Influence of soil profile and site characteristics on the response of winter wheat to K on Montana soils
by Bernard Eugene Schaff
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE
in Soils
Montana State University
© Copyright by Bernard Eugene Schaff (1979)
Abstract:
Eighteen sites throughout Montana were selected to study soil and climatic factors that influence the
response of winter wheat to K fertilizer. Rates of 0, 22, 45» 90, and 135 Kg K/ha were applied with 45
and 56 Kg/ha of N and P, respectively, The sites were characterized according to Soil Taxonomy
classification parameters, For each site 14 chemical and physical properties were determined for each
genetic horizon and seven site characteristics were identified. A multiple linear stepwise regression
program was used to determine the relationship of the chemical, physical, and site characteristics to
percent yield response of winter wheat to applied K, The genetic horizon variables were analyzed by
major horizon as well as by sequence of horizon. Statistically significant variables (p=0.1) from the
major horizon and horizon sequence analyses were grouped with significant site characteristics in a
combined overall analysis. Variables with the highest correlation with percent yield response in the
combined analysis, in decreasing order, were: l) mean annual soil temperature at 50 cm.; 2) moist
consistence of the Ap; 3) moist; and 4) dry consistence of the B horizon; and 5) the clay content of the
ca horizon. For these five variables an R^2 of .88 was obtained. Results from combined analysis for
horizon sequence showed that correlations existed in decreasing order, with: l) mean annual soil
temperature at 50 cm.; 2) extractable Ca++ (me/l00g) in the 2nd horizon; 3) pH of the 2nd horizon; and
4) the percent montmorillonite in the soil of the 4th horizon. For these four variables an R^ of .83 was
obtained. STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO COPY
In p r e s e n tin g t h i s t h e s i s in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e
r e q u i r e m e n ts f o r a n a d v a n c e d d e g r e e a t M ontana S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , I
a g r e e t h a t t h e L i b r a r y s h a l l make i t f r e e l y a v a i l a b l e f o r i n s p e c t i o n .
I f u r t h e r a g r e e t h a t p e r m i s s i o n f o r e x t e n s i v e c o p y in g o f t h i s t h e s i s
f o r s c h o l a r l y p u r p o s e s may be g r a n t e d by my m a jo r p r o f e s s o r , o r , i n
h i s a b s e n c e , by t h e D i r e c t o r o f L i b r a r i e s .
I t i s u n d e r s to o d t h a t
a n y c o p y in g o r p u b l i c a t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l g a in s h a l l
n o t be a llo w e d w i t h o u t my w r i t t e n p e r m i s s i o n .
S ig n a tu re
INFLUENCE OF SOIL PROFILE AND SITE CHARACTERISTICS
ON THE RESPONSE. OF WINTER WHEAT
TO K ON MONTANA SOILS
ty
BERNARD EUGENE SCHAFF
A t h e s i s s u b m i t te d i n p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t
o f t h e r e q u i r e m e n ts f o r t h e d e g r e e
of
' MASTER OF SCIENCE
.in
S o ils
A p p ro v e d ;
C h a irm a n , G r a d u a te Co:
tte e
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bozem an, M ontana
M arch, 1979
Iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The a u t h o r w is h e s t o e x p r e s s h i s s i n c e r e a p p r e c i a t i o n t o D r.
E a lrl S k o g le y f o r h i s g u i d a n c e » e n c o u ra g e m e n t, c r i t i c i s m a n d s u p p o r t
th r o u g h o u t t h i s s t u d y .
A p p r e c i a t i o n i s a l s o e x te n d e d t o t h e t h e s i s c o m m itte e m em bers,
D r s . R a lp h A. O ls e n a n d G e r a ld N i e l s e n a n d i n t h e a b s e n c e o f D r.
N i e l s e n , D r. L a r r y M unn.
O th e r s who h a v e b e e n h e l p f u l d u r i n g t h i s s t u d y a n d d e s e r v e
re c o g n itio n a r e :
D r s . E r v in S m ith a n d R ic h a r d Lund f o r t h e i r
s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s a s s i s t a n c e ; J a c k R o g ers a n d o t h e r S o i l
C o n s e rv a tio n S e rv ic e p e rs o n n e l f o r t h e i r a s s i s ta n c e in c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
o f th e s i t e s ;
c o u n ty a g e n t s f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e i n o b t a i n i n g t h e
c o o p e r a t o r s , a n d t h e c o o p e r a t o r s t h e m s e lv e s .
M ost o f a l l t h e a u t h o r w is h e s t o e x p r e s s a d e e p s i n c e r e
a p p r e c i a t i o n t o h i s e v e r l o v i n g w i f e , S u s a n , a n d h i s tw o w o n d e r fu l
s o n s , A la n a n d K e v in , f o r t h e i r u n d e r s t a n d i n g a n d s u p p o r t d u r in g
h i s l o n g te r m o f s t u d y , r e s e a r c h a n d t h e p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h i s t h e s i s .
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
T i t l e P a g e ........................................................................................
V ita .
.................................. ...............................................................................................
.■ . i i
A ck n o w le d g m en t..............................................................
T a b le o f C o n te n ts
iii
. . ........................................................................................
iv
L i s t o f T a b l e s ..............................................................................
A b s t r a c t ..................................................................................-.................................................. x
I n t r o d u c t i o n ................................................................................................................................. .1
L i t e r a t u r e R eview . . . . . . . . . . .
. ...........................................
. .
3
M a t e r i a l s a n d M ethods ..................................................... . . . . . . . . . .
7
S i t e S e l e c t i o n ................... .... . . . ...............................................................7
F e r t i l i z e r V a r i a b l e s ............................................................................................ 7
W e a th e r S t a t i o n ..................................................................................■.....................9
A gronom ic D a ta C o l l e c t i o n .......................................................................................9
S o i l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d H o riz o n S a m p lin g .............................................. 10
P h y s i c a l P r o p e r t i e s ................................................ •...............................................10
C h e m ic a l P r o p e r t i e s a n d C la y T y p e s .....................................................• . 11
S i t e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .............................................................................................. 12
C a l c u l a t i o n o f O th e r P a r a m e t e r s ................................................ .... , . , I 3
S t a t i s t i c a l M e th o d s ................................................................................................... 16
D e t e r m in a t io n o f Y . . .................................................................................... '. 16
R e s u l t s a n d D i s c u s s i o n .................................................................................
20
A gronom ic D a ta ................................................
20
C h e m ic a l a n d P h y s i c a l D a t a ................................................................................22
S i t e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c D a ta ..................................................................................... 31
A n a l y s is o f S i t e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .................................. . . . . . .
33
M a jo r H o riz o n A n a l y s is .................................................................................. . 3 5
Ap H o r i z o n .......................................'.............................................. . • • • • 35
B H o r i z o n .......................................
38
c a H o r i z o n ................................................................................
40
V
TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTINUED
P age
-
Combined. A n a l y s is o f S i t e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d .G e n e ti c
H o r i z o n .............................................................. • ................................... ....
H o riz o n S e q u e n c e .
F i r s t H o r iz o n .
S e c o n d H o riz o n
T h i r d H o r i z o n .........................................................
F o u r th H o riz o n ............................. . . . . . . . . . . .
C om bined A n a l y s is o f S i t e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d H o riz o n
S e q u e n c e . . .............................
42
4y
49
50
Summary a n d C o n c l u s i o n s ................................ ....
A p p e n d ix ..............................................................................................
60
L ite ra tu re
79
C i t e d ...............................
vi
L B T OF TABLES
T a b le
1
Page '
C o o p e r a to r s , c o u n t y , l e g a l d e s c r i p t i o n a n d s o i l
s e r i e s f o r 18 w i n t e r w h e a t s i t e s .
2
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .
8
. . .
The g r o u p in g o f g e n e t i c h o r iz o n s fro m p r o f i l e
d e s c r i p t i o n s f o r m a jo r h o r i z o n a n a l y s i s a n d
h o riz o n seq u en ce a n a ly s i s
3
...........................................
