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ABSTRACT
RESULTS
CONCLUSIONS
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INTRODUCTION
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MATERIALS and METHODS
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Identification of an Environmental Counterpart to Human
Associated Chloroflexi using 16S rDNA
Sandra
1San
2
Lopez
and Cleber
1
Ouverney
Jose State University, Biology Dept., San Jose, CA 95192-
0100
2Gavillan College, Biology Dept., Gilroy, CA 95020
Introduction
Microbial communities are abundant and
consist mostly of uncultured prokaryotes
(3). In addition, bacteria found in the
human
body
are
thought
to
be
counterparts to similar bacteria in the
environment (2). This study focused
studying the Bacteria phylum Chloroflexi
using 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis.
The purpose of the study was to find a
Chloroflexi in the environment similar to
Chloroflexi that found in the human body.
Chloroflexi in the human body are often
associated with different diseases; such as
vaginosis,
Chron’s
disease,
atopic
dermatitis, and oral infections (. Genomic
DNA was extracted from Santa Clara
County Wastewater and the 16S rDNA was
PCR amplified, cloned and sequenced.
Four batches of clones were made from the
same set sample and batch D provided 43
sequences to be Chloroflexi, which were
used in this study.
Objective
• To find a Chloroflexi in the
environment that is similar to a
human associated Chlorofelxi
Methods
Results
Conclusions
Chloroflexi Batch
D
Human Associated
Chloroflexi
Proteobacteria
Firmicutes
Actinobacteria
Fig. 1
Chloroflexi
Minimum
Evolution
TM7
Phylogeny Tree
using bootstrap
test. Phylogeny
tree was created
using
the
sequences from
batch D that
were classified
as
Chloroflexi
and one TM7
from batch C.
Three
sequences
included in the
tree come from
a
human Fig. 2. Primers used in the entire experiment to get the16S
associated
rDNA sequences.
T0
T60
Chloroflexi and
Primer
Target
Purpose
Seq (5’-3’))
the rest were
BAC-8F
General Bacteria 16S rDNA
AGAGTTTTGATCCTGGC
from BLAST top
amplification
TCAG
results.
CFX-1223
Chloroflexi
16S rDNA
amplificationT0
CCATTGTAGCGTGTGTG
TMGT30
T60
M13F
Vector
PCR Screening
GTAAAACGACGGCCAG
M13R
Vector
PCR Screening
CAGGAAACAGCTATGAC
Many of the samples from batch
D are
similar to known
Chloroflexi, but with small
variations in their sequences.
These small variations may be
due to a mutation or may be from
a novel sequence that falls under
the same class. However, there
were Chloroflexi from batch D
that in the tree appear to be more
closely related to the Phylum
Firmicutes meaning that they
evolved before the rest of the
Chloroflexi on the phylogeny
tree.
References
Clarridge III, Jill E. (2012) Impact of 16S rRNA Gene
Sequence Analysis for Identification of Bacteria on
Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.“ Clin.
Microbiol. Rev. October 2004 vol. 17 no. 4 840-862. 29
June.
Dinis, et al. (2011) An uncultured human-associated
bacterium model. Available from Nature Precedings
<http://hdl.handle.net/10101/npre.2011.5757.1> (2011)
Riesenfield, et al. (2004) Metagenomics: Genomic
Analysis of Microbial Communities. Available from
Annual Reviews
<http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annure
v.genet.38.072902.091216>
T90
T90
Acknowledgements
Thanks to Jaysharee Deepak and
Parisa Kosha for their support in data
collection. Also, to Margarita Rangel
for support in PCR. Funding for this
project has been provided by the
CCRAA-HSI grant and Gavlian STEM
pogram and NIH SCORE Grant
SC3GM082291.
