
1960
1961
150
129
174
132
121
169
130
129
165
131
127
169
543
506
677
Total
453
422
424
427
1726
(2411)
2563
2363
(412)
422
446
448
376
417
454
422
422
443
352
2563
2
3
4
5 1959
6
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
334
375
415
453
(2411)
477
591
490
2455
(9792)
(1691)
424
411
431
358
413
415
427
2363
2455
(9792)
338
384
1744
1420
1543
1668
1726
158
Weight of Cones (mg) in the Pruning and Training of Fuggle
Entry
1959
1960
477
(623)
(1691)
452
474
479
543
591
628
478
541
504
506
635
490
528
685
677
1744
1420
1543
1668
1726
Total
2906
3248
(3638)
(9792)
Reps
1959
1960
1961.
Total
738
743
705
720
799
830
(874)
(2411)
990
891
883
2563
2363
2455
2906
3248
(3638)
(9792)
1959
1960
1961
Ave.
5
6
119
120
113
118
120
136
148
157
120
135
126
126
156
159
122
132
171
169
141
145
118
129
139
144
Ave.
121
1
9
481
3
5
6
I
II
V
VI
Total
'
=
Sy2R2 =
Sy2V =
Sy2TR2 =
Sy2TY? =
Sy2RY
ST2
Entry
767
852
1961
Total
1,35962,796
16,0,566
23,992,684
32,229,384
4,024,210
5,424,834
8,071,158
1
2
3
Source
DF
Treatment
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Years
5
3
15
23
2
YxT
10
Error b
Subtotal b
3605)
Grand total
71(70)
48(47)
152
135
Analysis of Variance
SS
MS
6,585.17
1,214.89
1,891.27
9,691.33
11,179.00
6,732.33
3,40Ntj
21,392.67
31,084.00
a
a
b
ab
a
F
1,317.03
404.96
126.08
10.45 **
3.21
5,589.50
673.23
99.47
56.19 **.
6.77 **
159
Cone Length of Pruning and Training Trial on Fuggle in 1961
Total Length (mm.) of 25 cones
Replication
Entry
I
V
VI
1
(729)
771
2
714
538
623
754
763
766
508
645
785
768
772
717
654
619
756
805
712
736
563
623
781
4243
4323
4205
3
4
5
6
Totals
Sy,
Se,
SyT
2
(4121)
=
16,892
= 12,0592140
= 48,161,
148,161,666
Sy R = 71056,044
Ave.cone length
(2984)
(746)
733
2933
2263
2510
3076
3126
790
566
628
769
782
Treatment
5
3
Replication
Error
15(14)
23(22)
Total
151,263.8
3052103
15,202.2
169,987.3
30 a
29 a
23 c
25 b
31 a
31.a
28
(16892)
Analysis of Variance
SS
MS
DF
Source
Total
F
30,252.76
1,173.77
1,085.87
27.86 **
1.08 N.S.
Cone Length of Pruning and Training on Late Cluster in 1961
Total Length (mm) of 25 cones
Replication
Entry
1
2
3
4
5
6
Totals
II
V
VI
Total
Ave.cone length
814
802
845
758
787
802
868
797
793
763
822
771
743
898
799
764
788
752
778
761
909
786
739
832
869
752
878
721
798
854
3258
3208
3379
3034
3147
3209
4814
4744
4805
4872
19235
19,235
*15,481,111
54T = 61,7292915
Source
DF
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
,5
33
32
34
30
31
32
a
a
a
a
a
a
32
Analysis of Variance
SS
MS
F
Sy',
Sy2R = 92,504,541
3
15
23
16,427.71
1,372.46
47,259.79
65,059.96
3,285.542
457.487
3,150.653
1.04 N.S.
--
160
Length of Sidearm (inches)in Fuggle Prune and Train Trial in 1961
Entry
Fight.
1
5'
lol
Total
2
5'
lot
Total
3
5'
lot
Total
4
5'
lot
Total
5
5'
10'
Total
6
5'
101
Total
Totals
SyF,
ss
Sy," =
Sy2T
=
Sy,4,R
I.
SygH
Sy HT
Replication
II
V
I
VI
Tot41
Ave,
43
47
5
41
46
3o
155
185
23 a
2
0
16
3o
46
5
41
46
12
21
33
18'
43
61
26
5
25
30
4
32
120
28
30
30
152
19 a
1
14
15
2
19
21
It
27
29
lo
85
95
12 a
4
u.