14
C a l c u l a t e d r a t e o f K f e r t i l i z e r (X) f o r maximum
y i e l d , c a l c u l a t e d maximum y i e l d
check r a t e y ie ld
(Y ), Y i n t e r c e p t $
( a ) , and p e rc e n t y ie ld in c re a s e
w i t h r e s p e c t t o a (Y) f o r 18 w i n t e r w h e a t s i t e s .
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 ........................................................................................
4
Y i e l d , t e s t w e i g h t, a n d p e r c e n t p r o t e i n o f w i n t e r
w h e a t a s i n f l u e n c e d by K
1974.
5
f e r t i l i z e r i n 1973 a n d
21
................................................................................
C h e m ic a l a n d p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f s o i l s , by
g e n e t i c h o r i z o n , f o r 18 w i n t e r w h e a t s i t e s .
1973
a n d 1 9 7 4 ............................. '............................................................. . . . . .
6
23
S i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c d a t a f o r 18 w i n t e r w h e a t s i t e s .
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 . .................................................................................. ....
7
19
32
S i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s u s e d i n m u l t i p l e s te p w i s e
r e g r e s s i o n p r o g ra m ...................................... ............................................... 33
v
v ii
L I S T OF TABLES CONTINUED
T a L le ■
8
Page
M u ltip le l i n e a r r e g r e s s io n e q u a tio n s f o r
s ig n ific a n t s it e c h a ra c te ris tic s r e la tin g
p e rc e n t y ie ld resp o n se
(Y) o f w i n t e r w h e a t a s
r e l a t e d t o a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f o r 18 s i t e s .
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 . ....................................................................................................34
9
H o riz o n v a r i a b l e s u s e d i n m u l t i p l e s te p w i s e
36
r e g r e s s i o n p r o g ra m ...........................................................
10
M u ltip le l i n e a r r e g r e s s io n e q u a tio n s f o r
s i g n i f i c a n t A h o riz o n v a r ia b le s r e l a t i n g p e rc e n t
P
y ie ld resp o n se
(Y) o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o a p p l i e d
K f e r t i l i z e r f o r 18 s i t e s .
11
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 ...............................
37
M u lt i p le l i n e a r s t e p w i s e .r e g r e s s i o n e q u a ti o n s
f o r s i g n i f i c a n t B h o r iz o n v a r i a b l e s r e l a t i n g
p e rc e n t y ie ld resp o n se
(Y) o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o
a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f o r 17 s i t e s .
12
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 ..
. . 39,
M u lt i p le l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a ti o n s f o r s i g n i f i c a n t '
c a h o riz o n v a r ia b le s r e l a t i n g p e rc e n t y i e l d re sp o n se
(Y) o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r , f o r 18
s ite s .
1 9 7 3 a n d 1 9 7 4 .......................... ................................. . . ■
40
v iii
L I S T OF TABLES CONTINUED
T a b le
13
Page
. S i g n i f i c a n t m a jo r h o r iz o n p a r a m e t e r s a n d s i t e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s u sed in a m u ltip le l i n e a r
r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n f o r co m b in ed a n a l y s i s . .
14
. . . .
42
M u ltip le l i n e a r r e g r e s s io n e q u a tio n s f o r
s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b l e s fro m com bined a n a l y s i s
r e l a t i n g p e r c e n t y i e l d r e s p o n s e (Y) o f w i n t e r
w h e a t t o a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f o r 18 s i t e s .
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .......................... ..............................................................
15
43
M u lt i p le l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a ti o n s f o r .
s i g n i f i c a n t 1 s t h o riz o n v a r ia b le s r e l a t i n g
p e rc e n t y ie ld resp o n se
(Y) o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o
a p p l i e d K - f e r t i l i z e r f o r 18 s i t e s .
16
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .
. . - 45
M u lt i p le l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s f o r
s i g n i f i c a n t 2nd h o r i z o n v a r i a b l e s r e l a t i n g
p e rc e n t y ie ld resp o n se
(Y) o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o
r a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f o r 18 s i t e s .
17
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .
.
. 47
' M u lt i p le l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a ti o n s f o r
s i g n i f i c a n t 3*^. h o r i z o n v a r i a b l e s r e l a t i n g
p e r c e n t y i e l d r e s p o n s e (Y) o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o
a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f o r 18 s i t e s .
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 ;
. . . 47
ix
"
' L I S T OF TABLES CONTINUED
T a b le
18
■
Ik g e
M u ltip le l i n e a r r e g r e s s io n e q u a tio n f o r
s i g n i f i c a n t 4 th .h o r iz o n v a r ia b le s r e l a t i n g
p e r c e n t y i e l d . r e s p o n s e (Y) o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o
a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f o r 18 s i t e s .
19
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .
, . . 49
S i g n i f i c a n t h o r iz o n s e q u e n c e a n d s i t e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c v a r ia b le s u se d in a m u ltip le
l i n e a r s t e p w i s e r e g r e s s i o n f o r co m bined a n a l y s i s . . . . 5 Q
20
M u l t i p l e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s f o r co m bined
s i t e and h o riz o n seq u en ce v a r ia b le s r e l a t i n g
p e r c e n t y i e l d r e s p o n s e (Y) o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o
a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f o r 18 s i t e s .
1973 a n d
1 9 7 4 . .................................................. .... .................................................... ....
21
. 51
A rra y o f s i t e s in o r d e r o f d e c re a s in g p e rc e n t y ie ld
r e s p o n s e t o K f e r t i l i z e r a n d some s o i l ta x o n o m ic
c h a r a c te r is tic s f o r each s i t e
. . . . . . . . . . ...
., 56
X
ABSTRACT
E i g h te e n s i t e s t h r o u g h o u t M ontana w ere s e l e c t e d t o s t u d y s o i l
and c li m a t ic f a c t o r s t h a t in f lu e n c e th e re sp o n se o f w in te r w heat to K
fe rtiliz e r.
R a te s o f 0 , 2 2 , 45» 9 0 , a n d 135 Kg K /h a w ere a p p l i e d w i t h
4 5 a n d 56 K g /h a o f W a n d P , r e s p e c t i v e l y , The. s i t e s w ere c h a r a c t e r i z e d
a c c o r d i n g t o S o i l Taxonomy c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p a r a m e t e r s , F o r e a c h s i t e
1 4 c h e m ic a l a n d p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s w ere d e te r m in e d f o r e a c h g e n e t i c
h o r i z o n a n d s e v e n s i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w ere i d e n t i f i e d .
A m u ltip le
l i n e a r s t e p w i s e r e g r e s s i o n p ro g ra m was u s e d t o d e te r m in e t h e r e l a t i o n ­
s h ip o f th e c h e m ic a l, p h y s ic a l, and s i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s to p e rc e n t
y i e l d r e s p o n s e o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o a p p l i e d K, The g e n e t i c h o r iz o n
v a r i a b l e s w ere a n a ly z e d by m a jo r h o r i z o n a s w e l l a s by s e q u e n c e o f
h o r i z o n . S t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b l e s (p = 0 ,1 ) fro m t h e m a jo r
h o r iz o n a n d h o r i z o n s e q u e n c e a n a l y s e s w ere g ro u p e d w i t h s i g n i f i c a n t
s i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n a co m b in ed o v e r a l l a n a l y s i s . V a r i a b l e s w ith
t h e h i g h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n w i t h p e r c e n t y i e l d r e s p o n s e i n t h e com bined
a n a l y s i s , i n d e c r e a s i n g o r d e r , w e re : l ) mean a h n jia l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e
a t 50 c m .; 2 ) m o is t c o n s i s t e n c e o f t h e A pi 3 ) m o is t ; a n d . 4 ) d r y
c o n s i s t e n c e o f t h e B h o r i z o n ; a n d 5 ) t h e c l a y c o n t e n t o f th e c a
h o r i z o n . F o r t h e s e f i v e v a r i a b l e s a n R^ o f .8 8 was o b t a i n e d . R e s u l t s
fro m co m b in ed a n a l y s i s f o r h o r i z o n s e q u e n c e show ed t h a t c o r r e l a t i o n s
e x i s t e d i n d e c r e a s i n g o r d e r , w i t h : l ) mean a n n u a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e
a t 50 cm . 5 2 ) e x t r a c t a b l e Ca+* (m e/lO O g) i n t h e 2nd h o r i z o n ; 3 ) pH
o f th e 2nd h o r iz o n ; an d 4 ) th e p e r c e n t m o n tm o rillo n ite in th e s o i l o f
t h e 4 t h h o r i z o n . F o r t h e s e f o u r v a r i a b l e s a n R^ o f .8 3 was o b t a i n e d .
