J
OF SPRAY IOZ7,LES FOR
EFFECTIVE SPRAYLTG OF HOPS FOR DO'mY MILDE'.I .
by
G. R. Hoerner
Agent, IT . S. D. A.
Under Legislative Funds 1937
Hop Fests and
Agrono~
A Special Oregon State Legislative Project
Introduction
There are between 7~_ and~ hop growers in Oregon with a total of
22,500 acres under cultivation in Benton, Clackwmas, Douglas, Jackson,
Josephine, Lane, Linn, Marion, Polk, Umatilla, Washington and Yamhill
counties. Grass production in 1937 is estimated at 24,530,000 pounds.
Th~ actual poundage harvested (dry weight) is estimated at 22,000,000
pounds or 980 pounds per acre. The average cost of production per pound
(1934-1936) was 18.6 cents. In general the cost of production decreases.
as the yield increases. The cost of production has been increasing
.r ' .
annually. Agronomie practices and the practices employed for the control.
of hop pests and diseases play an important role in profitable hop pro­
duction.
I
A cooperative Federal-Oregon State Hop Disease Investigations
Project has been in progress since 1931. While headquarters have been
maintained at Corvallis the field of operations has included British
Columbia, California, New York and Washington. The activities of those
connected with the project have of necessity been confined largely to
field control and selection and breeding for disease resistance.
Since 1934 Purnell projects Nos. 68, 69 and 70 - "Artificial Drying
of Hops," "Improvement and Application of Chemical Methods in Hop
Evaluation for Brewing Purposes," and "Ho.p Cost Studies," respectively,
have been in progress at the Oregon Experiment Station. In order to
expand the coordinated hops program funds were made available for the
conduct of the State project ~der Lmmediate consideration.
I
Five hundred of the fifteen thousand dollars appropriated was
assigned to the Botany Depart~ent for the conduct of a sub-project,
"Spraying for Hop Mildew," and placed at the disposal of G. R. Hoerner,
Agent, u. s. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry,
Division of Drug and Related Plants. A more accurate statement of the
nature and scope of the prob+em under investigation would be, "special
chemical and physical studies of fungicides, spreaders, stickers and
wetters as related to liquid sprays and dusts to be used in the control.
of diseases of hops, with particular reference to downy mildew."
The immediate problern was to secure more or less empirical information
/ of a practical nature vmich might be of use to growers rather than funda­
mental scientifio data.
Downy mildew is found in every hop-growing county in the state
Umatilla and constitutes an annual menace to profitable production.
J There are
no commercial hop varieties which are immune. All parts of the .
exce~t
2.
I
plants may become infected . Under favorable environmental conditions
the disease spreads with extreme rapidity and actual crop losses range ,
in individual yards , as high as 100 per cent . Entire plants are some­
times killed . Until such time as immune or highly-resistant commercia.lly­
valuable varieties can be offered growers , field control practices are of
major importance .
Tentative budgets have been submitted providing for an expenditure
of $ 100 . 00 for equipment and supplies and $ 150.00 for labor in each of
the two years of the biennium. As of February 1 , 1938 expenditures for
equipment and supplies have amounted to $ 176 . 18 and for labor, $ 137.20
leaving balances of $ 23 . 82 and $ 162.80 respectively .
In all probability the unexpended balances will suffice to conc1ude
the work 6n the sub- project as planned. If additional funds in like
amounts are made available in future, however , the investigational werk
can be extended to good advantage .
By way of augmenting trials of spraying and dusting equipment and
materials , which have been made each year since the Hop Disease Inves­
tigations project was inaugurated in 1931 , more detailed information was
desired .
Experimental Spraying
The primary objective was to compare the relative merits of various
spray nozzles obtainable through trade sources by determining: (1) the
mechanical relation between pump in-take and out-put in gallons per
minute; out-put being limited by nozzle openings , pressure being constant ,
(2) the spray pattern as to type , size , shape , and size of spray particle
and (3) the most effective distance from nozzle to object being sprayed.
A 4-4-50 Bordeaux mixture was pumped through a motor-driven Hardie
Estate pump of three gallon per minute capacity. See figure 1 . The
various nozzles were tried with varying disc appertures; the spray being
directed at a back-board . Using the back- hoard as a gauge, the type , size
and shape of the spray patterns were determined .
The size of the particles of spray was estimated by eye, four classi­
fications being used: fine , medium-fine, medium and coarse .
The most effective distance was considered as that poi~t at which,
in the case of a hollow cone , where the cone of spray converged ; in the
case of a flat spray , where the patternwas widest .
