The effects of certain commercial toxicants on the limnology of three cold water ponds near Three
Forks, Montana
by Robert E Wollitz
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Fish and Wildlife Management
Montana State University
© Copyright by Robert E Wollitz (1958)
Abstract:
The effects of certain commercial toxicants on the physical, chemical and biological properties of three
cold water ponds were studied. The East Pond was treated with toxaphene, the Middle Pond with
Chem-Fish Special, Pro-Noxfish and toxaphene and the West Pond with Pro-Noxfish.
Time of death of test fish varied with the different toxicants. The numerical ratio of fish recovered was
determined. Following treatment in the East and Middle Ponds,light penetration increased markedly.
Dinobryon and Ceratium were the only phytoplankters which showed a reduction following the
treatments. Treatment with the toxicants had varied effects on zooplankton. Bottom organisms were
effected as follows: Tendipedidae exhibited little effect following treatment in the East Pond, decreased
in the Middle Pond and increased in the West Pond; Tubificidae increased in all ponds. All plant
inhabiting organisms except the Gastropoda, dis-' appeared following treatment in the East and Middle
Ponds. In the West Pond, Hyallela and Tendipedidae were reduced after treatment while other
organisms appeared uneffected.
128919 THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN COMMERCIAL TOXICANTS ON THE LIMNOLOGY
OF THREE COLD WATER PONDS NEAR THREE FORKS, MONTANA
byR obert E . W o ilitg
A THESIS
S u b m itted t o th e G raduate F a c u lty
in
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts
f o r th e deg ree o f
M aster o f S cien ce i n F is h and W ild lif e Management
at
Montana S ta te C o lle g e
Approved:
'tm ent
C h a ir
AmlnLng Committee
Ddan5 G ra d u a te ^ D iy isio n ■
Bozeman, Montana
Ju n e, 1958
W 8 5 1 6-
-
2-
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
O0 I -= T lA OS O n O s
A b stra c t ................
I n tr o d u c tio n . . . .
Methods ...................
R e s u lts ...................
E ast Pond . . . .
D e s c r ip tio n
F is h E r a d ic a tio n ........................................................................................
P h y s ic a l, C hem ical C h a r a c te r is tic s ................................................
P h y to p lan k to n ...............................................................................................
Zooplankton ...................................................................................................
Bottom Organisms ........................................................................................
P la n t I n h a b itin g Organisms ..................................................................
M iddle P o n d .........................................................................................................
D e s c rip tio n ...................................................................................................
F is h E r a d i c a t i o n ........................................................................................
P h y s ic a l, Chem ical C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ...............
P h y to p lan k to n ...............................................................................................
Zooplankton ...................................................................................................
Bottom Organisms ........................................................................................
P la n t I n h a b itin g Organisms ..................................................................
W est Pond ..............................................................................................................
D e s c r i p t i o n ...................................................................................................
F is h E r a d ic a tio n ........................................................................................
P h y s ic a l, C hem ical C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .................................................
P h y to p lan k to n ..............................................................................................
Z ooplankton ...................................................................................................
Bottom Organisms .......................................................................................
P la n t In h a b itin g Organisms ..................................................................
Sum m ary.........................................................................................................................
L i t e r a t u r e C ite d .....................................................................................................
12
l5
17
20
2k
25
29
29
30
32
33
37
ill
1|2
ii£
Ii5
1|6
Ii7
1|8
52
56
57
60
62
-3 -
IBSTRACT
The e f f e c t s o f c e r t a i n com m ercial to x ic a n ts on th e p h y s ic a l, chem ical
and b io lo g ic a l p r o p e r tie s o f th re e c o ld w a te r ponds were s tu d ie d . The
E a s t Pond was t r e a t e d w ith to x ap h en e, th e M iddle Pond w ith Chem-Fish S p e c ia l, P ro -N o x fish and toxaphene and th e West Pond w ith P ro -N o x fish .
Time o f d e a th o f t e s t f i s h v a r ie d w ith th e d i f f e r e n t t o x i c a n t s . The nu­
m e ric a l r a t i o o f f i s h re c o v ere d , was d e te rm in e d . F ollow ing tre a tm e n t in
th e TTast and M iddle P o n d s ,lig h t p e n e tr a tio n in c re a s e d m ark ed ly . Dinobryon
and C eratium were t h e ■o n ly p h y to p la n k te rs w hich showed a r e d u c tio n fo llo w ­
in g th e tr e a tm e n ts . Treatm ent w ith th e to x ic a n ts had v a r i e d e f f e c t s on
z o o p lan k to n . Bottom organism s were e f f e c t e d a s fo llo w s : T endipedidae
e x h ib ite d l i t t l e e f f e c t fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t i n th e E a s t Pond, d e crea se d i n
th e M iddle Pond and in c r e a s e d in th e West Pond; T u b ific id a e in c re a s e d i n
a ll" ponds. A ll p la n t in h a b itin g organism s e x c e p t th e G a stro p o d a, d i s - '
ap p eared fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t in th e E a s t and M iddle Ponds. In th e West
Pond, H y a lle la and T endipedidae were re d u c ed a f t e r tr e a tm e n t w h ile o th e r
organism s ap p eared u n e f f e c te d .
128919
HfTRODUCTION
D aring r e c e n t y e a r s 3 f i s h to x ic a n ts have become in c r e a s in g ly im p o rta n t
i n f i s h e r i e s management.
While some in fo rm a tio n i s a v a ila b le c o n cern in g
t h e i r e f f e c t s on d i f f e r e n t s p e c ie s o f f i s h , l i t t l e has been r e p o r te d r e ­
g a rd in g t h e i r e f f e c t s on f i s h food o rg a n ism s»
A s tu d y was u n d e rta k e n t o
d eterm in e im p o rta n t changes i n th e p h y s ic a l, chem ical and b io lo g ic a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e s u l t i n g from com m ercial t o x i c a n t s .
This i n v e s t i g a t i o n was conducted from A p r il, 1956 t o A p ril 1 1 , 1958
on th r e e a d ja c e n t g r a v e l - p i t p o nds, which a re lo c a te d 1 ,5 m ile s e a s t o f
Three F o rk s, M ontana.
The p r o j e c t c o n s is te d o f th r e e p h a s e s : f i r s t , th e
d e te rm in a tio n o f p h y s ic a l, ch em ical and b i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e
ponds p r i o r t o th e a p p lic a tio n o f t o x ic a n ts ; seco n d , th e a p p lic a tio n o f
th e to x ic a n ts and o b s e rv a tio n s on t h e i r im m ediate e f f e c t s on f i s h and f i s h fo od o rg an ism s; t h i r d , th e d e te rm in a tio n o f changes in th e p h y s ic a l, chemi­
c a l and b io l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f th e ponds fo llo w in g tr e a tm e n t.
The w r i t e r w ish es to e x te n d s in c e r e a p p r e c ia tio n to D r. C. J . D.
Brown and to Mr. R ic h ard J . Graham f o r te c h n i c a l s u p e rv is io n on th e p r o je c t
and f o r a s s is ta n c e in th e p r e p a r a tio n o f th e m a n u sc rip t.
Thanks a re a ls o
due t o : D r. John G. W right f o r a s s is ta n c e i n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p la n k to n ;
D r. E ic h a rd C. F ro e sc h n e r f o r a id i n i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f a q u a tic in s e c ts ;
p e rs o n n e l o f th e Montana F is h and Game D epartm ent f o r h e lp i n th e a p p l i ­
c a tio n o f th e to x i c a n t s ; M essrs. Bud A lle n and C h este r S c h e n d el o f Three
F orks f o r p ro v id in g a b o a t and s to ra g e space d u rin g th e summer o f 1957«
Tlie Montana F is h and Game D epartm ent fin a n c e d th e p r o je c t th ro u g h i t s
D in g e ll-J o h n so n program , Fr-9-R.
Equipment was p ro v id ed j o i n t l y 'a f th e
Montana S ta te C o lleg e A g r ic u ltu r a l E xperim ent S ta tio n and th e Montana F ish
and Game D epartm ent.
METHODS
P h y s ic a l and Chem ical
Maximum-minimum a i r te m p e ra tu re s and s u rfa c e w a te r te m p e ra tu re s in
each pond were s e c u re d d a i l y ^ e x c e p t Sundays.
S u rfa ce te m p e ra tu re s were
ta k e n w ith a p o c k e t therm om eter and d ep th te m p e ra tu re s w ith a r e v e r s in g
th erm o m eter.
T u r b id itie s were d eterm in ed w ith a H e llig e tu r b id im e te r .
V i s i b i l i t y (S ecch i d is c ) and w a te r f l u c t u a t i o n s were d eterm in ed a t r e g u la r
in te rv a ls .
The fo llo w in g chem ical a n a ly s e s were made a t th e tim e p la n k to n
sam ples were ta k e n : d is s o lv e d oxygen, pH, p h e n o lp h th a le in a l k a l i n i t y and
m ethyl orange a l k a l i n i t y .
Oxygen s a t u r a t i o n was d eterm in ed from a nomo­
gram f o r g iv in g v a lu e s a t d i f f e r e n t te m p e ra tu re s and a l t i t u d e s (Rawson,
IPUll.).
P hosphate and in o rg a n ic n itr o g e n a n a ly s e s were made b y th e Chemis­
t r y D epartm ent, Montana S ta te C o lle g e .
P la n k to n P lan k to n sam ples were o b ta in e d w ith a . I . 2 l i t e r Kemmerer w a ter
sam p ler.
Each sample was c o n c e n tra te d to 20 ml by means o f a Ho* 25 s i l k
b o ltin g c l o t h p la n k to n n e t and th e n p re s e rv e d w ith L u g o l1s s o l u t i o n < Nine
sam pling a re a s were e s ta b lis h e d (F ig . l) 's .o n e was lo c a te d n e a r each end
( S ta s . B, 0 ) and th e o th e r ( S ta . A) i n th e m iddle o f each pond.
A sample
o f 1 9 .2 l i t e r s o f w a te r was ta k e n from each s t a t i o n B and C<> Samplbs from
LEGEND
SHORELINE
CONTOURS
IMPROVED ROAD
UNIMPROVED ROAD
COTTAGE
RAILROAD
PLANKTON
TEMPERATURE, CHEMICAL AND
PLANKTON
~r
F ig u re I .
H I I I I
/R \
&
From to p to b o tto m . E a s t, M iddle and lfest Three F orks Ponds w ith depth co n to u rs
and p la n k to n , te m p e ra tu re and chem ical s t a t i o n s shown.
-7 -
s t a t i o n A combined p la n k to n from e q u a l volum es o f w a te r ( t o t a l 7 6.8
l i t e r s ) o b ta in e d from th e s u r f a c e ,
10- , and l^ - f o o t d e p th s in th e
M iddle Pond and W est Pond from A p ril-S e p te m b e r, 1 # 6 .
D uring th e same
p e rio d a combined sample ( t o t a l 38 . U l i t e r s ) was ta k e n a t th e s u rfa c e and
f iv e f e e t from th e E a s t Pond.
A fte r S eptem ber, sam ples were se c u re d from
th e s u rfa c e and th e bottom (7 -9 f t . ) i n th e E a s t Pond and th e t o t a l sample
was re d u c e d to 19»2 l i t e r s a t s t a t i o n A i n a l l ponds.
Samples were ta k e n
a p p ro x im a te ly e v e ry two weeks a t a l l s t a t i o n s d u rin g p e rio d s o f open w a te r.
D uring th e w in te r , m onthly sam ples were s e c u re d im m ed iately u n d er th e i c e
and c o n fin e d to s t a t i o n A.
The o v e r a ll sam pling p e rio d ex ten d ed from
A p r il 17, 1956 to A p ril 1 1, 1958 w ith th e fo llo w in g e x c e p tio n s : no sam ples
w ere o b ta in e d May I- J u n e 2, 1956 in any o f th e pondsj no s t a t i o n A sam ples
were ta k e n in th e E a s t Pond on June 2 and 2 9 , 1956 and no sam ples were
'tak en i n th e E a s t Pond O ctober 9 , 1956-December 13, 1957 o r in any o f th e
ponds November i , 1 9 5 7 -Jan u ary 1 0 , 1958.
N um erical p la n k to n c o u n ts were made, on one m i l l i l i t e r o f c o n c e n tra te
p la c e d i n a S ed g w ick -R after c e l l .
P la n k to n organism s were i d e n t i f i e d t o
g en u s, w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f diatom s w hich w ere i d e n t i f i e d t o fa m ily only.z
Z ooplankton c o u n ts were made by th e su rv e y method and p h y to p la n k to n by th e
d i f f e r e n t i a l m ethod.
F or p h y to p la n k to n , IO-ItO f i e l d s were c o u n te d , th e
number depending on th e d e n s ity of p la n k te r s as d eterm in ed b y in s p e c tio n .
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f p h y to p la n k to n fo llo w e d Sm ith (1950) and zo o p lan k to n
fo llo w e d Pennak (1 953).
-8 -
Bottom Samples Bottom sam ples ( l , ^ s q . f t . ) were ta k e n w ith an Eckman d red g e.
Bottom m a te r ia ls were washed th ro u g h a s ie v e w ith openings ap p ro x im ately
0<.5 X 0 .5 mm and th e organism s s o r te d from th e rem ain in g ' m a te r ia l.
Organ­
ism s were i d e n t i f i e d to fa m ily and t h e i r volumes d eterm in ed b y w a te r d i s ­
p la ce m e n t.
A ll sam ples were ta k e n a t d e p th s o f 10-15 f e e t .
D uring th e summer o f 1956, fo u r sam p les.w ere se c u re d from th e E a s t
Pond,, fo u r from th e M iddle Pond and th r e e from th e ’W est Pond. F iv e sam ples
were o b ta in e d from each pond i n 1957 and one from each i n M arch, .1958«,
Two o f th e 1957 sam ples were ta k e n p r i o r t o th e a p p lic a tio n o f to x ic a n ts
and th e rem ain in g sam ples were ta k e n a f t e r b
Samples o f P la n t- I n h a b itin g Organisms
A m e ta l c y lin d e r (21 in c h e s long and 6 in c h e s i n d ia m e te r) was u sed
t o o b ta in sam ples o f p la n t in h a b itin g organism s a t d e p th s o f 12- 2li in ch es*
The sam p ler was f i r s t ' p la c e d o v er th e v e g e ta tio n which was th e n lo o sen ed
from th e b o tto m .
A s m a ll p ie c e o f s c re e n ( l 8 mesh p e r i n c h ) ‘p la c e d over
th e bottom o f th e c y lin d e r p re v e n te d organism s from e s c a p in g .
The whole
u n i t was l i f t e d from th e w a te r and i t s c o n te n ts p la c e d i n a la r g e p an .
A pproxim ately o n e -h a lf pound o f v e g e ta tio n (damp w eig h t a f t e r 15-20
m inutes o f d r a in in g ) was ta k e n f o r each sam ple.
Organisms were removed
from th e v e g e ta tio n and i d e n t i f i e d t o fa m ily o r genus and t h e i r volumes
d eterm in ed by w a te r d is p la c e m e n t.
V e g e ta tio n sam ples were ta k e n as f o llo w s ; 1956, fo u r i n th e W est
Pond, fo u r in th e M iddle Pond and th r e e in th e E a st Pondj 1957, two p r i o r
to th e a p p lic a tio n o f to x ic a n ts and th re e f o llo w in g .
One sample was a ls o
ta k e n in each pond M arch, 1958,
A p p lic a tio n o f T o x ic a n ts A ll to x ic a n ts were a p p lie d from a b o a t b y means o f a p o r t a b l e , g aso ­
lin e -p o w e re d pump.
The e f f e c t i v e p e n e tr a tio n o f to x ic a n ts and p e rio d o f
t o x i c i t y were d eterm in ed by th e d e a th o f h e a lth y f i s h p la c e d i n w ire cages
a t v a rio u s d e p th s .
E x te n siv e g i l l - n e t t i n g was c a r r i e d ou t to determ ine
th e com pleteness o f k i l l .
EESULTS .
The th r e e s tu d y po n d s, w hich a re a l l d red g ed p i t s ly in g a d ja c e n t to
each o th e r , r e c e iv e t h e i r w a te r su p p ly m a in ly from seepage and s p r in g s .
They have no i n l e t s o r o u t l e t s .
Enequent w inds and th e sh a llo w n e ss o f th e
ponds does n o t p e rm it marked th e rm a l s t r a t i f i c a t i o n d u rin g th e summer.
Average w eekly s u rfa c e w a te r te m p e ra tu re s o f a l l ponds were s i m i l a r and
c l o s e l y approxim ated a i r te m p e ra tu re s d u rin g th e summer o f 1956 (F ig . 2 ) .