INTRODUCTION
O v e r t h e y e a r s , r e s e a r c h i n M ontana h a s i n d i c a t e d t h a t p r e d i c t i n g
th e re s p o n s e o f s m a ll g r a in s t o th e a d d itio n s o f p o ta s s iu m
u n p re d ic ta b le
( S k o g le y , 1 9 7 5 )•
^
(k ) i s
C ro p r e s p o n s e s o c c u r f r e q u e n t l y e v e n
th o u g h t h e s t a n d a r d s o i l t e s t i n d i c a t e s a d e q u a te l e v e l s o f e x t r a c t a b l e
K i n m o st s o i l s o f t h e r e g i o n . .
I n 1 9 7 1 , a m a jo r r e s e a r c h e f f o r t was i n i t i a t e d t o s tu d y t h e c a u s e
o f t h e u n p r e d i c t a b i l i t y o f K r e s p o n s e a n d t o d e v e lo p a r e l i a b l e K s o i l
te s t.
Haby (197*0 s t u d i e d n um erous e x t r a c t i o n t e c h n i q u e s t o d e te r m in e
w h e th e r some p r o c e d u r e o t h e r t h a n th e . s t a n d a r d s o i l t e s t
(n e u tra l:
n o r m a l, NHZjiOAC e x t r a c t i o n ) w ould m ore a c c u r a t e l y p r e d i c t t h e r e s p o n s e
o f s m a l l g r a i n s t o K.
I n a d d i t i o n , P h i l l i p s .( 1 9 7 3 ) s t u d i e d t h e
r e l e a s e o f K fro m c e r t a i n t y p e s o f c l a y m in e r a l s d o m in a n t I n M ontana
s o ils .
Wang (1 9 7 5 ) lo o k e d a t t h e f i x a t i o n a n d r e l e a s e o f K ( i n s a m p le s
c o l l e c t e d fro m f i e l d t r i a l s o i l s ) d u r i n g s e v e r a l m onths o f i n c u b a t i o n .
T h e se r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s h e l p u s t o b e t t e r u n d e r s t a n d t h e r e a c t i o n
o f K i n M ontana s o i l s ,
N e v e r t h e l e s s t h e p ro b le m o f a c c u r a t e l y p r e d i c t ­
in g c ro p re s p o n s e t o K h a s n o t been s o lv e d .
E x t r a c t i o n o f s o i l K, by
a n y known m eth o d ( c h e m ic a l, e x c h a n g e r e s i n , l i v i n g c e l l s , e t c . )
p r o b a b ly c a n n o t s e r v e a s t h e b a s i s f o r a r e l i a b l e K s o i l t e s t f o r o u r .
re g io n .
Some m ethod w h ic h h a s a c l o s e r f u n c t i o n a l r e l a t i o n s h i p t o K
a v a ila b ility
i n t h e s o i l a n d u p ta k e by p l a n t s m ust be d e v e lo p e d .
R e s e a rc h r e p o r t s i n d i c a t e t h a t d i f f u s i o n o f t h e K io n t o t h e p l a n t
r o o t i s p r o b a b l y t h e c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r i n K u p ta k e , fro m s o i l s
2
( B a r b e r 1 9 6 2 , M assee 1 9 7 3 )•
H ow ever, c o n v e n t i o n a l e x t r a c t i o n
p r o c e d u r e s w ere n o t d e s ig n e d t o m e a su re io n d i f f u s i o n th r o u g h s o i l s ..
Num erous s o i l p r o p e r t i e s i n f l u e n c e io n d i f f u s i o n i n s o i l s .
s o i l f a c t o r s , may p a r t i a l l y r e g u l a t e K a v a i l a b i l i t y .
O th e r
T h is s t u d y was
i n i t i a t e d t o d e te r m in e t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
p a r a m e te r s a n d r e s p o n s e o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o K i n M o n ta n a .
I t was
h y p o th e s iz e d t h a t s o i l s have c e r t a i n in h e r e n t g e n e tic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
w h ich i n f l u e n c e K a v a i l a b i l i t y
( p r o b a b ly r e l a t e d t o d i f f u s i o n o f K t o
p l a n t r o o t s ) a n d w h ic h c a n be e x p r e s s e d by s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
d e te rm in a tio n s .
To s t u d y t h i s h y p o t h e s i s , a n u m b e r .o f s o i l s on w h ich
s m a ll g ra in , s o i l f e r t i l i t y
f i e l d r e s e a r c h e x p e r im e n ts w ere c o n d u c te d
w ere s i m u l t a n e o u s l y c h a r a c t e r i z e d f o r t h e i r p h y s i c a l , c h e m ic a l, a n d
c lim a tic p r o p e r tie s .
T h ese p r o p e r t i e s w ere t h e n c o r r e l a t e d w ith
w in te r w heat re sp o n se to added K f e r t i l i z e r s in th e f i e l d .
■
LITERATURE REVIEW
C u s to m a rily „ s o i l f e r t i l i t y
r e s e a r c h e r s have fo c u se d t h e i r
a t t e n t i o n on p l a n t n u t r i e n t n e e d s w i t h o u t e m p h a s iz in g t h e s o i l ty p e o r
s e r i e s on w h ic h t h e w ork was c o n d u c te d .
S om etim es c r o p r e s p o n s e s a r e
r e p o r t e d f o r s p e c i f i c s o i l t y p e s w i t h o u t d e te r m lf lih g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p
"between c r o p r e s p o n s e a n d s o i l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
little
C o n s e q u e n tly , v e r y
i n f o r m a t i o n i s a v a i l a b l e on t h e i n f l u e n c e s ; w h ic h s o i l ty p e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s may h a v e on c r o p r e s p o n s e t o f e r t i l i z e r n u t r i e n t s „
The i n f o r m a t i o n t h a t i s a v a i l a b l e i n d i c a t e s s o i l ty p e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
c a n e x e r t a m a jo r i n f l u e n c e on p l a n t r e s p o n s e ( P r i n c e , 1957y; McLean
e t a l , , 1953» R uss . a n d B e l l , 1 9 6 2 , C a r l s o n
a n d N im lo s , 1 9 7 0 ).
I n r e l a t i n g c r o p r e s p o n s e a s i n f l u e n c e d by s o i l t y p e s , S h r a d e r ,
et a l.,
(1 9 5 7 ) s t a t e d
"An i m p o r ta n t h y p o t h e s i s i n s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
i s t h a t c r o p y i e l d may be a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s o i l ty p e d i f f e r e n c e s ,■ . The
v a l i d i t y o f t h i s h y p o t h e s i s i s s u p p o r t e d "try a w e a lth o f o b s e r v a t i o n s
b u t o n ly t y v e r y l i m i t e d e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a " ,
h y p o t h e s i s , l o n g te r m r o t a t i o n f e r t i l i t y
In s u p p o rt o f t h e i r
e x p e r im e n ts w ere c o n d u c te d .
R e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d y i e l d d i f f e r e n c e s w e re a s s o c i a t e d w i t h s o i l t y p e s
.
a n d t h e r e l a t i v e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f t h e s o i l ty p e d e p e n d e d upon t h e c ro p
a n d m anagem ent s y s te m u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n .
