Supplement to
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF
PLASTIC LAMINATES
Original report dated 1953
Information Reviewed and Reaffirmed 1960
No. 1820-A
1111
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FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATORY
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
FOREST SERVICE
MADISON 5, WISCONSIN
n Cooperation with the Lb:liver/ay of Woocoasin
Supplement to
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLASTIC LAMINATES!
By
FRED WERREN, Engineer
Forest Products Laboratory, 2— Forest Service
U. S. Department of Agriculture
Summary
This report presents the results of tension, compression, bending, and
shear tests of six parallel-laminated glass-fabric-base plastic laminates.
The data supplement those of a previous report of the same title, Forest
Products Laboratory Report No. 1820, in which results of tests of 14
laminates were given.
Tests of the laminates were made after both normal and wet conditioning.
The mechanical properties of the laminates, both dry and wet, are presented in the form of tables and by average stress-strain curves.
Introduction
This study was made to determine the mechanical properties parallel to
the orthotropic axes of six more plastic laminates, in tension, compression,
bending, and shear. Five of the laminates were made with resin 2 (hereafter referred to as (2) ), which is a typical polyester resin conforming with
the requirements for types I, II, and III of Military Specification MIL-R7575 (USAF). Laminates made with a particular glass fabric and any other
!'This progress report is one of a series prepared and distributed by the
Forest Products Laboratory under U. S. Navy, Bureau of Aeronautics
No. NAer 01388 and U. S. Air Force No. 33(038)-51-4326-E, Amend.
2 (53-131). Results here reported are preliminary and may be revised
as additional data become available.
?Maintained at Madison, Wis. , in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin.
Report No. 1820-A
Agriculture-Madison
polyester resin conforming to these requirements may be expected to have
properties similar to the comparable laminate made with (2). The sixth
laminate was made with resin 8 (hereafter referred to as (8) ), a polyester
resin that does not conform with the above specification requirements.
The typical data reported herein supplement those of the original report.
Additional combinations of fabrics and resins may be tested later.
The six laminates were tested at the U. S. Forest Products Laboratory,
Madison, Wis. , between March 1951 and February 1952. The study was
made in cooperation with the ANC-17 Panel on Plastics.
Description of Material
Fabrication details are summarized briefly in table 7. Two 36- by 36inch panels of each laminate were made at the Forest Products Laboratory.
All panels were parallel-laminated, and fabrication procedures were similar to those outlined in the original report. It may be noted in table 7,
however, that the two panels made with (8) were pressed under slightly
different conditions than the panels made with (2).
The 81-114 fabric was of the same weave as 181 fabric but made of a different yarn of coarser filaments. Fabric 57X-114 was a lightweight unidirectional fabric with the following characteristics:
Thickness
Ounces per square yard Warp yarn Filling yarn Count 0 006 inch
5. 37
225/I/3
.450/1/2
57 x 30
Testing
All test procedures and the types of failures were the same as those described for the glass-fabric laminates in the original report except that
Marten's mirror gages of 2-inch gage length were used in both dry and
wet compression tests.
Bending specimens of the laminates generally failed by a combination of
compression and tension in both the dry and wet conditions, with the compression failure probably occurring first. The 181-114 laminate under
Report No. 1820-A
-2-
item 1-20, however, failed primarily in tension in the dry condition at
angles of both 0° and 90°, but wet specimen failures were of the general
type. The 57X-114 laminate failed in compression-shear at an angle of
0° but in tension at an angle of 90°.
Panel shear tests were made as in the previous study except that no wet
tests were made.
Presentation of Data
Table 7 indicates the fabrication methods used in making the various
laminated panels and gives some information on each cured panel.
Average values from tension, compression, and bending tests are given
in tables 8, 9, and 10, respectively.
Table 11 presents the results of individual dry shear tests, and theoretical
values of ultimate shear stress based on the results of tension tests as
explained in the previous report.
The ratios of wet-to-dry properties for laminates are given in table 12.
Average stress-strain curves in compression, tension, and shear, and
average load-deflection curves in bending are shown for each laminate in
figures 38 through 43. The relationship between tangent modulus and
stress, in compression and shear, is shown in figures 44 through 49, based
on the average stress-strain curves for the laminates.
Discussion of Results
A detailed discussion of the test values is not necessary since the results
are presented in the form of both tables and curves. In general, the discussion in the original report is also applicable to these six laminates, but a
few supplementary comments follow.
