FOi ST PRODUCTS LIBRARY .
FOREST RESEARCH LABORATOR Y
OREGON STATE UNIVERSIT Y
Li)
RELATIVE I-IUMIDITY AND EQIJILIQRIU M
MOISTURE CONTENT GRAMS AND .. TAHLE S
FOR USE IN LIEN DRYING LUMBE R
Informatiop Reviewed and Reaffirme d
May 195 6
No. 1651
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT . OF AGRICULTUR E
FOREST PRODUCTS LABORATOR Y
MADISON
5 . WISCONSIN
FOREST SERVIC E
[n Caoperahion with the University of Wisconsin
RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTEN T
1
GRAPHS AND TABLES FOR USE IN KILN DRYING LUMBER -
Forest Products Laboratory,? Forest Servic e
U . S . Department of Agricultur e
Introductio n
Much of the operating data that are of use in the operation of dry kiln s
can be best expressed in either graphs or tables . Each method has ad vantages under certain conditions .
Graphs reveal maximum and minimum points, rates of change, an d
periodic changes that are frequently difficult to determine in large tables .
Graphs mark the interrelation of two or more variables in a compac t
form and often record on one page the information that might requir e
many pages in a table . The accuracy with which a. graph may be read ,
however, varies with the scales, the frequency of the grid lines, and the
accuracy of the original plotting, as well as with the personal ability o f
the user . Well-prepared graphs are valuable to a kiln operator and pro vide an excellent means of recording data .
Specific values are shown in the tabular method of presenting information ,
and it therefore has the advantages of accuracy and ease of reading .
When such accuracy is essential and space is not a factor, data are usually recorded in tabular form .
The advantages of each form of presentation can be realized only if the y
are properly used . The purpose of this report, therefore, is to explain
the correct procedure for the use of graphs and tables typical of those in
current use in kiln drying .
1By Harvey H . Smith, Technologist at the Forest Products Laboratory .
?Maintained at Madison, Wis . , in cooperation with the University of
Wisconsin .
Report No . 1651
-1 -
Agriculture -Madison
Graph s
Graphs may show a qualitative picture of a process or a condition . The y
tell the whole story at a glance .
Graphs may also show the relationship between two or more variables .
The simplest of this type is one in which there are only two variables ,
such as a graph showing the drying of lumber during the course of ai r
seasoning (fig . 1) .
A graph showing the relationship between three variables is more complicated . Instead of a single curve, there is a family of related curves ,
each properly labeled . Figure 2 shows the relationship between dry-bul b
temperature, wet-bulb temperature, and equilibrium moisture content'o f
wood . In using this graph, a given dry-bulb temperature is located o n
the horizontal x-axis, and a given wet-bulb temperature is located on th e
vertical y-axis . At the intersection of imaginary lines extending up fro m
the x-axis and across from the y-axis, the corresponding value of equilibrium moisture content (EMC) will be found .
An example of the use of this graph is as follows :
For temperatures of 160° F . dry bulb and 140 ° F . wet bulb, what is the
EMC? The intersection of a vertical line from 160° F . on the x-axi s
intersects a horizontal line from 140° F . on the y-axis at a point slightl y
below the 8 percent EMC line . The EMC is therefore estimated to b e
7 .9 percent .
Figure 3 is a graph showing the relationship between dry-bulb temperature, wet-bulb depression, and equilibrium moisture content . A secon d
family of curves showing relative humidity is also included, but the interval is large, and the graph is best suited for determining values o f
EMC when dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures are known .
The use of this graph is similar to that of figure 2 . For example :
For temperatures of 160° F . dry bulb and 140° F . wet bulb, what is th e
EMC? The wet-bulb depression is 160° - 140°, or 20° F . The vertical
line from 160° F . on the x-axis intersects the curve labeled 20° wet-bul b
depression at a point very slightly below the horizontal 8 percent EM C
line extending from the vertical y-axis . The EMC is therefore estimate d
to be 7 . 9 percent .
Report No . 1651
-2-
The "humidity diagram" in figure 4 is a composite graph showing the relationship of several values, including :
1.
2.
3.
4.
Temperature, in °F .
Wet-bulb depression, in °F .
Relative humidity, .in percent .
Absolute humidity, in grains per cubic foot .
The use of the humidity diagram can best b'e understood by simpl e
examples that will showthe various applications of this graph, as follows :
1 . To find the relative humidity, when the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperatures are given .
Find the dry-bulb temperatures along the x-axis . Follow up the vertical
line from -this point until .it intersects the wet-bulb depression curve .