S u p p o r t o f S h r a d e r a n d a s s o c i a t e s ' h y p o t h e s i s c a n be f o u n d i n t h e
"C om m ittee 6 R e p o r t"
( O ls e n , 1 9 7 7 ) i n w h ic h a n a t t e m p t was made t o
d e te r m i n e w h a t was known i n t h e U . 8 . a n d o t h e r r e g i o n s c o n c e r n in g s o i l
t y p e i n f l u e n c e s on c r o p r e s p o n s e t o f e r t i l i z e r s ,
G e n e r a l c o n c lu s i o n s
k
w ere t h a t s o i l t y p e s do i n f l u e n c e c r o p r e s p o n s e , "but n o t much
im p o r ta n c e h a s y e t "been a t t a c h e d t o t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p by m ost
re se a rc h e rs.
The r e s e a r c h r e p o r t e d by F e h r e n b a c h e r e t a l ,
(l9 ? 2 ) i s an
.
ex am p le o f s t u d i e s t o r e l a t e c r o p r e s p o n s e s w ith g ro u p s o f s o i l t y p e s .
S o i l a s s o c i a t i o n s w ere r a n k e d a c c o r d i n g t o c r o p r e s p o n s e a s i n f l u e n c e d
by m anagem ent p r a c t i c e s a n d p a st" p r o d u c t i o n h i s t o r y .
O ut o f t h i s
r a n k i n g a p r o d u c t i v i t y in d e x ( P l ) was d e v e lo p e d f o r e a c h s o i l
a s s o c ia tio n in th e s t a t e o f I l l i n o i s .
B ased on i t s P I , t h e r e l a t i v e
p r o d u c t i v i t y o f e a c h a s s o c i a t i o n i s p r e d i c t e d f o r w h e a t, c o m , a n d
so y b ean s.
I n s i m i l a r w o rk , C a rs o n a n d N im lo s ( l 9 ? 0 ) f o u n d t h a t f i v e s o i l
s e r i e s w ith d i f f e r e n t s i t e
in t h e i r re sp o n se s to
tre e
in d e x e .s ( S i ) w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t
g r o w th ,
N e ls o n e t a l .
(1 9 4 $ ) r e p o r t e d
on a s t u d y w h ere o a t s was grow n on 23 d i f f e r e n t s o i l t y p e s .
Y ie ld s
■
d i f f e r e d d u e t o v a r i o u s r a t e s o f N, P a n d K on d i f f e r e n t s o i l t y p e s .
S a n th ira s e g a in
( 1 9 6 8 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t P a sp a lu m c o n m e r s o n ii (a f o r a g e
g r a s s ) r e s p o n d e d d i f f e r e n t l y t o v a r i o u s r a t e s o f N, P a n d K on e a c h
o f th re e s o i l s e r i e s .
R uss a n d B e l l ( 1 9 6 2 ) a l s o r e p o r t e d t h a t y i e l d
d i f f e r e n c e s i n c o m w ere i n f l u e n c e d by s o i l t y p e s .
I t i s r e c o g n i z e d t h a t t h e r e a r e d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n s o i l t y p e s o r
s e r i e s i n t h e i r p h y s i c a l a n d c h e m ic a l p r o p e r t i e s .
In f a c t , s o i l
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s p a r t i a l l y b a s e d on s u c h d i f f e r e n c e s .
A tk in s o n
5
e t a l.
(1953) r e p o r t d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e en s o i l t y p e s i n b o th p h y s i c a l
a n d c h e m ic a l p r o p e r t i e s ,
B e c k e t t a n d N a fa d y (1968) r e p o r t e d a
c o r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n s o i l s e r i e s a n d , t h e ''P o t e n t i a l B u f f e r i n g C a p a c it y "
o f a s o i l f o r K , . O ls o n e t a l .
(1 9 5 8 ) fo u n d t h a t s o i l pH, a n d e x t r a c t -
a b l e P a n d K w ere r e l a t e d t o s o i l s e r i e s .
They s t a t e d t h a t c u r r e n t
s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n f o r m a t i o n c a n be v e r y u s e f u l i n p r e d i c t i n g
c ro p n e e d s f o r P a n d K.
N u t r i e n t u p ta k e by p l a n t s a l s o may b e i n f l u e n c e d by s o i l s e r i e s .
W h ite e t a l ,
( l 9 ? 0 ) f o u n d t h a t t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f N1 P , K, C a, Mg,
A l , Mn, Z n , Fe a n d Cu i n t h e i n n e r b a r k o f l o b l o l l y p i n e d i f f e r e d i n
t r e e s grow n on d i f f e r e n t s o i l s e r i e s .
P rin c e
(1 9 5 7 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t
d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t r a c e e le m e n ts fro m d i f f e r e n t
s o i l t y p e s was r e f l e c t e d i n t h e a m o u n ts i n t h e l e a v e s o f c o m grow n
on t h e s e s o i l s .
McLean e t a l .
(1 9 5 3 ) fo u n d t h a t t h e r e l a t i v e e f f e c t
o f a p p l i e d P on t h e u p ta k e o f P v a r i e s s i g n i f i c a n t l y a c c o r d in g t o s o i l
ty p e .
I n r e l a t e d w ork by Hanway e t a l .
( i 960 ) on 9 d i f f e r e n t s o i l
s e r i e s , r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t l ) e x c h a n g e a b le K c o n t e n t , Z) t h e e f f e c t
o f d r y i n g on r e l e a s e o f e x c h a n g e a b le K, a n d 3 ) m i n e r a l o g i c a l X -ra y
p a t t e r n s w ere d i f f e r e n t f o r e a c h s o i l s e r i e s .
Munn (1 9 7 7 ) s t u d i e d t h e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f some W e s te rn M ontana
s o i l s a n d t h e i n f l u e n c e s t h a t s o i l p r o f i l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h av e on t h e
p ro d u c tiv ity o f s p e c if ic p la n t h a b i t a t s .
H is r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e d t h a t
t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e M o llic e p ip e d o n ( s u r f a c e h o r i z o n ) h a d t h e
h i g h e s t c o r r e l a t i o n 'v a l u e w i t h p l a n t p r o d u c t i v i t y .
S o i l m o r p h o lo g ic a l
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p r o v e d m ore u s e f u l i n m o d e lin g s i t e p r o d u c t i v i t y th a n
d id e s tim a te d c lim a tic d a ta o r s i t e n u t r i e n t d a ta .
Some v a r i a t i o n s o c c u r i n g w i t h i n a s e r i e s h a v e b e e n a t t r i b u t e d
t o p a s t a n d p r e s e n t m anagem ent p r a c t i c e s
S h r a d e r e t a l . , 1 9 5 7 )•
( B e c k e t t a n d N a fa d y „ 1968 ,
L ik e w is e , i t i s e x p e c te d t h a t d i f f e r e n c e s
i n c r o p r e s p o n s e on d i f f e r e n t s o i l s may n o t be a s p r e d i c t e d i f
m anagem ent p r a c t i c e s a r e n o t t h e sam e.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
S ite S e le c tio n
W ith t h e h e l p o f l o c a l c o u n ty a g e n t s 3 ^ s i t e s w ere s e l e c t e d
(2 4
s i t e s i n 1973 and. 10 i n 1 9 7 4 ) i n t h e m a jo r w h e a t a r e a s o f t h e e a s t e r n
tw o t h i r d s o f M o n ta n a .
T h e se s i t e s w er$ i n f i e l d s o f f a r m e r - c o o p e r a t o r s
who w ere c o n s i d e r e d t o he a v e r a g e o r b e t t e r i n t h e i r m anagem ent
p ro g ra m .
Due t o c ir c u m s t a n c e s s u c h a s h a i l , weed i n f e s t a t i o n o r
o t h e r p r o b le m s , d a t a fro m o n ly 2 4 s i t e s w ere c o l l e c t e d ,
Of th e s e 24
s i t e s , 18 w ere w i n t e r w h e a t, 2 w ere b a r l e y , a n d 4 s p r i n g w h e a t.
B e c a u s e o f t h e s m a l l n um ber o f s i t e s o f b a r l e y a n d s p r i n g w h e a t o n ly
t h e d a t a fro m w i n t e r w h e a t a r e r e p o r t e d .
