04/08/04
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6.541J Handout
1. It rains in my heart as it rains on the town.
2.
i lp I edOmOkerkOmilplpssirlraui:
3.
f
sound
--
_t.
p r
I
oosc is
inoice
Vlin.I' nicp.
I
lexical entry
4.
l12
__
__
meaning
_
..
meaning
sound
sj
1�1
lexical entry
�-----�
I
5.
art
a-
act
- - -- - - - --
- - ­
6. English has the following consonants:
p t k b d g f vTH eth m n ng s z sh zh ch dz
We can divide these consonants up into two groups:
p t k fTH s sh ch
= voiceless
b d g u eth m n z zh dz= voiced
voicing
b d g u eth m n z zh dz
p t k fTH s sh ch
coronal
t d TH eth s z sh zh ch dz
p k b g f u m n ng
I>
,-·-------------· ,·----------·---·I--·
I�
-­
3
strident
t dgngTH ethmnpkb
s z sh zh ch dz f u
strident
all others
s z sh zh ch dz f u
I
coronal
+
t d TH eth s z sh zh ch dz
f v
English plural distribution:
_
[az]
[sl
[z]
kiss
bush
fez
rouge
church
judge
hat
cake
cap
cuff
cab
cad
cog
caue
quay
eye
ham
hen....
--�IC�-
�----�--
4F­
TWO POSSIBLE THEORIES
LIST THEORY
1. Assign the plural ending [az] to a word if it ends in any sound
in this list: s z sh zh ch dz
2. Assign the plural ending Is] to a word if it ends in any sound
in this list: p t k f TH
3. Assign the plural ending [z] to a word if it ends in any sound
not on either of the above lists.
DISTINCTIUE FEATURE THEORY I
1. plural -- > [lzl / + strident #
- coronal
#
- voice
Is] /
#
I[z
DISTINCTIVE FEATURE THEORY II
0 -- > a / + strident
__A
7.
#
49W9VO4~c
+4-cor-ac
Z
plural
-- > S
[a voice] / [a voice] #
Basque stop deletion and voicing assimilation:
bat paratu
bat traban
bat kurri
guk piztu
guk kendu
bat-naka
ba[plaratu
ba[t]raban
ba[k]urri
gu[pliztu
gu[k]endu
banaka
'put one'
'one stuck'
bat batean
bat-gar
behinik behin
ba[p]atean
bakar
behini[p]ein
'at once'
'single'
'at least'
I_
__
'run one'
'we light'
'we take away'
'one by one'
r-��-
�-�--f-�
---
�------------�-""-----"-s�-rr�-
8. Consider the Songjiang dialect of China:
K>
ti
ti
ti
9.
53 'low'
44 'bottom'
35 'emperor'
di
di
di
English nasal assimilation:
land lamp
Ia9 k
labial
anterior
+
coronal
-
E nasal
-�--�-�
dental
palatoalueolar
-
+
+
a anterior
coronal
p
/
FOCUS
^111-----'---�
31 'lift'
22 'brother'
13 'field'
+
uelar
­
­
a anterior
-
P
2pcoronal
STRUCTURRL CHRNGE
-
ENUIRONMENT (LOCATES THE FOCUS)
-­
10. Distinctive Feature chart for consonants
cot
p t
- -
k b
- -
f
Uoic
nas
-
-
-
+
--
+
+
ant
-
+
-
+
+
-
+
+
+
cor
-
+
-
+
-
-
+
strid
-
-+
+
d g
- -
+
V………
+ + + +
+
isZ
+ +
+
+
+
-
+
-
-
+
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
y w
+ +
-
+
+
+
m+ n
- - -
e.
+-
+
+ +-
-
-+
-
+
1. Distinctive feature chart for uowels
i
e ae a
o u
high
+ -
low
-
-
+
+
+
-
-
back round -
-
-
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
-- --
--
~---
------
-
1__