The output in gallons per minute was determined by measuring a qne·­
minute discharge collected in a covered container . This process was r e­
peated three times . The average of the three trials was recorded .
Details are presented in the following tables .
!
1-l
1
TABLE 1 . - GUN
Nozzle
Disc
Fressure
Rardie Orchard Gun Model "E"
No . 2
300 lb .
Ho1low cone 1 ft. dia .
Fine
No . 3
300 lb.
Ho11ow cone 1- 1/2 ft . dia
Fine
No . 4
300 1b .
Ho1low cone 2 ft . dia .
No . 5
280 1b .
Hollow cone 3 ft. dia .
Spray Pattern
Spray type
Eff. Dist .
Gal/Miil .
•
N. B.
*
a . 8 ft .
b . 15 ft .
0 . 325
1 . 005
a . 7 ft.
b . 15 ft .
0.500
1 . 500
Med .- fine
a . 6 ft .
b . 15 ft .
0 . 750
1 . 800
Medium
a . 5 ft .
b . 15 ft .
1 . 825
2. 300
The pump wou1d not deve1op pressure above 150 lbs. with a disc larger than a No . 5 .
* a . indicates results with gun one half open .
b . indicates results with gun full open.
(>;!
•
TABLE 2. - NOZZLES WITHOUT DISCS
Nozzle
Bean Best
Hardie Blizzard
Disc
Press:ure
Spray Pattern
300 lb .
Solid cone 1 ft . dia.
1/4 open
300 lb .
Solid stream
1/2 open
300 lb .
Full open
290 1b.
X
Spray type
Fine
Eff . Dist .
Gal/Miil
10 ft .
0 . 900
Med .- fine
3 ft .
0 . 315
F1at , 90° spread
Med . -fine
5 ft .
2 . 050
F1at , 180° spread
Coarse
4 ft .
2 . 500
(cont.inued)
TABLE 2. ­ NOZZLES ~THOUT DISCS (CCNT . )
Nozzle
/
Bean Bordeaux
· Bee.n Clipper
•
Vermoral
Disc
Pressure
1/4 open
300 lb .
45° fle.t spree.d
Med .- fine
5 ft .
0. 500
1/2 open
300 lb .
120° fle.t spree.d
Medium
6 ft .
2. 005
Full open
285 lb .
Solid stree.m
Coe.rse
15 rt .
2. 250
1/4 open
300 lb.
60° fle.t spree.d
Fine
5 ft .
0. 500
1/2 open
300 lb .
120° fle.t spree.d
Medium
6 ft .
1.815
Full open
285 lb .
Solid stream
Coe.rse
15 rt .
2. 250
X
300 lb .
Hollew cone 2 ft . die. .
Med . -fine
5 ft .
1 . 000
Spray Pattern
Spray type
Eff . Dist.
Ge.l/Min.
I~
•
'
Weed
X
\
\
300 lb .
Hollew cone 1-1/2 ft . die.
Fine
4 rt .
l . lCO
TABLE 3. - NOZZLES WITH DISCS
Disc
Pressure
No . 2
No . 2
300 lb.
300 lb.
Solid cone 3" dia.
Hollow cone 1 ft. dia.
Open
Closed
No . 4
No . 4
300 lb.
300 lb.
Open
C1osed
No . 5
No . 5
285 lb.
300 1b.
Solid cone 10" dia .
Ho1low cone 2 ft. dia .
Open
Closed
No . 6
No . 6
250 lb.
300 lb.
***
Closed
No . 7
Open
Closed
Nozzle
Rardie Adjustable
Open
Closed
**
Spray Pattern
Spray type
Eff. Dist.
.Gal/Min.
5 ft.
4 ft.
0.750
0 .500
Solid cone 6" dia.
IMed.-fine
Hollow cone 1-1/2 ft.di!:. Fine
6 ft.
4 ft.
1.375
1.000
~edium
~~ed.-fine
8 ft.
3 ft.
2.375
1.500
Solid cone 1 ft. dia.
!Medium
Hollow cone 2-1/2 ft.diE • Med .- fine
9 ft.
3 ft.
2.500
1.875
285 lb.
Hollow cone 3-1/2 ft.dil:.
3 ft.
2.125
No . 5
300 lb.
4-1/2 ft.
2.125
No . 5
300 lb.
Semi-hollow cone 3 ft.
dia.
Solid cone 1 ft. dia.
IMed .-fine
10 ft.
2.250
No . 5
No . 5
300 lb.
300 lb.
