n Veaetable Diaest
OREGON
JAN 0 4 1983
I IPR
Volume 31
Oregon State University, October 1982
Publication Notice
4 combined
Growing Globe
Artichokes from Seed
in Western Oregon
Oregon Vegetable Digest will no
longer be published for free distribution because of budget reductions and
financial limitations.
Several options
are being explored:
solicit donations
to continue publication, publication on
a subscription basis, discontinue publication, reduce size and change format,
combine with other publications, etc.
We need your immediate response regarding your interest in future publication
of Oregon Vegetable Digest. On page 11
is a response sheet.
Please fill it
out and return as indicated. Your response is needed!
Globe artichokes (Cynara scolymus
L.) normally cannot be grown as a perennial crop in the inland sections of
the Pacific Northwest.
In Oregon, small
plantings have persisted in the coastal
areas, but generally do not survive
winter in the Willamette River valley
without special protection.
Globe artichokes are usually propagated by division.
Seeds from commercial cultivars yield highly variable,
mostly inferior plants, and buds grown
from seedlings tend to be spiney. However, a seed propagated strain has been
developed by commercial breeders from
the important commercial clone, 'Green
Globe', and is available from retail
catalogs under the same name.
Although
the seed strain is variable, most of
the plants bear relatively spineless
buds of good edible quality. Variations
in number and size of fleshy bracts,
overall shape, and amount of red pigmentation are not noticeable, and a
small percentage of plants produces very
undesirable buds with narrow, pointed,
In This Issue...
Growing Globe Artichokes From
Seed in Western Oregon
.
Tillage Treatments Compared
on Bush Bean and Sweet Corn
Numbers 3
..5
Irrigation, Nitrogen
Spacing
Affect Bush Bean Yields.
Cultural Practices Affect Corn
Head Smut in 1982.
7
News and Notes
9
1
spiney bracts.
Seedling artichokes were grown in
experiments for four years at the OSU
Vegetable Research Farm near Corvallis.
In 1978, 320 plants were grown from
seed sown in the greenhouse April 2.
These were transplanted May 15, three
feet apart in rows six feet apart and
banded with 534 pounds 8-24-8 fertilizer
per acre. Water was supplied by overhead sprinklers about each week during
the main growing season. About 75 percent of these plants produced buds. The
1978 planting was completely killed the
next winter, which had low temperatures
in the 12 to 14°F range.
In 1979, seed was sown in the
greenhouse about March 15, and transplants set out May 17 in rows banded
with fertilizer as in 1978. The area
was divided into halves; one received
a sidedress of aiumonium nitrate on
July 2 so final nitrogen rates were 42
and 142 pounds nitrogen per acre. There
The
were two plant spacing treatments.
wide spaced plants were 3.5 feet apart
in two rows six feet apart, for a population of about 2,100 plants per acre.
The narrow spaced plants were about
three feet apart in three rows three
feet apart for a plant population of
about 4,800 per acre. Guard rows were
placed three feet apart from the narrow
spaced rows and six feet from the wide
spaced rows.
Based on the assumption that early
removal of the central bud would promote
size and number of subsequent buds, the
central bud on each plant was pinched
(removed) as soon as it could be deComparison of harvests of untected.
pindhed plants of narrow spaced guard
rows and narrow spaced pinched plants
indicated that the only effect of pinching was the loss of the largest bud on
Pinching did not increase
each plant.
total yield although the number of intermediate sized buds may have increased.
About 92 percent of the 1979 plants
produced buds. The crop matured from
Buds were harJuly 24 to August 24.
vested twice weekly when they were at
approximate commercial maturity, regardless of size. At this stage, the
edible bracts were still tender. They
were sorted into three size grades: A,
large size, average .37 pound; B, medium size, average .17 pound; and C,
Effects
undersize, average .08 pound.
of treatments on C size buds were similar
to effects on A and B sizes, and are not
Size C buds comprised about
presented.
