,'r
("L-
-~~~~~~
/LkL
tv]72
1i-_
/114
-
~~Z/1kt:`
I_
,-a-
C
/_
.r CLAy- witTERRctES
/. IA T
/ktr
!/
mFPokSOePr/O( d/srbi&'L'4vj7r)
V
(a2-2.I)
Conmf v. R/cJviv hl//yldy ((H)
hi~· /Irun Ri4O(
A26cc
J) RH(l)
, Px
Inr,
O VI
)8)
e4
/ 3
o(,
q0
lSW)O
-a/7
4fs
G))
20f15t1
w wu
4JA.@
tvr
lu t t
ct oT fo 20 30C
witO4
knoo
t
co t,
.23 ?.t3
Pso /12~
l""
kiri
i
gdt
F
riA ,fci,
4r
fni
&///MccA,
(/9,y
K,>
I
0
25'2S
3)
Vdw6j
50
qS)
~Jo~hiI
7S
/00
£ de co,"
: 6fa
jf)t
SW
O.S eSE4(M%/J
0,/ -34
00wtyAg)
ta LI/f
b)
/ufsqast/o-/Sw
0
O/A4.a
vsbD2d) (,2
; 3-s m cdz
ic*lrdj
fsst6eF
w
(IL)
J
4Cy
wtmraWtc So01
. ~ dt/ls'dp?)
rcjw (du
2) ad,,,,.u;--
k
1 X)
aos) Tj
-44"'
F 4.t4 "ato'd' W
k . &,4. CVb
-
I /.nn p~lk
'.kz. -
cchi
CICI M141A
0
P2
/
(/,3i
-
')
/2 Copiity IP4ulif ( c) es. Av;t /unndd
/) 7s4/ A440
7'34L-(-
1211C-
·
9
r J"/O"
T~~d 4
.r
* 4C_ Ac ,4
2 74
--UXY -mlma
4t eoc
&·.i
-DIN
414ka44
*. &&U4
47X
4
1WrPvft
AP. AD~4~4U~
*X4kA
M404Wd,"
.ars
S `2
Ucd /Mf*;"
o8
hc
I
.(Alat"
2, s
bc·4,
I
C; C; C;
If ·A'It
"4 "Pft
*ill
sn
"
tP4-
~f
h
- I
WAWh
Ps~~l(~~u
I,
L1
r$," .
Fom f
-7
:'"
W
'
Al
-Fn T-201C V, (k?#,)-r/O~)
(oo)
(a):-.
'
R
7':
/fw s.3/z/.°x
- '1
99A /5
Rg
(.T.
*.
7
-/3SelGt..)
vc ()
3
4
s
If
/o
/oo
6 -
7
/o0
000
j
.
8
4o
100
80
60
'E%
cmaO o in
/OUFcj /Sohn
efC
40
.Mt: /o00
kf. +
20
)l 98 M'l 3 /a.zn
p
0
II
/209v)
Uc ( /)
(
e#()
??.
, 77
pF
&/s'
/3,5r'
p./s
9
A/2
/
/.03 f
I-
tCL '/i,
,/,/,
..
//o/lo
I-
/,32
Pa4rt -.
P3
(1,30Pj)
ecn~wk,
" 4zUU
*Pf
,-'/
-- ivs'/dS& 4
,o
00
In'0
Ln I-
,,*.
4o'sopf4Mw;
c', fj APf OT?6'
0
E
'
CF~c27Me./mj (sA* 9IJV
YGa3)
200
C
K
. (,)
g
208
s',,/
##NJ/
aM;'sa
t,,/. C/,
Y
PJ
C49 r#,x,/
I,2,3
I00
5o~
zw
/13
achanr.so"s
4.
Oftllr
Vor
y", I
A&ome4A
M,4I;
(12-Z,f )
...
I) hoj
·
OYfc
~~~~,)-./l,,,,
II·~;rh~~ / ,Cark
Oy~
?
R)p
oN
vOH
2) C414 A h.40
4
+
3)O040#,O,
C
h·C
4ALc1, .
au^Au-1,
hr"~l
(OJD (4.m+'4O40*"nrv
i~~ffi@; -----t
.I
ycA)
bca.OA
I
.
4-)YAVLA W AtinV
g
t
·-- .
wl,../ua~
hI,
t
..
/r
Tkk/3/2t)
. l/.~
9
.
$- .
~
~ ~ ~~
.
/7.S
m
1-/ 7/)O
/iairrr
~
///)Ii
rrvrri
)STW41
I.- I--
'f
mu w...
wl
zzz
0
00
1'-
22Z
,,
(
t)
9!3 #,43(2)1
/3&4
,
(C2A1
i
A)
,W
[d
S/owW- 4,.