15
12
23
35
14
31
45
15
3o
45
45
95
140
18 a
11
11
3
22
19
16
35
52
22
19
17
36
13
13
26
1
10
11
19
20
39
10
172
204
205
207
25
12
22
66
118
15 a
43
55
12 a
98
788
19,254
29,390
109,482
156,074
376,720
70,658
Source
Treatments
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Heights
H x T
Error b
Subtotal b
Grand total
Analysis of Variance
SS
MS
DF
5
3
74802
15
23
1
5
18
24
47
69.84
939.91
1,758.67
2,760.34
1,218.91
579075
4,559.00
6,317.67
149,78
23,28
62.66
2,760.34
243,78
32.21
2.39 N.S.
85.70 **
7,57 **
161
Length of Sidearms (inches) at ten foot height, Pruning and Training on Fuggle
Entry
1
2
3
4
5
6
I
Replication
V
II
Total
VI
Ave,
41
202
77
155
50
19
39
128
139
434
36
48
12
43
33
148
39
120
10
26
36
10
30
62
103
66
76
307
26
1959
1960
1961
44
13
24
12
32
13
54
154
38
25
14
19
25
27
63
85
16
21
Total
82
50
64
106
302
25
1959
1960
1961
22
47
12
31
40
10
30
132
42
95
33
11
23
13
23
Total
40
59
90
80
269
22
1959
1960
1961
23
36
36
17
22
11
16
126
50
66
32
12
11
31
13
17
Total
43
61
75
63
242
20
1959
1960
1961
12
23
30
25
8
8
8
13
10
20
12
90
32
55
22
8
Total
33
41
58
45
177
15
59
26
43
75
14
30
35
14
41
Total
77
90
1959
1960
1961
31
10
21
Total
1959
1960
1961
33
7
9
7
23
'
'',-
37
30
10
24
16
8
14
162
Prune and Train Trial on Fuggle -- 1961
% OG.acid (dwb)
Replication
V
II
Treat.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
VI
Total
Mean
4.92
5.08
4.30
5.53
4.84
5.32
4.55
5.43
4.73
4.71
5.66
5.02
5.39
5.04
5.06
4.74
5.52
5.25
4.86
4.96
5.60
4.37
5.37
5.55
5.03
5.13
19.69
19.35
21.39
21.14
19.83
20.56
29.97
30.55
30.39
31.05
121.96
4.84
5.35
5.28
4.96
5.14
Analysis of Variance
2
Sy
=
623.2724
2,482.4928
Sy!T;
Sy'R' = 3,719.1580
CV = 7.9%
Source
DF
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
SS
MS
.86314
.09960
2.54960
3.51234
5
3
15
23
.172628
.03320
.169973
1.02 N.S.
N.S.
% /5-acid (dwb)
Replication
V
Treat.
II
2
3
4
6
Total
Sy2
=
2
=
Sy2R2 =
CV = 7.6%
Total
Mean
2.20
1.73
2.06
2.49
2.37
2.55
2.41
2.15
2.10
2.86
2.38
2.71
2.45
2.08
2.11
2.67
2.47
2.53
2.58
2.33
2.11
10.70
9.93
10.13
9.64
8.29
8.38
2.72
2.48
2.53
2.41
2,07
2.09
13.72
14.07
14.59
14.09
57.07
2.38
2.68
2.71
2.34
1
VI
137.3759
547.1623
814.8435
Source
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
DF
5
3
15
23
Analysis of Variance
SS
MS
1.08287
.09955
.48578
1.6682
.21657
.03318
.032385
F
6.69 it*
1.02 N.S.
163
Pruning and Training on Fuggle, 1956-61
%cc-acid (dwb)
Replication;
II
-.V
Entry,,
i
2
3
4
5
6
VI
,Total
4.42
5.28
5.60
17.28
20.82
19.69
Ave.
