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11.307 Beijing Urban Design Studio
Spring 2008
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Th
he Site
Solvent
150’
Oil
Sand
Categgories of Contaminants
• Solvents
e.g.: Paint th
hinner, and
d parts degreaser.
Sources: Garages, industry.
• Heavy metals
e g : Lead
e.g.:
Lead, Arsenic,
Arsenic Chromium,
Chromium Cadmium,
Cadmium and Mercury.
Mercury
Sources: Metal finishing, metal plating, and manufacturing.
• Petroleum
e.gg.: Gasoline,, diesel,, and motor oil.
Sources: Underground storage tanks, gas stations,
tank farms, pipelines.
Cleanup Methods for Brownfields
• Remove the hazardous substances and store
them at a safer location.
• Leave the substances where they are, but
control them
–Caps and Slurry Walls
–Solvent Extraction
–Bioremediation
Cleanup and Land Use
• The type of use determines the type of
p.
cleanup
• Residential use demand the highest level of
cleanup because this land use involves the
cleanup,
the
greatest likelihood of exposure.
Contamination Assessment of the
Shougang Site
• Proxy—previous production activities on the
site
– Manufacturing plant, esp. refractories plant
– Waste water disposal
–Railway transport
–Cokemaking plant
–Raw material/Slagg storagge
Beijing Studio 2008
Information on transformation of Beijing City
and past Beijing Studios
Dennis Frenchman, Jan Wampler, Chris Zegras,
Daphne Gondhalekar, Yang Jiang
20
Methodology: Analysis matrix
BEIJING STUDIOS
.
STUDIO DATE AND SITE
1985 Shishahai, Dianmen
Street
1987 Dashala, Pipe Street,
Royal Academy
1992 Dewai Street,
Longfusi Market, Fragrant
Hills
1995 White Rice Street
1998 White Pagoda
2000 Two Bridges
2002 XiYuan
2004 Railway corridor
2006 Sun Palace
2008 Capital Steel Plant
¾
BEIJING CITY CONTEXT
QUALITATIVE DATA
About the studio site
• Condition of site at time of studio
• Studio ideas at the time of the studio
• Current condition of site
Relation with the studio
• Government
• Academic
• Residents
• Developer
Other
• Similarity between studio proposals and
actual outcome
• Analysis theme
• Site story
• Larger Beijing story
Demography
Economy
Policy
• Land-use
• Housing / built
environment
• Transportation
• Energy
• Green space /
environment
QUANTITATIVE DATA
Infrastructure
• Transport
• Infrastructure
• Energy
Land Use
• Housing
• Commercial
• Industry
Urban planning system
Historic events
Analysis of relationship between studio and real city
transformation to assess the performance of the studios:
How did the context of the real city
y information influence the studios?
How did the studios impact the real city?
21
Huge urban expansion on limited land resources
Population density distribution
Beijing urban expansion
N
60,000
50,000
Beiji
ijing densestt
streets
Persons/km2
40,000
City proper
30,000
1983
N
20,000
10,000
Suburbs and rural area
2005
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
1991
1989
1987
1982
1980
-
2000
Source: Beijing Statistical Yearbook
¾
¾
¾
Figures by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Urban population has more than doubled since 1978
40% of city population expected to move to outer suburbs by 2010
Urban development pattern becoming increasingly dispersed
22
Comparative population
densities in 2000
Courtesy of Alain Bertaud. Used with permission.
23
Increasing residential consumption
3,000
Total
2 500
2,500
High-storied
Hi
h t i d (10 stories
t i andd
above)
Mid and High-storied (7-9
stories)
More-sttoried
i d (4-6
(4 6 stories)
t i )
10,000 sq.m
m
2,000
1,500
Traditional inner city
housing
Low-storied (1-3 stories)
1 000
1,000
High-rise construction
in the urban fringe
500
0
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
Source: Beijing Statistical Yearbook
¾
¾
¾
Per capita GDP has increased 10‐fold since 1978
P capita
Per
it living
li i space has
h d
doubled
bl d since
i
1986
New residential construction increasingly urban fringe high‐rise
24
Increasing residential energy consumption
Energy consumption
of households
Increase in durable consumer goods
Per 100 households annual possession of durable consumer goods
off 2000 urban
b h
households
h ld
10,000 kwh
10,000 kwh
180
Source: Beijing
j g Statistical Yearbook
160
1,000,000
140
900 000
900,000
TOTAL consm by households
800,000
Rural Households
700,000
Urban Households
600,000
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
120
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
80
Air conditioning units
widespread
60
40
20
Showers
Washing machines
Colour TV sets
2005
2004
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1980
1979
0
1978
Unitts
100,000
100
Refrigerators
25
Rising Car ownership with decreasing urban density
Growth trend of vehicles, cars and motorcycles in Beijing
Increasing car ownership and
congestion in Beijing
Number of vehicles (000s)
3000
2500
2000
Total vehicles
Cars
Motorcycles
1500
1000
500
0
1997 1998
1999 2000
2001 2002
2003 2004
2005
Years
Figure by MIT OpenCourseWare.
¾
¾
¾
¾
1984: Residents entitled to own private cars
1995: Beijing Master plan (1991‐2010) proposes public transport
mode shares 47 % by 2000
2000: Local families encouraged to own automobiles
2008: Car increase in Beijing: 1400 per day
26
Beijing design studio sites:
studying
d i changing
h
i urban
b development
d l
pattern
Example of dense
traditional urban area:
27
1985: Inner city urban renewal: Shishahai area
STUDENT PROPOSALS:
¾ Preserve and densify existing housing
¾ Traffic congestion, pedestrian precinct along lake
¾ Selective intervention to accommodate economic growth
Actual change: increasing
congestion
28
1985: Urban fringe issues: Haidian Town
Haidian in 1985
Student proposals
STUDENT PROPOSALS:
¾ Maintenance of continuity and quality of life
¾ Develop commercial area
¾ Enable pedestrian precincts
Actual change: demolition of
original town
29
1992: Large‐scale commercial development
STUDENT PROPOSALS:
¾ Keep viable existing community and small scale market
¾ Develop site into important commercial centre
Actual change: disappearance
of original community
30
2004: Public transport‐oriented development
STUDENT PROPOSALS:
¾ Both sides of rail to develop as a whole
¾ Densify land-use mixture
¾ Motor vehicle restriction
Actual change: much larger in
scale than anticipated
31
2006: Urban village: Sun Palace Neighborhood
STUDENT PROPOSALS:
¾ Integrate existing structures, densify and add green space
¾ Link to nearby subway stop under construction
¾ High
g rise buildings
g at edges
g of site
Actual change: complete
demolition of existing
community
32
Urbanization patterns driving land‐use change involving
several stakeholders
stakeholders
1) Inner city urban renewal
With government support:
¾Outcome strongly resembles studio proposals: Sanitized residential and preserved historic with
small‐scale commercial activity for tourists
By developer:
¾Local government sees more profit in commercial redevelopment and invited developers: Sites
cleared for ‘renewal’
renewal development
2) Large‐scale commercial development
¾No connection with government or residents
¾Studios anticipated less large‐scale commercial development
3) Transport oriented development
¾Studio discourse with local residents
¾In large government projects, old areas demolished
¾Scale of new development and clearance of all old areas not anticipated
4) Urban villages in greenbelt
¾Municipal government plans to implement greenbelt
¾But village collective invites developer to initiate large‐scale housing development for economic
p
profit
¾Studio had no contact with government or residents
¾Sites completely demolished
33