,./ip
/(z
/
ffi
Ov .,r
I
" kw;/"
4
(¢ () - 4U,J0 2 q,
50/4-cTIoA4
2)
U
/MAd A~oir m,,,w4 / ' AP
W.j
li
v1
2-r
I
5.o
U*
AAovl
(/q79)
~Ta4n
)
C.
.
.
7/ 1/01/O C
re~s,/SngA W Sw~
I
4
/P2&LaJA
l.32
r--·--7··C
I
,' ¢
o4 .JOi
-4:eR,
*J
'*4..
&sA
C*<,
VW
{7e S1j.
fiM,,
d(,
,)fiL2?u~tt
R£41,
)jK~ica~u~a;
'' Uulmu
(I ~
.()
crr
.
,
l5
~
p
bCIt
--e J 2 /Z la.
I.,.
ro
-
/ //. /,,
/. ;-7 P,,,J-A -_
I-
'llvi!
·_
H
AC4
.W4Uho
7
.
1
oo00o
I0o
I
I- I- I-
xx
4
I
F
-k
t t vtp
L~aeJEj4
3
-
P00
L
2
I
eI gi ,,
y
,-( ,¢5.A.X.
.-
i
.
I
",
,01 .-
\PI/A
CIAII f
iI
1
_
I
30,
I
I
I
0 0 zo 3o
I_
' ,
ziw ULJ)
IPd-~~t
.... :~'rJ
I_
d0 j0
50
(Lk4:),L
+
t~~~~~~~~~~~
~Crcf, l '^~^bu
w
p8)
Camponents ofi
?u4cin
f'
4
(,
,
fS) 1
6l
(/ij
2 /)
--potA
s (S)-mm
MWAID4(Ao
sm)t
lp (44
544k
(,5)
')
2)
4.
'trk ifCrawcof
(5s) -
.2.,4.
bcKrdt f au
(5C~a 39/zEc/rl - 2 {1)
3) na4ir zl44; (s)
; 9
Pf-&
s 1/
(14¢aUO,
,),t
mr7h, hXaflX
AV4AMA4
1I4#1
'7
4
2.3
lt
2)/4v 0
1sq'
'
b
/
(vo Lwv+~~~~4444
40i~ $v 4
3 HSesCatXe"
E)
74< m
24>/P-
Cow.
/3
Ac h47i4, (ri oJA
a4d4a)
d t4
,v
/ v ,' .v A
3)£44 '.id'4^u4)-e
4)
't
0 '
mp
?¢aZ,
1,32 PgA4-9
I
cr-1 Z-161
Cc-iZ._9bIKio ///&/Of
,OA
M
/3#1qq
t/,rc La6o
PI4
Soi
4JlrdOrn1o of
scben
) &P-tLpm,41 lui -44YAn
; . Su<*,2A
(td#)
(qUa*O)
)nn.t^4cc pcm
&4a
_t
a4__
_ _
.tftdaulr
_
; &/ 5&4
(wa^o)
If4G(/q"
4
' '-
t-- (A I0
"4dgsfr~nr;,.
w.*
s\1s
LI6/Sbr
h6
-:*-111(i
9^<d
4A
(+t4
'4I
2)
-t- 6 nt
Samp/6!
CI4GL-
ckly ly,^
.,I
al rn 6A1
.
#Or
pra~~~~~
If
Ce s,
,
_r_n .
Pk
A,my ~ .
>,rn??
M4.
A~hr4*
-o/ai S..
&oSYes 4/O}
t4 41ks ho
b',.,,et
2a
Ycs
P
Sad
Jcamn'
R2mcft
dl*Cncc
gcfl/cj
2b
40.4
r-o/
O
~if~ (, ,w
ladoL
a'Aa6e4e9h~pIt
a,
At (s~12arnpo ~
(/) **Adw44wIt 94, 44), S-Sl-S6
A
cSc,w}Zc~c~GL 4e''Y
, 9t
I
1
CCL2/6/96
P/7322
P7
4t
//3//l
?$Z Jo/ S4q~M /raJ4fnfntcr
'2).
·· A· M+fnt.mj,
I) &Jt.4
1 ^w
TnolL
·
c
*vtm..
Col
JJ 504tepls
t I G7, /5-{1~
3)>CSf ~rqU[I9
@ """67,
/•()J
"Z
o s4~,az~q~e~jjptq,
a 3)
e()a'
s LU
W
,A
A VW
v00
-1"
coo
'in!