4.05
5.83
4.30
4.24
4.40
4.73
Total 14.18
13.37
5*06
14.94
15.30
4.55
4.98
5.53
4.82
4.03
4.71
4.85
4.59
4.74
4.52
4.88
4.37
18.74
Total 15.06
13.56
14.18
13.77
56.57
4.25
5,81
4.84
4.88
4.35
5.66
3.52
5.01
5.52
3.93
5.86
5.37
16.58
21.03
21.39
Total 14.90
14.89
14.05
15.16
59.00
3.63
4.63
5.32
4.59
4.63
5.02
4.84
4.48
5.25
4.69
4.78
5.55
17.75
18.52
21.14
Total 13,58
14.24
14.57
15.02
57.41
4.62
4.38
4.55
5.70
5.04
5.39
4.92
4.72
4.86
5.14
4.68
5.03
20.38
18,82
19,83
Total 13.55
16.13
14.50
14.85
59.03
5.32
4.49
5.43
4.88
4.41
5.04
5.22
5.51
4.96
4.83
4.31
5.13
20,25
20.56
Total 15.24
14.33
15.69
14.27
59.53
4.96
Total 86.51
86.52
87.93
88.37
349.33
4.85
1959
1960
1961
1959
1960
1961
1959
1960
1961
1959
1960
1961
1959
1960
1961
1959
1960
1961
1
2
3
4
5
6
Treatment
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Years
Y x T
Error b
Subtotal b
Grand total
DF
SS
101
0.54535
0.15390
3.24695
3.94620
2.51186
5.18894
36
6.53607.
71
14.23687
18.18307
5
3
15
23
2
48
57.79
4.82
i8.148
19.35
4.71
4.92
14.78
4.92
18.72'
1961
1960
Sy2
20.82
Sy2T2
19.69
Sy2R2
18.48
19.35
sy2y2
21.03
21.39
18.52
21,114
Sy2TR
Sr-TY
18.82
19.83'
20456
18,72
CF
iig:59
17175.r
Analysis of Variance
1959
17.28
18.74
16.58
17.75
20.38
.20.25
110.98
Source
4.57
5.31
.
.
.
.
1,713.0643
200345.1189
30,510.6323
40,737.4341
5,096.4823
6,812.5095
1,694.88123
MS
0.10907
0.1
0.05130-
1:00111
F
0.21646
1.25593
.51889-
0.18156
6.92"
**
2,86 *
3.64
Prune and Train Trial on Fuggle -- 1961
Mls oil/100 gin D.M.
Replication
II
V
Treat.
1
VI
6
1.00
1.13
1.05
0.92
0.88
1.11
1.17
0.99
1.24
1.13
1.10
(1.00)
(1.02)
0.78
1.18
1.02
1.36
1.22
1.08
1,10
Total
6.09
6.63
6.63
6.96
2
3
5
2
-
'72m2
sy4R4
°Yisin
CV
29.2943
116.1103
---.4435
1.0
11.3%
1.17
1.04
1.38
1.24
DF
Source
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
5
3
15(13)
23(21)
Total
Mean
4.52
4.18
5.03
4.51
4.08
3.99
1.13
1.05
1.26
1.13
1.02
1.00
26.31
1.10
Analysis of Variance
SS
MS
.185238
.064913
.201812
.451963
F
2.39 N.S.
1.39 N.S.
.037048
.021638
.015524
Prune and Train Trial on Late Cluster -- 1961
Mls oil/100 gm D.M.
Replication
II
V
Treat
VI
Total
Mean
5
6
0.55
0.69
0.81
0046
0.65
0064
0.67
0.56
0,57
o067
0.67
0061
0.52
0.58
0.67
0051
0.52
0052
0.40
0.55
0.52
0,73
0.55
0068
2.14
2.38
2.57
2.37
2.39
2,45
0.53
0.59
0.64
0.5
0.60
0061
Total
3080
3075
3.32
3.43
14.30
0059
1
2
3
4
SA
Sy;,T!
Sy2R2
mg
8.7230
34.1804
51.2898
Source
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
DF
5
3
15
23
Analysis of Variance
SS
MS
0.02468
0.02788
0.15002
0.20258
.00494
.00929
I
SO
F
N.S.
N.S.
165
Pruning and Training on niggle, 1959-61
mis. oil per. 100 grams dry matter
Re lication
Entry
1
2
3
4
5
6
Total
0.79
1.09
1,17
0.70
1.24
1.18
2.69
5.21
4052
Total 3.06
3.19
3.05
3.12
12.42
1959
1960
1961
0.45
1.01
1.13
0.69
0.92
0.99
0.64
1.23
1.04
0.61
0.90
1.02
2.39
4.
4.18
Total
2.59
2.60
2.91
2.53
10.63
1959
1960
1961
0.82.