T a b le I l i s t s
some p e r t i n e n t
in fo rm a tio n r e l a t i v e to th e s e s i t e s .
The p l o t s w ere l o c a t e d f o r e a s e o f a c c e s s i b i l i t y , p r e f e r a b l y n e a r
a r o a d o r to w a rd s t h e e d g e o f a f a l l o w s t r i p .
W here b a r l e y o r s p r i n g
w h e a t w ere a t t h e sam e s i t e w ith w i n t e r w h e a t, t h e p l o t s w ere l o c a t e d
in a d ja c e n t o r n e a rly a d ja c e n t s t r i p s .
The p l o t s w ere l o c a t e d a t l e a s t 20 f e e t i n t o t h e f i e l d t o
m in im iz e t h e
"ed g e e f f e c t " .
240 x 60 f e e t i n 1 9 7 4 .
fe e t,
The s i t e was 140 x 60 f e e t i n 1973 a n d
E a c h i n d i v i d u a l t r e a t m e n t p l o t was 10 x 20 ,
P l o t s w ere l a i d . o u t w ith t h e l e n g t h o f t h e s i t e
r u n n in g p a r a l l e l
a n d t h e w id th p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e d r i l l r o w s .
F e r t i l i z e r V a ria b le s
A ra n d o m iz e d c o m p le te b l o c k w i t h t h r e e r e p l i c a t i o n s a n d 14
t r e a t m e n t s i n 1973 a n d 2 4 t r e a t m e n t s i n 1 9 7 4 was u s e d . . The f e r t i l i z e r
T a b le I .
G o o p e r a t o r s , c o u n ty , l e g a l d e s c r i p t i o n a n d s o i l s e r i e s f o r t h e 18 w i n t e r w h e a t
s ite s .
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .
C o u n ty
L eg al D e s c rip tio n
C o o p e r a to r s
1973
L o re n P e r r y
Don H o lla n d
G ary Helm
John P e h l
L a rry E rp e ld in g
Ray C ash
Jo h n J e r g e n s o n
M arv in Works
P e te M ik lo v ic h
W illia m Daum
V i r g i l Hanks
C h o u te a u
R osebud
G a rfie ld
P ra irie
R osebud
M u s s e ls h e ll
B l a in e
C h o u te a u
B ig H om
Y e llo w s to n e
G a lla tin
SE4 ,
N Ef,
NEy,
SWy,
S E f1
NWy,
N E i,
SEy,
Sec
Sec
S ec
S ec
Sec
Sec
Sec
S ec
swi, S ec
SW i, S ec
swi, S ec
31,
20,
32,
20,
15,
30,
10,
24,
29,
18,
32,
1974
H en ry L a s s i l a
M arv in Works
Ned S c h a f f
E lm e r V i s s e r
Jo h n P e h l
Don H o lla n d
Sim e I n c .
C a sc a d e
C h o u te a u
G o ld en V a lle y
M adison
P ra irie
R osebud
G a lla tin
SWf,
S E y,
N E i,
N E f,
3 3 , T21N, R5E
3 4 , T29N, R5E
6 , T5N, R22E
9 , T3S, RlW
2 0 , T12N, R52E
2 3 , T6N, R42E
3 1 , T2S, R5E
S ec
Sec
S ec
Sec
swi, S ec
NWy, S e c
swi, S ec
T23N, RlOE
T6N, R42E
T17N, R43E
T12N, R52E
t 6 n , r4 i e
T5N, R25E
T31N, R lBe
T28N, R9E
T6S, R36e
T4S, R26E
T 2 S , R5E
S o il S e rie s
G e rb e r
E dgar
C h e r ry
C h a n ta
F o rt C o llin s
B a in v ille
W illia m s
E v a n s to n
A m e g a rd
A b s a ro k e e
A m sterdam
G e rb e r
E v a n s to n
M anbum
E v a n s to n
C h a n ta
D eacon
Bozeman
9
v a r i a b l e s w ere p a r t o f a l a r g e r s o i l f e r t i l i t y
re se a rc h p ro je c t, but
o n ly 5 t r e a t m e n t s f o r e a c h y e a r a r e p e r t i n e n t t o t h i s r e s e a r c h
p ro je c t.
D e t a i l s c o n c e r n in g t h e o t h e r v a r i a b l e s c a n be f o u n d i n
t h e S o i l s A n n u a l R e p o r t (1973» 1 9 7 4 ) ,
A l l o f t h e s i t e s w ere f e r t i l i z e d i n t h e f a l l p r i o r t o s e e d i n g o f
d r y l a n d w i n t e r w h e a t.
The i n f l u e n c e o f K f e r t i l i z e r r a t e s was
m e a s u re d on p l o t s r e c e i v i n g b l a n k e t a p p l i c a t i o n s o f 4 $ a n d 56 K g/ha
o f n itr o g e n and p h o sp h o ru s, r e s p e c ti v e ly .
0 , 2 2 , 45» 9 0 , and. 136 K g /h a o f K,
n itra te
The r a t e s o f K a p p l i e d w ere
M a t e r i a l s em p lo y ed w ere ammonium
( 3 4 - 0 - 0 ) , t r i p l e s u p e r p h o s p h a te
( 0 - 4 5 - 0 ) a n d m u r ia te o f
p o ta s h .( O - O - 6 0 ) .
W e a th e r S t a t i o n
A t e a c h l o c a t i o n a s m a l l w e a th e r s t a t i o n a s d e s c r i b e d by Sim s
a n d J a c k s o n ( l 9 7 l ) vjas s e t u p .
r e a d i n g s o n c e a w eek .
E ach c o o p e r a to r a g re e d t o o b ta in
M e asu re m e n ts i n c l u d e d t h e am ount o f r a i n f a l l
(an d d a t e ) , s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e a t 50 cm, e v a p o r a t i o n fro m a n open p an a n d
t h e g ro w th s t a g e f o r t h e c r o p a s e x p r e s s e d by t h e P e e k e 's s c a l e
(L a rg e , 1 9 5 4 ).
A gronom ic D a ta C o l l e c t i o n
Som etim e a f t e r t h e c r o p was h e a d e d , b u t p r i o r t o h a r v e s t , a
t h r e e - f o o t s w a th was c u t a ro u n d t h e b o r d e r o f t h e s i t e a n d b e tw e en
each o f th e th re e r e p lic a tio n s .
fT h is r e d u c e d t h e i n d i v i d u a l p l o t
l e n g t h t o a p p r o x i m a t e ly 1 8 .5 f e e t , b u t rem oved a n a r e a o f p o t e n t i a l
10
f e r t i l i z e r " o v e r l a p " fro m t h e h a r v e s t a r e a a n d a l s o a llo w e d f o r e a s e
o f p l o t s e p a r a tio n d u rin g h a r v e s t .
,
A s m a l l - p l o t com bine w ith a c u t t i n g
w id th o f 4 . 5 f e e t was u s e d t o h a r v e s t t h e c e n t e r a r e a o f t h e '1 0 f o o t
w ide p l o t .
The l e n g t h o f t h e h a r v e s t a r e a f o r e a c h p l o t was m e a su re d
s o t h a t a n a c c u r a t e y i e l d c a l c u l a t i o n p e r u n i t a r e a was p r o c u r a b l e ,
G r a in fro m e a c h p l o t was s a c k e d a n d t a k e n t o t h e l a b o r a t o r y w here
y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t a n d p r o t e i n c o n t e n t w ere d e te r m i n e d .
S o i l C l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d H o riz o n S a m p lin g
A t e a c h s i t e a s m a l l p i t e x t e n d i n g t h r o u g h t h e so lu m was dug f o r
s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n a n d s a m p lin g c o l l e c t i o n .
(SCS) p e r s o n n e l a s s i s t e d i n c l a s s i f y i n g
S o i l C o n s e r v a tio n S e r v ic e
(USDA, 1 9 5 1 1 1 9 7 5 ) t h e s o i l
an d c o l l e c t i n g sa m p le s, fro m e a c h g e n e t i c h o r iz o n down t h r o u g h t h e Cca
h o riz o n
( i f p re s e n t).
o f 60 i n c h e s
I n some c a s e s s a m p le s w ere o b t a i n e d t o a d e p th
(1975 c m ).