Pulse Nitrogen Laser
Joshua Chen, Peter Beyersdorf, Thao Le
Gavilan College, Gilroy, CA 950201 and San José State University, San Jose, CA 95192
Abstract
Our goal is to construct a pulse nitrogen laser out of common materials that are easily obtainable from local store fronts. LASER stands for light amplification by stimulated
emission of radiation. When atoms get excited their electrons move to high energy levels and when over half of a population of atoms go to the same excited state, the electrons
decay back down to their original ground state. A photon is emitted with the energy difference of the decay. The emitted photon may encounter another excited molecule of
Nitrogen and this will set off identical photon. The two particles of radiation proceed in the same direction and this cause a chain reaction through the laser cavity.
Background Information
The nitrogen laser is an excellent
choice for the amateur or poorly
funded lab to build due to high gain
compare to other laser medium.
Nitrogen laser uses electricity to excite
the nitrogen. The metal sheets act as
capacitors, the inductor acts as a
regulator, and the spark gap acts as
release valve. The laser action begins
when a molecule of Nitrogen absorbs
energy by colliding with an electron
that moves in the discharge. Molecule
becomes in an unstable state and
spontaneously falls to a state of lower
energy by emitting a photon of
radiation at 337.1 nm. There are two
type of nitrogen laser, transversal
excitation and longitudinal excitation,
in these two types of lasers contains
the sub groups of low pressure and
atmospheric pressure.
Obstacles/Challenges
 Lack of Experience
 Material selection
 Tuning of Laser
.
Return Of The Natives Restoration Education Project
Bryce Stauble, Angela Avidano, Christina McKnew, James Laske, and Laura Lee Leink Ph.D
Gavilan College, Gilroy, CA 95020, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA 93955
Native Plant
Nursery
RON grows a wide variety of
native plants from seeds they
have collected to preserve the
genetic integrity of the plants.
Seed Collecting
War on weeds
RON is a community based restoration education project at
CSUMB with the goal of protecting the waters of the Monterey
Bay National Marine Sanctuary through restoration of the
waterways and lands draining into the bay.
Ice plant is an invasive species
from the similar South African
meditteranean climate. With no
natural predators this plant
thrives, overrunning native
species of plants.
Smith’s Blue Butterfly
on native buckwheat
Sowing seeds and
Transplanting
The plants often need to be
watered until they can survive
on their own.
California
Poppy
Eschscholzia californica
This year RON has grown over
30,839 plants and worked with
over 4,319 students and
volunteers.
Students & volunteers of all ages
help with projects like seed
sowing, transplanting, & pot
Loss of native plants can result
in drastic “food chain”
disturbances which can lead to
loss of usable land for crops,
increased fire hazards, & a
decreased land value.
Acknowledgements
We would like to thank CSUMB(Watershed
Institute/R.O.N.), S.T.E.M. @ Gavilan College,
B.L.M. @ Fort Ord
The Effects of Adenosine Receptors in Respiratory Rhythm in the In Vitro Bullfrog Brainstem
1Iris
1Charmaine
2Michael
2Bridget
Delgado,
Rosales,
Klingler,
Schneider,
1Rey Morales M.S. and 2Michael Hedrick Ph.D. 1Dept. of Biology, Gavilan Community College, Gilroy, CA and
2Dept. of Biological Sciences, California State University, East Bay, Hayward, CA.
Post-metamorphic tadpoles exposed to hypoxia
and 100uM Theophylline
ABSTRACT # 0765
25
Burst frequency (per
min)
Adenosine is a breakdown product of ATP metabolism in the brain;
previous work has shown that adenosine is inhibitory to breathing in
mammals, but its effects on breathing in other animals, including
amphibians, is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that adenosine
provides an intrinsic inhibitory effect on respiratory activity in the
isolated brainstem of the bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeiana). Isolated
brainstems from pre- and post metamorphic tadpoles (stages XXVII) were superfused with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF)
bubbled with 98% O2/2% CO2. Respiratory activity (fictive
breathing) was measured in vitro with suction electrodes applied to
cranial nerve roots V, VII, X and XII that normally drive
respiratory muscles. Isolated brainstems were used to examine the
effects of theophylline, an antagonist of adenosine receptors, at
concentrations of 50 μM, 100 μM and 500 μM applied to brainstems
for 20- 30 min. At a concentration of 50 μM theophylline, fictive
breathing frequency increased by 23.8% in one brainstem. At higher
concentrations (100 μM and 500 μM) fictive breathing rates had
little, no change and/or inhibition N=3. Lung burst amplitudes
increased by 15% at 50 µM and by 30-35% at 100 µM compared to
control conditions. These data suggest that theophylline has a
narrow antagonistic effect on adenosine receptors that modulate
breathing. Inhibition of respiratory neuronal activity by adenosine
may be important during periods when ATP becomes depleted, such
as environmental hypoxia. Further studies are needed to better
understand the effects of adenosine receptors in lower vertebrates.
