11.943J/ESD.935
Urban Transportation, Land Use, and
the Environment in Latin America:
A Case Study Approach
Class 10:
The Santiago Metropolitan Area
The Santiago Metropolitan Area (SMA)
Latitude: 32°56’ –
34°17’ South
Longitude: 69°47’ –
71°43’ West
2
The National Context
Indicator
Chile
LAC
GNI per capita (US$ 2000) 4,600
3,680
Upper MiddleIncome Countries
4,620
Urban Population
86
75
76
Life Expectancy at Birth
76
70
69
Infant Mortality (per 1000
births)
Access to Improved Water
10
30
28
94%
85%
87%
4
12
10
1.4
1.6
1.3
Illiteracy (15+)
Population AAGR (94-00)
Source: World Bank, 2001. Chile at a Glance.
3
The National-Regional Context
l
National Government
– Executive Branch
l
l
Elected President – Majority of popular vote (run-off), one 6year term
Appointed Ministers
– Legislative Branch (Bi-camaral)
l
l
l
Elected Representatives (diputados) – 160 from 60 electoral
districtos – directly elected 4-year terms
Elected (38), Appointed (9) and lifetime (2) Senators – directly
elected serve 8-year terms
13 Regions, divided into Provinces
– Executive: Presidentially-appointed governors &
Regional Arms of National Ministries
– Regional Councils, elected by Municipal Government
Councils in form of Electoral College
– Provinces, Governor, with little power
4
The Local Context Decentralization
l The Municipality
- government presiding over
the comuna
l Formally established by law in 1991
– Local municipal elections first held in June, 1992
– 341 municipal governments across the country
l Directly
elected Mayor and Council
l Some degree of financial and local
planning/investment autonomy
5
National-Regional-Local: T, LU & E
Area of Intervention
Government Entity
National
Infrastructure
Construction &
Transportation Maintenance
Regional
MINVU (SERVIU)
MOPTT
Municipal
Municipalities
SEREMOPTT
SERPLAC
Municipalities
Planning
MINVU, MOPTT
SECTRA, MIDEPLAN
Operations
MOPTT, METRO, EFE
SEREMOPTT
UOCT
Municipalities
Planning
MINVU
MIDEPLAN
SEREMINVU
GoRe
SERPLAC
Municipalities
Development
SERVIU
Planning
CONAMA
COREMA
GoRe
Enforcement
CONAMA MOPTT,
MINSALUD
COREMA
Land Use
Environment
Municipalities
(Cordesan)
6
The Regional Context:
La Region Metropolitana (RM)
7
The RM
l Six
Provinces, 52 Municipalities
l Smallest of the nation’s 13 regions in size,
but home to 40% of population
l Province of Santiago (32 comunas), Greater
Santiago (34 comunas), the SMA
(?? comunas)
l 90% of RM population in the 34 comunas
of Greater Santiago
8
The RM Topography and Meteorology
l
2,800 km2 Basin – 500 m above sea level
– 80 kms N-S by 30 kms E-W
– surrounded on E by the Andes (pre-cordillera peaks of
3,200 m), on W by Coastal Range (cordillera de la
Costa with peaks of 2,000 m), with smaller ranges to
the North and South
– Mapocho River runs directly through Santiago, the
Maipo runs just south of the SMA.
l
Mediterranean Climate
– Warm, dry, breezy in summer; cold winter, with
infrequent storms.