Hollow cone 1-1/2 ft.dia. Fine
Hollow cone 2 ft. dia. Med .-fine
5 ft.
4 ft.
1.750
1.500
No . 2
300 lb .
No . 3
300 lb.
3-1/2 ft.
4 ft.
0 .750
0 .935
No . 4
300 lb.
Double Hollow cone, each
cone 2 ft. dia . 8" over1 ap Fine
Double hol1ow cone, each Med .-fine
cone 2-1/2 ft.dia. 10"
over1ap
Double hollow cone, each Med .fine
cone 3 ft. dia. 12"
overlap.
5 ft.
1.125
Fine
Fine
Med.-fine
Maidstone
!Fine
Noblox
Open
Closed
Rardie Vapo 2 Straight nozzles on
Straight Y
(continued)
<:11
•
TABLE 3. Nozz le
Rardie Vapo ****
Disc
Pressure
OZZLES WITH DISCS ( CCNT . )
Spray Pattern
No . 3W*
300 lb .
Flat 3 ft . x 3" rt . angle
to welt .
No . 4w*
300 lb .
Flat oval hollow 3- 1/2 ft .
6" rt . e.ngle to wel t .
Spray type
X
Eff . Dist .
Ge.l/Min .
Fine
5 ft .
0 . 505
Med.-fine
4 ft .
0 . 850
I
No . 5W*
300 1b .
Flat oval hollow 4 ft . x
lC" rt . angle to welt .
Medium
4 ft .
No . 2
300 lb .
Hollew cone 2 ft . dia.
Fine
3- 1/2 ft .
0 . 3CO
No . 3
300 1b .
HolloVT cone 2-1/2 ft . die..
Fine
4 ft .
0 . 415
No . 4
300 lb .
Hollew cone 3 ft . dia .
Med . -fine
5 ft .
0 . 600
1-.000
(])
*
**
***
****
No • .5
300 1b .
Hollew cone 3-1/2 ft . dia .
Med . -fine
5 ft .
o. aoo
No . 6
300 1b .
Hollew cone 4 ft . dia .
Med.-fine
4 ft .
0 . 950
No. 7
290 lb .
Hollew cone 5 ft . dia .
Coarse
4 ft .
1 . 010
(w) is used to indicate the welted disc . In the trials the weltwas to the outside .
No . 3 disc for the Rardie adjustable nozzle was .not available .
Pump capacity not great enough to hold pressur e with a No. 7 disc and the gun full open.
The same results were obtained with both the straight and angle.Vapo nozzle .
•
7.
Summary
1 . In view of the general grower tendency to employ automatic sprayers
in preferenc e to orchard type sprayers with either rods or guns 1 emphasis
has been placed on a study of the relative merits of nozzles only .
2. Nozzles with discs are preferred to those without discs .
3. Nozzles which deliver a cone-shap ed spray are considere d preferabl e
to those which deliver a flat spray pattern .
4 . In general welted discs are ~ot advised . Discs which deliver a
type of spray classed as fine or medium-fi ne. are to be preferred over those
which deliver the material j_n coarseD particles .
5. Of the nozzles tried the Hardie Vapo , straight with o. 4 regular djsc,
appears most desirable and will be used in all further experimen tal work On
the sub-proje ct .
G. R. Hoerner, Agent.
February 1 1 1938.
Fig. 1 -- Experimental Spraying Equipment
HARDIE C.:tCHARD Gn; !.!CDEL "E"
, "o • 2 di SC)
HALF CfEN
i'
.~ozz le Fac e
Effective
Dis t ~nce
Front
P f1 .
FTLL CFEU
-
Effect ive
"o zzle ? A.c e
"lcale
1/ '?. "
= 1'
Dist~nce
lf ft.
t· •
---
Front
/
HARD I~ Cf? Cl!A._'iD Ct;J.; .t.'C:D E.L
...
"1; "
(No. 3 disc)
HALF CTEN
EffecU ve Di sta.nce 7 ft..
FULL OFEU
rozzle Face
Seele 1/2" =· 1'
Effen tive Diste.n c e 15 ft.
F ront
'!Ar.·;; ·:- ( -:-
. .. ... 1
c. · · ,.( r.n
" F"
(r;o . 4. d i 0e)
Ji!,LF UE1;
•.
". 7, 1 ,...,
:··o ,. . ("'
;;'' ' f't e~'- : v~
!J is+qJi(9f!
r.L .