20 percent of the total crop weight.
The 1979 planting was totally killed by
winter lows which included several days
in the range of 13 to 15°F.
In 1980, planting dates and initial
fertilization were the same as in 1979.
Two spacing and two nitrogen fertilizer
treatments were replicated four times.
Nitrogen rates were 42 and 190 pounds
nitrogen per acre. Two spacing treatments were: wide, with plants three
feet apart in rows three feet apart
(4,800 plants per acre), and narrow,
with plants two feet apart in rows three
Harfeet apart (7,260 plants per acre).
vest and grading procedures were the same
as in 1979 except that no center buds
Buds were prowere pinched when young.
duced by 99 percent of the plants. The
crop matured from August 4 to October 12.
Except for loss of about 15 percent of
the plants from crown rots, this planting survived the next winter, with no
temperatures below 25°F. Buds were harvested in spring 1981 for estimated
yield, but because of uneven stands,
there was no attempt to relate the yield
data to treatment.
In 1979 (Table
Nitrogen effects.
1), there was usually a slight increase
in size and number of buds at the higher
nitrogen rate, and in 1980 (Table 2) this
increase was consistent at all spacings
and all grades. However, no fertilizer
effect was statistically significant at
the five percent level, suggesting that
the initial band application of 42 pounds
nitrogen per acre was adequate.
In both years,
Spacing effects.
total weight and number per acre of buds
of individual and combined grades were
significantly greater for narrow spacings
(Table 1 and 2). Wider spacing increased
weight and number of buds per plant in
In 1979, significance was
all cases.
obtained only for the number of B grade
In 1980, all differences
buds per plant.
were significant except for the number
In both years,
of A size buds per plant.
weight of individual buds was not signif icantly different in any treatment comparison. This indicates that increases
in yield per plant or per acre were primarily caused by an increase in number
of buds produced.
Yield data were obtained in 1981
from the overwintered plants between
Previous nitrogen
May 8 and June 5.
and spacing treatments were disregarded
because stands were disrupted by a winter plant loss of 15 percent. Yields
of A, B, and combined A and B sizes
were 3,400, 5,125, and 8,525 pounds per
acre, which are 68, 72, and 71 percent,
respectively, of the average yields for
the same planting in 1980. Numbers per
acre were 59, 47, and 50 percent of the
1980 average. Average sizes of A and B
sizes in 1981 were .42 and .26 pounds
per bud, compared to .37 and .17 pounds
per bud in 1980. These differences between 1981 and 1980 production probably
were caused in part by the 15 percent
reduction in stand.
The highest yields obtained, about
5,530 pounds per acre of size A buds
plus 7,400 pounds per acre size B buds
in 1980, are higher than commercial
yields reported in California of 9,000
pounds per acre in 1979 and 8,000 pounds
per acre in 1980 (USDA Crop Reporting
Board, Vg. 1-2, Vegetables, 1980 annual
summary, December 1980). However,yields
are lower than year-long production by
off-shoots and stumps reported by Ibrahim
et al. (Reference 3). Size A buds in
our study are of the size range of about
50 to 60 per 22-pound standard box, and
are much smaller than typical sizes in
California production (Reference 4).
Our size B buds are well below California
commercial sizes and may not be acceptable in supermarkets or other stores.
Also, some losses would result from cullage, which was not allowed for in our
yield estimates.
Globe artichoke seedlings are re-
ported to requre exposure to temperatures below 50 F for stimulation of bud
Plants
development (References 1, 2).
not receiving adequate cold exposure
In
remain in the vegetative condition.
1978, only 75 percent of our plants produced buds, but in 1979 and 1980, 92 and
It
99 percent of the plants produced.
appears that in western Oregon sufficient vernalization of 'Green Globe'
seedlings usually occurs in the field
as the young plants develop after midDuring our study,
May transplanting.
average minimum temperatures for the
four-year period were 44°F for May and
49°F for June while maximum temperatures
were 65°F and 72°F for these respective
It also appears that plants
months.
grown from seed sown directly in the
field in mid-May may receive adequate
cool temperature exposure (vernalization)
In 1979 and 1980, extra borto produce.
der rows were direct seeded at the time
In 1979,
the transplants were set out.