1.48
1.05
o.65
1.35
1.24
0.71
0.98
1.38
0.72
1.49
1.36
2.90
5.30
5.03
Total 3.35
3.24
3.07
3.57
13.23
1959
1960
1961
o.58
1.15
0.92
0.61
1.06
1.13
0.53
1.33
1.24
0.88
0.94
1.22
2.60
4.48
4.51
Total
2.65
2,80
3.10
3004
11.59
0.61
0.95
0.88
0.55
1.01
1.10
0.66
1.15
(1.02)
0.93
1.07
1.08
2.75
4.18
4.08
Total 2.44
2.66
2.83
3.*.
11.01
0,75
1.11
0.89
0.87
1010
2,72
4.27
3.99
6 1959
3
VI
0057
1.45
1.17
1960
1961
2
V
0.63
1.43
1. O.
1959
1960
1961
5 1959
1
II
Ave.
1,04 ab
0,89 c
1.10 a
0.97 be
0.92 e
1960
1961
0.56
0.83
1.11
(1.00)
0.52
1.46
0.78
Total
2.50
2.86
2.76
2.86
10.98
0.92 c
Total 16.59
17.35
17.72
18.20
69.86
0.97
1959
2,69
2,39
2090
2.60
1960
5,21
4.06
5.30
4.48
4.18
4.27
27,50
1961
4.52
4.18
5.03
4.51
4
3.99
2. 75
2.72
1.
Source
Treatment
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Years
Y x T
Error b
Subtotal b
Grand total
DF
5
3
15
23
2
10
36(34)
48(46)
71(69)
'2.675!
SS
0.41596
0,07689
0.14654
0.63939
3.30258
0.16855
1.04527
4.51640
5.15579
72,9394
818.3948
1022104890
1,706.0686
205.2690
286,6828
Sy4Y4
Sy2TR
Sy2TY
CF
.
MS
0.08319
0,02563
0,00977
1,65129
0.01686
0.03074
67,78361
F
8.51 **
2.62 N.S.
53,72 **
166
Pruning and Training on Fuggle, 1959-61
acid (dwb)
Re lication
EntryI
II
V
1
2
3
2.06
1.48
2.68
1.86
1.80
2,49
2.24
1.39
2.86
1.97
1.44
2.67
8.13
6.11
10.70
Total
6.22
6.15
6.49
6.08
24.94
1959
1960
1961
1.85
1.07
2.71
1.87
1.61
2.37
2.11
1.10
2,38
2.04
0.87
2,147
7087
4.65
9.93
Total
5.63
5.85
5.59
5.38
22.45
1959
1960
1961
1.75
1.23
2.34
-2.18
1.34
2.55
1.62
1.17
2.71
2.21
1.04
2.53
7.76
4078
10.13
Total 5032
6.07
5.50
5.78
22.67
2020
1.96
1.06
2041
2.08
0.89
2.45
1.92
1.12
2.58
7.41
4.09
9,64
Total 4.67
5.43
5.42
5.62
21.14
1959
1960
1961
1.68
1.15
1.73
2.10
0.93
2.15
1.85
1.13
2.08
1.97
1.35
2.33
7.60
4.56
8.29
Total
4.56
5.18
5.06
5.65
20.45
1959
1960
1961
2.09
0.89
2.06
2
0.90
2.10
1.89
1.39
5.04
Total 31,44
1959
8.13
7.87
7.76
41
77., 60
7.98
46.75
1960
6.11
4.65
4.78
4.09
4.56
4.41
28.60
1961
10.10
9.93
10.13
9.64
8029
8.38
Sy!
Sy6T'
Sy2 2
Sy2Y4
Sy2RT
Sy2YT
7777
CF
1960
1961
6
1045
1.
2
3
4
5
6
Source
Treatment
Replication
Error a
Subtotal a
Years
Y x T
Error b
Subtotal b
Grand total
2.08 a
1.87 be
1.89 b
1.76 bed
1.70 d
2.11
7.98
4.41
8.38
5.00
5.39
5.34
20,77
1.73
33.68
33.45
33.85
132,42
1.814
DF
5
3
15
23
2
lo
36
48
71
2.
Ave.
1023
2.11
Total
1
Total
1959
1960
1961
4 1959
5
VI
Analysis of Variance
SS
1. 6005
0.20983
0.38467
1.75455
17,31203
0.72612
1.37525
19.41340
21,16795
-
s'
-
111,11'
26407104
2,936.4300
4 087.5410
6,260.5074
735.8910
1,050.9626
243.542450
MS
0.23201
0.06994
0.02564
9.05 **
2.73 M.S.
8.65602
0,07261
0.03820
226.60 **
1.90 N.S.
F
167
Harvest Weights in the Date of Pruning and Training Trial on Late Cluster in 19610
Harvest Weight by Reps. (not adj. for moisture).