F o r s a m p le s bey o n d t h e so lu m a b u c k e t
a u g e r o r a h y d r a u l i c s o i l p ro b e was u s e d .
P h y s ic a l P r o p e r tie s
The h y d r o m e te r m ethod was u s e d f o r t h e d e t e r m i n a t i o n o f t h e p e r c e n t
s a n d , s i l t , and c la y
(D ay, 1 9 6 5 ) .
The p a r a f f i n wax p r o c e d u r e was u s e d
i n d e te r m i n in g t h e a i r d r i e d b u lk d e n s i t y
( B la k e , 1 9 6 5 )•
The v a lu e s u s e d f o r m o is t a n d d r y c o n s i s t e n c e a r e a r b i t a r y v a lu e s
a s d e s c r i b e d i n t h e M ontana A u to m ate d I k t a P r o c e s s i n g S y ste m f o r S o i l
In v e n to rie s
(D e c k e r, e t a l , 1 9 7 5 )•
The v a lu e g iv e n i s d e p e n d e n t upon
t h e am ount o f p r e s s u r e r e q u i r e d t o c r u s h a s o i l p a r t i c l e when
11
p l a c e d "between t h e th u m b .a n d f o r e f i n g e r u n d e r m o is t a n d a i r d r i e d s o i l
m o is t u r e
c o n d itio n s .
As t h e s o i l p e d becom es f i r m e r t h e v a lu e o f
c o n s i s t e n c e becom es g r e a t e r .
The v a lu e s ra n g e d fro m 4 l f o r l o o s e t o
46 f o r e x tr e m e ly f i r m m o is t c o n s i s t e n c e , a n d 6 l f o r l o o s e t o 66 f o r
e x tr e m e ly f i r m d r y c o n s i s t e n c e .
C h e m ic a l P r o p e r t i e s a n d C la y T ypes
The pH a n d e l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c t i v i t y
( E .C . ) w e re d e te r m in e d on a
2 : 1 w a t e r t o s o i l d i l u t i o n a s u s e d by t h e M ontana S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y
S o i l T e s tin g L a b o ra to ry .
P e r c e n t o r g a n i c m a t t e r was d e te r m in e d by
t h e p r o c e d u r e d e s c r i b e d by Sim s a n d Haby ( 1 9 7 0 ).
c a p a c ity
C a t io n e x c h a n g e
(C .E .C . ) was d e te r m in e d by t h e NaOAC s a t u r a t i o n p r o c e d u r e
a s d e s c r i b e d by Chapman ( 1 9 6 5 ) .
E x c h a n g e a b le c a t i o n s was d e te r m in e d
by t h e n e u t r a l , n o rm a l NHijOAC e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e d u r e a s u s e d by t h e
M ontana S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y S o i l T e s t i n g L a b o r a t o r y ,
A l l a n a l y s e s w ere
made on e a c h h o r i z o n e x c e p t f o r o r g a n i x m a t t e r w h ic h was d e te r m in e d
o n ly on t h e s u r f a c e tw o h o r i z o n s .
The p e r c e n t m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e a n d v e r m i c u l i t e w ere e s t i m a t e d u s i n g
A le x ia d e s a n d J a c k s o n p r o c e d u r e
(1965) .
F o llo w in g s a t u r a t i o n o f t h e
c l a y f r a c t i o n w ith KCL p e r c e n t v e r m i c u l i t e was e s t i m a t e d by t h e am ount
of K
t h a t i s f i x e d w h ile m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e was e s t i m a t e d by t h e am ount
o f e x c h a n g e a b le K .
The p e r c e n t i l l i t e
was e s t i m a t e d u s i n g t h e h y d r o f l u o r i c - p e r c h l o r i c
a c i d d i g e s t i o n ( P r a t t , 1 9 6 5 ) f o r t o t a l K+ .
The t o t a l c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f
12
K+ , i n PPM, was t h e n d i v i d e d by 8 .3 ( J a c k s o n , 1965 ) .
S ite C h a ra c te ris tic s
Mean a n n u a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e w a s ■o b t a i n e d fro m e s t a b l i s h e d S. C. S.
s o i l s e r i e s d e s c r i p t i o n b a s e d on t h e s o i l s e r i e s name f o r e a c h s i t e .
Mean a n n u a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e i s a l o n g te r m a v e r a g e f o r t h a t p a r t i c u l a r
s o il s e rie s .
I n i t i a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e was t h e te m p e r a t u r e o f t h e s o i l a t 50
cm. a t t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f t h e w e a t h e r s t a t i o n , a p p r o x i m a t e ly t h e 1 s t o f
May.
S o i l t e m p e r a t u r e a t 50 cm. f o r b o o t s t a g e
( P e e k e 's , g ro w th s t a g e
IO ) was o b t a i n e d fro m t h e w e e k ly r e a d i n g s t h a t t h e c o o p e r a t o r s s u b ­
m itte d ,
The v a lu e f o r t o t a l r a i n f a l l was t h e c u m m u la tiv e am ount fro m t h e
i n i t i a t i o n o f th e w e a th e r s t a t i o n
( 1 s t o f May) t o t h e d a t e o f h a r v e s t
( m id d le ' o f A u g u s t) .
The d e p th t o t h e zo n e o f a c c u m u la tio n o f s e c o n d a r y c a r b o n a te s
(G a) was m e a s u re d fro m t h e s u r f a c e t o t h e t o p o f t h e Ga h o r i z o n .
The v a lu e f o r a s p e c t r e p r e s e n t s t h e num ber o f 4 5 ° d e g r e e u n i t s
c lo c k w is e fro m n o r t h w i t h n o r t h b e in g I .
F o r exam ple ( s e e d ia g ra m )
w e s t i s 270 ° fro m n o r t h w i t h a v a lu e o f 7 .
■ The v a lu e s f o r p a r e n t m a t e r i a l mode a r e co d e d v a l u e s u s e d i n t h e
M ontana A u to m ate d Efeita P r o c e s s i n g S y stem f o r S o i l I n v e n t o r i e s
e t a l . 1 9 7 5 )•
(D e c k e r,
The c o d e d v a lu e r e p r e s e n t s t h e m eans by w h ich t h e s o i l
m a t e r i a l was d e p o s i t e d .
F o r e x a m p le , t h e c o d ed v a lu e o f 4 r e p r e s e n t s
13'
l o e s s p aren t m a te r ia l, meaning th e s o i l p r o f il e was developed from
s o i l m a te r ia l blown in by wind; th e coded v alu e o f 3 r e p r e se n ts
g l a c i a l l t i l l d e p o s it s .
N, I
?, I
S, 5
C a lc u la tio n o f O ther
Param eters
P ercen t m o n tm o r illo n ite , v e r m ic u llt e , and l l l i t e
in th e s o i l was
ob tain ed by m u ltip ly in g th e p erce n t c la y in the s o i l tim es th e p ercen t
c la y m ineral f r a c t io n in the c la y .
The r a t io o f m o n tm o r illo n ite /v e r m ic u llte was o b ta in ed by d iv id in g
th e p erce n t m o n tm o rillo n ite by th e p erce n t v e r m ic u llt e .
This was
done f o r both the s o i l and c la y p o r t io n s .
C o n cen tra tio n o f K, in me/lOOg, was d iv id e d by th e C.E.C. o f th e
s o i l to determ ine th e r a t io o f K to C.E.C.
14
The r a t io o f K+/(C a ++ + Mg++) 2 was determ ined by u sin g the
c o n c e n tr a tio n (me/lOOg) o f th e r e s p e c t iv e c a tio n s from e x tr a c tio n
a n a ly s i s .
Data C om pilation
The d ata were com piled in two d if f e r e n t manners .