79 percent of the direct seeded plants
produced buds the first year, about three
In
weeks later than the transplants.
1980, 96 percent flowered, about two
weeks later than the transplants.
References
Gerakis, P. A., D. Markarian, and
Vernalization of
1969.
S. Honma.
globe artichoke, Cynara scolymus L.
Journal of the American Society for
Horticultural Science 94:254-258.
Harwood, R. R. and D. Markarian.
Annual culture of globe arti1968.
choke (Cynara scolymus L) I. Preliminary report. Proceedings of the
American Society for Horticultural
Science 92:400-409.
Ibrahim, A, M., E. J. Ryder, and V.
Offshoots vs.
1981.
E. Rubatzky.
stumps as planting materials for
globe artichokes. Journal of the
American Society for Horticultural
Science 106:728-731.
Sims, W. L., V. E. Rubatzky, R. H.
Sciaroni, and W. H. Lange. 1977.
Growing globe artichokes in CaliUniversity of California
fornia.
Cooperative Extension Leaflet 2675.
J. R. Baggett, H. J. Mack,
and D. Kean
Horticulture Department
Table 1.
Size
grade
Effects of nitrogen fertilization and plant spacing on globe artichoke
yields, 1979
low
Nitrogen levels
LSD 5%
high
narrow
Spacing
wide
LSD 5%
Pounds per acre
A
B
total
3,035
2,029
5,064
3,097
2,243
5,340
NS
NS
NS
7,811
9,065
7,892
9,025
16,917
NS
NS
4,228
2,714
6,942
1,905
1,558
3,463
627
680
908
10,684
10,967
21,651
5,059
7,123
12,182
2,355
2,857
4,411
0.88
0.57
1.45
0.95
0.77
1.72
NS
NS
NS
2.22
2.29
4.51
2.53
3.57
6.10
.99
0.40
0.25
0.37
0.22
NS
NS
Number per acre
A
B
total
16,876
NS
Pounds per plant
A
B
total
0.88
0.66
1.54
0.95
0.70
1.65
NS
NS
NS
2.29
3.03
5.31
2.45
2.84
5.29
NS
NS
NS
Number per plant
A
B
total
NS
NS
Pounds per bud
A
B
Table 2.
Size
grade
0.38
0.22
0.39
0.24
NS
NS
Effects of nitrogen fertilization and plant spacing on globe artichoke
yields, 1980
low
Nitrogen levels
LSD 5%
high
narrow
Spacing
wide
LSD 5%
Pounds per acre
A
B
total
4,655
6,924
11,579
5,367
7,218
12,585
NS
NS
NS
12,707
39,660
52,367
14,690
41,279
55,969
NS
NS
NS
0.79
1.17
1.96
0.90
1.23
2.13
NS
NS
NS
2.16
6.71
8.87
2.45
7.04
9.49
NS
NS
NS
0.37
0.17
0.37
0.18
NS
NS
5,527
7,396
12,923
4,486
6,746
11,232
739
534
400
15,257
43,626
58,883
12,141
37,475
49,616
2,501
4,812
5,180
0.77
1.01
1.78
0.92
1.39
2.31
0.13
0.13
0.13
2.10
6.01
2.51
7.74
8.11
10.25
NS
0.48
0.48
0.37
0.17
0.37
0.18
NS
NS
Number per acre
A
B
total
Pounds per plant
A
B
total
Number per plant
A
B
total
Pounds per bud
A
B
4
Strip and Conventional Tillage Compared
on Bush Beans and Sweet Corn
centers of strip tillage plots and was
eliminated by mowing the row centers in
the May 13 bean and corn plantings. In
the June 21 bean planting, glyphosate
was applied to row centers two days after planting which effectively suppressed wheat regrowth.