Entry
1
42.1
59.8
42.4
51.2
32.1
48.5
(5309)
VI
Total
Ave.
Lbs./Ac
44.0
43.9
47.1
47.2
54.9
42,5
281,6
273.4
277.0
(304.3)
288,6
274.7
46.9
45.6
46.2
50.7
48.1
45.8
1500
1460
1480
1620
1540
1460
279.6
(1699.6)
47.2
1510
43,2
38.1
5106
28.9
41.8
52.6
53.9
46.0
41.3
42.0
58.1
44.9
51.5
51.1
41.7
(30204) 254.1
299.1
275.1
289.3
5103
52,9
Totals
V
59.1
41.4
41.5
46.2
56.4
54.5
2
3
4
5
6
Replication
III
IV
II
I
Sy
=
SLy.
= 82,044.50
Sy2T
Sy2R
= 482,123.66
= 483,024.04
1,69906
Source
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
Analysis of Variance
DF
SS
5
5
25(24)
35(34)
113.94
264,01
1,426.55
1,804.50
MS
22.788
52,802
59.440
. N.S.
- N.S.
a
a
a
a
a
a
168
Prune and Train Trial on Late Cluster -- 1961
% c: -acid (dwb)
Replication
Treat',
I
VI
Total
Mean
5.38
6.41
6.31
7.09
7.54
6.47
6.95
6.24
6;43
7.25
6.91
6.27
4.87
6.19
6.29
6.80
7.87
6.60
23.12
25.91
25.68
26.29
29.50
25.99
5.78
6.48
6.42
6.57
7.37
6.49
38.62
39.20
40.05
38.62
156.49
6.52
2
3
4
,
Total
V
5.92
7.07
6.65
5.15
7.18
6.65
1
5
6
II
= 1,031:9229
Sy2T2 = 4 102'2191
Sy R2 = 6,123.6513
Sy2
Source
DF
CV = 9.80%
Treatment
Replication
Err6r
Total
5
3
15
23
Analysis of Variance
SS
MS
F
1.03494
0.07616
0.409313
5.1747
0.2285
6.1397
11.5429
2.53 N.S.
.19 N.S.
% /3-acid (dwb)
Treat.
I
Replication
II
V
VI
Total
Mean
6
3.27
3.94
3.85
2.71
3.45
3.42
3.86
3.51
3.56
3.81
4.04
3.70
3.86
4.12
3.47
3.77
3.67
3.59
2.91
3.69
3.22
3.88
4.03
3.52
13.90
15.26
14.10
14.17
15.19
14.23
3.47
3.81
3.52
3.54
3.79
3.56
Total
20.64
22.48
22.48
21.25
86.85
3.62
1
2
3
4
5
Analysis. of. Variance
Sy2
Sy2T2
Sy2R4
317.0261
= 1,258.9055
= 1,888.2729
CV - 9.77%
Source
Treatment
Replication
Error
Total
DF
5
3
15
23
SS
0.43794
0.42372
1.87601
2.73767
MS
0.87588
0.14124
0.125067
F
0.70 N.S.
1.13 N.S.
169
% Whole Cones in 1960 Samples from PruneTrain (L.C.) following tumbling
for one hour (dry)
Treatment
Replication
IT
I
1
2
3
4
5
6
Rep.totals
Repmeans
55.5
60.0
75,0
76.1
56.0
59.3
186.5
195.4
115.5
15101
115.3
3849
59.8
64.0
71.4
6808
74.0
73.8
20502
20606
123.8
140.2
147.8
411.8
66.0
64.5
77.5
8164
4808
49.4
1920
130.5
15809
98.2
387.6
53.8
54.8
57,5
53.4
5940
64.5
170.3
172.7
108.6
11009
123.5
34344
58.2
60.2
66.2
71.0
55.3
58.5
179.7
189.7
11804
137.2
1130
369.4
63.5
65.0
61.6
60.0
6260
61.2
187.1
186.2
128.5
121.6
123.2
373.3
72563
819.9
721.8
60.4
68.3
60.2
Analyses of Variance
SS.
W.