Ic e c o v e r formed on a l l ponds betw een November 3 -1 0 , 1956 and betw een No­
vember 1 5 -1 8 , 1957»
The ic e d is a p p e a re d betw een March 22- A p r il 3 , 1956,
betw een March 2lt-30, .1957 and on March 2lj., 1958.
S n o w fall was l i g h t
d u rin g th e w in te r and no p ro lo n g ed snow c o v er on pond ic e was o b serv ed .
E a s t Pond
D e s c rip tio n
The E a s t Pond has n o t been dredged s in c e 19lt0 b u t th e e x a c t tim e i s
n o t known.
I t h as a s u rfa c e a re a o f 1 2 .9 a c re s and a volume o f a p p ro x i-
80-
70 -
I
S
I
A ir Tenp.
West Pond
Middle Pond
E a st Pond
IiO-
Ili
21
June
F ig u re 2.
30
7
Hi
21
J u ly
31
7
— . — . — . —
-----------------------------------------------------...................................
lit
21
August
31
7
lb
21
September
29
Average m onthly a i r te m p e ra tu re s and s u rfa c e w ater te m p e ra tu re s f o r th e E a s t,
Middle and West Three Forks Ponds, f o r th e p e rio d June to O ctober, 1956.
-1 1 -
m a te ly 100 a c re f e e t , a maximum d ep th o f 12 f e e t and a mean d e p th o f 7 «9
fe e t.
The sh o re i s g e n e r a lly l e s s th a n two f e e t above th e s u rfa c e o f th e
w a te r b u t r i s e s t o a maximum o f 10 f e e t i n a few p la c e s .
The pond bottom
i s e x tre m e ly i r r e g u l a r due to d red g in g and i s covered w ith ab o u t e q u a l
a re a s o f c o a rse g r a v e l and muck.
The s u rfa c e w a ter f lu c tu a te d lit in ch es,
i n 19!?6 and 19 in c h e s in 195>7«
The im p o rta n t shore v e g e ta tio n in c lu d e d w illo w (S a lix s p t ) , and
K entucky b lu e g ra s s ( Poa p r a t e n s i s ) .
Em ergent a q u a tic v e g e ta tio n occu p ied
a p p ro x im a te ly lj.0 p e r c e n t o f th e s h o r e lin e and c o n s is te d o f g r e a t b u llr u s h
(S c irp u s v a l i d u s ) and c a t t a i l ( Typha l a t i f o l i a ) .
Submerged v e g e ta tio n
in c lu d e d dense grow ths o f sto n ew o rt (Ohara s p . ) s w a ter m i l f o i l (Myrophyllum e x a lb e s c e n s ) and l e s s e r amounts o f widgeon g ra s s (R uppia m a ritim e )
and sago pondweed ( Fotamogeto n p e c ti n a tu s ) .
The e a r l i e s t known f i s h in tr o d u c tio n c o n s is te d o f S5OOO fo u r -in c h
largem outh b la c k b a ss (M icro p teru s sa lm o id e s) which were p la n te d i n No­
vem ber, 1938.
A n o th e r. I 5OOO largem o u th b la c k b a ss were s to c k e d i n No­
vem ber, i9 U u
B lack c ra p p ie s ( Pomoxis n i g r o -m a c u latu s)
b l u e g i l l s (Le-
pomis m a ch ro ch iru s) 5 y e llo w p e rc h (P e re a f la v e s c e n s ) , c arp (C yprinus
c a r p io ):, lo n g n o se su c k e r (Gatostomus catostomus) , w h ite su c k e r (Gatqstqmus
commersoni) and golden s h in e r ' (Notemigonus c ry s o le u c a s ) were a ls o p re s e n t
b u t no re c o rd s o f in tr o d u c tio n s were founds
I t i s su rm ised t h a t th e b la c k
c ra p p ie s and b l u e g i l l s were in tro d u c e d w ith th e largem outh b la c k b ass as
fo ra g e f i s h and t h a t th e o th e rs were in tro d u c e d by p r iv a te in d iv id u a ls o r
b a i t fis h e rm e n .
—12—
F is h E r a d ic a tio n
Ch J u ly l 65 191?7, an e m u ls ifia b le s o lu tio n c o n ta in in g 60 p e r c e n t
toxaphene was a p p lie d t o th e E a s t Pond.
a p p ro x im a te ly 0 .1 3 ppm.
The c o n c e n tra tio n u sed was
A p p lic a tio n began a t 6 :lf? a.m . and was com pleted
a t 9*00 a.m .
The f i r s t s ig n s o f d i s t r e s s i n f i s h were o b serv ed
' m inutes a f t e r
th e s t a r t o f a p p lic a tio n when sm all f i s h were o b serv ed ju m p in g .
At th e
end o f one and o n e -h a lf h o u rs , f i s h were o b serv ed swimming e r r a t i c a l l y
n e a r th e s u rfa c e o f th e w a te r and ap p eared u n ab le to go below .
A few
m in u tes l a t e r some f i s h were ly in g a t th e s u r f a c e , n e a r d e a th .
Sm all
f i n g e r l i n g larg em o u th b la c k b a ss and b l u e g i l l s were th e f i r s t t o d ie .
F is h over f i v e in c h e s i n t o t a l le n g th ( a l l le n g th s a re from th e t i p o f
th e sn o u t t o th e d i s t a l end o f th e c a u d a l f i n ) were f i r s t o b serv ed dying
two hours and 1|.0 m inutes a f t e r th e s t a r t o f a p p lic a tio n *
One su c k e r and two b l u e g i l l s were p la tie d i n each o f two w ire mesh
Cs i n .) c a g e s .
Qhe cage was suspended a t th e f iv e f o o t d e p th and th e
o th e r a t 10 f e e t , to d eterm in e th e e f f e c t i v e r a t e o f to x ic a n t p e n e tr a tio n .
A su ck e r in th e cage a t 10 f e e t d ie d f iv e h o u rs a f t e r th e s t a r t o f a p p l i ­
c a tio n and a b lu e g i l l 5>.5> h o u rs .
One o f th e b l u e g i l l s in th e cage a t f iv e
f e e t d ie d seven h o u rs fo llo w in g th e s t a r t o f a p p lic a tio n and th e o th e r a t
8 .5 h o u rs .
The rem ain in g b l u e g i l l i n th e cage a t 10 f e e t and th e su ck er
i n th e cage a t f iv e f e e t were s t i l l a l i v e ill hours ( 8 :0 0 p .m .) a f t e r th e
f i r s t p o iso n was a p p lie d .
No o b s e rv a tio n s were made betw een 8:00 p*m„
and 6 :00 a.m . th e fo llo w in g m orning, a t w hich tim e th e re m a in in g f i s h were
d e ad .
-13-
O b se rv a tio n s and f is h in g e f f o r t ( s ix W -hour g i l l n e t s e t s ) re v e a le d
l i v i n g f i s h p r e s e n t one month fo llo w in g p o iso n in g and i t was assumed
t h a t a com plete k i l l had been o b ta in e d .
S n m ed iately fo llo w in g th e chemi­
c a l tre a tm e n t s n a i l s were th e o n ly a q u a tic in v e r te b r a te s o b serv ed .
A fte r
A ugust 1 «, 1937, a c o n s id e ra b le number o f l i v i n g F o to n e c tid a e and fro g s
were o bserved i n th e pond.
T o x ic ity o f w a te r t o f i s h was t e s t e d b y su sp en d in g cages co n tain in g ,
brown t r o u t (Salmo t r u t t a ) and rainbow t r o u t (Salmo g a i r d n e r i ) a t v a rio u s
p la c e s i n th e pond.
The t o x i c i t y o f th e w a te r d e c lin e d g r a d u a lly as
d e m o n strated by th e le n g th o f tu n e i t to o k to k i l l t r o u t .
The le n g th o f
tim e t h a t t e s t f i s h l i v e d was as f o llo w s : A ugust5 two d a y s; Septem ber,
seven d a y s; O c to b er, lli. d a y s.
By November, 1937, th e w a te r was c o n sid e re d
n o n -to x ic , s in c e t e s t f i s h in tro d u c e d a t t h a t tim e liv e d f o r o v er two
m onths.
Three days (68 m an-hours) were s p e n t i n re c o v e rin g dead f is h *
An
a tte m p t was made t o re c o v e r a l l f i s h w hich came to th e s u rfa c e d u rin g t h i s
tim e .
Those which rem ained on th e b ottom and th o se which s u rfa c e d l a t e r
were n o t-r e c o v e re d .
w eighed.
A ll f i s h o f each s p e c ie s were counted and b u lk -
I n d iv id u a l t o t a l le n g th s were re c o rd e d f o r a sample o f each
s p e c ie s ' (T able l ) ;
Food f i s h , c o n s is tin g o f b l u e g i l l s , y ello w p e rc h , larg em o u th b la c k
b a ss and b la c k c r a p p ie s , made up 9h p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l number re c o v e re d
and 33 p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l w eig h t w h ile c a r p , longnoee s u c k e rs and w h ite
su c k e rs made up ab o u t s i x p e r c e n t o f th e t o t a l number and 66 p e r c e n t o f
th e t o t a l w e ig h t.
No c a rp l e s s th a n seven in c h e s i n le n g th were re c o v e re d
T ab le I .
. F is h ' "
S p e c ies
... B lu e g ill
-
B lack
G rapple
Largemouth
B lack B ass
Y ellow
P erch
Carp
1H hite
Sucker
Lohgnose
Sucker
Nnmbers5 le n g t h s ( i n c h e s ) and w e ig h ts (pou n d s) o f f i s h r e c o v e r e d from p o n d s.
--E ast “
M iddle
West
E ast
Middle
W est
East" ~
M iddle
'West
E ast "
M iddle
W est
E ast “
Middle
. W est
E ast
M iddle
W est
E ast
M iddle
W est
No.
Per c e n t"
T o ta l W t. M easured
T o ta l
No, '
T o ta l
1Bfc.
Pei* c e n t
T o ta l No.
i;a s 7
2 0 ,7 #
636
19 $
810
X
138
#8
2h
2h
50
38
29
11
. 2
2
Ik
21
k
2hi
391
363
1 ,8 8 9
1 2 ,6 9 k
1 ,9 3 1
188
■ 97
117
1I1.2
361
ZhO
612
6
I
6
U2
37
83
a
" '6
Il
26
11
33
69
63
9
1
I
20
1
2
’ Pond
* Not p r e s e n t in pond.
-K
6
HO
2
2
•
-X-
8
■s?
P e r' cent
Measured
Length
Range
170
32
' 27
2k '
29
10 .0
0 .1
Ii .0
12 .0
3 .0
1 . 2 -6 .8
1 . 3 -7 .3
la (—6 B(.2 .2 -8 .2
3 .1 - 7 .8
97
78
62
Uo.o
20 .0
1 7 .0
1 .0
0 .2
0 .9
2 3.0
22
22
Lt2
U2
1 . 0—
16 .2
1 . 0- 1 6 .1
0 . 9- 1 6 .2
3 .0 -6 .8
1 .9 - 7 .3
1 .9 -1 1 .2
7 . 2- 26.0
. I v .- ■
Length
li.O
'
lu l
3 .6
6 .0
2 .2
2 .o
7 .9
6 .2
2 .o
li.2
7 .7
18.0
(T able l ) , in d ic a tin g t h a t t h i s s p e c ie s was n o t re p ro d u c in g s u c c e s s f u lly .
The average le n g th o f larg em o u th b la c k b a ss was f iv e in c h e s , how ever, 32
p e r c e n t were o v er s i x in c h e s and 20 p e r c e n t were over 10 in c h e s <> The
approxim ate n u m e ric a l r a t i o o f y ello w p e rc h , b l u e g i l l , b la c k c ra p p ie ,
c a r p , su c k e rs was 135> s119s17 slli s13 sI and th e approxim ate w eig h t r a t i o was
lt?!??3sls21slo
P h y s ic a l, Chem ical C h a r a c te r is tic s
B efore T rea tm e n t,
l i m i t o f v i s i b i l i t y was u s u a ll y l e s s th a n f iv e
f e e t and t u r b i d i t i e s av erag ed 8 .2 ppm SiOgi
No chem ical s t r a t i f i c a t i o n o ccu rred i n t h i s pond.
Oxygen s a t u r a t i o n
was u s u a ll y l e s s th a n 100 p e r c e n t and was lo w e st in w in te r ( Table T l) .
H ie n o lp th a le in a l k a l i n i t y ra n g e d from 0 .0 t o 1 8 .0 ppm, b e in g a b se n t d u rin g
th e s p rin g o f 195>6 and th e w in te r o f 195)6-7.
M ethyl orange a l k a l i n i t y ,
ran g ed from 163 to 2ii5 ppm b e in g h ig h e s t in w in te r .
The pH ran g ed from
8 .2 to 8 .6 i n th e s p rin g and summer, 195)6, Yob t o 8 .0 i n th e w in te r and
7 o!p t o 8 .6 i n th e s p rin g and summer, 1957»
N i t r a t e s ran g ed from 0 .0 7 ppm t o 0 .1 3 ppm and p h o sp h ate s from 0 .0 t o
O.Ii5 ppm, b e in g a b se n t i n th e f a l l , 1956.
A fte r T re a tm e n t.
A marked change o c c u rre d i n most p h y s ic a l and
ch em ical p r o p e r tie s fo llo w in g tr e a tm e n t.
b o tto m .
V i s i b i l i t y ex ten d ed t o th e
T u r b id itie s d e c re a se d to l e s s th a n 3«0 ppm SiOg im m ed iately
fo llo w in g tr e a tm e n t and by th e w in te r o f 1957-8 had d e c re a se d t o l e s s
th a n 1 .0 ppm.
This d e c re a se i n t u r b i d i t y p ro b a b ly r e s u l t e d from th e r e ­
moval o f rough f i s h , which have a te n d e n c y t o s t i r up th e b o tto m b S im ila r
T ab le I I .
R anges o f p h y s i c a l and c h e m ic a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e E a s t Pond b e f o r e and a f t e r tre a tm e n t,
B efore
S p rin g
D is s o lv e d ' oxygen
p er cen t s a tu ra tio n
P h e n o lp th a le ih
a l k a l i n i t y (ppm)
M ethyl orange
a l k a l i n i t y (ppm)
pH
T u r b id ity
(ppm SiO2)
S ecch i d is c ( f t . } ;
A fte r
Summer
F a ll
H ln te r
S p rin g
I16- H 8
61-105
92-108
U3-&7
78-126
0
5-18
7-15
0
Summer
Summer
W inter
105-163
101-161
120- 11*1
0 -8
17-1*0
1*1-51*
10- 1*8
1-90-212 163-181 167-195 205-215 192-215
192-217
126-151
121-130
110-132
8 . 2-B .3 8 .3 - 8 .5 8 . 2- 8 .6 7 .1 - 8 .0 7 .5 -8 .3
7 .5 - 8 .6
8 .2 -9 .3
8 .9 - 9 .5
9 *2—9 .6
U .9-II4.O 2 .6 - 1 5 .0 1 . 3- 2 .6
1 . 2- 2 .6
0 . 6—1 .7
....
.
,
. 3^3 • -
3
*
7 9 - lllt
0 -5
3-1*
'
3-1*
Ba*
6 /2 0 /5 6 1 1 /8 /5 6 3 /2 1 /5 6
8 /1 9 /5 7
HO3 (ppm)
6.1 3
0 .1 5
0 .0 7
0 .0 3
POji (ppm)
o.U5
0 .0
0 .0 3
0 .0 9
*
F a ll
Ic e c o v e r, no re a d in g s ta k e n .
Bottom o f pond, 12 f e e t .
■B
B
i
“17”
d e c re a se s fo llo w in g rem oval o f rough f i s h were r e p o rte d b y R ic k e r and
G o tts c h a lk (l9ltO) j W eier and S t a r r (l95>0); Tanner and Hayes (19^5) •
There was a d e cid e d change in m ost ch em ical p r o p e r tie s a s s o c ia te d
w ith th e in c r e a s e i n v i s i b i l i t y and d e c re a se i n t u r b i d i t y .
D isso lv e d
oxygen was g r e a t e r th a n 100 p e r c e n t s a t u r a t i o n a t a l l tim e s ; p h e n o lp t h a l e i n a l k a l i n i t y and pH in c re a s e d ; m eth y l orange a l k a l i n i t y d e c re a se d .
No change was o b serv ed i n n i t r a t e s o r p h o s p h a te s .