Supported by NIH-MBRS SCORE grant SO6 GM48135 and STEM
grant 681727.
20
Control
15
Hypoxia +
Theophylline
10
5
0
01
30
Recovery
a. Brainstem nerves connected to electrodes
b. Brainstem in purfusion dish
Fig. 2. (a) Tadpole brainstem connected to pipettes electrodes (left CN X and
right CN V).
(b) Tadpole brainstem on experimental dish with artificial cerebrospinal fluid
(aCSF).
Post Hypoxia
+
Theophylline
60
90
120
Time (min)
Time (min)
180
Fig. 4. Inhibiting Adenosine receptors using Theophylline
produces a slow hypoxic ventilatory depression in a Postmetamorphic tadpole brainstem.
Hypotheses
Hypoxia causes rapid ventilatory
depression in post-metamorphic, but not
pre-metamorphic brainstems
Hypoxia
Hypoxia
K(ATP) channel
(opens)
Contro
l
Gill bursts
Lung burst
Normoxia + 50-500 μM Theophylline
15
min
Premetamorphic
120
min
ATP
K+
Recovery
Lung
episode
Theophylline
(Hyperpolarization)
V
ATP release
(antagonistic)
Adenosine
(Hypoxic ventilatory
depression)
METHODS
Experiments were performed on a total of 3 pre-metamorphic and 1
post- metamorphic North American bullfrogs (Lithobates
catesbeiana). Animals were Taylor-Kollros stages >XXV. Animals
were anesthetized in dilute (0.5%) buffered MS-222 and brainstems
removed and placed in a recording chamber at 20-22 ºC.
Brainstems were superfused with artificial CSF (aCSF) bubbled
with 98% O2/2% CO2 (Normoxia) for 1 h and then exposed to 20-30
min. trails of normoxia aCSF containing adenosine receptor
antagonist, theophylline (50-500 µM) or a 180 min. trial of 98%
N2/2% CO2 (hypoxia) and 100 µM theophylline.
V
10 s
Hypoxia + 100 μM Theophylline
Post-metamorphic
Fig. 5. We hypothesized that hypoxic ventilatory depression
is linked to activation of K(ATP) channels leading to
hyperpolarization and/or release of adenosine interacting
with receptors contributing to ventilatory depression.
Blockade of these pathways with Theophylline (Adenosine
receptor antagonist) should attenuate the hypoxic
ventilatory depression.
CONCLUSIONS
V
Stages of Bullfrog
Development
V
Taylor-Köllros (T-K) (1946)
staging:
Pre-metamorphic stages
I-V
VI-X
XI-XVII
Gills, lungs and skin
Facultative AirBreathing
Our preliminary studies of the effects of Theophylline are
indecisive and further studies are needed to fully identify the
effects of Adenosine receptors in lower vertebrates.
Metamorphic stages
XVIII-XXII
XXIII-XXV
Growth
Adult
Loss of gills - Obligate AirBreathing
(Post-metamorphic)
Fig. 1. Stages of bullfrog development. The animals in this
study were in the post-metamorphic (obligate air-breathing)
stages >XXV.
These data suggest that Theophylline may have a narrow
antagonistic affect on adenosine receptors that modulate
breathing. Inhibition of respiratory neuronal activity by
adenosine may be important during periods when ATP
becomes depleted, such as environmental hypoxia.