Soil temperatures at seeding depth,
about two inches, were recorded in the
two bean plantings for about 17 days.
Tilled treatment soil temperatures were
higher than undisturbed soil temperatures
(covered with flailed mulch) for both
Maximum and minimum temperaplantings.
tures for conventional tillage were
higher than for strip tillage in the
Degree days accuznuMay 13 planting.
inulated (50°F base temperature) during
a 13-day period beginning with the fifth
day after planting were 226, 208, and
152, respectively, for conventional tillage, strip tillage, and undisturbed
In the June 21 planting, however,
soil.
soil temperatures in the strip tillage
treatment were higher than for convenCumulative degree days
tional tillage.
were 270, 289, and 257, respectively,
for conventional tillage, strip tillage,
It is not known
and undisturbed soil.
why this reversal occurred between planting dates but factors that may have had
an influence were soil moisture level,
differences in seedbed tilth, radiation
effects caused by crop residue on the
soil surface, and general weather conditions.
Plant stands of beans in the strip
tillage plot were 38 percent less than
for conventional tillage in the first
planting but in the second planting,
the strip tillage plot stands were about
6 percent higher, thus following the same
trend as soil temperatures in the second
Sweet corn stands were 11 perplanting.
cent lower in strip tilled plots than
Plant height
for conventional tillage.
for beans 14 days after planting was 15
percent less in each of the plantings;
plant height for corn was 4 percent less
for strip tillage compared to conventional tillage.
Potential benefits of reduced tillage include lower tractor fuel and labor
requirements, less compaction because of
fewer trips across the field, and better
Little is known about
erosion control.
effects of tillage practices on production of snap beans and sweet corn in the
Reduced tilWillamette Valley, however.
lage practices may also have some potential disadvantages including possible
reductions in yield, reduction in soil
temperatures, different field equipment
requirements, and the need for better
management practices for controlling
weeds, insects, and diseases.
Rotary strip tillage was selected
for comparison to conventional tillage
because primary tillage, application of
fertilizer and herbicide, and planting
can be accomplished simultaneously,
thereby reducing the number of field
operations required.
A preliminary experiment was conducted on Chehalis silty clay loam soil
at the OSU Vegetable Research Farm in
A winter wheat crop was flailed
1982.
before tillage operations in the spring.
Conventional tillage consisted of moldboard plowing to a depth of 10 inches,
followed by four times over with a power
harrow.
Strip tillage was accomplished
by using a rotary tiller which had been
modified to till a strip 12 inches wide.
TilDepth of tillage was five inches.
lage treatments were replicated four
times.
Two plantings of 'Oregon 1604' snap
beans were made on May 13 and June 21.
Fertilizer was banded at planting at a
rate of about 40 pounds nitrogen, 96
pounds
and 40 pounds K20 per acre.
Only one planting of 'Jubilee' sweet
corn was made on May 13. Banded fertilizer application was the same as for
beans; an additional 100 pounds nitrogen
per acre was sidedressed at early tasseling followed by irrigation on the same
After planting, the plot area was
day.
sprayed with DNPB amine at four pounds
Regrowth
active ingredient per acre.
of winter wheat occurred in the row
5
treatments on yield as well as effects
on soil temperature, soil water relationships, fertilizer needs, and application
methods, weed, disease and insect con(Part of this report is control, etc.
densed from Paper No. PNR 82-108, presented at the 37th annual meeting of
Pacific Northwest Region of American
Society of Agricultural Engineers,
Corvallis, September 1982.)
Yields of snap beans, adjusted to
50 percent sieve sizes 1-4, were significantly lower in strip tilled plots
than for conventional tilled plots (Table 1). Yield reduction was 32 percent
for the May 13 planting and 29 percent
for the June 21 planting. Total yield
of husked ears of sweet corn (Table 2)
was reduced 7 percent in the strip tillage compared to the conventional tillage treatment. This reduction was not
statistically significant, however. Nuinber of ears and individual ear weight
also were reduced slightly in the strip
tillage treatment.