l
Thermal Inversion
– Persists throughout the year
– Exacerbated in fall and winter
9
Topography of SMA
10
Thermal Inversion
11
Economy of the RM
l
Fundamental, continuously growing role in Chile’s
economy
– Despite intentions over the years at decentralizing growth
l
1986-1996
–
–
–
–
–
l
l
RM economy AAGR: 7.9%; Nation: 6.8%
RM share of GDP: 42% ⇒ 47%
RM share of industrial activity: 44% ⇒ 52%
RM share of construction activity: 37% ⇒ 41%
RM share of commercial activity: 65% ⇒ 68%
All banks and 46 of 47 of major economic groups
HQ’ed in RM
National center of education (universities)
12
Composition of RM’s Economy
30%
Source: Banco Central, 1999
1985
1996
% Contribution to GDP
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
Ho
Pe
us
rs
in
on
g
al
Se
Pu
rv
bl
ice
ic
s
Ad
m
in
ist
ra
tio
n
Co
m
m
Tr
er
cia
an
sp
l
or
t/T
ele
co
Fi
m
na
nc
ial
Se
rv
ice
s
Co
ns
tru
cti
on
Ut
ilit
ies
In
du
st
ry
M
ini
ng
Fis
hin
g
Ag
ric
ul
tu
re
0%
Employment: Government/Social Services, 28% jobs;
Industry, 23%; Commercial 20%
13
As goes the Nation, so goes the RM….
16%
RM
National
14%
% Change in GDP
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
-2%
1983
0%
Since 1997 Asian crisis, etc. has cooled the national economy:
• 97-98: 3.4%; 1998-1999: -1.4%; 2000: ~5%
RM unemployment: 1995-98: 6.7%-7.5%; 1999-2000: 10%
Greater Santiago unemployment: ~14% (2000)
14
Economy and Globalization
l
Certainly important,
but….
– Exports account for just
13% of RM’s GDP (vs.
30% for nation)
RM's Exports - 1999
APEC
29%
Pacto Andino
17%
EU
13%
NAFTA
20%
MERCOSUR
21%
15
RM Population Evolution
25,000,000
Nation
Region
Metropolitana
20,000,000
15,000,000
10,000,000
5,000,000
17%
of nation
2000
1990
1980
1970
1960
1950
1940
1930
1920
1910
0
40%
of nation
16
Population Growth &
Demographics
l Early
1900s: Santiago as nation’s
administrative center
l Mid 1940s: Import substitution policies led to
industrial, financial commercial concentration
in Santiago – trends that have continued…
l Recent Population Growth Trends (AAGR)
RM
1970-1982
1982-1992
2.62%
1.97%
Nation
2.03%
1.64%
17
Population: Regional
Distribution
l 1970: 42% of
RM’s population
concentrated in the comuna of Santiago and
10 directly adjacent comunas
l 1992: These same comunas account for
26% of RM’s population
– 3% population decline
l Major
growth in West, South, Southeast
18
Population Dynamics
3,000,000
Population
2,500,000
1970
1982
1992
1998
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
500,000
CBD
1st
Ring
2nd
Ring
3rd
Ring
4th
Ring
5th
Ring
Note: Each ring is comprised of comunas within the following approximate radial distance
from CBD (in km from rough geographic center of comuna) - 1st Ring, <5; 2nd Ring, 5<10;
3rd Ring, 10-15; 4th Ring, 25-45 ; 5th Ring, 50-100.
Influencing
Factors
è
Low peripheral land prices (Public housing projects)
è
Middle and Upper Income suburbanization
è
Increasing commercial and service land uses in
central areas
19
Population Dynamics: Densities
Population per Sq. Km.
14,000
12,000
1970
1982
1992
1998
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
2,000
CBD
1st Ring
2nd Ring 3rd Ring
4th Ring
5th Ring
Note: Each ring is comprised of comunas within the following approximate radial distance
from CBD (in km from rough geographic center of comuna) - 1st Ring, <5; 2nd Ring, 5<10;
3rd Ring, 10-15; 4th Ring, 25-45 ; 5th Ring, 50-100.
20
Population Dynamics – the Future?
l
RM growth expected to
continue to outpace nation
l By 2020
- AAGR 1.75%: 8.8 million
1992-98
5th Ring
1982-92
1970-82
4th Ring
- AAGR 1%: 7.3 million
3rd Ring
lWhere
will that population
2nd Ring
reside?
- Will recent past growth
trends hold true?