Fig. 3. Raw and integrated traces from pre-metmorphic, postmetamorphic brainstems during control, hypoxia (15 min and 120
min) and recovery.
Diversity and Composition of the Terrestrial Insect Fauna Of Cañada De Los
Osos Ecological Reserve
Liliana Resendez(1), Patrick Ancheta(1), Maria Cardenas(1), Blake Miles(1), Jefferey Honda(2), Gabriel Chan(2), Bill Ungs(1), Robert Clement(2) and Rey Morales,
MS(1), (1)Gavilan College, Gilroy, CA, (2)San Jose State University, San Jose
Abstract
Methods
Data was collected at CDLO using Malaise traps, pitfall traps,
and mercury vapor/UV light traps. Terrestrial and aquatic
netting was also used to collect insects.
Insects were
subsequently curated and identified using reference material
from the San Jose State University Entomology Museum and
dichotomous keys. A reference collection is being developed
for CDLO and maintained at Gavilan Community College.
An insect survey was undertaken at Cañada de los Osos (CDLO)
Ecological Reserve to begin compiling the diversity and
composition of the terrestrial insect fauna. Using a number of
collecting methods including the use of black lights, mercury vapor
lights, netting, pitfall and malaise traps, we collected a number of
insects in four sampling sites over a five-week period. Due to the
sheer number of insects collected, only data for the Coleoptera
were tabulated. Our results are reported herein.
Introduction
Results and Discussion
The Cañada de los Osos (CDLO) Reserve is in the southern portion
of the Mt. Hamilton Range approximately ten miles east of Gilroy,
Ca. The CDLO reserve was identified by The Nature Conservancy
as a high priority for protection and conservation. To date, nothing
is known of the insect fauna within this diverse area. The reserve is
composed of roughly 4400 acres that encompasses a number of
habitats including riparian, chaparral, mixed woodland, grassland,
and aquatic habitats. Nothing is known about the insect fauna of
this diverse area. Our overall objectives for this and future projects
include:
1.To compile the diversity and composition of the terrestrial insect
fauna of CDLO, with a focus on native species and natural
communities that will include seasonal distributions.
2.To develop a research collection for the preserve that may
provide the basis for future systematic studies and biogeographical
and faunal analyses.
The most Coleoptera collected were in our pitfall traps, and
consisted primarily of carabids and tenebrionids.
Our data
indicates that the Woodland habitat (Figure 1) had the most
Coleoptera diversity. Because of the large number of insects
collected during this survey, we were only able to process the
Coleoptera. The Coleoptera collected over a five-week period
represents over 31 unique species in 13 families. The data will be
placed in the CDLO database. Future directions for this study
include a season long census to quantify Coleoptera species
richness in addition to identifying and sorting the species and
families collected from the other insect orders.
Acknowledgements
This project was funded by the STEM
Grant through Gavilan College.
3.To make the resultant data available accessible via data base, to
be found on the CDLO website.
Figure 1. Number of species collected for each Coleoptera family found in three habitats. Woodland (A), Riparian/Water (B),
Grassland (C).
.
Evaluation of a newly implemented Supplemental Instruction program for a
Hispanic-Serving Institution
Katherine Hartl , Randy Brown, Ph.D., Rey Morales
Office of Institutional Research and Natural Sciences Department, Gavilan College, Gilroy, CA 95020
ABSTRACT
1997). After 3 years of implementation, a comprehensive evaluation study was
conducted. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected for both formative
and summative For example, focus groups provided specific suggestions on the
organization of the program and methods for distributing information. A self-report
survey found SI students benefitted from participation and had useful suggestions for
improving the program. Additionally, the summative data found a high correlation
Introduction
Objective
RESULTS: Performance Analysis
Average Grade of SI Participants
3.4
3.53
3.60
3.20
3.11
3.00
2.80
2.60
2.85
2.87
Avg grade
Linear (Avg grade)
2.77
2.74
Participant data
Declared Gender
Relationship between GPA and SI
Participation
100%
80%
60%
40%
20%
3
0%
2.8
2.6
2.4
Comparison of classes with and without
SI Intervention. 10 class matches were
selected and held constant for teacher,
term and course. Classes with SI
intervention had 50 hours or more
student participation
Focus groups
conducted to
gather ideas and
feedback
To find what level of participation was
effective, a correlation between student
performance and participation was calculated,
relating grade to hours of participation.