On Jan u a ry 10 and F e b ru a ry 125 195)8, oxygen s a tu r a ti o n v a lu e s o f 121
and llj.5> p e r c e n t, r e s p e c t i v e l y , were found b e n ea th th e ic e c o v e r.
On
th e s e d a te s th e ic e was v e ry tr a n s p a r e n t making th e b ottom v i s i b l e over
m ost o f th e pond.
Submerged v e g e ta tio n rem ain ed g reen d u rin g th e p e rio d
o f ic e c o v e r.
P h y to p lan k to n
B efore T rea tm e n t.
Sem i-m onthly p la n k to n co u n ts from a l l s ta t i o n s
were combined and a v e ra g e d .
In c o u n tin g p h y to p la n k to n , in d iv id u a l c o lo ­
n i e s , f ila m e n ts and c e l l s were c o n s id e re d as one u n i t .
C hrysophyta was th e m ost dom inant group o f a lg ae e n c o u n te re d ( Table
III)-.
Diatoms were p r e s e n t in n e a r ly a l l sam p les.
Peaks o f abundance
were e n co u n te re d i n A p r il, J u ly and O cto b er, 195)6 and i n May and September,
195)7 •
D inobryon was p r e s e n t from l a t e s p rin g to l a t e f a l l and was th e
m ost abundant a lg a found p r i o r to tre a tm e n ts
P y rro p h y ta was th e n e x t m ost
abundant group w ith C eratium b e in g th e m ost numerous r e p r e s e n ta tiv e s
The
groups C h lo ro p h y ta and Cyanophyta were r e p r e s e n te d by s e v e r a l g en era b u t
c o n tr ib u te d l i t t l e t o th e o v e r a ll abundance o f p h y to p la n k to n .
S ta tio n C,
Table H I e
Average number o f p h y b o p la n k te rs p e r l i t e r o f w a ter combined from s t a t i o n s A}
B and C i n th e E a s t Pond.
B efore
1936
' ....... _ ______ ___
A p ril May
June
J u ly
"Organism
Augc
Chlordphyba"'
C lb ste rib m
Cosmarixim
I
13
Gloe beys t l 's
32
P e d ia stru m
I
26
Scenedesrnus
it
Staxirastrum
I
M ougebtia'"
9
Oedogbnixxm
h
'
I
13
Zygnema- '
h
6
. U n id e n tifie d
33
it
2l£
199
C h ry sb p h y ta'
C hrysophyceae
itit2
Ul6
D inobryon
17 3,102
B a c illa rio p h y c e a e
C o scin o d iscaceae
87
100
C ym bellaeeae
Uoit
19
19
13
61
70U 299
F r a g ila r ia c e a e
9
2h
Gomphbnemataceae
9
33
161
136
N av icu laceae
271 139
339
S u r ir e ila c e a e
17
U n id e n tifie d
P y rro p h y ta
l 8 l 2,369
100
C eratium
h
2 ,7 U 7
P e rid in iu m
87
Cyanbphyba
Q s c illa to ria
22
It
13
Cylihdrosperim im
I
919
69
N o d u la ria
IOit
C a lo th r ix
87
- -
S e p t.
G et.
■ ; 1937
Dec. J a n .
■ •
F eb e March A p ril
13
9
9
63
9
9
121
69
H
3,222
39
208
193
3it7
00
1
260
32
269 208
269 10U
17
1,031 136
32
1 ,0 1 0
13
it
IOit
113
• IOit
.78
U33
9
676
U
IOit
. 0
62U
208
O
36U
32
T ab le I I I ( C o n tin u e d ) .
......................................... !A fter
" • 1928 "
Aug. S e p t. O c t. Ubv. J a n .
B efore
19!? 7
June
May
J u ly
9
292
9
-9
62
-
62
32
22
.39
9
22,262
17
30
9
17
13
26
17
March' A p r il ■
IOlt
26
292
78
26
-
#
35:
22
167
U,7S8
108
17
Lt
26
9
61
-
13
9
39
9
32
78
Lt
9
F eb .
'
Organism
C h lo rb p h y ta
Cosmarium
G lo e o c y s tis
Pedia strum "
Scenedesmus
S ta u ra s tru m
M o u g eo tia"
Oedogonium
S p iro g y ra
Zygnema
U n id e n tif ie d
C hrysophyt a"
C hrysophyceae
B inobryon B a c illa rio p h y c e a e
C o sc in o d isc ac ea e
Cym bellaceae
F r a g il a r i c e a e
Gomphbnemataceae
U av icu laceae
S u r ir e lla c e a e
U n id e n tifie d
P y rro p h y ta
C eratium
P e rld in iu m
C yanophyta""
Cylindrbspermum
U b d u la ria
O s c illa to ria
S p ir u I ih a
<
17
130
1,362
189
17
9
13
It
17
b3
292
39
17
26
230
13
919
121
36It
13
Lt03
17
13
26
26
130
39
138
78
IOLt
130
21
30
9
26
182
263
62
9
17
9
9
9
13
9
9
Lt
9
9
-
20 -
a t th e more p r o te c te d end o f th e pond, had th e g r e a t e s t number o f i n d i ­
v id u a ls o f a l l groups e x c e p t D inobryon w hich was most abundant a t S ta tio n
A.
P h y to p lan k to n blooms were e n co u n te re d in th e s p r in g , summer and f a l l
o f each y e a r b u t v a r ie d i n s e a s o n a l m ag n itu d e»
In 1956, maximum abundance
o c c u rre d i n Septem ber and th e minimum in A p r il.
In 1957, th e maximum was
i n J u ly and th e minimum i n Septem ber.
A fte r T re a tm e n t.
Treatm ent w ith toxaphene ( J u ly 16, 195?) appeared
t o have l i t t l e e f f e c t on most p h y to p la n k te rs a lth o u g h D inobryon was r e ­
duced and G eratiu m was e n t i r e l y a b s e n t a f t e r tr e a tm e n t.
G eratiu m r e ­
appeared i n th e c o l l e c t i o n on March 2li, 1958.
Zooplankton
B efore T rea tm e n t.
Zooplankton was p r e s e n t on a l l sam pling d a te s
p r i o r t o tr e a tm e n t (T able 1 7 ).
R o ta to r ia and Gopepoda were th e most
f r e q u e n tly e n co u n te re d groups w ith th e g e n e ra Ker a t e 11a , P o ly a r th r a and
C yclops p r e s e n t i n a l l sam p les.
appeared s e a s o n a lly .
open w a te r .
A few g e n e ra o f R o ta to r ia and Copepoda
B rachionus was p r e s e n t d u rin g th e e n t i r e p e rio d o f
I e p a d e lla and lo th o lc a ap p eared d u rin g th e s p r in g and Ie c a n e
and Diaptomus were p r e s e n t i n th e summer and f a l l .
"While c la d o c e ra n s
were p r e s e n t on most o c c a s io n s , th e y d id n o t o ccu r as f r e q u e n tly as r o t i ­
f e r s and copepods.
Ghydorus was p r e s e n t i n sam ples p r i o r t o tre a tm e n t
e x c e p t d u rin g F e b ru a ry , A p r i l , May and Ju n e, 1957»
Bosmina o c c u rre d i n ­
f r e q u e n tly from A p r il, 1956 th ro u g h Ja n u a ry , 1957 and was found in a l l
T ab le I ? . . A verage num ber o f z q o p la n k te r s p e r . l i t e r com bined fro m s t a t i o n s Af "B and C i n
th e E a s t Pond,
19#
Organism
C ladocera"
Bosmina
C erio d ap h n ia
Chydorus
Uiaphanosoma
Copepoda
C yclops
Diaptomus
n a u p lii# *
R o ta to r ia
A splanchna
B rachionus
K e r a te lla
Lecane
L e p a d e lla
N otbolca
P o ly a r th r a
P ro to z o a
O stracoda•
A p ril
B efore
1957
May
June
J u ly
TK
T
5
7
•I
26
3
2
it3
113
2
20
lit
T
it
136
it9
16
it38
17
18
191
T
it2
8
it
19
78
T
12
h6
Aug.
S e p t.
O ct.
Dec.
Ja n .
Feb.
2
it
March A p ril
I -
2
6
I
2
iil.
15
it3.
lit
5
5
58
35
23
30
2it
19
182
55
152
it3
6it
36
it
50
it
79
T
23
T
It
9-
9
I
38
T
11
131
T
22
36
6
I
31
T
3
- •
U t2
91
10
T
30
8
9
IU
2
9
2h
T
I
it
-T
6
2
2
T
9
it
I
T
T
38
3
T
21
T
68
I
18
3
7
17
' 7
16
# T in d i c a t e s organism s t h a t were p re s e n t in numbers l e s s th a n one p e r l i t e r .
-HKnauplii in c lu d e s l a r v a l form s o f b o th Cyclops and D iaptom us.
2
6
I
112
T ab le IV (C o n tin u e d )
\
’•
OrganismC la d o ce ra
Bosmina
C erid d ap h n ia
Chydorus
Diaphanosoma
Copepoda
C yclops
' Diaptomus
n a u p lii-”-*
R o ta to r ia
Jisplahchna
B rachionus
K e r a te lla
Eecan e"""
E e p a d e lla
N othulca
. P o ly a r th r a '
P ro to z o a
O straco d a
B efore
V
May
I
‘ 1957 '
A fte r
...
' - ' ' ' ’ 1958
M g = S ep t = O ct. Nov=
June
J u ly
9k
38
60
5
5
T*
2
T
113
62
5
5
I
26
#
- -
*
T
Jan = Feb.
39
69
I
I
T
I
35
35
38
A p ril
3
2
3
I
I
T
I
66 ■
16
T
h
6
2
2
3
5
Ih
8
13
2
3
10
6
2
I
n
2
I
2
6
2
15
11
lU
■
50
53
March
-
1*03
20
539
-
"
85
130
U
2
6
I
21
10
93
5
* T in d ic a te s organism s t h a t were p r e s e n t i n numbers l e s s th a n one p e r l i t e r «
n a u p l i i in c lu d e s l a r v a l form s o f b o th Cyclops and D iaptom us.
-2 3 “sam ples from F e b ru a ry u n t i l th e tre a tm e n t d a te .
C erio d ap h n ia and D ia-
phanosoma were found o n ly from June t o O cto b er, 19-36 and i n June and J u ly ,
1937 •
P ro to z o a was s c a rc e d u rin g 1936 b u t v e ry abundant from May th ro u g h
J u ly l i |, 1937•
O straco d a was s c a rc e i n a l l sam p les.
O th er organism s
^
r a r e l y e n c o u n te re d w ere: C lad o cera - A lona, D aphnia, E u ry c e rc u s, Scaphol e b r i s g R o ta to r ia - E u c h la n is , P l a t y i a s , F i l i n i a , T rid h o c e fc a l P r o t o z o a C e n tro p y x is .
C o n sid e ra b le v a r i a t i o n o c c u rre d i n th e number o f organism s ta k e n a t
th e th r e e sam pling s t a t i o n s .
S ta tio n G, lo c a te d a t th e more p r o te c te d end
o f th e pond g e n e r a lly y ie ld e d a g r e a t e r number th a n e i t h e r s t a t i o n s A 'o r B
which were more a f f e c t e d by wave a c ti o n .
d u rin g p u ls e s .
The l a r g e s t v a r i a t i o n s o c cu rred
On May 6 , 1936, numbers o f Chydorus v a r ie d from two o rg an ­
ism s p e r l i t e r a t s t a t i o n A to 222 a t s t a t i o n C and on A ugust 23, from
seven p e r l i t e r a t s t a t i o n B to 23l| a t s t a t i o n C.
The number o f n a u p lii
ran g ed from II4O p e r l i t e r a t s t a t i o n A to 1968 a t s t a t i o n C on August 10
and K e r a te lla ran g ed from 10 p e r l i t e r a t s t a t i o n C t o 867 a t s t a t i o n B on
J u ly l i t .
On May I , 19375 n a u p l i i numbers ran g ed from h3 p e r l i t e r a t
s t a t i o n B to 1I4OO a t s t a t i o n C.
Z ooplankton abundance i n t h i s pond d id n o t fo llo w any r e g u l a r p a t t e r n
d u rin g th e p e r io d A p ril 1 7 , 1936 to J u ly 1 6 , 1937«
In 1936, th e o n ly p ro ­
nounced zo o plankton p u ls e appeared in A ugust and r e s u l t e d from an in c re a s e
i n th e common g e n e ra .
s e rv e d .
In 1937, p r i o r t o tr e a tm e n t> o n ly one p u ls e was ob­
This o c c u rre d i n May and r e s u l t e d from e ru p tio n s o f n a u p lii and
D iffu lg ia .
A fte r T reatm en t.
A ll G ladocera and Copepoda d is a p p e a re d a f t e r t r e a t -
irient ( J u ly l 6 5 19!?7) and d id n o t re a p p e a r i n c o lle c tio n s u n t i l Septem ber
203 when Eosmina and C yclops were fo u n d .
to x ic to t r o u t .
At t h i s tim e th e w a te r was s t i l l
Tanner, and Hayes (195>!?) r e p o r te d t h a t zo o p lan k to n r e ­
ap p eared w h ile th e w a te r was s t i l l to x ic t o f i s h .
Hooper and' G rzenda
(1955) found t h a t th e 2lf.-hour TLm o f D aphnia was 75 tim es g r e a t e r th a n
t h a t o f th e b lu n tn o s e !minnow (Fim ephales p ro m elas) .
■ On Septem ber 20, 1957j advanced s ta g e s o f Cyclops re a p p e a re d b u t
n a u p l i i d id n o t re a p p e a r i n c o lle c tio n s u n t i l November k*
Pennak (1953)
r e p o r te d t h a t C yclops may form " c y s ts " o r "cocoons" u n d er a d v erse e n v iro n ­
m e n tal c o n d itio n s whenj i n th e copepodid s ta g e and c i t e s as an example an
abundance o f c y s ts on jLake bottom s i n midsummer p o s s ib ly i n re s p o n se to
a n a e ro b ic c o n d itio n s , ■ P resen ce o f advanced s ta g e s o f C yclops p r i o r to th e
\
appearance o f n a u p l i i may be a n o th e r in d ic a tio n o f th e fo rm a tio n o f such
c y s ts .
O straco d a d is a p p e a re d a f t e r tr e a tm e n t and d id n o t re a p p e a r b e fo re
te rm in a tio n o f t h i s ' s tu d y .
P ro to zo a were g r e a t l y red u ced fo llo w in g t r e a t ­
ment b u t d id n o t c o m p le te ly d is a p p e a r u n t i l A ugust l 5 -
They were n o t
found fo llo w in g t h i s d a te . R o tif e r s were g r e a t l y red u ced b u t n o t com pletely
e lim in a te d .
B rachlonus was found im m ed iately a f t e r tre a tm e n t and th ro u g h
Septem ber 7> 1957 when i t d is a p p e a re d and was n o t e n co u n te re d a fte rw a rd s .
F o ly a r th r a and K e r a te lla d isa p p e a re d a f t e r tre a tm e n t, b u t re a p p e a re d in
th e c o l l e c t i o n on August 1 5 , 1957 Bottom Organisms
B efo re T reatm ent.
T endipedidae and-T u b ific id a e were th e m ost abund-
-2 5 -
a n t organism s p r i o r t o tr e a tm e n t.
They were p re s e n t in a p p ro x im a te ly
e q u a l numbers b u t T endipedidae c o n s ti tu te d a l a r g e r volume (T able V ).
D uring th e p e rio d June 25 to Septem ber 19, 19563 th e numbers o f in d iv id u a ls
in b o th f a m ilie s rem ained n e a r ly c o n s ta n t b u t were n o tic e a b ly red u ced i n
th e May and J u ly c o ll e c t i o n s o f 1957?
O ther organism s o c c a s io n a lly en ­
c o u n te re d w ere; H em iptera - N o to n e cta j G astro p o d a - Gyra u lti s-ahd Physaj
C o le o p te ra - H a lip lu s ; E phem eroptera - T ric o ry th o d e s g T ric h o p te ra Phryganea .
A fte r T rea tm e n t.
N e ith e r T endipedidae n o r T u b ific id a e e x h ib ite d any
n o tic e a b le r e d u c tio n fo llo w in g tr e a tm e n t.
T endipedidae in c r e a s e d s l i g h t l y
and rem ained n e a r ly c o n s ta n t in number th ro u g h o u t th e rem ain d er o f th e
s tu d y .
T his i s n o t irj. a c c o rd w ith th e fin d in g s o f o th e r i n v e s t i g a t o r s ,
' Hooper and Grzenda (1955) r e p o r te d t h a t a la r g e p o r tio n o f th e b en th o s was
k i l l e d w ith in one month fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t i n two M ichigan la k e s .