1st Ring
CBD
-4.0%
-2.0%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
8.0%
Annual Growth Rate
21
Demographics: Ages & Households
80 +
Women
Men
70 to 74
l
60 to 64
HH Size
1982: 4.82 persons
– 3.5 to 5.7
50 to 54
l
40 to 44
1992: 4.25 persons
– 3 to 4.8
l
30 to 34
By 2010: 3.7
20 to 24
10 to 14
0 to 4
0
50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000
22
Socioeconomic Characteristics
40%
Poor
Indigent
35%
30%
25%
Indigent: Annual HH Income
< $500 (US$1996)
Poor: Annual HH Income
< $1000 (US$1996)
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
RM
Nation
1987
RM
Nation
1998
23
The Segregated City-Region
24
The Segregated City: “Cone of Wealth”
LO BARNECHEA
QUILICURA
Eastward Migration
l 75% of Greater
Santiago’s wealthiest
residents reside in just 6
comunas
H UECHURABA
VITACURA
CONCHALÍ
R ENCA
R ECOLETA
L AS C ONDES
INDEPENDENCIA
CERRO N AVIA
QUINTA
N ORMAL
PUDAHUEL
PROVIDENCIA
L O P RADO
L A REINA
SANTIAGO
Ñ UÑOA
EST. C ENTRAL
C ERRILLOS
MAIPÚ
P.A.
CERDA
LO
ESPEJO
MACUL
-Las
Condes, Vitacura,
Providencia account for 54%
-Low income “invasions”
eliminated by govt. in 70s-80s
-“Tiebout sorting”, plus
comuna multiplying in 1981
P EÑALOLÉN
SAN
S AN
MIGUEL
JOAQUÍN
LA
GRANJA
LA
C ISTERNA
EL
B OSQUE
LA FLORIDA
S AN
R AMON
L A PINTANA
SAN
BERNARDO
PUENTE
ALTO
Annual Income
(US$1995)
< 3,225
3,225 – 7,670
7,670 – 11,655
11,655 – 18,000
18,000<
l
Middle classes more
dispersed, but tend to
follow rich…
25
The Segregated City
l Migration
historically led to “invasions”
and precarious housing
– Poblaciones > ciudades callampas >
campamentos > “asentamientos precarious”
– Major efforts in recent years to supply public
housing
l Segregation
exhibited through inequalities
in: housing quality, education, municipal
infrastructure provision, greenspace, etc.
26
The Segregated City
27
The Segregated City
28
Urban Expansion – the SMA
1940: 100 km2
1995: 600 km2
29
Urban Expansion – Patterns, Influences
200
Land Area
Density
175
400
150
Note: Land Area for 1995 is projection; Population for 1985 and 95 are
based on interpolations (with AAGR from 1982-92 and 1982-98)
First Metropolitan Land Use
Regulatory Plan
- includes urban growth boundary
- first major transport investments
- city begins losing “compact traits”
1992
1988
1984
1980
1976
1972
50
1968
0
1964
75
1960
100
1956
100
1952
200
1948
125
1944
300
Density (Pop./Has.)
500
1940
Land Area (Sq. Kms.)
600
Overall Densities constant
through 1950s
- though important shift in
densities toward periphery
Densities decline during 1960s
By early 1970s, urbanization
approaches growth boundary
- densities start rising
Urban Growth Boundary Lifted
- after 1981-82 economic crisis city begins
expanding 70% faster than population
- densities decline at most rapid rate in
history
30
Growth Patterns – Influencing Factors
Lifting the Growth Boundary in 1979
In More Recent Years
-Reinvigorated road construction
-Low density suburban
subdivisions
-Distant public housing projects
and “invasiones”
-Industries on southeastern &
northern fringes and in West
near Airport on Ring Road
-Demographics – middle class
“boom”: From 1992-97, 60%
of urbanization in 4
“middle class” comunas
31
LO BARNECHEA
Q UILICURA
H UECHURABA
VITACURA
CONCHALÍ
RENCA
R ECOLETA
LAS CONDES
I NDEPENDENCIA
CERRO NAVIA
Q UINTA
NORMAL
PUDAHUEL
PROVIDENCIA
LO PRADO
LA REINA
SANTIAGO
ÑUÑOA
EST. CENTRAL
CERRILLOS
MAIPÚ
P.A.