Additional research is needed to
evaluate the effects of reduced tillage
Table 1.
H. J. Mack, A. R. Bonanno,
and K. L. Petersen
Horticulture Department
Effect of two tillage treatments on yield of 'Oregon 1604' snap beans,
Corvallis, 1982
Tillae treatment
Ma
Conventional tillage
Strip tillage
Date means
LSD 5% for treatment means
Table 2.
D. E. Booster
Agricultural Engineering Department
lantin
13
lantin
June 21
Treatment means
T/A
T/A
T/A
5.6
3.8
4.7
7.0
5.0
6.0
6.3
4.4
1.0 T/A
Effect of two tillage treatments on yield of husked ears of 'Jubilee'
sweet corn, Corvallis, 1982
Tillae treatment
Yield
Ears/plot
T/A
no.
8.4
7.8
53
50
Conventional tillage
Strip tillage
Oregon Vegetable Digect is
published
four times a year by the Agricultural
Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, J. R.
Davis, Director. Address correspondence to the author concerned or to the
Department of Horticulture. Material
may be reprinted providing no endorse-
Wei
t/ear
lbs.
.59
.58
Kernel moisture
%
72
73
ment of a commercial product is stated
Please credit Oregon State
or implied.
To simplify technical terUniversity.
minology, trade names of products or
No
equipment sometimes will be used.
endorsement of products named is intended nor is criticism implied of
products not mentioned.
Irrigation, Nitrogen, and Spacing
Affect Bush Bean Yields
Two irrigation treatments, in combination with two nitrogen fertilizer
rates and two row spacings, were tested
on 'Oregon 1604' bush snap beans at
Corvallis in 1982. One treatment, adequately irrigated by overhead sprinklers,
received 6.2 inches of water in six applications during the season, on May 26,
In
June 4, 21, 28, July 7, and 12.
the other treatment, soil water stress
was imposed by withholding irrigation
during pre-blossoming and early podfilling. This treatment received 2.9
inches of water in three applications,
Rainon May 26, June 4, and July 15.
fall from planting on May 6 until harvest
on July 22 was 2.3 inches. First bloom
was on June 24.
Nitrogen rates were 0
and 135 pounds nitrogen per acre, split
into two broadcast applications on May 26
and June 4, followed immediately by irrigation.
Phosphorus and potassium
fertilizer was broadcast and incorporated
before planting.
Row spacings were six
and 36 inches with 6-inch rows having
twice the population per acre of that in
36-inch rows. Thirty six-inch rows were
Table 1.
harvested in all plots on July 20 and 6inch rows were harvested on July 22.
Treatments were replicated four times.
Yield of plants under water stress
pre-bloom and during the pod-filling
stages of growth was reduced 13 percent
compared to plants adequately irrigated
Also, the water stress treat(Table 1).
ment had a lower percentage of small
pods, sieves sizes 1 to 4, than did adequate irrigation. Nitrogen fertilizer
increased yield 13 percent and 6-inch
rows yielded 11 percent more than 36inch rows. All these differences were
Increase in
statistically significant.
yield from nitrogen was greater for 36inch rows than for 6-inch rows.
Results substantiate earlier work
showing the importance of adequate irrigation during blossoming and podEven though most of the rainfilling.
fall occurred during this growth period
in this experiment, yield was reduced.
H. J. Mack and A. R. Bonanno
Horticulture Department
Treatment effects on yield and sieve size distribution of pods of 'Oregon
1604' bush snap beans, Corvallis, 1982
Irrigation
T/A
Adequate
Water stress
7.0
6.1
N Rates
% 1-4's
T/A
% 1-4's
51
38
0
135
6.2
7.0
45
44
Row Spacing
T/A
% 1-4's
6-inch
6.9
46
36-inch
6.2
43
Cultural Practices Affect
Corn Head Smut in 1982
Tests were continued at the OSU
Vegetable Research Farm in 1982 to evaluate the effects of planting depth, seed
size and irrigation practices on incidence of head smut (Spacelotheca
reiliana) of sweet corn.