Suggestions for
improvement
were collected
from student
surveys
Students made a self assessment of impact
of program through student survey
SI Participants
22.5%
77.5%
Physiology
15.6%
84.4%
Natural Sciences
35.6%
64.4%
Campus
44.5%
55.5%
2
GPA:SI Participation
Bio 9 Spring
Bio 7 Spring (R)
Bio 7 Fall
Bio 7 Spring (M)
Bio 8 Summer
Bio 1 Fall
Bio 10 Spring
Bio 15 Fall
Phys 2AFall
Chem 30ASpring
AVERAGE
Linear (Bio 9 Spring)
Linear (Bio 7 Spring (R))
Linear (Bio 7 Fall)
Linear (Bio 7 Spring (M))
Linear (Bio 8 Summer)
Linear (Bio 1 Fall)
Linear (Bio 10 Spring)
Linear (Bio 15 Fall)
Linear (Phys 2AFall)
Linear (Chem 30ASpring)
Linear (AVERAGE)
40.0%
Hours of Participation in SI -- Class total
Hours of Participation
Participation in the SI program correlated to grade performance. The largest rise
seemed to be after the 18-24 hour range. This range represents the “Once a
week” attendance frequency, suggesting that students who attend once a week
or more will see the most improvement in their grade.
Table 1: Self-report impact of SI
participation % of helpful and slightly
helpful responses (n=169).
30.0%
Bio 9 Spring
Bio 7 Spring (R)
Bio 7 Fall
GPA:SI Participation
Bio 7 Spring (M)
Bio 8 Summer
Bio 1 Fall
Bio 10 Spring
Bio 15 Fall
Phys 2AFall
Chem 30ASpring
AVERAGE
Linear (Bio 9 Spring)
Linear (Bio 7 Spring (R))
3.4
Each of the ten class comparisons
showed
an improvement in class GPA.
Linear (Bio 7 Fall)
3.2
Linear (Bio 7keeping
Spring (M)) course,
ten class sets were selected
instructor and semester
Linear (Bio 8 Summer)
3
constant. One had no Linear
SI intervention
and
the other had 50 or more SI
(Bio 1 Fall)
Linear
(Bio 10 Spring)
participation hours. The
average
GPA mprovement
was 0.23.
2.8
Linear (Bio 15 Fall)
Linear (Phys 2AFall)
Linear (Chem 30ASpring) 2.6
Linear (AVERAGE)
2.4
% Helped
Helped understanding the material
93.80%
Helped study strategies
73.30%
Helped keeping up with the course
84.40%
Helped meeting other students
71.50%
Helped motivation to do well in class
86.60%
Helped enjoyment of the course
82.80%
Self analysis by participants revealed
that the program helped them in
many ways. This suggests that the
program is effectively improving
comprehension of the material and
having a positive influence on those
who participated.
3.4
2.2
3.2
2
Suggestions for Program
Improvement.
-100
3
0
100
200
300
Hours of Participation in SI -- Class total
400
2.8
Survey Comments
2.6
Flexible session
schedule,
2.4
Extra credit for
participation,2.2Less off topic
conservations, 2More
-100
0
100
200
in SI -- Class total
notifications onHours
theof Participation
sessions,
More structured sessions.
Focus Group comments
Scheduling diversity, More
notification and information
about upcoming sessions,
Greater organization in the
individual sessions, Better
preparation and consistency
for SI leaders, Interactive
online resources so students
can participate
asynchronously.