Cush­
in g and O liv e (1956) r e p o r te d t h a t no l i v i n g T endipedidae la r v a e were
.. p r e s e n t i n c o ll e c t i o n s th r e e days fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t.
F a ilu r e o f T en d i-
p ed id ae t o d ie i n o u r p onds may have r e s u l t e d from in flo w in g s p rin g s in
. th e b o tto m s.
T u b ific id a e were ta k e n i n a p p ro x im a te ly th e same number
seven days a f t e r tr e a tm e n t as th r e e days p r i o r t o tr e a tm e n t. They i n ­
­
c re a s e d g r e a t l y i n abundance ..Sit days (A ugust 1 9 , 195?) a f t e r tr e a tm e n t.
An In c re a s e i n abundance o f T u b ific id a e a f t e r tre a tm e n t w ith toxapherie Was
r e p o r te d by C ushing and O liv e (1 9 5 6 ).
P la n t In h a b itin g Organisms
B efore T rea tm e n t.
G astropoda was th e m ost numerous group o f Organ-
Table V.
Number" and volum e. (cc) o f bottom organism s p e r sq u are f o o t in th e E a s t, M iddle
and W est Ponds b e fo re .a n d a f t e r tre a tm e n t.
■-
- "
E a s t Pond"
T u b ific id a e
T endipedldae
V o l.
No.
No,
Vole
- ■D a te •
61
T%
0 .0 7
6/25/5(3 50
T
7 /2 3 /5 6 82 0 ,2
17
66
0 .0 7
8 /1 7 /5 6 80 0 .3
9 /1 9 /5 6 8U 0 .7 132
0.07
-SHSf0
0 .0
5 /1 0 /5 7 12
T
•10
7 /1 3 /5 7 l b O il
toxapliene
7 /1 6 /5 7
B efore
M iddle Pond
T endipedidae
T u b ific id a e
D ate ' No. V o l. ■No.- V o l.
0 .1 6
206
6/ 21/56 5li 0.3 3
O
.ll;
7 /1 9 /5 6 llt3 0 .9 9
iU5
0
.2
6
26I1
8 /1 5 /5 6 103 0.5 3
9 /9 /5 6
79 0 .9 9
33P
0 .3 3
■JHfr
5 /1 8 /5 7 55
**
2h
82
O.I16
132
0 .1 3
7 /1 2 /5 7
Ghem-Fish S p e c ia l
7 /1 7 /5 7
lffc e r
0 .0 6
53
7 /2 3 /5 7 70 0 .3 3
59li
o .5 9
8 /1 9 /5 7 206 1 .2 0
9 /1 7 /5 7 P ro -N o x fish
1 0 /1 7 /5 7 toxaphene
A fte r
201
1 .2 0
1 1 /1 5 /5 7 26 0 .20
2.18
3 /2 8 /5 8
5 0 .0 7 1089
West Pond
Tendipedidae
T u b ific id a e
Nb.
Date
No. V b l.
V ol.
6/ 20/56
20
T
60 0 .0 9
8 /1 3 /5 6
9 /H i/5 6
5 /2 0 /5 7
7 /1 2 /5 7
7 /1 8 /5 7
102 1 .2 5 ' 2bh '
0
77 0 .5 9
0
62 **
91 0 .2 6 1037
P ro -N o x fish
0 . 2b
0 .0
0 .0
1.U5
7 /2 3 /5 7
8 /1 9 /5 7
28 0 .1 9
193 1 .5 8
297
858
0.30
0 .8 6
1 1 /1 5 /5 7
3 /2 8 /5 8
175 i .0 9
238 1 .1 2
858
0 .8 6
0 .0
-
7 /2 3 /5 7
8 /1 9 /5 7
7
39
0 .2
0 .7
m
132
T
0.8 0
1 2 /1 9 /5 7
3 /2 8 /5 8
23
31
0 .2
0 .3
396
330
2 . IiO
2.8 0
#
E ess th a n Qa05> c c .
Organisms p a r t i a l l y decomposed, volumes n o t d eterm in ed .
0.
-2 7 -
ism s e n c o u n te re d , w h ile G yranlns and Eymnaea were th e m ost abundant g e n e ra
(T able V i ) .
G yranlns re a c h e d maximum abundance i n A ugust, 195>6 and m in i­
mum in J u ly , 19!?7‘
Lymnaea was m ost abundant i n O cto b er, 1956 and l e a s t
abundant i n May, 1957 •
Fhysa was most numerous in A ugust b u t reach ed i t s
g r e a t e s t volume i n O c to b er, 1956»
I t was a b se n t from c o l l e c t i o n s in May
b u t re a p p e a re d i n J u ly , 1957$ j u s t p r i o r t o tr e a tm e n t.
Is c h n u ra (O donata) was most numerous b u t o f minimum volume 'In August
and S eptem ber, 1956, when la r g e numbers o f young in d iv id u a ls were p r e s e n t.
I t s maximum volume was e n co u n te re d i n J u ly , 1957, when a r e l a t i v e l y sm a ll
number o f sub-im agos was p r e s e n t.
W aididae (O lig b c h a e ta ) was p r e s e h t o n ly i n August and Septem ber, 1956
w ith maximum numbers o c c u rrin g i n th e l a t t e r m onth.
T en d ip ed id ae (D ip te ra )
was v e ry abundant i n 1956 b u t was n o t found i n 1957 sam p les.
Odonata and
G astropoda were th e o n ly groups o f organism s p r e s e n t on J u ly 13, 1957,
th r e e days p r i o r t o tr e a tm e n t.
■ A fte r T re a tm e n t.
A re d u c ed number o f g a stro p o d s was fo u n d i n sam ples
e i g h t days fo llo w in g tr e a tm e n t.
A f te r J u ly 2it, a l l g e n e ra o f t h i s group
in c re a s e d and on March 2It, 1958, t h e i r combined t o t a l volume exceeded t h a t
f o r any tim e p r i o r t o tr e a tm e n t.
ta k e n fo llo w in g tr e a tm e n t.
O donata d id n o t a p p ea r in , any samples
The absence o f O lig o c h a e ta , Amphipoda, D iptera,.
C o le o p te ra , E phem eroptera and T ric h o p te ra i n c o lle c tio n s ta k e n a f t e r t r e a t ­
ment i s n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ' s in c e th e y were n o t p r e s e n t in th e sample ta k e n
im m e d ia te ly p r i o r t o tre a tm e n t. .
T able V I.
Mimber and" volum e' ( c e ) o f p l a n t i n h a b i t i n g o rg an ism s p e r k ilo g ra m o f subm erged
a q u a t ic v e g e t a t i o n i n th e E a s t Pond b e f o r e and a f t e r tr e a tm e n t w ith to x a p h e n e .
•Rp.fWA •
-
After*
8 /3 /#
9 /3 /5 6 1 0 /2 7 /5 6 5 /2 0 /5 7 7/ 13/57
No. V o l. No. V o l. No. V o l. No. V o l. No. V o l.
Os
Organism
M phipoda "
H y a lle la
68 T
C o le o p te r a ’
T
S te n e lm is
12 T
£
T
D ip te r a ’•
T endipedidae # 5 0 .3 309 T
Ephemeroptera
B a e t is ' "
5 T
T r ie oryth od es h2 T
h2 T
Gastropoda
GyrauJus
5U3' 0 .9 li5o 0 .5 256 0 .3
10 T
56 T
Lymnaea
232 0 .9
61
T
Physa
1*2 0 .3
37 T
O donata """
285 0 .7 283 0 .5 125 0.1*
Ischnura
O lig o c h a e ta
N aid id ae
h7 T 3 lh 3 0 .5
T rich o p tera
O e c e tis
5 T
T•
16
Phryganea
7 /2 V 5 7 8 /2 3 /5 7 * 1 2 /9 /5 7 3 /2 8 /5 7
No. V ol / No. V ole N o. V o l. No. Vol'.
239
**
123 * *
65
0 0 .0
33 0 .2
83 T
25 T
--
136
17
21
8
T •61*
T
T
61 0 .8
T 1107 1 .1
60 0 .5
151* 0 .3
97 3 .9
.
5
i
58 1.1*
* ■T in d ic a t e s t r a c e ;
' ~
-XiE Organisms s t a r t in g to decompose and volum es n o t determ ined.
-2 9 -
M iddle Pond
D e s c rip tio n
The M iddle Pond i s 23 y e a rs o ld , d re d g in g h a v in g .b e e n com pleted i n
193!?.
I t h as a s u rfa c e a re a o f 2 0.3 a c r e s , a volume o f a p p ro x im a te ly 183
a c re f e e t , a maximum d e p th o f 18 f e e t and mean d ep th o f n in e f e e t .
The
h e ig h t o f th e sh o re v a r ie s from one t o ab o u t l £ f e e t above th e s u rfa c e o f
th e w a ter and i s g e n e r a lly over s i x f e e t i n h e ig h t.
The b o tto m i s q u ite
r e g u la r i n s p i t e o f d re d g in g and i s composed o f a la r g e amount o f muck
and s m a lle r amounts o f sand and c o a rse g r a v e l.
The s u rfa c e w a ter f l u c t u ­
a te d 13 in c h e s in 19i?6 and 23 in c h e s in '1957.
The predom inant sh o re v e g e ta tio n i s K entucky b lu e g r a s s .
Emergent
a q u a tic v e g e ta tio n in c lu d e d g r e a t b u llr u s h a n d . c a t t a i l Tihich o ccu r alo n g
a b o u t 90 p e r c e n t o f th e s h o r e lin e .
Submerged v e g e ta tio n i s found over
most o f th e bottom and c o n s is ts l a r g e l y o f s to n e w o rt, sago pondweed, w ater
m i l f o i l and s m a ll amounts o f w h ite -w a te r crow foot (Ranunculus c i r c i n a t u s ) .
The o n ly known f i s h in tr o d u c tio n ( 2,1410 f iv e - in c h rain b o w tr o u t )
o c c u rre d i n May, 19^1.
s tu d y .
Mo t r o u t o f any s p e c ie s was found d u rin g t h i s
The f i s h found in c lu d e d larg em o u th b la c k b a s s , b la c k c ra p p ie ,
y e llo w p e rc h , w h ite s u c k e r, c a rp and n o rth e rn brown b u llh e a d ( M e iu ru s
n e b u lo su s ) .
C e n tra rc h id s and y ello w p e rc h were presumed t o have been
in tro d u c e d as u n re c o rd e d s t a t e p la n ts o r a s u n o f f i c i a l tr a n s p l a n t s from
th e E a s t Pond.
C arp, w h ite su ck e r and n o r th e r n brown b u llh e a d may have
been in tro d u c e d by b a i t fis h e rm e n . ,
-3 0 F ish E r a d ic a tio n
T his pond was t r e a t e d w ith th r e e d i f f e r e n t com m ercial t o x ic a n t s , a l ­
though p la n s c a l l e d f o r th e u se o f Chem -Fish S p e c ia l o n ly .
L iv e f i s h were
found a f t e r tr ea tm en t w ith Chem-Fish S p e c ia l and P r o -N o x fish , th u s r e ­
q u ir in g a t h ir d trea tm en t (to x a p h en e) f o r a com plete k i l l .
F i r s t T reatm ent.
On J u ly 1 7 5 ■1%>7, Chem-Fish S p e c ia l was u sed a t a
c o n c e n tr a tio n o f a p p ro x im a tely 0*7 ppm.
T his t o x ic a n t c o n ta in e d
p er
c e n t r o te n o n e , 11 p er c e n t o th er cube e x t r a c t i v e s and 83.5 p er cen t in e r t
in g r e d i e n t s .
A p p lic a tio n began a t 7 :3 0 a.m . and was com p leted a t 10:0 0
-
a.m.
D is t r e s s r e s u l t i n g from r o te n o n e , i . e . in c r e a se d movement o f f i s h
in c lu d in g lu n g e s from th e w a ter in an apparent e f f o r t t o g u lp a i r , were,
ob served w ith in IJ? m inutes a f t e r th e s t a r t o f a p p lic a t io n .
F if t e e n
m in u tes l a t e r , a la r g e number o f b l u e g i l l s were ob served ly in g on t h e ir
s id e s n ear d e a th , a t th e s u r fa c e o f th e w a te r .
In o rd er t o determ ine e f f e c t i v e p e n e t r a t io n , f i s h were suspended"in
w ire ca g es a t d ep th s as f o l l o w s : f i v e f e e t - two b l u e g i l l s , one largem outh
b la c k b a s s , one w h ite su c k e r 3 te n f e e t - f i v e b l u e g i l l s , one largem outh
b la c k b a s s , one w h ite su c k e r 3 19 f e e t - two b l u e g i l l s , one w h ite su ck er.
One o f th e b l u e g i l l s i n th e cage a t f i v e f e e t was found dead one hour
a f t e r th e s t a r t o f a p p lic a t io n and l 5 m in u tes l a t e r th e o th e r had d ie d .
Two hours a f t e r th e s t a r t o f a p p lic a t io n , a l l f i s h i n th e cage a t te n f e e t
and one b l u e g i l l and one w h ite su ck er i n th e cage a t 19 f e e t were found
d ead .
These were t h e l a s t f i s h to d ie in any o f th e c a g e s .
The suck er in
th e cage a t f i v e f e e t was ly i n g on i t s back fo u r hours a f t e r th e s t a r t o f
-3 1 -
a p p lic a tio n b u t appeared norm al 20 h o u rs l a t e r .
This f i s h rem ained a liv e
f o r 20 days a f t e r tr e a tm e n t (tim e o f th e l a s t o b s e r v a tio n ) .
S ix hours a f t e r th e s t a r t o f a p p lic a tio n and on o th e r o c c a s io n s ,p r i o r
>
t o th e second tr e a tm e n ts s m a ll numbers o f c e n t r a r c h i d s 'were observ ed
swimming among th e v e g e ta tio n .
I t ap p eared t h a t th e to x ic a n t d id n o t
p e n e tr a te v e g e ta tiv e a re a s i n ' s u f f i c i e n t c o n c e n tra tio n s to k i l l a l l f i s h .
One and o n e -h a lf days (60 m an-hours) were s p e n t in re c o v e rin g dead
fis h .
Only th o s e f i s h w hich came t o th e s u rfa c e d u rin g t h a t tim e and
th o s e in sh a llo w w a ter ( l e s s th a n th r e e f e e t i n d e p th ) were re c o v e re d .
B lu e g ills were th e m ost abundant s p e c ie s fo u n d fo llo w ed i n o rd e r by
y e llo w perch, b la c k crappie and larg em o u th b la c k bass ( Table l ) .
The
n u m e ric al r e l a t i o n s h i p o f th e s e f i s h i n th e above o rd e r was 3 3 : 3 2 : 2 :1 and
t h e i r w e ig h t r e l a t i o n s h i p was 1 1 :7 :1 :2 .
Numbers o f c a r p s w h ite su ck e rs
and n o r th e r n brown b u llh e a d s a re n o t in c lu d e d i n th e t a b l e s in c e o n ly a
few in d iv id u a ls o f th e s e s p e c ie s were k i l l e d and c o n se q u e n tly re c o v e re d .
Second T re a tm e n t.
On Septem ber IT 5 1937? t h i s pond was t r e a t e d w ith
Piro-N oxfish a t a c o n c e n tra tio n o f a p p ro x im a te ly 0 .9 3 ppm.
This to x ic a n t
i s known to c o n ta in 2*3 p e r c e n t ro te n o n e } 2*3 p e r c e n t s u lfo x id e and
o th e r cube e x t r a c t i v e s .
B l u e g i l l s 5 b la c k C ra p p ie s5 larg em o u th b la c k
b a s s 5 white, su c k e rs and n o rth e rn brown b u llh e a d s were k i l l e d b y t h i s
,tr e a tm e n t.
No c e n tr a r c h id s were o b serv ed dying a f t e r th e d a y o f a p p li­
c a ti o n and no su c k e rs were o bserv ed t o d ie a f t e r th e second day b u t
n o rth e rn brown b u llh e a d s c o n tin u e d t o d ie f o r th r e e days fo llo w in g
tr e a tm e n t.
S ix days a f t e r tre a tm e n t (Septem ber 23} 5 f iv e brown t r o u t were
-3 2 p la c e d i n ca g es and suspended in th e pond.
F iv e days l a t e r , th e s e f i s h
had d ie d and th e pond was c o n sid e r e d s t i l l t o x ic t o t r o u t .
t r o u t were ag a in suspended in th e pond.