'Jubilee' sweet corn was planted on
June 15 in 36-inch rows and included
treatments, listed in Table 1, which
were replicated four times. No irriga-
first irrigation was just after planting
In
followed by another one week later.
the third treatment, plots were irrigated
five times, at three to four day intervals, and received a total of about 7.5
All plots were then
inches of water.
irrigated on July 17 and thereafter at
10 to 14 day intervals.
Incidence of head smut was lowest
with the greatest amount of early irrigation, was intermediate for the treatment receiving two irrigations, and was
highest when no early irrigation was
added (Table 2).
Results from 1982, along with those
from 1980 and 1981, show that manipulation of certain cultural practices affect incidence of head smut of sweet
Where head smut has been or is
corn.
a potential problem in some locations,
shallow planting, use of large seed,
and early irrigation could reduce percentage of plants infected.
tion was supplied early but plots were
irrigated at regular intervals of 10 to
14 days, beginning on July 17. Rainfall
from June 15 to July 17 was 1.2 inches.
Fewer plants were infected with
head smut at the one-inch planting depth,
and the percentage increased as depth of
planting was increased to three inches
Incidence of head smut was
(Table 1).
similar on plants where the seed was
planted at three and four inches deep.
In comparing seed sizes, all planted at
two-inch depth, incidence of head smut
increased as seed size was reduced.
The application of lime in the furrow,
also at the two-inch depth, did not
reduce head smut infection as was the
case in the 1981 test.
In another experiment, 'Jubilee'
sweet corn (large seed) was planted at
two-inch depth on June 16 in a location
Three iradjacent to the above test.
rigation treatments were established
during the first three weeks after
In one treatment, no early
planting.
Two irrigations,
irrigation was added.
supplying about 3.5 inches of water,
were applied in a second treatment; the
Table 1.
H. J. Mack and J. R. Baggett
Horticulture Department
P. A. Koepsell
Botany and Plant Pathology Department
Effects of cultural treatments on incidence of head smut of 'Jubilee'
Corvallis, 1982
sweet corn.
8)
Percent of Plants Infected
Treatments
Seeding depth, 1-inch
Seeding depth, 2-inches
Seeding depth, 3-inches
Seeding depth, 4-inches
Small seed size
Medium seed size
Large seed size
Lime in furrow
3.3
6.4
13.2
12.6
21.6
18.4
11.8
17.2
a
ab
bc
bc
c
c
bc
c
Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different from one another
by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Large seed size was used in Treatments 1-4, 8.
Seeds in Treatments 5-8 were planted two inches deep.
Table 2.
Effects of early irrigation treatments on incidence of head smut of
Corvallis, 1982.
'Jubilee' sweet corn.
Irrig ation Treatment
amount of water applied
Ml
M2
M3
no.
0
2
5
Percent of Plants Infected
10.2
2.9
0.4
0
3.5 inches
7.5 inches
Values followed by the same letter are not significantly different
by Duncan's Multiple Range Test.
8
a
b
c
from one another
News and Notes
The Water Relations of Well-watered,
Mycorrhizal, and Non-mycorrhizal Onion
Plants
Activated Carbon Protects Direct-seeded
Tomatoes from Partially Selective Herbi c ides
The water relations of mycorrhizal
onions (Allium cepa L.) were compared
with those of non-mycorrhizal controls
grown under low and high soil phosphorus
Mycorrhizal plants had
conditions.
higher leaf water potentials, higher
transpiration rates, higher hydraulic
conductivities and lower leaf resistances than did non-mycorrhizal plants
grown in low soil phosphorus condiWhen controls were grown under
tions.
high soil phosphorus conditions, all 4
parameters were not different from
The
those of mycorrhizal plants.
magnitude of the effect of mycorrhizal
fungi on the water relations of the
host may, in part, be a function of
phosphorus nutrition. The differences
in leaf water potentials, transpiration rates and leaf resistances are
considered to be the result of the
differences found in hydraulic con(C. E. Nelsen and G. R.
ductivities.