300
400
The survey helped point out reasons that
students were or were not attending the
program. This knowledge will help adjust our
efforts to advertise the program. By effectively
explaining the benefits and the purpose of the
program more students may find reasons to
attend.
We would like to thank the Funding of STEM Grant 681727 and the Gavilan Faculty who supported us, specifically Hope Jukl, Marla
Dresch, Deanna Souza, Lynn Lockhart, Mary McKenna, and Denise Apuzzo.
20.0%
10.0%
0.0%
% Asian
% African
American
%
Hispanic
%
American
Indian/Al
askan
Native
Campus
4.3%
3.4%
52.8%
0.9%
38.5%
Natural Sciences
6.7%
2.5%
49.0%
0.7%
41.1%
Physiology
6.1%
3.6%
46.6%
0.8%
42.7%
Participants - SI
10.4%
2.2%
55.4%
1.1%
30.9%
The
% White
Conclusions
500
500
Acknowledgments
Declared Ethnicity
50.0%
Average GPA
Performance Analysis
Program
Improvement
Female %
60.0%
Average GPA
Materials and Methods
Male %
2.2
2.40
Use the self reported logs of student participation hours and the
resulting grades of student participants to observe if the program has
influenced grade, success rate or retention rate. Identify the
demographic composition of the participants in comparison to the
campus population. In addition, assess the population’s impression of
the program and seek suggestions for improvement.
learning of students from diverse cultures (Arendale, D. 1993.) The findings from the
evaluation were used to better understand the program's effect and make changes in
the structure and operation of the program. Supported by STEM Grant 681727 .
3.2
3.36
3.40
Average GPA
Certain classes have been observed to have a high drop rate.
Particular concern is for classes that require a substantial
foundation in the science. Several programs have been developed to
assist students achieve success in these courses. One program, the
Supplemental Instructor (SI) Program for the Natural Sciences
Department, has been instituted at Gavilan College to support
students through difficult science courses. The focus of the program
is to develop better study skills and effective critical reasoning
strategies specific to the natural sciences. The current study was
designed to increase understanding of the effectiveness of the SI
Program. In addition, student feedback was collected to conduct
performance analysis. This was to highlight which aspects of the
developing program have been effective and where improvement is
needed.
between SI participation and grade points. Further analysis comparing pre-SI course
success rates and SI course success rates found that the students who participated in
the SI courses achieved higher grades as compared to students in the pre-SI courses. A
preliminary demographic review indicates a higher number of women and Latinos in
the SI program proportionally to the campus population and coincides with other
research that states that collaborative learning environments are more beneficial for
Average GPA
Research has suggested Supplemental Instruction (SI), also known as Peer Assisted
Study Sessions, can support students in their efforts to succeed in their courses and
program (Lockie, N.M. et al 1994.) At Gavilan Community College, the Natural
Sciences department developed a SI program evaluations. based on the University of
Missouri- Kansas City model. This model suggests that SI participants earned higher
mean final course grades, and have lower rates of course withdrawals (Arendale et al.
The findings seem to agree that there are individual and
course benefits to the SI program.
Firstly, when grades were compared both by SI course and
individual hours of participation students’ grades were
significantly higher. The student survey correspondingly
revealed that students felt the course was more helpful in
understanding the material and in motivating them to do well in
the course. These comments were echoed in the student
focus group comments as well.
Taken together there is strong evidence that students
participation in the Physical Science SI program can contribute
to improved student grade performance.
It is also evident that the program is effectively reaching out
to underrepresented minorities, specifically Hispanics and
females.
Future
Thanks to the comments and contributions from the student
participants many effective suggestions have already begun to
take effect. A website for the program has been initiated and
will be developed this year. Evidence of the effectiveness in
grade improvement will serve the program to support future
funding efforts to keep the program running.