Qn October 1 1 ,
These were s t i l l l i v i n g s i x days
l a t e r and th e pond was c o n sid e r e d n o n -to x ic t o t r o u t .
O b serv a tio n s and f i s h i n g e f f o r t , i . e . th r e e Ij.8-hour g i l l n e t s e t s , .
showed no l i v i n g c e n tr a r c h id s b u t numerous l i v e w h ite su ck ers and n o rth ern
brown b u llh e a d s were fou n d.
Third T reatm ent. ■ S in c e n o rth ern brown b u llh e a d s and w h ite su ck ers
su r v iv e d th e two p r e v io u s tr e a tm e n ts , th e pond was t r e a t e d w ith to xap h en e.
The c o n c e n tr a tio n u sed was ap p ro x im a tely 0«,17 ppm.
Three weeks fo llo w in g
tr e a tm e n t, fo u r li8-hour and two 72-h ou r g i l l n e t s e t s - r e v e a le d no l i v i n g
fis h .
This pond was l a s t t e s t e d on May 3 1 , 1938 and found t o be s t i l l
t o x i c t o t r o u t (7 .3 m onths) .
H em phill (1933) r e p o r te d t h a t a lk a lin e
w aters t r e a t e d w ith toxaphene in A rizon a were s a f e l y r e s to c k e d w ith r a i n ­
bow t r o u t fo u r weeks f o llo w in g tre a tm e n t.
Tanner and Hayes (1933) on t h e
o th er hand rep o rte d t h a t an a lk a lin e la k e t r e a t e d w ith t h i s ch em ical in
•
Colorado rem ained t o x i c f o r a t l e a s t sev en m onths.
P h y s ic a l and C hem ical C h a r a c t e r is t ic s
B efore T rea tm e n t.
D uring th e summer and f a l l o f 1936, th e l i m i t o f
v i s i b i l i t y (s e c c h i d is c ) averaged 6 .2 f e e t and was lo w e st i n th e f a l l .
During th e s p rin g and summer o f 1937 i t av erag ed 8 .8 f e e t .
T u rb id ity was '
n o t d eterm in ed d u r in g .1936 b u t was g e n e r a lly l e s s . t h a n 7»0 ppm SiOg in
193?»
The t u r b i d i t y im m ed iately p r i o r t o tre a tm e n t was 3 ®8 ppm.
D uring th e summer o f 1936, oxygen c o n c e n tra tio n s and p h e n o lp th a le in
‘- 3 3 -
a l k a l i n i t y were h ig h e r and m ethyl orange a l k a l i n i t y lo w er in s u rfa c e w a te r
th a n a t th e 1 ^ -f o o t depth (T able VTl),. S t r a t i f i c a t i o n a ls o o c cu rred to a
l e s s e r e x te n t d u rin g th e w in te r „
Oxygen s a tu r a ti o n v a lu e s d u rin g 19^6
were u s u a l l y l e s s th a n 100 p e r c e n t.
M ethyl o ra n g e ' a l k a l i n i t y av erag ed
n e a r 200 ppm and th e pH ra n g e was 8«,2-8*8.
No p h e n o lp th a le in a l k a l i n i t y
was found d u rin g th e s p rin g o f 1956 and th e w in te r o f 1 9 5 6 -7 .
In o rg a n ic n itr o g e n and p h o sp h ate s were p r e s e n t in th e fo llo w in g
.
am ounts: June 20, 1956 - n itr o g e n , 0 .0 7 ppm and p h osphate 0 .2 0 ppm; Nd- '
vernier 7, 1956 - n itr o g e n , 0*21 and p h o s p h a te , 0 .0 0 ; March 2Ij., 1957 n itr o g e n , 0 .1 0 and p h o s p h a te , 0 . 0 6 ,.
A fte r T re a tm e n t.
F ollow ing tre a tm e n t w ith Chem-Fish S p e c ia l, th e
l i m i t o f v i s i b i l i t y in c re a s e d m arkedly.
The average a f t e r tre a tm e n t was
i t . 3 f e e t as compared w ith 8 .8 f e e t b e f o r e ,
No change was o b serv ed
fo llo w in g tr e a tm e n t w ith P ro -N o x fish .' However, a f t e r tr e a tm e n t w ith to x a phene a s e c c h i disc''W as v i s i b l e a t th e b o tto m .
The av erag e t u r b i d i t i e s ,
ppm S iO p,were as fo llo w s ; Chem-Fish S p e c ia l - 1 .7 5 ; P ro -N o x fish - 2 .3 5 ;
toxaphene - 0 .8 5 .
NO im p o rta n t change Was observed i n in o rg a n ic n itr o g e n
o r p h o sp h ate s fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t w ith Chem-Fish S p e c ia l.
Be te rm in a tio n s
on A ugust 19> 1957 showed n i t r a t e s to be 0 .0 8 ppm a n d .p h o sp h ate 0 .0 6 ppm.
P h y to p lan k to n
B efore T rea tm e n t.
C hrysophyta was th e .p re d o m in a n t group o f alg ae
(T able VITI,). D inobryon was th e most numerous r e p r e s e n ta tiv e b e in g found
d u rin g most o f th e open w a te r p e rio d .
O c to b er, 1956.
I t peaked i n August and a g a in in
Diatoms were a ls o p r e s e n t d u rin g most o f th e open w a te r 1
Table VIX.-
Range o f p h y s ic a l and ch em ical p r o p e r tie s o f th e M d d le Fond b e fo re and
a f t e r tr e a tm e n t.
D epth.
(fe e t)
-
■-
S p rin g
Summer
12-75
86-107
76-88
U7-78
36-61*
7-15
o4i
0-16
0-20
0
0
Oxygen p e r c e n t
s a tu ra tio n
0
15
P h e n o lp th a le in
a l k a l i n i t y (ppm)
0
15
M ethyl Orange
a l k a l i n i t y (ppm)
0
15
207-226 191-217
pH
0
i5
8.2-8.8
-
-
0
.15
-
ee
- •
'
'
S p rin g
8 .0 -8 .7
-
8 -1 2
i-i5
■
1 .9 - 1 2 .0
2.6-6.0
__5T-9 __
5—6
'6 /2 0 /5 6 1 1 /7 /5 6 3 /2 5 /5 7 ' 0 .0 ?
0 .2 1
0 .1 0
0.20
0.0
0.06
A fte r
Summer
F a ll
9 9 -1 2 5 1 0 3 -1 1 2
6 1 -9 9
83-128
7 . 8-8.5 8 . 2 - 9 . 0
7 .3 -8 .0 7 .2 -8 .6
-
Summer
8 1 -1 2 7
1 8 0 - 2 0 2 205-2ltl 1 9 5 - 2 1 0
1 6 0 - 2 3 5 1 9 2 - 2 0 0 2 05-21*5 195-215
CO
O
NOd
FOti
6-6
0
CO
S e c c h i d is c
(fe e t)
6 2 -9 7
=
IO
T u r b id ity
(ppm SiOg)
58-131
B efore
F a ll M n te r
66-96
■
16-21*
5-10
0 -2 3
1 8 -2 0
89-126
8 9 -1 1 5
M n te r
100-105
79-107
2 5 -3 0
2 1 -3 2
22-30
10-32
186-188 151-185 182-190 .185-200
196-200 1 7 6 - 1 9 3 182-195 185-205
7.0-8.7 8 . 2 - 8 . 8
8 .1 -8 .6 8.2-8.7
8 .2 - 8 .8
8 .2 - 8 .8
1 .3 -2 .2 1 .1-2.6
2.5-1*.3 1.5-2.2 1 . 6 - 3 . 9
1 .9 - 2 .5
5-10
. 8-1X
■
0 /1 9 /5 7
0 .0 8
0.06
10-18
10-16
8 .2 - 8 .8
8 .3 - 8 .9
o@5—
i.o 1
0 .7 -1 . 2 ^
18
Table V I I l .
■- ■ •
Number of" pHyfcoplankters p er l i t e r o f w ater in th e Middle. Pond b efo re and
a f t e r tr e a tm e n t.
1956
A p r il
”
May" June
B efore
1
J h l y - Aug. " S ep t.
~
“
ON
£
Chlofdphyta""
C lo ste riu m
8
52t
C lo s t e r io p s is
36
Cosmarium
8
35
G lo e o c y s tis
h
P e d ia stfu m "
Scenedesmus
2
-■
S ta u ra s tfu m
8
26
M ougeotia
81
123
Oedogonxum
16
S p iro g y ra
78
3
Zygnema
10
97 l,9W i
69
390
U n id e n tifie d
5o
171
39
Sh
C hrysdphyta'
Chrysdphyceae
B lnobryoh
15
hi
151
3 ,h 9 h
B a c illa rio p h y c e a e
C d sc in o d isc ac ea e
28
52
C ym bellaceae
58
138
230
182
35
F r a g ila r ia c e a e
51*2
11*521
132
56 ■ 261;
Gomphdnemataceae
IOlt
33
N av ieu laceae
318
156
2,073
391
lli3
S u r ir e lla c e a e
P y rro p h y ta
C eratium
38 2 .6 9 1 3 ,1 1 9
5
355
P e rid in iu m
8
8
C yanophyta
Cylindrospermum
52
h3
N o d u la ria
33
13
Q s c illa to ria
32
8
5
35
35
”
“
~
'
“
! — ---'1957
Nov. ' D e c W S u Febl MA^ch IprT
”
O ct.
"
'
" ' "
■
.
8
28
8
8
8
8
IOlt
8
329
12
39
8
216 33,lt25 1,618
208
292
lt2
121
Iltl11
117
26
361t
8
. 33
8
8
52
26
26
3 ltl
5 ,0 8 3
87
1 ,7 2 9
8
Table VIIX (C ontinued)
; '
"
- ''
Chlorbphyta""
C Io steriu m
G lo e o c y s tis
S ta u ra s tru m
Mougebtia""
Oedogbnium
S p iro g y ra
Zygnema "
U n id e n tifie d
C h ry so p h y ta‘
Chrys ophyce ae
D inobryon
B a c iila rio p h y c e a e
C o sc in o d isc ac ea e
. C ym bellaceae
F r a g ii a r i a c e a e
N av icu laceae
S u r i r e l l a c e ae
P y rro p h y ta
C eratium
P e rid in iu m
Cyanophyta
N o d u la ria
O s c illa to ria
B efore
1957
May June ■ J u ly
A fte r
19^8
Augo
Septo
Octe
Ne
8
8
8
h8
8
h
7b
h
35
8
8
69
35
17
8
100
b
8
8
26
82
22
78
152
b3
k76
130
199
b
251
199
152
8
35
h3
lt5 l
30
2,739
35
555
8
16
b3
3k
8
U
156
17
52
io i
h
17
52
3h
521k . 31
962
915
200
b
33b
17
b8
98
.
16
52
-3.7- .
p e r io d and rea ch ed t h e i r g r e a t e s t abundance in A p r il5 1956 and March5 .1957«
The n e x t most abundant group was Pyrrophyta w ith Ceratium b e in g p re­
dom inant.
I t was p r e s e n t from A p r il through November5 1956 and May-
through O ctober, 1957°
C h lorop h yta5 r e p r e se n te d l a r g e l y by fila m e n to u s
a lg a e , was most abundant in May5 1956.
Cyanophyta was r a r e ly en co u n tered .
The abundance o f p h ytop lan k ton v a r ie d ■c o n s id e r a b ly b etw een th e th r e e
sam pling s t a t i o n s .
area ( S t a . C ).
I n d iv id u a ls were most abundant in th e more p r o te c te d
Peaks o f abundance occu rred in 't h e s p r in g , summer and faLL
Those o ccu rr in g in th e s p r in g r e s u lt e d from in c r e a se d numbers o f
I
F r a g i la r i a c e a e : and N a v i c u l a c e a e i n th e summer from Dinobryon and
C eratium j in th e f a l l from C eratium .
Phytoplankton was n ot encou n tered
i n sam ples ta k en d u rin g February5 1957°
A fte r T reatm ent.
1
L i t t l e q u a lit a t iv e change occu rred i n most p h y to ­
p lan k ton fo llo w in g trea tm en t w ith Chem-Fish S p e c ia l.
C eratium was a b sen t
from th e sample tak en lU days f o llo w in g trea tm en t but was p r e s e n t in th e
sample o b ta in ed 29 days a f t e r tr e a tm e n t.
Brown and B a ll (19U3), Smith •
(1939-ho) and Hooper (19I48) r e p o r te d l i t t l e e f f e c t on most groups o f
p h ytop lan k ton from th e u se o f d e r r i s .
In t h i s stu d y most groups e x h ib ite d
r e d u c tio n s fo llo w in g trea tm en t w ith P ro -N o x fish and toxaphene b u t th e s e
are n o t s i g n i f i c a n t s in c e s im ila r r e d u c tio n s occu rred d u rin g th e same
p e r io d o f 1 9 5 6 .
Zooplankton
B efore T reatm ent.
R o t if e r s were predom inant w ith K e r a te lla th e most
abundant r e p r e s e n t a t iv e ( Table I X ). ,
The l a t t e r was p r e s e n t i n a l l
Table IX .
-
Clado'cera"
Bosmiha
C erio d ap h n ia
Chydoms
D aphnia
"Diaphanosoma
Copepoda '
C yclops
Diaptoirius
n a u p lii
R o ta to r ia
A splanchha
R ilin ia
K e r a te lla
Eecahe
E e p a d e lla
N otholca
P e d a Iia ""
Pomphblyx ?
P o ly a rth ra •
T r ic h o c e rba
T e s tu d in e lla ?
P ro to z o a
D if f u lg ia
O straco d a
*
■1956
A p ril
May
June
13
T*
6
21
T
3
B efore
32
3k
.iu
12
T
2
T
16
37
50
55
159
18
583
6
22
10
788
•I
2
T
2
T
5
31
It
I
T'
2it
T
2
T
L ess than one p er l i t e r .
2
T
J u ly
O ct,
Dec.
1957
Jah.
7
17
12
It
March
—
6
18
17
7
3
7lt
Nov.
—
16
T
8
T
15
10
T
T
T
62.
37
8
7
37
It5
98
38
ItO
71
Itl
l6
9
12
2
63
12
I
10
T
16
T
13
T
15
19lt
65
80
T
11
T
I
57
9
13
68
6
It
77
T
73
3
?
h
8
236
75
It
13
3
3
8
ItO
T
72
T
3
3
30 . 3
11
29
I
T
T
2
k
T
S e p t.
I
. . .
Ifiuhber o f zo o p la n k ters p er l i t e r o f w ater i n th e M iddle Pond b e fo r e and a f t e r
tr e a tm e n t.
TT
T•
5
2
7
T
Feb.
3 :
A p ril
32
I
73
29
5It
T
T
6
3lt
7
T
T
I
2
I
'
T able 3X ( C o n tin u e d ) .
B efore
' 1957
May June
C lad o cera
Bosmina
C erio d ap h n ia
Chydorus
D aphnia
Copepdda
'C yclops
n a u p lii
R o ta to r ia
.Asplanchna
K e r a te lla
Eecahe- '
L e p a d e lla
N otholca
F o ly a rth ra
T e s tu d in e lla ?
P ro to z o a
"D if f u lg ia
Q straco d a
-•
■
-
J u ly
‘ Aug.
S e p t.
h7
63
T*
I
11
It
5
I
I
19
T
T
16
3
T
18
39
22
h6
33
12
53
7
66
I
13
h
2
12
T
IlU
T
58
. 98
2
3
3
T
96
O ct.
A fte r■
1958 ■
Not . J a n . F eb.
2
b
March
" '
A p ril
T
■
T
58
'
85
T
T
51t
81t
T
107
I
--
-
L ess th a n one p e r l i t e r .
I
T
T
T
T
U
T
I
8
20
I
V
V
29
I
3U
.70
10
T
T
T
1
-Los amples b u t was m ost numerous i n A p r il, May and November, 19^6 and No­
vem ber, 1997-
A splanchna and P o ly a rth ra were p re s e n t in most sam ples-
The form er re a c h e d peak abundance i n A p r il, 1996 and th e l a t t e r in O ctober,
1996 and J u ly , 1997«
N o th o lca and F i l i n i a were m ost abundant i n th e
s p rin g w h ile T e s tu d in e lla , T ric h o c e rc a and Pompholyx were m ost numerous i n
th e summers.
The l a t t e r two were p r e s e n t o n ly i n 1996.
C yclops was th e predom inant copepod, b e in g p r e s e n t i n a l l sam ples.
L a rg e s t numbers o c c u rre d i n A ugust, 1996 and Jan u a ry and J u l y / 1997.