Journal of the American Society
Safir.
107(2):
for Horticultural Science.
Activated carbon was applied in an
anticrustant mixture with direct-seeded
tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum
Mill.) to protect them from diphenamid
(N, N-dimethyl-2, 2-diphenylacetamide)
and metribuzin [4-amino-6-tertbutyl-3
(methylthio)-as-triazin-5 (4-H) -one]
Commercially acceptable weed
injury.
control and
obtained by
carbon with
Romanowski.
Society for
increased crop safety were
the application of activated
(R. R.
both herbicides.
Journal of the American
Horticultural Science.
107(1) :27-30.
1982.)
The Influence of Irrigation and Row
Spacing on the Quality of Processed
Snap Beans
Irrigation method and row spacing
had a significant influence on the quality of fresh, canned, and frozen snap
Sprinkle
beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.).
irrigated fresh and canned snap beans
contained more ascorbic acid than rill
Rill irrigated
irrigated snap beans.
snap beans had more intense color, lower
shear values, less turbid brine, and
less drained weight loss. Canned snap
beans grown in narrow rows had less
drained weight loss than snap beans from
Frozen snap beans from narwide rows.
row rows had more drip loss, less moisture, increased soluble solids, and
increased ascorbic acid content than
those from wide rows.
Under the conditions of this study, rill irrigated snap
beans grown in narrow rows did have
quality advantages over sprinkle irrigated snap beans and snap beans grown
in wide rows.
(S. R. Drake and M. J.
Silbernagel. Journal of the American
Society for Horticultural Science.
l07(2):239-242.
1982.)
271-274.
1982.)
Effects of Container Size, Transplant
Age, and Plant Spacing on Chinese
Cabbage
Head weights of 'Nagaoka 55'
Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp.
pekinenis (Lour.) Olsson) were 76-79%
greater at a plant spacing of 43 cm
than at 28 cm. Percentage salable and
grade 1 heads both increased with increasing distance between plants. Seedlings were raised in cylindrical containers of 2.5, 3.75, 5 and 7.5 cm
diameter x 6.4 cm depth for 3, 4, 5
and 6 weeks in a seedling house. Transplant age affected maturity time miniSeedmally and did not affect yield.
ling fresh weight was greater in 7.5 cm
containers than in the smaller containers
Plants started
at all transplant ages.
in 7.5 cm containers matured 7.5 days
9
fertilizer applications without mulch.
Fruit yield was affected by a significant interaction among N sources, N
rates and mulch. Highest fruit yields
were obtained with SCU and IBDU applied
Leaf N was
under mulch at 224 kg N/ha.
higher during the season with slowSoil
release N than with soluble N.
analyses data from samples taken
throughout the season showed that N
source and rate significantly influenced the soil available N measured as
(S. J.
urea-N, NH -N, and NO3-N.
C.
A.
Fiskell,
and F. C.
Locascio,
Journal
of
the
American
Martin.
Society for Horticultural Science.
earlier, produced 10% heavier heads and
yielded 25-31% more than plants started
Plants from the
in 2.5 cm containers.
larger containers probably performed
better as a result of the more favorable
physical properties or fertilization
regime of the container media. The
highest yields in these trials exceeded
(B. A. Kratky, J. K.
3 MT/ha . day.
Wang, and K. Kubojiri. Journal of the
American Society for Horticultural
1982.)
l07(2):345-347.
Science.
Influence of Tillage System, Plant
Spacing, and Nitrogen on Head Weight,
Yield and Nutrient Concentration of
Spring Cabbage
.