The effect of wet conditioning on the physical and mechanical properties of
laminates made with (2) are similar to those originally reported. Wet
conditioning results in small dimensional changes, but it has a substantial
effect on the strength properties. The average wet-to-dry ratios for the
mechanical properties of five laminates made of glass fabric and (2) are
Report No. 1820-A
-3-
given at the bottom-of table 12, and are reasonably comparable to the
average values of previous laminates given in table 6. These results
are typical of those obtained with the 114 finish. Finishes giving improved wet strengths have become available since the tests reported
herein were made.
Strength properties of the 181-114 laminate made with (8), item 1-17,
were substantially lower than the comparable properties of a similar
laminate made with (2), item 1-8 (F. P. L. Report No. 1820). The percent of weight increase due to wet conditioning for the 181-114, (8)
laminate was about double that for the 181-114, (2) laminate. Wet conditioning resulted in more than average strength reduction in the tensile
strength, but about the average reduction in strength in compression and
bending. Since the fabrics used in both laminates were obtained from the
same supplier and were considered to be identical, the differences in the
mechanical properties appear to be due to the resin.
The 81-114 fabric used in item 1-18 was of the same weave as the 181114 fabric, but it was made with a different yarn of coarser filaments and
was a lower-priced fabric. The mechanical properties, however, are
about the same as those of the 181-114, (2) laminate of item 1-8. Thickness and resin content of the 81-114 laminate were a little lower than for
the 181-114 laminate, using the same fabrication conditions, but specific
gravity values were higher. The percent of weight increase due to wet
conditioning was about the same for each laminate.
The 181-114 fabric used in item 1-20 was considered to be the same as
and the equal of that used in item 1-8, but it was made by a different
manufacturer. Results of dry and wet tests of laminates made from these
fabrics and (2) were reasonably comparable in compressive and bending
properties. Tensile strengths, however, were appreciably lower in item
1-20, especially at angles of 0° and 90°. This observation checks with
previous tests of laminates made of fabric from these manufacturers, in
that the tensile strength of laminates made of fabric received from source
B were somewhat lower than those made with fabric from source A. In
items 1-3 and 1-13 (Report No. 1820), 128-114 fabric from these manufacturers was made into laminates. Compressive and bending properties
were comparable, but tensile values were considerably different. Another
study, which included 162-114 laminates made of fabrics from the two manufacturers, has shown a similar relationship. No reason is offered for
these differences, but it would seem that something during the manufacturing process of fabric furnished by supplier B has a detrimental effect on
the tensile strength.
Report No. 1820-A
-4-
Dry panel shear tests were made for each laminate, but wet tests were
not included. The correlation between the observed and theoretical ultimate shear strengths is reasonable. Theoretical values would be expected to be lower than the observed values because the panel shear
specimen was tested at a lower moisture content than the related tensile
specimens. These tests substantiate previous data that concluded that
reasonable values of shear strength' may be determined from the tension
tests.
Conclusions
Six parallel-laminated glass-fabric-base plastic laminates have been
tested to supplement the data from 14 laminates of the original report.
The mechanical properties may be seen by reference to the tables or
curves presented. Results in the dry condition of the five polyester laminates made with (2) are considered to be typical of laminates made with
the specific glass fabric and any polyester resin conforming to Military
Specification MIL-R-7575(USAF).
The conclusions of the original report regarding effect of wet conditioning
and initial and secondary moduli in tension were reasonably substantiated
by the tests of the supplementary laminates.
There is reasonable agreement between the observed and theoretical values
of shear strength in the dry condition, and the theoretical wet strengths are
considered to be conservative values.
Although 81-114 fabric is a lower-priced product than 181-114 fabric,
the mechanical properties of laminates made of these fabrics and (2) were
about the same.
Appendix 1
Description of Laminating Resins and Fabrics
Used in Making Laminates
Resin 2 -- A laminating resin of the polyester (styrene-alkyd) type.
Resin 8 -- A high-temperature-setting laminating resin of the polyester
(styrene -alkyd) type.
Glass fabric -- All glass fabric is of the weave or type listed in table 1,
and of finish 114 or its equivalent.
Fabric 81 was somewhat similar to weave 181, but it was made up of
coarser filaments. Fabric 57X was a lightweight unidirectional fabric.
Report No. 1820-A
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