A field evaluation of predator odors for eliciting an avoidance response in wild,
captured field mice (genus Peromyscus):
Arielle Crews Gavilan College, Gilroy, CA, STEM Program, Gizelle Hurtado New Mexico State, Las Cruces, NM
ABSTRACT
METHODS
It has been proven that predator odors often repel
prey species. We harnessed this information and
questioned if domesticated predator urine had a
repellency effect on wild forested mice. In turn
the same question was applied to wild city mice
and whether or not wild predator odors elicited
the same reaction. The overall goal of the project
was to compare the behavior and ecology of wild
city and forest mice (genus Peromyscus) and
examine the diversity of small mammals in the
City of Santa Fe and the surrounding forested
areas.
INTRODUCTION
Important data collected from mice species:
Location
Trap #
Species Code
Sex(M/F)
Age/Pelage (J/S/A)
Right Ear Tag
Left Ear Tag
New Animal (Y/N)
Total Mass (g)
Female Perforate, Imperforate
(P,I)
Female Nipple S/M/L
Pregnant (Y/N)
CDRCH
T1, 12
Pema
M
A
0103
0104
Y
29g
N/A
N/A
N/A
RESULTS
To test the question at hand, we evaluated five predator odors for eliciting avoidance
responses in wild captured field mice (genus Peromyscus). Predator odors were from
coyote (Canis latrans), dog (Canis familiaris), cat (Felis catus), bobcat (Lynx rufus), and
mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus).
On one side of a bioassay arena we placed 5 ml of the
chosen scent. Due to the nocturnal nature of mice, all
work
was conducted between the hours of 2 am to 7 am.
Each of
the trials were videotaped under a red light and lasted
a half
hour.
CONCLUSION
When handling
the mice full
precautious were
taken because of
the elevated risk
of the zoonotic
disease –
Hantavirus.
.
EXAMPLE TRIAL DATA
Video Code: DE10
Animal ID: 103/104
Scent: Bobcat
Scent Half (Randomly Generated): 1
Water Half (Control): 2
The results for the experiment are to
be determined at a later date. In
order to analyze the collected data the
videos will be reviewed in a single
blind study fashion. In this case, the
viewer will not know which side of the
arena contains the scent and which
contains the control. Conducting the
study as such, eliminates the
possibility of bias.
Date:20 July 20112
Site: CDR Camp Hill (CDRCH)
Trial Start Time: 3:44am
Trial End Time: 3:14 am
Observers: Crews, Arielle. Hibbard, Emily
No conclusion can be determined at
this time. However, hypothesizes can
be made.
The cat, bobcat, coyote, and dog are
all meat eaters. Due to this, their
urine should reflect large amounts of
meat in their diet by its high level of
sulfur content. This hypothesis has
been tested and according to the
Journal of Chemical Ecology, “diet
composition and sulfurous metabolites
of meat digestion are important for
the repellency of predator odors to
potential prey.” From this and other
substantial data backing the claim, I
can guess that every species except the
mule deer will initiate a repellency
effect on the captured field mice.
REFERENCES
Male Scrotal, Non-Scrotal (S/N)
Ear (mm)
Right Hind Foot (mm)
Tail Length (mm)
Ear Scars (Y/N)
Tissue(Y,N)
Blood Sample (Y/N)
Blood Sample #
Notes
S
18mm
20mm
81mm
Y
Y
Y
N/A
1 2
Site Names
CDR Camp Hill
(CDRCH)
CDR Grid 1 (CDRG1)
CDR Grid 2 (CDRG2)
CDR Ravine (CDRR)
Dale L. N., Mason J.R., Epple G., Aronv E., and Campbell L. D. Why are predator urines
aversive to prey? Journal of Chemical Ecology 20. (7), 1505-1516 (1994)
Hurtado G. What is the Urban Mouse Project-Santa Fe? The Urban Mouse Project Santa
Fe, Urbanmouseproject.com (2012)
Acknowledgments
I would like to thank the STEM programfrom Gavilan
College and New Mexico State for giving me the
opportunity to work in my dream career. I especially
would like to thank Graduate student Gizelle Hurtado for
taking. the time to provide me with the tools I will need for
my future career.