Before we begin: To License or Not To License:
Selecting the Right Frequency for Your Application
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To License or Not To License:
Selecting the Right Frequency for Your Application
ISA/Eaton Web Seminar
9 October 2014
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Questions & Answers
• There will be a Q&A session at the end of the presentation
• Enter questions into the Q&A box on the right-hand side of
your WebEx window.
• Unfortunately, with this many attendees, we cannot open up
the phones for questions.
• If we miss your question or you would like to discuss a topic in
more depth with one of the presenters, feel free to contact
them directly.
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Brian Cunningham
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Graduate of BCIT, Electronics Technology,
Specialty in Process Automation and
Instrumentation
Celebrating 23 year career in Automation as of
2014
With OMNEX Control Systems, (acquired by
Cooper Bussmann, acquired by Eaton) Wireless
Business Unit for 14 years
Integration of ELPRO Technologies into Business
Unit expanded range of Wireless Technology
exposure
Applications Engineering role, helping users
design, commission and troubleshoot wireless
systems.
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Dick Caro
– President/CEO CMC Associates
– Education
– BS University of Florida
– MS Louisiana State University
– Background /experience
• More than 40 years as a user, vendor, and
consultant
• ISA CAP, ISA Fellow, Process Control Hall of
Fame
• Author of these books sold by ISA:
» Automation Network Selection
» Wireless Networks for Industrial
Automation
» A Guide to Foundation Fieldbus
Equipment for Process Control
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Agenda
I. Application Problems
II. Standards Based Radios
III. Where are the Standards Based Radios Being Used
IV. Longer Distances Outside the Plant
V. Frequency Selection
VI. Pros and Cons of Different Radio Types
VII. Where Cellular Modems Are Being Used
VIII.Hybrid Radio Solutions
IX. Q&A Session
X. Conclusion
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Application Problems
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ISM bands are getting crowded
Sometimes the range isn’t great enough
High throughput applications need lots of spectrum
High reliability is a key requirement
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Standards For Wireless Applications
• Process Control
– Continuous and batch manufacturing
– Chemicals, Petrochem, Refining, Metals, Food, Pharma, Paper, etc.
• Discrete Parts/Factory Automation
– Final Assembly and Test
– Machine tool operation
– Automotive, White Goods/Appliances, Warehousing, Bottling, etc.
• Building Automation
• Electric Power Generation
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Standards For Industrial Automation
• Based on ISM bands
– No license required
– Generally available worldwide
– Designed for mass market/volume applications
• Generally developed by
– Open standards committees
– Governed by international rules
– Non-competitive
– User involvement
– Consortiums
– Often driven by one manufacturer for time-to-market advantage
– Users involved at testing phase
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Wireless For Process Control
• ISA100 Wireless
Honeywell ISA100
Wireless HART adapter
– Standardized as ANSI/ISA100.11a and IEC 62734
– Based on IEEE 802.15.4
– Radios at 2.4 GHz ISM band using DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum)
– AES-128 encryption
– Added channel hopping among
the 16 channels
– Added both source and graph
meshing at the MAC layer
– Added Duocast messaging for
redundancy
– Used 6LoWPAN (IPv6) as the
Network Layer
– Specified UDP-based Transport
Layer
– Specified an object-based Application Layer using IEC 61804
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Wireless For Process Control (cont’d)
• WirelessHART
– Defined as IEC 62591 (based on HART 7.1)
– Based on IEEE 802.15.4 - 2006
– Radios at 2.4 GHz ISM band using DSSS (Direct
Sequence Spread Spectrum)
– AES-128 encryption
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Rosemount WirelessHART
THUM adapter
Added channel hopping among 15 channels
Added both source and graph meshing in the Network Layer
Added a proprietary Transport Layer
Application Layer is based on HART 7.1 commands
ELPRO WirelessHART
Gateway
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Wireless For Discrete Parts/Factory Automation
• Wireless applications are based in Wi-Fi
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Adapted from Ethernet applications
Use any of the available Wi-Fi standards based on IEEE 802.11
Use TCP/IP protocols
Siemens I/O devices
Usually interfaced via one of the Ethernet-based protocols
– EtherNet/IP
– PROFINET
• Emerging technologies using IEEE 802.15.4
– ZigBee
– Honeywell Limitless™ I/O devices
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Wireless For Building Automation
• The standard protocol for building automation is BACNET
• BACNET is an Application Layer protocol implemented over
– Echelon LON which is the ANSI/CEA-709.1-B standard
– LonWorks specifies wired, wireless (proprietary radio, and powerline
carrier Physical Layers
– Also implemented over Ethernet and Wi-Fi
• ZigBee is a consortium specifying improvements for operation
over IEEE 802.15.4
– Meshing
– Profiles for simple applications
– Meter reading
– Remote controls
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Emerging Technologies
• 433/915 MHz spectrum
– The 433 and 915 MHz bands have been reserved in North America for
unlicensed use.
– RFID at 433 MHz is being used for several applications
– Highway toll collection
– Public transportation fare collection
– Shipping container inventory and tracking
– EnOcean at 915 MHz (868 MHz Europe) is emerging for use in building
automation
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Inside the Standards Committees
• IEEE Defines standards for
– Local Area Networks (LAN)
– Personal Area Networks (PAN)
– Wide Area Networks (WAN)
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ITU Defines Telecommunications Networks
IEC/ISO United Nations organizations for world standards
ISA Defines standards for industrial automation
ASHRAE Defines standards for heating, ventilating, airconditioning, and refrigeration.