Source
Treatments
Replications
Exp. Error
Sampling Error
Total
C
5
428.4h9
2
514250
10
1,212.513
82.700
2,239.912
18
35
1420754028
Sicx
m
Sx2T
ft
eR
0
E
m
Treat.
Totals
I(
ihh.9970940
859,118.86
1,7 19,29104
289,830.48
.
VS.
85.6898
25.8125
121.2513
4.5944
Treat.
Means
6346
6866
195.3
64.6
57.2
61.6
62.2
2267.0 G.T.
63.0
G.M.
170
% Whole Cones in 1960 Samples from PruneTrain (Fuggle) following tuMbling
for 1 hour (dry)
Treatment
1
2
3
4
5
6
Rep.totals
Risp means
Replication
11
If
1
80.5
7091
72.3
80.3
819
6103
53.0
292.2
286.2
162.4
12.4
4
159.3
11)1.3
57804
65 . 4
60.6
50 .4
5507
59 0
66.1
46.7
40.5
221.5
222.9
126,0
106.1
125.1
87,2
)thh.4
85.5
8508
75.4
75.5
71.8
74.5
2.93
.W..';'.
126.0
150.9
146.3
131.2
599.7
67.0
6899
61.2
57.6
65.5
69.0
47.3
48.3
241.0
244.7
136.8
118.8
134.5
95.6
485.7
59,4
54.1
59.2
58.8
63.0
62.5
113.5
118.0
125.5
3896.:
53.3
57.9
48.4
46.0
:30:77
449.6
52,0
60.5
66'1736.
131.5
111.2
944
822.5
767.7
801.9
609.4
68.5
64.0
66.8
50.8
Treatment
Replication
th"
31360494
2335.913
627.730
778.637
N.S.
N.S.
24
15
623.632
6330.224
25.985
N.S.
)192,.149
Laboampling
error
Error
Total
04V, im 8%
la
1914017.77
55.6
75.0
60.7
228.9
56 .,
0
3001.5 G.T.
62.5
G.M.
MS
3
5
72.3
55.4
of variance
gS
Treat.
Means
229.1
214.6
11245
Analyses
Source
Treat.
Totals
VI
*
171
Shatter vs. Cone Size,
Prune-Train r Late Cluster
1960
Average
Rep."
*
Treatment Whole .pones
1
Rep.2
*
Cone size Whole .cones.. Cone size
57.8
61.9
650
54.3
59.2
2
5
* % whole
of duP4O4te $1e $
6402
190
24.0
-704
230
200
230
210
79.4
55.4
68.6
180
190
170
210
190
260
75.6
60.8
Whole .cones Cone size
250
190
240
240
?00
250
57.6
73.9
4941
61.8
5609
61.6
Cone size m
cones remaining after 1 hr. tumble; dry hops.
Correlation coefficient % whole cones vs. mg. P.M. per cone (dry hops)
% Whole cones
40892116080o
Cone wt.
3,260
10,627,600
2030858.7
)012,817
202.385.0
449 378
P
4500.80
S
(S): 2,252,400.64
(52/N
93,850.02
96.892.24
3,042.22
S Swc
S Sp
-.1,1473,7
b et .0.4844
r
0.0 NS
NalMlimilimmim.ap.1+11.411118
s sow 6,561
Prune-.Train: Fuggle 1960.
I. le
Average of duplicate
Rep.
*
X
Treatment
1
Whole cones Cone size Whole cones
81.2
140
63.0
85.6
68.4
56,8
56.2
2
3
la.
5
6
714?
53.0
75.4
59.4
59.0
65.8
158
106
132
135
129
Cone size Whole
154
158
124
129
2115
121
.cones
Cone size
79.6
62.6
141
153
7302
67.2
62.8
5506
122
328
104
129
Itep.4
1
57.2
43.6
65.6
47.8
43.4
47.2
2
3
5
6
Correlation coefficient
Sx:
% Whole cones
1,133040
Zit1,284.595.56
71066042
S)12
s.
S Swo
)11t1c094
4078.52
* % whole cones remaining after 1 hr.
tumh1e; dry cones. Cone size Is mg.
156
159
136
162
122
127
% whole cones vs. mg. D.N. per cone (dry hops)
P
Cone lit._
3,870
4.386,258.00
243.68400
2)10.0
1.0
140976,900
8321050
845- 100
131075
b
.10994
r R
F re
7.529 sig.0.05
level
172
% Whole Cones in 1960 Samples from Irrigationf.FertilityExperiment
following tumbling for one hour (dry).