'·
F' r0r.t
Ft;i.l ( f EF
E" ~ c~ t; \'e
··, zz l r- .···ce
J~'l ' ~ 1/? " ~
'
I
Dist~ ~r. ~c
] :i
f''
F r<:it
HARDIE CRCHAIW G'CN J!CDEL "E"
(l~ 0 • 6 d i s c )
HALF
•·.-7.z le l;"ace
Effective
D jstR ~ ce
~
CFU~
f ront
ft.
FllL CFEN
/
Scale l/2 "
==-
1'
Front
BEA.i'~
Soa le
1/2 " .. 1'
BE.ST
RARDIE BLIZZARD
( 1/4 or en )
r oz tle Face
Sca1 e 1" = 1'
Effe ctiv e Dist ance 3 ft.
Fron t.
RARDIE BLIZZARD
(1/2 open)
Nozzle face.
Effective Distance 5 ft.
90° spresd
Sca1e 1"
= 1'
HARDTE Bl i 6ZARD
(full open)
6'
Effective Distance 4 ft.
Scale 1/2"
=
11
Front
BEAK BCRDEAlJX
(1/4 open)
[
0
4'
]
Front.
Effec tive
. c 1 !'!
"
1'
~is~anc e
5 ft .
BEAN
ECRDEAUX
(1/2 Cpen)
Effective Distance 6 ft.
Sca.le 1/2'' ,. l'
i,. ront
BEAN CLIPPER
(1/4 open)
Nozzl e Face
Soale
1"• 1'
Effeo tive Dista nce 5 ft.
Front
BEA!~
CLJI'FEF.
·(l/2 open)
1011'
X
Effective Distance C f+.
:;('8-l€<
l/2 ' 1 =1
I
BE • CLJfi Er
( Full (ren)
Effectiv e Distance
Nozzle Face
Scale
1/2" • 1'
15 Ft.
Front
VERMCRAL
(l;0
•
4 di sc )
Eff ect ive Dis tan ce 5 ft.
Sca ]e l"== 1'
Fro nt
t:czz1 e :?a.ce
Effe ctive Distenc e 4 rf.•
Sca.1e 1" = 1'
F r ont
:rer 1:: e !,.c .~t ~+ a'u l e
(No . 2 disc )
CI E1~
---=- -=-= :::::- -=­
---------
:
~fcci 4
·.•e J-i .s '1nce
!"'
fi •
. I'On t
:· rcr
/
Sce.le 1"
=
1'
YAlDSTC'NE
( or en)
Effe ctiv e Dist ance 4 ft.
Scal e 1""" 1'
: ront
l" ' :'J :r..-
~· ­
(closed)
rc 7. zle
:-'9.ce
Sca.le 1" • 1'
Effective
u ist ~nc e
l C -<' 4.
\
.
. ' rc1~ +­v
NCBLBX
CIEl ~
1Vt'
~ ... .0
'
..
es t ... ... . n
'+ .
CL CS ED
Z'
.' rc 11 t
Nozz.le Fe.ce
Scal e 1"
=
1'
I
STRAICHT VAIC NCZZLES ON STrt.ATGHT "Y"
(No. 2 disc)
ti~t}~\ ;·.
. ...,:.~- ~·: ~. -~. ~.Jt~}J:i;.~;:_. : ,..,":i2~~~~L
·.·.:·..:· ·.:·; .: ·.-:.· .:·· .· :·. ;.: .
.
~:ozzle
Fe.ce
Sc_a le 1" • 1 1
Effective Distance 3 1/2 ft.
Front
.......
J
,.
~
- ,. .,
. • l.
.. ,..,
r.
•
' ~
ff , , .,
~~ .J
( No . 3 d i s c)
4'
._
t · :
zl ~~
',
Sca1e 1"
=
1'
I
l-..7 ~
•(
.~
(Ne . 4
,~I
Sc~le
1" = 1 '
"
~ tt
VAFO
(
Je . 3 welt.ed di sc)
I
3'
.' r ont
Effective Distance 5 ft.
Sce.1e 1"
1'
VAfC.
(No. 5 we1ted disc)
I
Effect)ve Distenc e 4 ft.
Sc&1e 1"
Fr cn t
1'
I
VAJ>O
(No. 2 disc)
2.'
Effective Distance 3-1/2 ft.
Scale 1"
1'
?rc nt
VAFC
(No. 4 disc)
r: c zzle :-'Rc e
Effective Distance 4 ft.
Sce.le 1" "" 1'
fr(:nt
VAI C
(No . 6 dis c)
..
·····-::·
.. .
......·. .·::::-·
. ;: :_. ::~: ·.- :·::
Effe ctjve
3c l\ } e l" = 1'
Dist ~n ce
4 ft .
)"