The horizontal line passing through this intersection will give the corresponding relative -humidity value . This value is read from the relative humidity scale, the y-axis at either side of the graph .
Assumed conditions
Answer
(Dry-bulb temperatures
(Wet-bulb temperatures
,(Wet-bulb depression
160° F .
141° F .
19° F .
Relative humidity 60 percent
2 . To find the absolute humidity, or the weight of water in grains pe r
cubic foot of dry air, when the dry-bulb and wet-bulb temperature s
are given.
Find the relative humidity as in example No . 1 . The concave curves .
will indicate the weight of water in grains per cubic foot when the air i s
cooled to the dew point (100 percent relative humidity) . Using the sam e
quantities as in example No . 1, this will be approximately 57 grains .
3 . To find the amount (in grains per cubic foot at dew point) of water required to saturate air at a given temperature .
Find on the top line (100 percent relative humidity) the given temperature .
The concave curves intersecting the 100 percent relative humidity line indicate the number of grains per cubic foot . Estimating, or interpolating ,
may be necessary for greater accuracy .
Again using the temperature given in example No . 1 (160 ° F .), this wil l
be approximately 91 grains .
Report No . 1651
-3 -
4. To find the dew point, or temperature at 100 percent relativ e
humidity .
Find the relative humidity as in example No . 1 . Follow up from thi s
point parallel to the nearest concave absolute-humidity lines to the top
horizontal line (100 percent relative humidity) . The temperature on the
horizontal line at this intersection will be the dew point temperature .
Continuing example No . 1, the dew point will be approximately 139 .5° F .
5 . To find the change in the relative humidity produced by a change of
temperature, with no change of absolute humidity .
Continuing example No . 1, what will the relative humidity be if the temperature is reduced 10° F . ? Follow up parallel to the nearest concave
absolute humidity lines to the intersection of the 150° F . temperatur e
line . The intersection is on the 77 percent relative-humidity line, whic h
is the desired value .
6 . To find the amount of condensation produced by lowering th e
temperature .
Continuing example No . 1, how much water would be condensed if the
temperature were lowered to 130° F . ? The dew point, as determined i n
example No . 4 is 139 .5° F . The air contains 57 .0 grains per cubic foot
of air (example No . 2) . By reducing the temperature to 130° F . th e
moisture carrying capacity of the air is reduced and the weight of wate r
per cubic foot of air at saturation is only 44 .5 grains (the absolute moisture content of air at 100 percent relative humidity and 130° F .) . Th e
amount of condensation is 57 .0 less 44 .5 or 12 .5 grains per cubic foot .
7.
To find the amount of water required to produce saturation .
Use again the figures in example No . 1 . Air at 160° F . and relativ e
humidity of 60 percent contains 57 grains of water per cubic foot (exampl e
No . 2) . Air at 160° F . and saturation contains 91 grains of moistur e
(example No . 3) ; therefore, the amount of water required to produc e
saturation will be 91 less 57, or 34 grains per cubic foot .
Report No . 1651
-4 -
I.
Table s
Tables may be, grouped in three general classes : qualitative, statistical ,
and functional . Tables of the functional class are the most important .
In general, the procedures used in the preparation of graphs are applicable to the preparation of tables . A working knowledge of tables is o f
value in the operation of lumber dry kilns .
Table 1 shows the dry-bulb temperature values in the two outside vertica l
columns and the wet-bulb depression values in the column headings .
Values of relative humidity and equilibrium moisture content for eac h
condition of dry-bulb temperature and wet-bulb depression can be locate d
in the column headed by the given wet-bulb depression in the square opposite the given horizontal dry-bulb temperature . Use of this table is s o
relatively easy that every kiln operator can learn its use with very little .
practice . For example :
At a dry-bulb temperature of 160° F . and wet-bulb temperature o f
145° F . , what are the relative humidity and the equilibrium moistur e
content? The wet-bulb depression is 15° F . (160° - 145° = 15° F . wet bulb depression) . In the vertical column for 15° F . wet-bulb depressio n
opposite the dry-bulb temperature of 160° F . are given two values : the
first, above the diagonal line, is 67, which, according to the footnote ,
is relative humidity in percent ; and the second, below the diagonal line ,
is 9 . 4, which is the equilibrium moisture content value in percent .
Report No . 1651
-5 -
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Figure 1 .--Air seasoning of 6/4 aspen lumber during favorable dryin g '
conditions in northern Minnesota .
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