Fertilizer Treatment
Irrigation
Cff0P1K11
(N2P1K1)
(N2IVI)
(72PIK0)
Total
Treatment
A
C
D
E
40.7
70.1
28.4
33.3
4402
70.5
36.7
47,5
46.4
II
III
IV
49.5
42.1
71.0
43.6
39.0
173.4
272.8
155,5
169.3
Av.
172.5
43.1
198;9
49,7
20309
51.0
195.7
48.9
771.0
I
II
III
IV
48.9
60.3
53.8
48.3
46.0
6103
59.6
5761
4365
59.1
63,0
50.7
54.6
6403
62.0
5962
193.0
245.0
A70
211.3
52.8
224.0
56,0
216.3
54.1
240.1
60.0
891.7
6008
65;5
63.0
11.0,3
57.0
39,0
50,5
52,0
51.2
48.7
40.1
60.5
219.1
217.8
IV.
50.1
64.6
46.5
53.5
214.7
53.7
229.6
57.4
198.5
49.6
200.5
50.1
843,3
Av.
60,0
52.0
55.3
59.2
64.7
50.1
62.0
IV.
6304
42.5
5305
51.6
450
61.3
51.8
57,7
52.5
249.4
196.4
228.5
209.2
211.0
5298
22645
56.6
222.7
5567
223.3
55.8
883.5
kir.
809.5
50.6
879,0
54.9
841.4
52.6
85966
5347
338905
I
II
III
I
II
III
61.2
46.8
Fertility x Reps.
I
1
II
20337.
211.0
21106
209.2
2 705
3
6
7
Total
834.9
Jul
IV
Total
209.4
23508
182.2
214.6
222.3
203.4
186.7
204.1
198./
211.2
809.5
879.0
84164
859,6
932.0
822.5
800.1
338905
2 211.9,3
43.4
68.2
38.9
42,3
48.2
238.11.
215,3
48.2
61.2
59.6
53,8
55.7
200.1.
206,3
54.8
54.4
5060
51.6
52,7
62.4
49.1
57.1
52.3
55.2
53.0
173
Shatter, Irrigation-Fertility, 1960 (% whole cones in dry samples)
MS
Source of Variation
DF
Total
63
5,569.852
3
3
9
189.9886 (NS)
15
569.966
635.669
2.420.355
3,625.990
Fertility levels
I x F
R x F
IxRxF
3
9
9
27
163.738
291.380
369.033
1,119.751
54.5793 (NS)
32.3756 (NS)
41.0037 (NS)
41.4722
Subtotal b
48
4943.902
Nhole plots:
Irrig. levels
Replications
I x R
Subtotal a
SS
211.8897 ((NS)
268.9283
Sub plots:
C ,
Sxl'GT
Six,tI
is
Sx4R
e!
m
1104880710.25
185,0800990
2,881,297.03
20882,348.270
2,874,797.37
732,584035
Sx!IF
Sx1IF
GID
Q
724144073
722,718.15
174
Analysis of Distribution of Hop Oil (20g Fuggle/10 liters) during 8 min. boili
Table 1. % composition (as calculated from GLC analysis)
Whole
Boil -off
26.8
16.1
2.3
10.9
38.8
31.9
% of components
myrcene
mll.K.
/3-Cary.
Humnlene
Unident.
2.1
1102
37.2
23.2
Boil.- water
Nhole,no solvent
Spent hops
4.0
42.3
2.2
12.7
47.7
1.1
8.i
33.4
32.2
15.9
C)
34.800
87i850
,j
(90)*
1"--
(1)
Total "oil counts" 47.360
Purity
23,362
23.6
93.4*
48.0
Ng oil collected 158
45.2
33
Mg "volatile" oil 76
89.0
3502.3'
15.9
708
Table 2. Actual mg of each component in each fraction
4E*
Boilmoff Boil-water
Component
Whole
Myrcene
M.N.K.
Humulene
Unident.
20.4
1.6
8.5
28.3
17.6
1.25
0618
0985
3.02
Total
76
(3-0ary.
*I',
Spent hops Recovered % recovered
2,1.9
6082
0667
3.13
1164
7,1
0.64
0.35
2,02
7.57
5:31
7079
29612
15.89
8.71
1.2
6.0
21.99
14.9
42.7
7260
70.5
77.7
84.6
5`2.8%H1
69.4
Table 3. % of recovered component found in each fraction
Component.