Bos-
inina was th e o n ly c la d o c e ra n p r e s e n t i n a l l sam ples and was m ost numerous
i n Ju n e, 1997.
C erio d ap h n ia and Chydorus were p re s e n t i n th e s p rin g and
summer w h ile N aphnia and Niaphanosoma were p r e s e n t o n ly i n th e summer.
In
1997, Niaphanosoma was a b se n t and N aphnia was s c a rc e .
N o tic e a b le v a r i a t i o n s in abundance o f zo o p lan k to n o c c u rre d between
th e th r e e sam pling s t a t i o n s .
C la d o c e ra and R o ta to r ia were most abundant
a t s t a t i o n A, w h ile th e number o f Oopepoda was about th e same a t a l l
s ta tio n s .
Two z o o p lan k to n p u ls e s were o b serv ed i n 1996.
The l a r g e r o ccu rred
d u rin g th e p e rio d A p ril l k t o May I and r e s u l t e d from in c re a s e d numbers o f
K e r a te lla and A sp lan ch n a.
The s m a lle r o c c u rre d in November and r e s u lte d
from la r g e numbers o f K e r a te lla and N i f f u l g i a .
A p u ls e was a ls o observed
i n J u ly , 1997 w hich r e s u l t e d from e ru p tio n s o f K e r a te lla and P o ly a r th r a .
O th er organism s r a r e l y e n co u n te re d w ere: R o ta to r ia - B ra ch io n u s, ''
E u c h la n is , L ecane, L e p a d e lla and S y n c h a eta j Copepoda - Niaptom us j P ro to ­
zoa - C e n tro p y x is .
A f te r T reatm en t.
F o u rtee n days fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t w ith Chem-Fish
- I llS p e c ia ls Bosminaj C yclops3 K e r a te lla and F o ly a r th r a were much re d u c e d .
Tw enty-nine days a f t e r tre a tm e n t, Bosmina had r e tu rn e d to i t s form er
abundance and th e o th e r organism s showed an in c r e a s e .
Brown and B a ll
(IpllB )3 Sm ith (l939-llO ) and Hooper (19I48) r e p o r te d sh arp re d u c tio n s i n
C la d o ce ra and Copepoda and w ith v a r ia b le r e s u l t s in th e R o ta to r ia fo llo w ­
in g tre a tm e n t w ith d e r r i s .
A fte r tre a tm e n t w ith P ro -N o x fish 3 C lad o cera d is a p p e a re d and was ab­
s e n t from a l l l a t e r c o l l e c t i o n s .
g r e a t l y re d u c e d .
Copepoda3 P ro to z o a and R o ta to r ia were
Of th e l a t t e r gro u p , A sp lan ch n a, K e r a t e l l a 3 P o ly a rth ra
and T e s tu d in e lla were a b se n t i n sam ples p r i o r t o tre a tm e n t w ith to x a p h e n e .
E ig h te e n days a f t e r tre a tm e n t w ith toxaphene no zooplankton was found in
sam p les.
The f i r s t s ig n o f re c o v e ry by. organism s was o b serv ed 83 days
(Ja n u a ry 1 0, 1938) fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t when a s in g le in d iv id u a l o f P o ly a r t h r a was fo u n d .
K e r a te lla and C yclops f i r s t re a p p e a re d in c o lle c tio n s
138 days (March 2!4) fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t and D i f f u l g i a 3' 1?3 days (A p ril ll) »
Bottom Organisms
B efore T rea tm e n t.
T endipedidae and T u b ific id a e were th e most abund­
a n t organism s (T able V ). .
T endipedidae f lu c tu a te d s l i g h t l y p r i o r to
tre a tm e n t w ith Chem-Fish S p e c ia l b u t was m ost numerous i n J u l y , 1936 and
l e a s t numerous in May, 1937.
to Septem ber 9, 1936.
abundant i n Ma.y, 1937«
T u b ific id a e in c re a s e d s l i g h t l y from June 21
I t was most abundant in Septem ber, 1936 and l e a s t
Chaoborus was r a r e l y found i n c o l l e c t i o n s .
I
A fte r T re a tm e n t.
The number o f T endipedidae and T u b ific id a e showed a
d e c re a se s i x days a f t e r tre a tm e n t w ith Chem-Fish S p e c ia l.
About tw ice as
many in d iv id u a ls o f th e s e f a m ilie s were p r e s e n t 37 days a f t e r tre a tm e n t as
im m ed iately p r i o r to i t .
. No in fo rm a tio n on th e e f f e c t s o f P ro -N o x fish on b o tto m organism s was
se c u re d s in c e no c o ll e c t i o n s were ta k e n fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t.
C o lle c tio n s
ta k e n 29 days fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t w ith toxaphene show an 80 p e r c e n t r e ­
d u c tio n i n T endipedidae and a f t e r 162 days (March 28, 195>8), th e r e was an
a d d itio n a l 15 p e r c e n t r e d u c tio n .
A lth o u g h T endipedidae s u f f e r e d la r g e
r e d u c tio n s a f t e r tre a tm e n t w ith to x a p h en e , T u b ific id a e were a p p ro x im a te ly
tw ic e as a b u n d a n t.
P la n t I n h a b itin g Organisms
B efore T re a tm e n t.
G astropoda was th e predom inant group o f organism s
I'
w ith Physa as i t s most abundant r e p r e s e n ta tiv e fo llo w ed b y G yraulus and
Bvmnaea (T able X ) ..
A ugust, 1956.
i n J u ly , 1957»
Abundance o f a l l th r e e organism s was g r e a t e s t in
P hysa and Lymnaea were' l e a s t abundant i n May and G yraulus
Is c h n u ra (O donata) was m ost numerous i n A ugust, 1956 and
l e a s t numerous i n J u ly , 1957»
T ric o ry th o d e s (E phem eroptera) was u s u a lly
s c a r c e , e x c e p t d u rin g May, 1957•
O ther organism s r a r e l y en co u n te re d i n ­
c lu d ed t O lig o c h a e ta - N aid id ae 5 D ip te ra - T en d ip ed id ae; Odonata
E ry th e ­
mas and Gomphidae$ T ric h o p te ra - A graylea and Phryganea .
A fte r T re a tm e n t.
The abundance o f p l a n t in h a b itin g -organisms ob­
se rv e d a f t e r tre a tm e n t as compared t o b e fo re tre a tm e n t was as fo llo w s s
T ric o ry th o d e s was l e s s numerous $ Isc h n u ra showed l i t t l e change i n abund­
ance 5 G yraulus and Lymnaea were a p p ro x im a te ly 10 tim es more num erous|
.Physa was about tw ic e as ab u n d an t. . .Mhile H y a lle la and T endipedidae were
Table X .
Number and volume (e c ) o f p la n t in h a b itin g organism s p er k ilogram o f submerged
v e g e t a t io n i n th e M iddle Pond b e fo r e and a f t e r tr e a tm e n t.
B efore-
•.M phipoda
H y a d lela
C o leo p tera
H a lip lu s
D in te r a ™
""Tehdipedidae
Ephemeroptera
T rie orythode s
G astropoda ■
G yraulus
Lymnaea
Physa
Odonata
. Erythem is
Gomphidae
Isch n u ra
T rich o p tera
A graylea
Phrygarea
O lig o c h a e te s
N aididae
**
7 /7 /5 6 '
8 /3 0 /5 6
8 /1 /5 6
9 /2 6 /5 6
No.
Y o l.
No.
V o l.
No.
V o l.
12k
T
10
T
io 5
T
143
T
10
T
5
T
126
71
k3
lk 3
T
0 .2 4
T
0 .4 8
No.
136
T
130
T
14
T
21
T
45
T
38
T
215
613
0 .5 2
1 .8 3
4 .1 9
600
o.5o
T
3 .0 0
488
165
120
365
119
349
5
43
71
0 .7 1
T
Vole
5
89
T
T
650
16
T
i5
10
930
o .5 o
T
T
0 .3 3
T
1 .4 3
0 .4 8
'
43
0 .4 8
Organisms p a r t i a l l y decomposed, volum es n o t d eterm ined.
.5
5 /2 0 /5 7
No.
V ol
9
-X-S
431
-S-S
T
21
94
37
T
T
T
78
27
41
-SS
SS
-S S
73
I
165
-S-S
T
315
I
r~ W 2 T 7 5 6 ~
No. V o l.
Table X (C ontinued)
. . .
' ' ' ' B efore
7 /1 3 /5 7
No,
V o l.
.M phipoda
H y a lie la
"Dipt e r a
T eridipedidae
E phem eroptera
T ric o ry th o d e s
G astropoda
G yraulus
Lymnaea
"Physa
Odonata
E rythem is
Is c h n u ra
8 /2 3 /5 7
7 /2 4 /5 7
HO,
. Vole
26
T
65
T
T
$3
T
7
53
95
37h
T
T
T
543
30
T
■ 32
925
628
Af1;e r
T
0 .6 5
1 .2 9
T
Erie
Vole
4 n
62
946
o e4 i
o .4 o
2 ,4 9
4
46
T
T
1279757 . I
3 /2 8 /5 7
Mo.
Vole
Mo.
V ol.
127
196
127
T
T
2 .3 1
118
O.51
133
4.6 0
n o t p r e s e n t i n c o ll e c t i o n s o b ta in e d f o u r days p r i o r to tr e a tm e n t5 th e y
were p r e s e n t in th o s e ta k e n seven days a f t e r .
Gomphidae3 A g ray lea ,
Phryganea and N aididae were a b se n t seven days a f t e r tre a tm e n t b u t t h i s i s
n o t s i g n i f i c a n t s in c e th e y were n o t p r e s e n t i n c o lle c tio n s im m ed iately
p r i o r to tr e a tm e n t.
No c o lle c tio n s were ta k e n fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t w ith P ro -N o x fish and
b e fo re tr e a tm e n t w ith to x a p h e n e .
A fte r tre a tm e n t w ith to x ap h en e3 th e G astropoda was th e o n ly group
p r e s e n t in c o l l e c t i o n s .
F i f t y - t h r e e days fo llo w in g tr e a tm e n t3 G yraulus
was re d u c ed ab o u t 75 p e r c e n t and Physa a b o u t 90 p e r c e n t b u t Lymnaea
in c r e a s e d a p p ro x im a te ly 30 p e r c e n t.
Numbers o f G yraulus and Physa r e ­
m ained about e q u a l and Lymnaea was a b s e n t in c o lle c tio n s ta k e n 162 days
fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t. Is c h n u ra .and.E rythem is ■> w h ile p r e s e n t b e fo re t r e a t ­
ment w ith P ro -N o x fish 3 were a b se n t fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t w ith to x a p h en e .
TFest Pond
D e s c r ip tio n .
The West Pond has been p e r i o d i c a l l y dredged f o r g ra v e l s in c e 1936.
The l a s t s u b s t a n t i a l d re d g in g was i n 1955.
The pond now h a s a s u rfa c e
a re a o f 1 2 .8 a c r e s 3 a volume o f a p p ro x im a te ly 132 a c r e - f e e t 3 a maximum
d ep th o f 19 f e e t and mean dep th o f te n f e e t .
The shore l e v e l i s g e n e r a lly
l e s s th a n one f o o t above th e w a te r s u rfa c e b u t r i s e s to a maximum h e ig h t
o f te n f e e t on th e s o u th en d .
The pond b o tto m i s q u ite r e g u l a r i n s p i t e
o f d re d g in g o p e ra tio n s and i s covered alm ost e n t i r e l y w ith f ib r o u s p e a t.
The s u r f a c e w ater f l u c t u a t e d 1 3 .6 in c h e s i n 1956 and 18 in c h e s i n 1957.
The predom inant sh o re v e g e ta tio n on th e e a s t s id e i s cottonw ood and
K entucky b lu e g ra s s and on th e w est s id e s w e e t' c lo v e r (M e lilo tu s a lb a ) and
R u ssia n t h i s t l e (S a ls o la k a l i ) .
Em ergent a q u a tic v e g e ta tio n i s found o n ly
around t h e .e a s t shore and c o n s is ts o f g r e a t b u llr u s h and c a t t a i l .
Sub­
merged a q u a tic v e g e ta tio n c o n s is ts l a r g e l y o f stonew ork w ith s m a ll amounts
o f sago "pondweed.
No re c o rd s o f f i s h in tr o d u c tio n s a re a v a ila b le and i t i s presumed
y
t h a t th e e x is t in g f i s h p o p u la tio n r e s u l t e d from u n o f f i c i a l tr a n s p l a n t s
from th e M iddle and E a s t Ponds.
'The s p e c ie s o f f i s h p r e s e n t were b lu e g ill,,
largem outh b la c k b a ss and y e llo w p e rc h .
E is h E r a d ic a tio n
Qn J u ly 1 8 , 19^73 th e W est Pond was t r e a t e d w ith a com m ercial t o x i ­
c a n t (P ro -J J o x fis h ).. The c o n c e n tra tio n u sed was a p p ro x im a te ly Oe? ppm.
A p p lic a tio n began a t
a.m . and te rm in a te d a t 9
a.m .
D is tr e s s r e s u l t i n g from ro te n o n e was f i r s t ob serv ed te n m in u tes a f t e r
th e s t a r t o f a p p lic a tio n .
Ten m inutes l a t e r f i s h were found n e a r d e a th
ly in g on t h e i r s id e s a t th e s u r f a c e .
E f f e c tiv e dep th p e n e tr a tio n o f th e to x ic a n t was d e term in e d b y s u s ­
pending w ire cages c o n ta in in g h e a lth y f i s h a t v a rio u s d e p th s i n th e pond.
F is h were suspended as fo llo w s i f i v e - f o o t d e p th , two b l u e g i l l s and one
w h ite s u c k e r; 1 0 -fo o t d e p th , one b l u e g i l l , one largem outh b la c k b a s s , one
w h ite s u c k e r;.’1 9 -fo o t d e p th , one w h ite s u c k e r.
Two, b lu e g i l l s i n th e cage
a t th e f i v e - f o o t d e p th were dead 13 h o u rs (8 :0 0 p .m .) a f t e r th e s t a r t o f
a p p lic a tio n .
A ll f i s h in cages a t g r e a t e r d e p th s ap p eared h e a lth y a t t h a t
-h 7 tim e .
No more o b s e r v a tio n s were made u n t i l 23 hours a f t e r trea tm en t began
( 6 : l £ a.m . th e f o llo w in g m orn in g), a t w hich t im e , a l l f i s h , e x c e p t th e
su ck er a t th e 1 0 - f o o t d ep th , were d ead .
This suck er was n ea r d eath but
d id n o t d ie u n t i l 1 :0 0 p.m . th e same d a te .
The le n g t h o f tim e th e w ater rem ained t o x ic t o t r o u t was determ ined
in th e same manner as f o r th e E a st Pond.
T ests made 17 days fo llo w in g
trea tm en t showed th e w ater t o be n o n - t o x ic .
At t h a t tim e , o b se r v a tio n s
and f is h in g e f f o r t , i . e . s i x 2i|.-hour and th r e e IjS-hour g i l l n e t s e t s ,
f a i l e d t o show any l i v e f i s h .
One and o n e - h a lf days (23 m an-hours) were sp en t in r e c o v e r in g dead
fis h .
An attem p t was made t o r e c o v e r a l l f i s h which came t o th e su r fa c e
and th o s e ly in g on th e bottom o f th e pond i n sh a llo w w a ter (d ep th l e s s
th an th r e e f e e t ) .
Those which rem ained on th e bottom in deep w ater and
th o se which s u r fa c e d l a t e r were n o t r e c o v e r e d .
W eights and le n g th
measurements were made.
Y ellow perch was th e m ost abundant s p e c ie s p r e s e n t (T able I ) .
L arge-
mouth b la ck b a ss was secon d i n t o t a l w eig h t b u t l e a s t numerous w h ile b lu e g i l l w eighed th e l e a s t b u t was second most numerous.
The r a t i o o f y e llo w
p erch to b l u e g i l l s t o largem outh b la c k b a ss was ap p roxim ately 8 :2 :1 and
th e w eigh t r e l a t io n s h i p was l t : l : 6 .
The average t o t a l le n g t h o f y e llo w
p erch was g r e a te r than th e same s p e c ie s from e i t h e r o f th e o th e r ponds.
This p rob ab ly r e s u lt e d from th e sm a lle r p o p u la tio n in th e West Pond.
P h y s ic a l and C hem ical C h a r a c t e r is t ic s
During th e e n t ir e s tu d y p e r io d , a s e c c h i d is c was v i s i b l e on th e
•
-Ij.8bottora and t u r b i d i t i e s were g e n e r a lly l e s s th a n f iv e ppm SiOg (T able X l) .