106(5) :628-632.
1981.)
Phosphoric Acid Anticrustant Improves
Seedling Emergence and P Content
Spring cabbage plants (Brassica
oleracea L. Capitata group) grown by
no-tillage culture yielded less than
conventionally tilled plants when grown
under the same N treatment and spacing.
No-till yields could be compensated
somewhat by increasing plant population
and N, but head size was generally
smaller than for conventionally tilled
Large head size was positively
plants.
correlated with high N content of wrapper leaves in 3 of 4 years, while high
Ca was associated with large plants or
heads in 2 of 4 years. (Dean E. Knavel
Journal of the
and J. W. Herron.
American Society for Horticultural
1981.)
l06(5):540-545.
Science.
Phosphoric acid (H3PO4), applied
as an over-the-row banded spray to
Willamette silt loam, significantly
hastened the emergence of seedlings of
carrot (Daucus carota L), cauliflower
(Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis),
cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), lettuce
(Lactuca sativa L.), and onion (Allium
Final stands were usually
cepa L.).
The
effect was particularly
improved.
pronounced in early plantings. Banded
H3PO4 decreased soil crusting as measured by decreased mechanical resistance
to penetration of the soil surface.
Phosphorus content of seedlings of
carrot, cucumber, lettuce, and onion
was significantly increased with H3PO4
anticrustant. Yields were usually
greater on soils treated with H3PO4
than on soils treated with either
broadcast or subsurface banded applications of concentrated superphosphate
Subsurface bands of CSP resulted
(CSP).
in poorer stands, lower leaf P content,
and smaller yields of carrot, lettuce
and onion than did banded H3PO4 at the
same rate of P application. However,
both leaf P content and yield of cucumber tended to be greater with CSP than
Phosphoric acid treatment
with H3PO4.
improved stand of carrot and lettuce at
soil pH between 5.0 and 6.1 but de(Delbert D.
creased stand at pH 6.6.
Journal
of
the
American
Hemphill, Jr.
Society for Horticultural Science.
Responses of Bell Pepper to Nitrogen
Sources
Maintenance of adequate available
soil N for bell pepper (Capsicium
annuum L.) growth is essential to high
production in Florida and requires
mulching, fertilizer placement, and
timing of fertilizer application.
Slow-release N was supplied as sulfurcoated urea, isobutylidene diurea
(IBDU), or ureaformaldehyde and was
compared at 3 N rates with soluble
sources such as urea, ammonium nitrate,
and ammonium sulfate on 'Yolo Wonder'
In the first season, highest
pepper.
yields and N concentrations of tissue
occurred where IBDU and urea were applied broadcast with mulch as compared
In the second
with band placement.
season, broadcast fertilizer placement
with mulch was compared with 3 split-
107(1) :50-53.
1982.)
N. S. Mansour
Extension Vegetable Crops Specialist
10
Oregon Vegetable Digest Response Sheet
Name
Mailing Address
Please check one of the following:
II
I would be interested in receiving the Oregon Vegetable Digest at a
This is only
subscription rate of $10 for three years (12 issues).
an estimate since number of potential subscribers will determine the
(Please do not send money at this time).
subscription rate.
I would like to donate to the Oregon Vegetable Digest publication fund.
Please do not send money at this
(Approximate donation $
.
time).
I have no interest in either of the above.
I am not interested in receiving Oregon Vegetable Digest, even if it
is free.
Comments welcomed:
Please mail this response before December 31 to:
Oregon Vegetable Digest
Department of Horticulture
Oregon State University
Corvallis, OR 97331
11
AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENT STATION
of
Oregon State University
Corvallis, Oregon 97331
POSTAGE PAID
US. DEPARTMENT OF
AGRICULTURE
AGR 101
Third CIm
Of rctor
PubIlcs$on
Pi&Iy toy pth.le ue $300
BULK RT.