Myrcene
M.N.K.
4Wary.
Humnlene
Unident.
*
4*
Boil -off
114.35
15.0
14615
13675
16,5
Boil -water
78.3
55.8
52.2
50.19
46.6
Spent hops
7.135
294
33.6
34.4
3562
On the basis of pipe.
Calculated on basis of what should have been there (51.62)
175
Analysis of distribution of hop oil (20g Fuggle /lO liters) during
lb arrel).
30 minute boil (equivalent to hop rate of
Table le
whole
% of components
Myrcenb
M,N.K.
.Cary.
Humulene
Unident
Boilo.off
26.8
2.1
11.2
37.2
23.2
Boil.water
26.8
2.1
9.9
39.4
21.8
980850
Total "oil counts: 147,360
calculated to x102 as base attn.
Purity(based on
boil off as 100%)
/4120"taket for
48.0
100.0
.6
.3
00
160°
158
Mg oil collected
Humulene
Unident.
20,4
1.6
8.5
28.3
17.6
11.8
0.9
4.4
17.3
9.9
0412
0.09
0,44
1.8
2,9
Total
76
44
5.4
Boil -off
*96,7
81.8
6998
73.3
66.9
Total
72.3
Table 4.
87,850
15.3
28.5
89.0
7.
40
11.4
11.11110
Spent hops Recovered % recovered
0.28
12.2
0,10
1,5
5.4
4.0
1.1
6.3
24.5
16.8
39.8
68.7
74.1
86.6
95.4
61
80.3
11.3
% of the recovered component found in each fraction.
Humulene
Unident
(3.0ary
28,180
Boil -off Boil -water
Myrcene
Myrcene
M.N.K.
15.140
Actual mg of each component in each fraction.
Nhole
Component
42.3
1.1
8,4
32.2
15.9
5,4
Component
Table 3.
2,5
0,9
13.1
47,7
34,9
36
44
Whole, no solvent
2,2
1.6
8.2
33.2
54.7
It
Hg "volatile oil"
76*
44
* 76 Al 20g = 3.8 mls/100g
Table 2.
Spent hops
Boil.- water
1.0
801
7.0
706
19.6
8,085
Spent hops
2.3
469
23.8
22.0
23.8
18.5
Parts per million of each component recovered from boil water
Component
Myrcenb
N.N.K.
Cary
Humulene
Unident.
0.02. -- (If the 80% of the sample which was unaccounted for
in the boil water were myrcene the content in the
0.01
boil water would be (36122= 24 mg/10 1.) 2.4 ppm
0004
0018
0.29
176
Table 1. Analysis of Distribution of Hop Oil (20 gm Fuggle/10 liters)
during 1 hour boil,
Whole
% of components
Myrcene
Boilmoff
26.8
Boil-water
Spent hops
2406
206
302
3106
3800
7.5
29.4
45.7
149
107
21,9
6901
5.3
Total "oil counts" 470360
35,475
600
29,740
Purity
3549%
14NK
2.1
11.2
3702
23.2
43...Cann,
Humulene
Unident.
4800%
mg oil collected
158
88,7
76
3109
Mg "volatile" oil
Table 20
Whole
Myrcene
2004
4°0317.
Humulene
Unidento
Total
Table 36
Component
Myrcene
V4114
a-Cary.
Humulene
Unident6
Table 4*
4263
1.1
844
3202
1509
870850
calculated to r10
as base atttn
30.1%
46%
8900%.
based on 98850
counts as 100%
6046
Boll.mater
708
008
.60
.08
.30
17y6
100
1000
1201
1.17
1,83
76
3
3498
805
28 ©3
54.7
11
16.5
Ohm
7
Spent hOps
0031
0,28
3.62
11.40
0.88
16.49
Recovered
% Recovered
8071
1416
4092
22057
14081
4247
72.5
5800
79.7
83.3
5204
68.9
% of recovered component found in each fraction
Boil -off
8906
6900
20,3
44.3
81,06
Boil -water
609
609
601
5.2
1.23
Spent hops
3.5
24.1
7.35
50.6
5.95
Parts per million of each component recovered in the boil water,
Lea
Myrcene
N.N.K.
016
Humulene
Unident0
M1,+=
1.6
Component
6CarY
2.1
Actual Milligrams of each component in each fraction
Component
MNK
1,5.0
Uhole6 no solvent
008
0,03
0117
0183
* Based on previous experiment