6.541J Handout
1.
Johni thinks hek won.
2.
Hei thinks Johnk won.
04/06/04
(Johni = hek)
(Hei
Johnk)
3.
John'si opinion of hisk dad is surprising. (Johni = hiSk)
4.
Hisi opinion of John'sk dad is surprising. (Hisi * Johnk)
5.
After John ate lunch, hek left. (John = hek)
6.
After he ate lunch, Johnk left. (he = Johnk)
7.
*To John'sk father, hei does not speak anymore. (John'sk
8.
In John'si most recent pictures, hek doesn't look well. (Johni = hek)
9.
The student sleeps.
10.
*The student sleeps the problem.
t 1. The student solued the problem.
12.
*The student solved.
13. This problem, the student solved.
14.
�_��_
*This problem, John solved this problem.
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hei)
(1)
S
NPi
VP
V
S
NPkVP
I|k
JOHN THINKS HE
t
I
WON
+
(2)
S
NPi
VP
V
S
NP VP
IlI I I
wt-
HE THINKS JOHN
_
I-�
-�----r
.T-��.---�----
WON
_____
____r·_·__b(lUI_·l__I__
A
(3)
S
v
VP
NP
NP
V ADJ
lI
NP
N
JOHN'S OPINION
D IS
,,
SURPRISING
4
(4)
S
NP
NP
p
NP
I
HIS
t
---
N
I
OPINION
P
VP
V ADJ
NP
OF JOHN'S DAD IS SURPR ISING
Nv -4
(~5)
S
PP
S
S NP VP
NP VP
V NP
p
I
I
AFTER JOHN RTE LUNCH HE
+
LEFT
+
(6)
S
PP
P
S
NP VP
V NP
I I
AFTER HE
4
S
NP VP
ATE LUNCH JOHN
4
I---I­
LEFT
DEFINITION: Take any two categories in a tree; for
eHample, two noun phrases (NP's), one of which is a
pronoun, the other a "full" NP. If the category
directly above one of them is also above the second
one, then the first NP commands the second NP.
PRINCIPLE: Take any pronoun and "full NP" pair in an
English sentence; for eHample, a "full" NP like
"John"
and a pronoun like "he"
or "his."
Coreference between them will always be possible
unless the pronoun commands the "full" NP partner.
S
(7)
PP
P NP
NP N
S
Vp
V
I I
I
ADV
I
TO JOHN'S FATHER HE DOES NOT SPEAK ANYMORE
t
----- --------
I
t
S
(8)
S
PP
P
NP
NPk VP
NP N
V
ADV
IHE DOES NOT LOOK WELL
IN JOHN'S MOST
j K RECENT
PICTURE
(9)
b.
a.
VP
UP
NP
U
SOLUE
SLEEP
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T
THIS PROBLEM
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_�LII_-·-2�10�
(le)
S
VP
NP
THE STUDENT
V
I
NP
I
SOLUED
THIS PROBLEM
(11)
S
oS
NP
VP
VP $
NP
V
THIS PROBLEM
---
--
1"
THE STUDENT
-­
NP
SOLUED
1THIS PROBLE1
(12)
s
NP
N
THIS PROBLEM
I
SOLED
THE S
4
I
(13)
S
VE
NP.
PP
P NP
NP N
V
HE
II DOES
-Iql
I
|
ADV
TO JOHN'S FATHER RNYMORE
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I-"-' - - -·---
a
(14)
S
S
PP
P NI
NP N
i
i
NrTg VY
.
s
PP
V
K
P
TO JOHN'S FRTHER HE DOES
NOT
fKe>
1
�I"---------
I SPEAKI
t
�1-��c�
I­
NP
N
ADV
i
A\
TO JOHN'S FATHER ANYMORE
(15)
PP
P NP
NP N
.
S
a~
NP VP
I
-
PP
V
TO JOHN'S FRTI HER HE DOES
NOT
SPEAK
A
r-
tk
ADV
ANYMORE
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