In th e f i r s t
ca se th e d ata from each major h o rizo n were handled s e p a r a t e ly .
th e r e was more than one g e n e t ic h o rizo n o f th e same typ e (A
PI
Where
A
and
®21T’ ®22T^ th ey were averaged t o g e t h e r to r e p r e se n t th e major h o rizo n
(s e e Table 2 ) .
In th e secon d c a se th e r e was no c o n s id e r a tio n g iv e n
to th e h o r iz o n , th e y were run in th e num erical seq u en ce a s th ey
occu rred in th e p r o f i l e (A^1 1 s t h o riz o n ; A ^ » 2nd h o r iz o n , e t c . ) .
Table 2 .
Major
Horizon
The grouping o f g e n e t ic h o riz o n s from p r o f i l e d e s c r ip t io n
f o r major h o rizo n a n a ly s is and h o rizo n sequence a n a ly s is .
P r o f ile
D e s c r ip tio n
Horizon
Sequence
P r o f ile
D e sc r ip tio n
Major
Horizon
15
The d e p th t o w h ic h t h e m a jo r h o r iz o n s e x te n d e d v a r i e d fro m s i t e
to s i t e .
The d e p th o f t h e
v a r i e d fro m 1 5 -2 5 cm.
The B h o r i z o n 's
lo w e r d e p th v a r i e d fro m 3 0 -5 6 cm. a n d t h a t o f t h e c a v a r i e d fro m
5 1 -1 2 2 cm.
fo llo w s :
In. t h e c a s e o f t h e h o r iz o n s e q u e n c e , t h e y v a r i e d a s
f o r t h e 1 s t h o r i z o n fro m 1 0 -2 0 cm f o r t h e lo w e r d e p th ; 2nd
h o r i z o n fro m 2 3 -5 1 c m .; J xd h o r i z o n fro m 3 1 - 8 4 c m .; a n d f o r t h e 4 t h
h o r iz o n fro m 5 1 -1 5 2 cm.
The 1 s t h o r i z o n was com posed o f d a t a fro m t h e A b e in g e i t h e r
P
fro m a n a A n o r A .
Pi
P
H ow ever, t h e 2nd h o r iz o n was com posed o f d a t a
fro m t h e A^ ( A ^ ) a n d s o m e tim e s a p o r t i o n o f t h e B h o r i z o n , (s e e
T a b le 2 ) .
The Jrd h o r iz o n was com posed o f d a t a fro m t h e B h o r iz o n
e x c e p t w here, t h e r e was no B h o r iz o n p r e s e n t .
The 4 t h h o r i z o n p r e ­
d o m in a te ly c o n ta i n e d d a t a fro m a c a h o r i z o n , b e in g e i t h e r fro m a
B0
o r Cb „ h o r i z o n .
3ca
le a
The s e c o n d a p p r o a c h was c o n s i d e r e d i m p o r ta n t b e c a u s e p l a n t r o o t s
w ould i n t e r c e p t s u c c e s s i v e l y lo w e r h o r iz o n s i n o r d e r a n d n o t a t a l l '
d e p e n d e n t on 4 h a t t h e n e x t lo w e r h o r i z o n h a p p e n e d t o b e .
To o b t a i n t h e s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b l e s t h a t w ould a d e q u a t e l y
d e s c r i b e t h e i n f l u e n c e s t h a t t h e s o i l p r o f i l e p a r a m e te r s a n d / o r
s ite
:
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h a v e on t h e i n f l u e n c e s o f K f e r t i l i z e r on w i n t e r . •
w h e a t r e s p o n s e a d d i t i o n a l a n a l y s e s w ere c o n d u c te d .
v a ria b le s
e q u a tio n
fro m t h e s i t e
The s i g n i f i c a n t
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a s d e te r m in e d by t h e r e g r e s s i o n
(p = O . l ) , w ere com bined w ith t h e s i g n i f i c a n t m a jo r h o r iz o n
v a r i a b l e s . . A ls o , t h e s i g n i f i c a n t s i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w ere com bined
w ith t h e s i g n i f i c a n t n u m e r ic a l h o r iz o n s e q u e n c e v a r i a b l e s f o r a ■
s e p a r a t e com bined a n a l y s i s .
S t a t i s t i c a l M ethods
The v a r i a b l e s w ere i n s e r t e d i n t o a SPSS ( S t a t i s t i c a l P r o c e d u r e s
f o r S o c ia l S c ie n c e s ,
p ro g ra m .
U ie
e t a l . 1975) m u ltip le s te p w is e r e g r e s s io n
W ith t h e u s e o f t h i s p ro g ra m a n y s i t e w ith m is s in g d a t a f o r
one o f i t s v a r i a b l e s c o u ld be u s e d a n d n o t a f f e c t t h e u s e o f th e .
r e m a in in g v a r i a b l e s .
T h is was t h e c a s e f o r b u lk d e n s i t y w here t h e
v a lu e s w ere m is s in g f o r 6 s i t e s
i n some o f t h e h o r iz o n s '.
C a u tio n
m u st be u s e d i n i n t e r p r e t i n g r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d w i t h some m is s in g .
2
v a lu e s b e c a u s e t h e R v a lu e f o r t h e e q u a t i o n may be i n f l a t e d .
The
a n a l y s i s . f o r R^ i s b a s e d on t h e num ber o f s i t e s w i t h c o m p le te d a t a
a n d n o t on t h e a c t u a l num ber o f s i t e s a n a l y z e d .
F o r e x a m p le . i f
"q
d d t a a r e .'m is s in g f o r one v a r i a b l e i n 4 s i t e s , t h e R^ i s b a s e d on I ?
s i t e s a n d n o t on t h e o r i g i n a l 21 s i t e s .
S t i l l th e r e g r e s s io n o f th e
o t h e r r e m a in in g v a r i a b l e s i s a n a ly z e d o v e r t h e 21 s i t e s ,
The F ,v a lu e s e l e c t e d f o r e n t e r i n g i n t o t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a ti o n '
was 2 .2 5 ,.
T h i s v a lu e r e p r e s e n t s a p p r o x im a te ly
t h e 90# c o n f id e n c e
l i m i t , d e p e n d in g u p o n t h e d e g r e e s o f fre e d o m f o r e a c h e q u a t i o n .
D e te r m in a tio n o f Y
A q u a d r a t i c m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s was u s e d t o o b t a i n 1
t h e c a l c u l a t e d maximum y i e l d a t e a c h s i t e .
From t h e r e g r e s s i o n
17
a n a l y s i s a n e q u a t i o n w a s - o b ta in e d a s f o l l o w s :
Y = a + ^ X + b2X2
w h e re ;
Y = C a lc u la te d .y ie ld
a = I n t e r c e p t o f t h e Y a x i s o r w here X = O
b^ = R e g re ss io n c o e f f i c i e n t , l i n e a r
bg = R e g r e s s io n c o e f f i c i e n t , q u a d r a t i c
X = R a te o f K f e r t i l i z e r a p p l i e d By t a k i n g t h e d e r i v a t i v e o f t h e o r i g i n a l e q u a ti o n t h e r a t e o f K
f e r t i l i z e r n e e d e d f o r maximum y i e l d was o b t a i n e d .
b e c o m e s;
The e q u a t i o n
:
Y = ^ - + Rb2X
T hen s e t t i n g Y = 0 a n d s o l v i n g f o r X;
Rb2X + ^
= 0 ’
X = - b ^ / Rb2
w h e re ;
X = R a te o f K f e r t i l i z e r f o r maximum y i e l d r e s p o n s e
By i n s e r t i n g t h e v a lu e o f X i n t o t h e o r i g i n a l e q u a t i o n one c a n t h e n .
*
s o l v e f o r maximum y i e l d ( Y ) .
I n t h i s a n a l y s i s ,. i f t h e maximum c a l c u l a t e d r a t e o f f e r t i l i z e r
e x c e e d e d 136 Kg/ha-, 136 K g /h a was u s e d a s t h e maximum r a t e s i n c e t h i s
was t h e h i g h e s t r a t e u s e d i n t h e s t u d y .