-eI 0
_ -e (q
Ino
crcu
i~
kr
ht BAt w
·x
A
c,4 aS
Or
3. ,Sr4,E
zA4z 1e~cr
w
kniiblcue
'
tl (kt.0/Sb
3.e~Ad
-s;;,bcJv ~L.a oL
2)
4
(8KP
I'113
(p)4
)
A/ah44(
AM' fk, i i\.Ai· I /A. Al )Ah,
I '
'-'
r/v 'd-
S ap
*x`j
/r'-
ri
a*1Z
^
bxkl.,i dt-zg /oo't/ovJ
i1)
.~~~~~~~~~L
loek~
.
A
I
i
3)
P14 ,
no
w
WCoA
?
41
A%4
4
6,hp, s, 4G
Iw
4 4-
....
ro
( /3Z fAl
-i
./Ir___! /t ..... x //O/O
1
//3,/19
3,2
7
/y/C44F
1) M'a,t
_4Ci,"
4,tz
+4,
r
"v
{(U2
)
SXJahLJ
Aq M:
.
mS ,(t
III
00
2.) Ak 2-D
OI64
_"(
_ ei
_
(/tf/
0)
yCrv
4e~t%/ fn '
>46*
; I/c6veef
{c7")Vk'
41+
lAI*A
cet-~c
xxe
k
II{
-~f-
nA /A
a141·r
I
_
Ar"e
.· a
e t) '~~r;d~c
(. riA)
AL
bW&44p .l OMAP-d
.
.
_
Qos.vc,,
40
~4,Z ,
LL~
L
XA~o
iF d o
9#Vkv
41416-,
v
a
5oa4CAtak
3~,.
C
CN'
C4
,1
1
0
3I'v s
,0
vlmmiw
. -
VW
V
. Ft
F /.3sIls
-
Svj' 4
- 414it
-sT .
-
s .I
V
.We._t.w4
/-e
'3id6Cki'"
tA tAt46Le'~'
6G 70b at As A4t
a
)
.
Adapted from
Suction Measurement Techniques
Vacuum Desiccator
Psychrometer
Filter Paper
Porous Block
Thermal Block
Suction Plate
Tensiometer
Pressure Plate
Osmotic Tensiometer
Suction
Value#
Principal
Usage
Direct/
Indirect
Total
Total
Total
Matrix
Matrix
Matrix
Matrix
Matrix
Matrix
Matrix
Lab.
Field
Field
Lab.
Field
Field
Lab.
Field
Lab.
Field
Indirect
Indirect
Indirect
Indirect
Indirect
Indirect
Direct
Direct
Direct
Direct
Range: kPa
Equilibrium
Time
103-106
300-7000
1000-30000
30-30000
30-3000
0-175
0-90
0-90
0-5000
0-1500
Months
Months
Weeks
1 week
Weeks
Days
Hours
Hours
Hours
Days
# As defined by Aitchison and Richards (1965).
b
High Air Pressure u
a
a
Soil Sample
O Ring Seal
uw
Pressure
Transducer
Flushing
S = - uw
1 Bar
(Air Entry)
Ceramic
Negative
Pressure
Water Reservoir
15 Bar
(Air Entry) Ceramic
Air Trap
Water Reservoir
Tensiometer-Suction Plate
S = ua - uw
Direct Measurement of Soil Suction: a) Tensiometer; b) Pressure Plate Apparatus
Entran Ltd EPX series
Electronic Pressure Transducer
0
Scale of mm
5
Stainless
Steel Sheath
Electrical
connection
15 Bar
Ceramic
Water Reservoir Thread
O Ring Seal
Figure by MIT OCW.
Adapted from:
The New Instrument
Pump
Adapted from
Container
Two Filter Papers
(noncontact)
} Total
Perforated Disk
Soil
Three Filter
Papers (Contact)
}
Matric
Contact and noncontact filter paper methods for measuring matric and total
suction, respectively.
pF
1000000
6
10000
5
1000
4
100
3
10
2
1
1
0.1
0
100
50
150
Calibration line
Saturated salt solutions
Pressure membrane
Pressure plate
Height above water table
data points
0
200
Water Content of Filter Paper, wf (%)
A typical calibration curve showing measured filter paper water contents for
applied suctions.
Figure by MIT OCW.
10000
1000000
Log suction (kPa) = 5.327 - 0.0779 wf
1000
Log suction (kPa) = 5.056 - 0.0688 wf
10000
100
10
1000
Log suction (kPa) =
2.412 - 0.0135 wf
100
10
1.0
Log suction (kPa) = 1.882 - 0.0102 wf
1.0
0.1
0
0.1
Suction (atmospheres)
100000
Suction (kPa)
Suction (kPa)
100000
0.01
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Filter Paper Water Content, wf (%)
80
Whatman no. 42 (Fawcett and Collis-George, 1967)
Schleicher and Schuell no. 589 (McQueen and Miller, 1968)
Calibration Curves for Two Types of Filter Paper
Figure by MIT OCW.
0.001
90