O nly s l i g h t ch em ical v a r i a t i o n s o c c u rre d betw een s u rfa c e w a ter and
t h a t a t th e 15>-foot d e p th d u rin g p e rio d s o f open w a te r,
Oxygen s a t u r ­
a tio n u s u a ll y exceeded 100 p e r c e n t d u rin g th e s p rin g and e a r l y summer
b u t was lo w er in l a t e summer and f a l l .
M ethyl orange a l k a l i n i t y was
u s u a ll y above 200 ppm, e x c e p t d u rin g th e summer, and th e pH ranged from
7«5 to 8 .2 .
D uring th e w in te r o f 1926 some ch em ical s t r a t i f i c a t i o n o c c u rre d in
th e W est Pond.
W ater a t a d ep th o f 12 f e e t c o n ta in e d a lo w er c o n c e n tra ­
t i o n o f oxygen, low er pH and h ig h e r m eth y l orange a l k a l i n i t y th a n w ater
im m ed iately below th e i c e .
D uring th e w in te r o f 1927, s t r a t i f i c a t i o n was
l e s s pronounced w ith s l i g h t l y low er pH and h ig h e r m ethyl orange a l k a l i n i t y
a t th e 1 2 -fo o t d e p th .
The l e s s pronounced s t r a t i f i c a t i o n .in 1927 may have
been due to g r e a t e r tr a n s p a r e n c y o f th e ic e which p e rm itte d more p rim ary
p ro d u c tio n .
Follow ing tr e a tm e n t, no change i n p h y s ic a l o r ch am ical p r o p e r tie s
was o b se rv e d .
P h y to p lan k to n
B efore T rea tm e n t.
C hrysophyta was th e most dominant group o f alg ae
fo llo w e d in o rd e r by P y rro p h y ta , C h lo ro p h y ta and Cyanophyta (T able X II').
Of th e f i r s t named group, D inobryon was m ost num erous.
A ugust, 1926 and a g ain i n O c to b er, 1927*
I t peaked d u rin g
Diatoms were s c a rc e d u rin g most
o f th e p e rio d b u t were numerous from A p ril th ro u g h Ju n e , 1926 and i n March,
1927«
Of th e P y rro p h y ta , Peridinum was p r e s e n t in th e m a jo r ity o f sam ples.
T ab le X I.
R anges o f p h y s i c a l and c h e m ic a l p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e W est Pond b e f o r e and a f t e r tr e a tm e n t.
B efore
Depth
(fe e t)
.Sp ring
Summer
Oxygen p er c e n t
s a tu r a tio n
0
15
66-160
-
62-89
5 5 -8 2
P h e n o lp th a le in
a l k a l i n i t y (ppm)
0
15
o'
0
o-5
0-6
M ethyl Orange
a l k a l i n i t y (ppm)
o . 172-220 117-205 212-232 2 3 5 - 2 8 2 1 8 2 - 2 0 5 107-160 161-191 19U-215 160-21*7
180-220 1U2-205 202-21*0 250-330 182-21*2 125-172 165-181 1 9 U -2 2 0 230-280
15
pH
0
15
—
“
.......................
-
F a ll
W inter
60-101 6 3 - 0 3
UU-IOl 12-61*
0
0
0
0
S p rin g
Summer
Summer
W inter
95-150 117-132
90-112
80-95
Spring
# 7 -1 1 0
100-121
87-117
8 9 -1 3 0
9 5 -1 3 9
9 8 -1 3 0
0-10
0-12
0
0
0
0
8 .0 -8 .5 7.5-8.5 7 . 6 - 8 . 3 8.0-8.2 7.8-8.3 7 . 5 - 7 . 9
—
7 .0 -7 .U 8.0-8.2 7.6-8.1 7 .5 -8 .0
0
0
7 .5 - 8 .I
0
0
7.3-8.5
7 .8 -8 .1
7 .2 - 8 .2
2.U—
5.0 i.U -2 .5
I . 0-1.3
1 .3
1.2-12,01,0-1.3 0 .9 -1 .U 1 .1 -l.U
d .5-1.0
\
T u r b id ity
(ppm SlOg)
S e c c h i d is c
(fe e t)
NO3
PO^
0
15
=.
OO
19
0.20
0.02
0.17
1.00
0.0?
0.03
0.02
0.02
0 .5 - 1 .0
T a b le X I I . Number o f p h y fc o p la n k te rs p e r l i t e r o f w a te r i n th e W est Pond b e f o r e and a f t e r
< tre a tm e n t.
1956
A p ril
C h lorophyta
.G lo s te r io p s ls
C lo steriu m
Cosmarium
G lo e o c y s tis
P leu ro taen iu m
Scehedesihus
M ougeotia'"
Oedogonium
S p iro g y ra
Zygnema
U n id e n tifie d
C hrysophyta
Chrys ophyce ae
D inobryon
B a c illa rio p h y c e a e
C o scin o d iscaceae
Cym bellaceae
F r a g ila r ia c e a e
Gomphonematace ae
N av icu laceae
P y rro p h y ta
C eratium
P e rid ih iu m
Gyanophyta
Cylindrospermum
N o d u la ria
O s e illa tb ria
June
;
J u ly
3
9
B efore
"
........................1957
Aug.' S e p t. Oct'. Nov. Dec. J a n .
F eb.
March
A p ril
11
IQ
2
2
2
2
6l
2
ltl6
316
1 ,129
59&
1 ,3 8 9
26
9
6
IltO 2 , 3 6 2
6 l h 7 ,2 6 8
2H
Ii
22
32
786
18
6
86
106
3Ht
hi
396
6l
2
2
6
78
• 221
79h
17
h$3
3 ,h i &
It
2o
2
10
277
lt2
9
lt7lt
129
92
8
8
8
U8
, 9
87
87
37
h3
22
8
17
17
26
126
710
69
222
12
22
217
IOlt
6
26
It
26
26
8
182
126
26
Table X II (C o n tin u e d ),
B e fo r e '
1957
May
Chlorophyfca
C lo s te r ib p s is
G lo e o c y s tis
MougedtIa'"
Oedbgonium
S p iro g y ra
Zygnema"""
U n id e n tifie d
Chrysophyfca
C hrysophyceae
D inobryon
B a c illa rlo p h y c e a e
C ym bellaceae
I r a g i l a r I a c e ae
.Gomphbnematace ae
N av iculaceae
P y rro p h y ta
C eratium
P e fid in iu m
Cyanophyfca
O s c illa to ria
"
June
" ' T
'
J u ly ' . Aug.
' S e p t.
' Oct .
56
210
A fte r '
'
195$
No t .
Jan.
Feb. ' March •A pril
8
69
h3
8
h
35
199
8
17
-
117
22
367
3h
8
568
h
52
8
126
k
8
17
-■
2,920
1 ,0 5 3
2 ,6 6 9
282
17
k
17
8
13
139
13
IOZ*
13
13
8U
. 8
52
8
23lt
61
52
65
82
17
h
156
867
8
52
8
8
156
17
30
82
■8
26
6 ,3 0 5
52
9k
17
"5’2I t was m ost numerous i n December, 19^6 and J a n u a ry , May and Ju n e , 1997,
C eratium was p r e s e n t from June th ro u g h Septem ber, 1996, w ith peaks in
J u n e , J u ly and A u g u st„
I t . was a ls o p r e s e n t from May th ro u g h O ctober, 1997,
C hlorophyba was u s u a ll y s c a r c e , e x c e p t from A p ril th ro u g h J u ly , 1996, when
la r g e amounts o f fila m e n to u s a lg ae were p r e s e n t .
R e p r e s e n ta tiv e s o f th e
Cyanophyta were r a r e .
There was c o n s id e ra b le v a r i a t i o n i n abundance o f p h y to p la n k to n be­
tween th e th r e e sam pling s t a t i o n s .
S t a t i o n 6 , lo c a te d i n th e m ost p ro ­
t e c t e d a re a ( a ls o !mown to c o n ta in s p rin g s ) had th e g r e a t e s t number o f
in d iv id u a ls .
P h y to p lan k to n bloom s, r e s u l t i n g p r im a r ily from D inobryon,
o c c u rre d i n A ugust, 1996 and i n O cto b er, 1997«
•After T re a tm e n t.
T reatm ent w ith P ro -N o x fish ap p eared to have l i t t l e
e f f e c t on m ost groups o f phytoplan k to n *
Dinobryon d e c re a se d fo llo w in g
tre a tm e n t (A ugust I , 1997) and was a b se n t from sam ples ta k e n August 19.
By Septem ber 7 , i t had re a c h e d i t s fo rm er abundance.
Brown and B all
(l9l|.3) r e p o r t t h a t Dinobryon in c re a s e d fo llo w in g ro te n o n e tr e a tm e n t in
T h ird S i s t e r L ake, M ichigan.
Z o oplankton.
B efore T rea tm e n t.
R o ta to r ia (T able X I T l) .
The predom inant group o f zoop lan k to n p r e s e n t was
K e ra te Ila was th e predom inant genus in most
sam ples and became abundant i n November, 1996 and Ju n e, 1997®
was p r e s e n t in n e a r ly a l l sam ples b u t was n e v e r ab u n d an t.
P o ly a r th r a
A splanchna and
P e d a lia were most numerous i n summer.
Copepoda and C la d o ce ra were about e q u a lly abundant and were r e p r e -
T able X H T «
Number o f z o o p la n k te r s p e r l i t e r o f w a te r i n th e rIfest Pond b e f o r e and a f t e r
tre a tm e n t.
B efore
1956
A p ril
C la d o ce f a"
Bosmina
C erio d ap h n ia
Chydorus
B aphnia
" S c a p h o le b ris
Copepoda
C yclops
Diaptomus
n a u p lii
E o ta to ria A splanchna
K e r a te lla
Lecahe
. L e p a d e lla
N otholea
P e d a lia
P la ty ia s
P o ly a rth ra
P ro to z o a
D iffu le ia
O straco d a
Aug..
13
7
6
T
U
27
15
T
U8
18
5
70
h
h
57
2
96
3
25
23
2 .
T
T
T
T
T
T
6
20
T
19
6
T
6
T
T
■ 11.
9
h
I
I
■T
T
2
T
T
I
2
T
-26
I
U
T
19
■ '6
I
7
Tk
6
3
20
5
1
S e p t.
O ct. ■NOVe
J u ly
June
3
21
32
8
5
3
17
h
J6
19
2
25
3
3.
2
2li
T
9
I .
1957
Jan.
F eb.
March
A p ril
2
11
lit
19
I
I
T
T
57
26
13
33
h2
55
18
1
26
T
T
3
7
T
Ht
26
3
15
332
T
122
T
* L ess th an one organism p er l i t e r
D ec.
6
112 '
h9
I
I
Table X I I l (C ontinued} „
C ladoeera"
Bosmina
C erio d ap h n ia
Chydorus
Daphnia
S c a p h o le b ris
Copepoda
Cyclops
n a u p lii
R o ta to r ia
,Asplanchna
B rachionus
K e ratelT a
Eecane
M otholea
P o Iy a rth ra
P ro to zo a"
D if f u lg ia
Q straco d a
B efore
.1 9 5 7
June
May
J u ly
12
. T
2
21
2
2
I
2
2
21
15
35
7h
19
37
125
T
13k
T
3 ‘
T
2
I
— —
S e p t. O ct.
A f te r '
1938
Nov." J a n .
T
7
2
T
T
H
6
2
3
3
15
5
22
It
15
I
6
3
T
32
T
8
T
T
11
T
, It
2
26
72
15
T
2
10
T
T
3
T
T
, T
T -
T
2
—
Aug.
Itl
— —
Feb. March
'
A p ril
I
I
2
2
T
T
32
6
17
26
T
I
T
T
T
T
g
10
i
T
2
s e a te d i n a l l sam p les.
Cyclops' was th e predom inant copepod and reach ed
i t s peak i n Jan u a ry and May5 1957«
A s m a ll number o f Diaptomus was p r e ­
s e n t from A p ril th ro u g h December, 1956.
■
.
Bosmina wad.- th e most abundan t c la d o c e ra n b e in g p re s e n t i n a l l sam ples
p r i o r t o tr e a tm e n t w h ile Chydorus was s l i g h t l y l e s s a b u n d an t.
C e rio -
d ap h n ia and S c a p h o le b ris appeared' i n summer and e a r l y f a l l . 1 The form er
was m ost numerous i n Septem ber and th e l a t t e r in Ju n e5 1956.
P ro to zo a and O straco d a were p r e s e n t from A p r il th ro u g h O cto b er, 1956
b u t were n e v e r ab u n d an t.
O ther organism s o c c a s io n a lly e n c o u n te re d w ere:
R o ta to r ia - B ra ch io n u s5 M onostyla5 M othOlca5 PompholyK5 P l a t y j a s 5 and
E e p a d e lla j P ro to z o a - G e n tro p y x is .
A n o tic e a b le d if f e r e n c e i n abundance o c c u rre d a t th e th r e e s t a t i o n s
d u rin g th e s tu d y .
S ta tio n A5 lo c a te d j n a deep w a ter a r e a , had th e g r e a t­
e s t number o f in d iv id u a ls e x c e p t i n November, 1956, when s t a t i o n C had a
g r e a te r number o f K e r a t e l l a .
and Co
S c a p h o le h ris was found o n ly a t s t a t i o n s B
D aphnia was m ost abundant a t s t a t i o n A and was r a r e l y found a t
s t a t i o n s B and C and C hydorus5 w h ile p r e s e n t a t a l l s t a t i o n s , was most
numerous a t s t a t i o n C.
'
Zooplankton in t h i s pond e x h ib ite d l e s s v a r i a t i o n in abundance th a n
in th e o th e r p o n d s.
The o n ly p u ls e s observed- o c c u rre d i n November, 1956
and Ju n e, 1957 r e s u l t i n g from in c re a s e d numbers o f K e r a t e l l a .
A f te r T re a tm e n t.
T reatm ent w ith P ro -N o x fish had l i t t l e a p p a re n t
e f f e c t on m ost groups o f z o o p lan k to n .
Bosmiha was th e o n ly organism which
e x h ib ite d a d v erse e f f e c t s . I t was p r e s e n t i n c o lle c tio n s ta k e n on J u ly 13
I
( f iv e days p r i o r t o tre a tm e n t) b u t was a b se n t .from a l l l a t e r sam p les. The
-5 6 absence o f D iaptoim is0 B ra ch io m is, M onostyla, B o th o lo a , Pompholyx, P l a t y i a s,
L e p a d e lla and C e n tro p y x is' a f t e r tre a tm e n t i s n o t c o n sid e re d s i g n i f i c a n t
s in c e th e y were n o t p r e s e n t im m ed iately p r i o r t o tr e a tm e n t.
Brown and
B a ll ( 19U3) ) Sm ith (1939> 19U o), and Hooper (19I48) r e p o r te d sh a rp r e ­
d u c tio n s in C la d o c e ra and Copepoda-
The f i v e p e r c e n t c o n c e n tra tio n o f
ro te n o n e in d e r r i s u sed i n _the above s tu d ie s was tw ic e t h a t found i n P ro W oxfish and t h i s may account f o r th e h ig h e r m o r t a lit y o f m ic ro c ru s ta c e a n s .
Bottom Organisms
B efore T rea tm e n t.
o rg a n ism s.
T endipedidae and T u b ific id a e were th e predom inant
The number o f T endipedidae f l u c t u a t e d l i t t l e b u t t h e i r volume
was g r e a t e s t i n A ugust^ 195.6 (T able. V ).
p e rio d June t o Septem ber5 1956.
T u b ific id a e in c re a s e d o v er th e
In 1957, th e y were a b se n t i n May b u t
re a c h e d maximum abundance in th e J u ly c o l l e c t i o n .
Procam barus (Decapoda)
and A g ray lea (T ric h o p te ra ) were e n co u n te re d r a r e l y .
A fte r T re a tm e n t.
Seven days fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t ( J u ly 23«, 1 9 5 7 ), a
la r g e r e d u c tio n i n T endipedidae and T u b ific id a e was o b s e rv e d .
T h irty -tw o
days fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t (A ugust 1 9 ) , and i n most l a t e r c o l l e c t i o n s ,
T endipedidae were a p p ro x im a te ly tw ice as abundant as in p re v io u s c o l­
l e c t i o n s and T u b ific id a e were more numerous th a n in p re v io u s c o l l e c t i o n s 5
e x c e p t f o r J u ly 125 1957®
M arch, 1958 c o l l e c t i o n s .