CERDA
LO
ESPEJO
MACUL
SAN J OAQUÍN
MIGUEL
LA
CISTERNA
EL
BOSQUE
SAN
BERNARDO
PEÑALOLÉN
SAN
LA
G RANJA
LA FLORIDA
SAN
RAMON
LA PINTANA
PUENTE
ALTO
Annual Income
(US$1995)
< 3,225
3,225 – 7,670
7,670 – 11,655
11,655 – 18,000
18,000<
32
Urban Growth Forms
The “Colonial city”
l Neighborhoods dating primarily to colonial
Chile
– Associated with old, historical city center and
surrounding areas
l Spanish
colonial quadrangular street grid,
“Plaza de Armas”
– Continuous façade buildings
– Predominated through the 19th Century
33
The Colonial City
Plaza de Armas
34
The Colonial City
35
The Colonial
City
36
Urban Growth Forms
The “front yard” city
l First appears in late 19th Century
– Desire to “privatize” space
– Predominant form of city in first rapid wealthy eastward
expansions
l
l
l
l
Agricultural subdivisions of today’s Providencia, Las Condes,
Ñuñoa
Highly profitable real estate model
Continues today in megaprojects and individual
subdivisions
As much a status symbol as a residence
37
The Front Yard City
38
The Front Yard City
39
The Front Yard City
40
The Front Yard City
41
Urban Growth Forms
The “Park City”
l Multi-story apartment buildings
l Densely placed, surrounded by continuous
greenspaces
l Latter half of 20th Century
l Densification of previous “front yard”
neighborhoods
– Lot consolidation and densification
42
The Park City
43
Urban Growth Forms
The Marginal City
l Public housing, low income housing
l Dense, multi-story buildings
l Minimal amenities & related infrastructure
l Vast expanses on urban periphery
44
The Marginal City
45
An Emerging Urban Growth Form
The “Renovated City”
l Product of government efforts to revitalize
existing urban areas
– Residential subsidies for apartment purchases
in specified areas
– Since 1990
– (more details in next week’s lecture)
46
The Renovated City
47
Urban Growth Forms
l
The Colonial City
– No longer being developed, has left no legacy influencing
today’s urban developments
l
l
i.e., no “neo-colonial” development – narrow street networks,
diverse building facades, mixed uses, public spaces
The Park City and Front Yard City
– Design preferences, socio-economic choices
l
The Marginal City
– Response to immediate needs and conditions of poor
l
The Renovated City
– Direct public policy influence on consumer preferences
l
Influencing factors in each: public investments, norms
& plans in time, real estate market and its evolution
(more next week).
48
Land Uses
l Despite
expansion, non-residential land uses
remain highly concentrated
– Comuna of Santiago (CBD) accounts for 27%
of Greater Santiago’s commercial land uses
30% of educational land uses, 43% of office
space, 21% of health facilities, 15% of
industrial land
49
Land Uses
(% share of Greater Santiago’s Land Use)
Independencia
Health
Vitacura
Offices
Cerrillos
Industrial
Qta. Normal
Residential
Education
Commercial
Macul
San Joaquin
Quilicura
Maipu
Puente Alto
San Miguel
La Florida
Nunoa
Recoleta
Providencia
Las Condes
Santiago
0
10
20
30
40
50
50
Santiago’s CBD
51
The CBD Moves East - Providencia
52
The CBD Moves East – Las Condes
53
Future “Non-C”BDs
54
Transport System: Brief History
l
l
Horse trams and steam trains (to San Bernardo and
Puente Alto) by turn of Century
By 1930s, city has one of most extensive electric
tram networks in South America
– 220 kms, 210 passengers/year
– Dismantling begun in 1945
l
By 1960s (first land regulatory plan)
– Plans also laid for Metro system
– Construction begun on ring road (Vespucio), Avenida
Kennedy (East to Las Condes) and the PanAmerican
Highway
55
Major Infrastructure
56
Next Time
l Transportation
- Continued
l Environment
l Instruments,
Interventions to date
l The Real Estate Market
57