• SAE Defines standards for automotive use
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Summary – Standards-based Wireless
• Standards
– Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)
– IEEE 802.15.4
– ANSI/ISA 100.11a or IEC 62734
– WirelessHART or IEC 62591
– ZigBee
• All based on radios in the 2.4 GHz ISM band
– Reserved for license-free use worldwide
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What about Outside the Plant? Long Distance
SCADA – Water, Oil/Gas Wells
• 2.4GHz 1W can go about 7 miles LOS
– With antennas 33’ above ground – ideal terrain
• 900MHz 1W can go about 20 miles LOS
– With antennas 120’above ground – ideal terrain
• 450MHz 5W can go about 50 miles – no LOS
– Lower frequencies can curve with the earth due to diffraction
– Better object penetration
– FCC lets us have up to 5W of transmit power
450MHz
2.4GHz
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License Free ISM Bands and Frequencies
• Lower Frequencies:
– propagate further
– penetrate objects better
– 900 band is 26MHz wide
900MHz
• 2.4GHz:
– used by microwave ovens
(rain fade issues)
– is license free around the world
– 2.4 band is 81MHz wide
2.4GHz
• 5.8GHz:
– latest ISM band
– Highest throughput capacity
– relatively few products use this
5.8GHz
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Why a license free radio is sometimes best
• Shorter distances negate the need for a long range licensed
radio
• In some areas, no licenses (frequencies) are available
• Licensed radio bandwidths being offered are 12.5KHz in the
US and up to 25KHz in other countries
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Narrow band means less throughput
i.e. 12.5KHz typically gives 9600 baud
i.e. 25KHz channel gives 19,200 baud
Many industrial protocols want higher throughputs
Wireless Video is not possible at these low throughputs
• If repeaters are employed, throughput drops further
• No paperwork or fees, and no delays
• Higher frequency radio antennas are smaller/lighter
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Bandwidth Means Throughput
40MHz Turbo Channel
20MHz Channel
250KHz Channel
• 40MHz Channels – Data Rates 108Mbps
• 20MHz Channels – Data Rate 54Mbps
• 250KHz Channels – Data Rate 200kbps
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Why a licensed radio is sometimes best
• Distance! Need more than 20 miles?
• Not affected by interference/congestion
– ISM band radios will have no effect
– The license to use your frequency is assigned to you only
• Better object penetration at 450MHz frequency band
(compared to 900MHz or higher frequencies)
• Antenna mounting heights:
– 150/450MHz curves with the earth through diffraction
– Higher frequencies do not, meaning antennas must be mounted higher
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Methods of designing a radio link
• Best method is to test on-site, with exact radios you will install,
with antennas at the height you plan to mount them
• Measure interference levels to know what is out there
• Software propagation tools help predict success when an
on-site test is not practical
• Some radio links are so short that no test is required
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Pathloss software analysis
• Predicts RSSI levels and estimates required antenna heights
• Used as feasibility study
• Practical on links of about 2 miles or more
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But I need high throughput and long distance:
Cellular Modems
• Allow access anywhere in the world via the internet
• Or – only from another cellular modem on the same carrier
• Can be very secure:
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GRE Tunnels (Generic Routing Encapsulation)
DMZ (Demilitarized Zone)
IPSec (Internet Protocol Security)
VPN (Virtual Private Network)
• Require a SIM card and data plan
– Monthly charges typically $20/500MB
• Speeds up to 14.4Mbps for 3G
– Fast enough for wireless video
• Do a business case to evaluate if cellular should be used
• Site survey done with your phone
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Cellular monitoring of fracking fluid tanks
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Hybrid Cellular/900MHz Project
Remote Site
No Radio Path
Master Site
915U-2
615M-1
615M-1
915U-2
SCADA
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VOIP via 900MHz with cellular backbone
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Experiences from the field
• Don’t measure interference levels after the install (Before!)
• Measure and document RSSI levels on install date to have a
benchmark for future troubleshooting
• Lower frequencies penetrate and bounce better
• Don’t overload that 450MHz Ethernet link with video
• Do a business case to see if cellular would be cheaper than
building towers for long distance links
• 2.4GHz can be problematic near hotels, apartments, etc, but
can work in controlled environments
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Best Performance Considerations
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Line of Sight
Antenna Outside cabinet
Antenna away from RF Noise source
Antenna as high as possible
Coax Cable as short as possible
Look for good Receiver Sensitivity
Get highest Transmit Power
Antenna type and Gain
Maximize Antenna Separation
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Any Questions?
• Enter questions into the Q&A box on the
right-hand side of your WebEx window.
• Unfortunately, with this many attendees,
we cannot open up the phones for
questions.
• If we miss your question or you would like
to discuss a topic in more depth with one
of the presenters, feel free to contact us
directly.
– Brian Cunningham: BrianCunningham@Eaton.com
– Dick Caro: dickcaro@gmail.com
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Goodbye
• We thank you for attending To License or Not To License:
Selecting the Right Frequency for Your Application
• We sincerely hope you acquired useful information
• We would very much like to see you again in one of our web
seminars
Please have a good day and a better week
All registrants will receive an email with the webinar recording link, as well as
additional links for supporting information
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