T u b ific id a e were a b se n t from th e May, 1957 and
Brown and B a ll ( l9 b 3 ) . Smith (1939 and 19I1.O) and
Hooper (19U8) r e p o r t l i t t l e e f f e c t on m ost b ottom organism s b y ro te n o n e .
H e sp e rc o rix a (H em iptera) was found I n c o l l e c t i o n s ta k e n A ugust 1 9 , 1957
and C haoborus5 B a e t i s 5 Ephemera, T ric o ry th o d e s and Is h n u ra in c o lle c tio n s
-
ta k e n March 285 1958.
57-
These were n o t found p r i o r t o tr e a tm e n t=
P la n t I n h a b itin g Organisms
B efore T rea tm e n t.
H y a lle la was th e predom inant organism fo llo w e d in
o rd e r by T ric o ry th o d e s 3 T en d ip ed id ae3 Is c h n n ra 3 Hydroporus and Procambarus
( Table ZIV)„
These organism s were p r e s e n t i n n e a r l y a l l sam ples and ex ­
h i b i t e d peaks o f abundance as f o llo w s s H y a lle la and T ric o ry th o d e s i n
A ugust and S eptem ber3 19563 Is e h n u ra in Septem ber3 1956J T endipedidae in
May3 1957.
H yiroporus and Pro'eambarus were numerous in a l l m onths.
P ro -
cambarus was th e l e a s t num erous3 b u t i t s volume u s u a ll y exceeded th e
o th e rs .
. . . .
Lymnaea3 P h y sa3 A g ray lea3 P o ly c e n tro p is and H a lip lu s were s c a r c e .
A fte r T reatm en t. ■ The d i f f e r e n t k in d s o f organism s e x h, ib ite d v a rie d
e f f e c t s from th e tre a tm e n t w ith P ro-N oxfisbu
P r o c a m b a ru s T fic o ry th o d e s
and Isch n u n a appeared t o be U n e ffe c te d 3 b e in g a p p ro x im a te ly a s abundant
a f t e r tr e a tm e n t a s b e f o r e . Is e h n u ra in c re a s e d a f t e r J u ly and re a ch e d m axi­
mum abundance i n March3 1958.
T fic o ry th o d e s was most numerous in August 3
1957 and th e n d e c re a se d S h a rp ly 3 b e in g l e a s t numerous i n December.
T his
d e c re a se i s n o t th o u g h t t o have been th e r e s u l t o f th e t o x i c a n t 3 sin c e
t o x i c i t y t e s t s re v e a le d th e w a te r to be n o n -to x ic to t r o u t ,by A ugust 5«
P h y sa3 w h ile s c a rc e p r i o r t o tr e a tm e n t3 ap p eared in a l l a f t e r tre a tm e n t
c o l l e c t i o n s 3 e x c e p t on August 27.
L eonard (1938) r e p o r te d no s ig n s o f
d i s t r e s s by s e v e r a l k in d s o f i n s e c t s 3 s n a i l s and c ru s ta c e a n s 'w h ic h were
exposed t o a ro te n o n e c o n c e n tra tio n o f one ppm f o r $6 h o u rs .
H y a lle la and T endipedidae were t h e . o n ly organism s t h a t e x h ib ite d a
n o tic e a b le r e d u c tio n .
The form er was much l e s s numerous i n th e c o l l e c t i o n ’
T able XIV „
Number and volum e ( c c ) o f p l a n t i n h a b i t i n g o rg an ism s p e r k ilo g ra m o f subm erged
v e g e t a t i o n i n th e 'West Pond b e f o r e and a f t e r tr e a t m e n t .
'm m
V o l.
No,
lm phipoda
H y a lle la
C o le o p te ra
H a lip lu s
H ydroporus
Becapoda
’ Procam barus
D ip te ra
' T endipedidae
E phem eroptera
B a e tis
"
T ric o ry th o d e s
G astropoda
Lymnaea
"Phys a
O donata
T schhura
T ric h o p te ra
.A graylea
B o ly c e n tro p is
*
1,182
Less" th a n 0 C05> ce«
0 .7 1
T-xT
3
11
B efore
7 /3 0 /5 6 " ”
0/ 27/55
No.
VOI.
No.
V o l.
'9/211756
No.
V ol.
“ 1 0 /2 7 /5 6
No.
V o l.
710
' Oohl
1,332
1 .6 9
1 ,5 9 5
1.60
220
0 .1 6
10
10
T
T
13
13
T
T
9
It
T
T
Ht
T
”
-
53
11-35
7
1 .6 7
k
2 .1 1
9
7.79
lit
T
7h
T
223
0 .3 3
220
0.1t2
78
T
179
3.1t3
T
3
37
T
T
h
2,166
T
0.L2
Ht
2,012
T
0 .9 2
7
571
T
T
21
.
3
96
T
le ltl
3
T
21
T
27
T
220
11
T
23
7
T
T
63
76
,
V
0
I
It
T
1 .2 6
389
0.32
96
1 .3 7
T
T
HO
119
T
1.38
37
T
T able XIV (C o n tin u e d ).
B efore
5/20/577 /1 3 /5 7
No.
V o l,
No.
V o l.
,Smphipoda '
H y a lle la
C o le o p te ra .
H ydrbporus
Decapoda ""
~~Procam barus
D i p t e r i .'"
T endipedidae
E phem eroptera
B a e tis
T ric o ry th o d e s
G astropoda
G yraulus
Lymnaea
Physa ■
H em iptera
N o to n ecta
V erm icorixa
O donata
Xschnura
T ric h o p te ra
.S g ray lea
7 /2 4 /5 7
No.
V o l.
' ‘ ■A fte r
0 /2 7 /5 7
1 2 /9 /5 7
i No.
V o l.
No.
V ol.
“
37287^7
No e
Vol •
737
1.65
—
281
185
0.3 0
13
T
77
0.13
188
0 .9 2
376
18
T
13
T
66
o.55
10
T
22
20.62
-30
T
302
o.55
142
29
0 .6 8
T
h9
o .5 5
T
0 .8 5
-
! ii ‘ 0.ii3
Ul8
571
- 7
632
5
0 .5 1
9
9.1 6
0.2 2
-X-X-X-X-
39
T
h
T
31
T
5
T
10
229
T
T
-
9 6.
-X-Jf
39
T
25
T
Organisms p a r t i a l l y decomposed^ no volumes d e term in e d .
169
I
0 .3 4
3
T
2
3
0 .6 8
T '
251t
7
1 .0 1
T
55
T
5
16
5
1.01
412
9.90
■T
-SOo b ta in e d s i x days a f t e r tr e a tm e n t th a n b e f o r e .
F o rty days a f t e r , i t had
re c o v e re d to i t s form er abundance and in M arch, 1958 re a c h e d maximum
abundance.
While T endipedidae was p re s e n t i n sam ples im m ed iately p r i o r
t o tr e a tm e n t, i t was n o t found fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t u n t i l December., 1957•
H ydroporus was a b s e n t from th e sample ta k e n im m ed iately a f t e r tre a tm e n t
b u t a p p ea re d i n i t s form er abundance a f t e r J4.O d ay s.
I t o c c u rre d i n such
sm a ll numbers p r i o r to tr e a tm e n t t h a t i t s absence may have been th e r e s u l t
o f sam pling e r r o r .
Absence o f A g ra y le a , P o ly c e n tr o p is , H a lip lu s and
B a e tis i s i n s i g n i f i c a n t s in c e th e s e organism s were n o t p r e s e n t im m ed iately
p r i o r t o tr e a tm e n t.
W ith th e e x c e p tio n o f P o ly c e n tr o p is , a l l were p r e s e n t
i n c o l l e c t i o n s ta k e n i n December, 1957«
H o to n ecta and H e sp e ro c o rix a were
n o t found p r i o r to tr e a tm e n t and were i n o n ly one c o l l e c t i o n fo llo w in g
(December
1957)•
SUMMARY
1.
The e f f e c t s o f th e com m ercial t o x i c a n t s , P ro-N o x fis h , Ghem-Fish
S p e c ia l and toxaphene on th e p h y s ic a l, ch em ical and b i o l o g i c a l p r o p e r tie s
o f th r e e c o ld w ater ponds were s tu d ie d d u rin g th e p e rio d A p r il li t , 1956
t o A p ril 1 1, 1958.
2.
0 .1 3 ppm.
The E a s t Pond was t r e a t e d w ith toxaphene a t a c o n c e n tra tio n o f
The M iddle Pond was t r e a t e d w ith th e fo llo w in g to x ic a n ts and
c o n c e n tr a tio n s ; Chem-Fish S p e c ia l - 0 ,7 ppm; P ro -N o x fish - 0 .9 5 ppm; to x a ­
phene - 0 .1 5 ppm.
The West Pond was t r e a t e d w ith P ro -N o x fish a t a concen­
t r a t i o n o f O„7 ppm.
3.
L ive f i s h w ere suspended a t v a rio u s d e p th s i n th e ponds to t e s t
th e t o x i c i t y o f th e w a te r .
The f i r s t f i s h d ie d i n th e E a s t Pond f iv e
h o u rs a f t e r th e s t a r t o f a p p lic a tio n o f toxaphene and th e l a s t f i s h d ie d
' lk - 2 h h o u rs a f t e r .
A fte r a p p lic a tio n o f Chem-Fish S p e c ia l5 th e f i r s t f i s h
d ie d i n one h o u r and th e l a s t f i s h to d ie d id so w ith in th e n e x t h o u r.
In
th e Ife s t Pond th e f i r s t f i s h d ie d 13 h o u rs a f t e r s t a r t o f a p p lic a tio n o f
P ro -N o x fish and th e l a s t 30 hours a f t e r »
it=
D u ra tio n o f t o x i c i t y to f i s h was as fo llo w s : E a s t Pond5 l e s s th a n
f iv e m onthsI West Pond5 l e s s th a n two w eeks.
Not a l l f i s h d ie d i n th e
M iddle Pond from tre a tm e n t w ith Chem-Fish S p e c ia l and P ro -N o x fish .
A fte r
a p p lic a tio n o f to x a p h en e 5 th e pond h as rem ain ed to x ic up to .th e p r e s e n t
tim e ( June It5 1 9 5 8 ). The n u m e ric a l r a t i o f o r y ello w p e r c h 5 D l u e g i l l s 5 larg em o u th b la c k
D ass5 b la c k C ra p p ie 5 C arp5 su ck e rs re c o v e re d from th e E a s t Pond was 135?
1 1 9 :1 7 :1 ^ :1 3 :1 .
The r a t i o o f D l u e g i l l s 5 y e llo w p e rc h 5 b la c k C ra p p ie 5
largem outh b la c k b a ss from th e Middle Pond was 5 3 :3 2 :2 :1 .
The r a t i o o f
y ello w p e rc h 5 D l u e g i l l s 5 largem ou th b la c k b a s s was 13:8:1«,
6.
F ollow ing tr e a tm e n t5 a s e c c h i d is c was v i s i b l e on th e bottom o f
each pond.
7o
The predom inant a lg a e i n a l l ponds, were Sinobryon and G eratiu m 5
each o f which were red u ced fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t in th e E a s t Pond.
C eratium
was red u ced fo llo w in g tr e a tm e n t w ith Chem-Fish S p e c ia l i n th e M iddle Pond
and Dinobryon i n th e West Pond.
8.
K e r a t e lla 5 P o ly a r th r a 5 Bosmina5 Chydorus and C yclops were th e
dom inant z o o p la n k te rs p r e s e n t in a l l p o n d s.
A ll C la d o ce ra and Copepoda
were a b se n t fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t i n th e E a s t Pond.
In th e M iddle Pond5
- 62—
K e r a t e lla ., P o ly a rth ra and Cyclops were g r e a t l y red u ced a f t e r tre a tm e n t w ith Chem-Fish S p e c ia l.
Copepods and r o t i f e r s were red u ced fo llo w in g
tre a tm e n t w ith P ro -N o x fish and C lad o cera d is a p p e a re d .
A ll zoop lan k to n
organism s d is a p p e a re d a f t e r tre a tm e n t w ith to x a p h en e „
In th e W est Pond,
o n ly Bosmina was re d u c ed fo llo w in g tr e a tm e n t.
9o
In th e E a s t Pond, T endipedidae showed no e f f e c t fo llo w in g t r e a t ­
ment and T u b ific id a e in c r e a s e d .
T endipedidae was re d u c ed and T u b ific id a e
in c re a s e d a f t e r tr e a tm e n t i n th e M iddle Pond.
T u b ific id a e and T en d i-
p e d id ae in c r e a s e d fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t i n th e 'West Pond-.
10.
A ll p l a n t in h a b itin g org an ism s, e x c e p t th e G astro p o d a, d is a p ­
p e a re d fo llo w in g tre a tm e n t i n th e E a s t Pond and M iddle Pond.
In th e 'West
Pond, H y a lle la and T endipedidae were re d u c ed a f t e r tre a tm e n t w h ile o th e r
organism s a p p ea re d u n e f f e c te d .
. LITERATURE CITED
Brown, C. J » D0 and R. C. B a ll.
19U3. ' An e x p erim en t i n th e u se o f d e r r i s r o o t (ro te n o n e ) on th e f i s h
and f is h - f o o d organism s o f T h ird S i s t e r L ake. T ran s. Am. F ish .
S o c ., 72:267-28% .
C ushing, C. E . and J . R. O liv e .
195>6. E f f e c ts o f toxaphene and ro te n o n e upon th e m acroscopic bottom
fa u n a o f two n o rth e rn C olorado r e s e r v o i r s . T ran s. Am. F is h .
S o c ., 86:29%“ 301.
H em phill, J . E.
19^3. Toxaphene as a f i s h to x in .
P ro g . F is h - C u lt. , l6:% l-% 3.
H ooper, F . F .
19%8. The e f f e c t o f d e r r i s r o o t (r o te n o n e ) upon th e p la n k to n and
bottom fa u n a organism s o f a sm a ll M innesota l a k e . P ro c . M inn..
Acad, o f S c i . , 1 6 :2 9 -3 2 .
"=■63“
H ooper, F. Fo and A„ R. G rzenda.
1 9 # . The use o f toxaphene a s a f i s h p o is o n .
825-180-190.
T ran s. Am. F is h . S o c .,
*
L eonard, J„ ¥ .
1938. .Notes on th e u se o f d e r r i s as a f i s h p o is o n .
S o n ., 68:269-279.
Pennak9 R.
1923.
Rawson9 D.
19a .
R ic k e r 9 ¥ .
19U0.
F re s h -w a te r in v e r te b r a te s o f th e U n ited S t a t e s .
R onald P re s s Go. 769 p p .
I. and J . G o tts c h a lk o
An ex p erim en t in rem oving c o a rse f i s h from a l a k e .
F is h . SoCo9 70:382-390.
T ran s. Am.
New Tork9 NcGraw-Hill
S m ith9 Mo Hf,
1939. Copper s u l f a t e and ro te n o n e as f i s h p o is o n s .
S o c .9 6 9 :1 ^1 -1 2 7 .
T anner9 H.
1922.
New I o r k 9 The
The c a lc u la tio n o f oxygen s a t u r a t i o n v a lu e s and t h e i r c o r­
r e c t i o n f o r a l t i t u d e . S p ec. P n b .9 Lim ndl. S o c. Am.
S m ith9 G. M,
1920. F re sh w a te r a lg a e o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s .
Book Co. 719 p p .
19bo.
T ra n s. Am. F is h .
T ra n s . Am. F is h .
T reatm ent o f P o t t e r ’s L ake3 New B runsw ick, w ith ro te n o n e .
T ran s. Am. F is h . S o c .9 7 0 :3 ^7 -3 2 2 .
l.
and M. L. H ayes.
E v a lu a tio n o f toxaphene as a f i s h p o is o n . C o lo . C o o p erativ e
F is h e r y R es. U n it3 Q u a rte rly R e p t., 1 :3 1 -3 9 .
T feier9 J . L., and D. F . S t a r r .
1920. The u se o f ro te n o n e to remove ro u g h f i s h f o r th e purpose o f
im proving m ig ra to ry w a terfo w l re fu g e a r e a s . J . W ild l. Mgmt.,
l i t (2) 5 203-202. .
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
762 10022711
W835e
c o p .2
128919
W o o litz , R. E .
The e f f e c t s o f c e r t a i n commer­
c i a l t o x i c a n t s on th e lim n o lo g
o f t h r e e c o ld w a te r ponds n e a r
T h v n a
Ti1Z W
I / M : (J/fjUtjJf
OCT 1 S fSfl
L
7
WH
3 TW
o u /
^
IllT C flU B R A R Y yIJO A N pz
12£9^9
?