E x te n d in g t h e c u rv e beyond
t h e p o i n t o f a p p l i e d f e r t i l i z e r c o u ld l e a d t o some e r r o n e o u s o r non
18
w a r r a n te d c o n c l u s i o n s ,
A f t e r t h e maximum y i e l d
(Y) was o b t a i n e d a r a t i o o f Y t o th e
i n t e r c e p t ( a ) was c a l c u l a t e d a n d r e p o r t e d a s p e r c e n t c h a n g e i n y i e l d
(Y ).
T h is v a lu e was u s e d a s t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e i n a m u l t i p l e
s te p w is e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n .
V a lu e s f o r t h e c a l c u l a t e d r a t e o f K f e r t i l i z e r
y i e l d ^ c a l c u l a t e d maximum y i e l d
th e p e r c e n t change in y i e l d
(x)
f o r maximum
(Y )s i n t e r c e p t y i e l d v a lu e
(Y) a r e ' p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le 3■ ■
( a ) , and
19
Table 3-
C a lc u la te d r a te o f K f e r t i l i z e r ( x ) f o r maximum y i e l d ,
c a lc u la t e d maximum y i e l d ( y ) , Y in t e r c e p t ; check ra te
y ie ld ( a ) , and p erce n t y i e l d in c r e a se w ith r e s p e c t to
a (Y) f o r 18 w in te r wheat s i t e s . 1973 and 1 9 7 4 .
C ooperators
1973
Loren Perry
Don Holland
Gary Helm
John P eh l
Larry E rp eld in g
Ray Cash
John Jergenson
Marvin Works
P ete M iklovieh
W illiam Daum
V ir g il Hanks
1974
Henry L a s s ila
Marvin Works
Ned S c h a ff
Elmer V is s e r
John P eh l
Don H olland
SIme I n c .
X
r a te Kg/ha
92
70
70
64
89
135
99
72
Y
y i e l d Kg/ha
3323
3734
81
82
78
2231
2885
3923
2845
3401
1786
2966
1827
2906
135
75
90
99
35
35
94
2798
238 O
1247
1915
2420
3667
4368
a
y i e l d Kg/ha
3209
3364
2427
436
2939
2501
2845
1564
2521
1537
3135
2629
2029
1510
1591
2117
2973
3998
Y
p ercen t
104
111
92
98
124
114
109
114
118
119
93
106
117
83
120
114
123
109
■RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A gronom ic D a ta
The y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t a n d p e r c e n t p r o t e i n d a t a f o r t h e w i n t e r
w h e a t s i t e s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le 4 .
I n 1973 t h e y i e l d s ra n g e d fro m
1439 K g /h a on W illia m D aum 's a t a r a t e o f 22 Kg K /h a t o a h ig h o f 3920
K g /h a a t a r a t e o f 90 Kg K /h a a t L a r r y E r p e l d i n g ' s .
In 1974, g ra in
y i e l d s , r a n g e d fro m 1096 K g /h a on Ned S c h a f f s a t a r a t e o f 90 Kg K /h a ,
t o a h i g h o f 4451 K g /h a on Sim e I n c . a t t h e same r a t e o f f e r t i l i z e r
a p p lic a tio n .
The g r e a t e s t y i e l d r e s p o n s e t o a d d e d K i n I 973 was on
L a r r y E r p e l d i n g ’s s i t e
(P = .0 6 ) .
.The y i e l d i n c r e a s e d ' 762 K g/ha
(fro m 3166 K g /h a on t h e c h e c k p l o t s t o 3928 K g /h a on t h e 90 Kg K / h a ) .
The l e a s t y i e l d r e s p o n s e o c c u r r e d a t L o re n P e r r y 's
(P = . 1 9 ) w ith a
d i f f e r e n c e o f o n ly 113 K g /h a fro m t h e c h e c k y i e l d t o t h e h i g h y i e l d
r e s p o n s e - a t 90 K g /h a ,
I n 1 9 7 4 , t h e g r e a t e s t r e s p o n s e (789 K g /h a ) o c c u r r e d a t Don
H o l l a n d 's
(P = . 2 3 ) w here t h e c h e c k y i e l d was 2873 K g /h a a n d t h e
y i e l d a t 135 K g /h a was 3662 K g /h a .
I n c o n t r a s t , A t Ned S c h a f f 's
(P = .4 8 ) t h e a d d i t i o n o f K had- v e r y l i t t l e
e f f e c t on y i e l d r e s p o n s e .
I n f a c t on t h r e e o f t h e f o u r K t r e a t m e n t s t h e y i e l d was l e s s t h a n t h a t
w here no K was a d d e d .
I n g e n e r a l ,. K f e r t i l i z e r i n c r e a s e d th e . y i e l d s o f w i n t e r .w h e a t
d u r i n g 1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .
The r a t e a t w h ic h t h e maximum y i e l d m ost o f t e n
o c c u r r e d v a r i e d fro m s i t e t o s i t e .
H ow ever, i n m o st c a s e s , t h e
maximum y i e l d o c c u r r e d a t e i t h e r t h e . 45 o r 90 Kg K /h a r a t e .
T a b le 4 .
Y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t a n d p e r c e n t p r o t e i n o f w i n t e r w h e a t a s i n f l u e n c e d by K+
f e r t i l i z e r i n 1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .
Y ie ld , Kg/ha
O
22
Test weight, Kg/hl
45
90
135
0
1973
L oren P e rr y
Don H o lla n d
Gary Helm
John P e h l
L a rry E rp e ld in g
Ray Cash
John Je rg e n so n
Marvin Works
P e te M ik lo v ich
W illiam Daum
V i r g i l Hanks
326]
324?
2341
3027
3166
2580
2796
1617
2538
1617
3181
3129
3691
2484
2757
3473
2467
2994
1539
2603
1439
2717
3299
3753
2173
2885
3738
2474
3046
1828
2963
1921
3341
3376
3546
2209
2986
3920
2836
3033
1775
2942
1801
2688
3268
3471
2406
2901
3725
2689
3086
1614
2771
1697
3035
.1 9
.12
.08
.67
.06
.66
.8 9
.86
• 38
• 37
• 03
1974
Henry L a s s i l a
M arvin Works
Ned S e h a f f
E lm er V is s e r
John P eh l
Don H o llan d
Sime I n c .
2526
2031
1485
1537
2035
2873
3973
2788
2131
1320
1751
2316
3369
4256
2762
2416
1504
1900
2251
3481
4086
2648
2298
1096
1804
2274
3540
4451
2822
2168
1359
1911
244?
3662
4257
.6 9
.4 4
.48
.48
• 53
.23
• 31
a/
G rain p r o t e in .
n . Kg /na
22
45
90
22
45
90
135
P
8 1 .5
7 3 .9
7 7 .8
7 7 .0
8 2 .2
7 4 .6
8 0 .5
7 5 -8
8 0 .1
7 9 .4
7 8 .9
8 1 .5
7 9 -5
7 8 .1
7 8 .2
8 2 .6
7 5 -0
8 0 .9
7 6 .2
8 0 .4
7 8 .3
7 9 .6
8 1 .4
7 9 .4
7 7 .4
7 8 .7
8 2 .4
7 5 .2
8 1 .4
7 6 .4
8 0 .6
7 9 .8
7 9 .6
8 1 .3
7 9 .7
7 7 .5
7 9 .4
8 2 .4
7 7 .4
8 1 .0
7 6 .7
8 0 .3
7 9 .7
7 9 .2
8 1 .6
7 9 -5
7 7 .4
7 8 .6
8 2 .2
7 5 .9
8 0 .7
7 5 .7
8 0 .4
7 9 .2
7 9 .4
.09
.15
.05
.08
.16
.57
.5 4
• 91
.84
.48
.16
1 2 .2
1 3 .7
1 4 .4
1 2 .4
9 -9
1 4 .6
1 3 .3
1 5 .3
1 3 .5
1 4 .4
1 4 .1
1 2 .0
1 3 .0
1 4 .7
1 1 .7
1 0 .3
1 4 .7
1 4 .0
1 4 .4
1 3 .7
1 4 .9
1 3 .9
1 2 .8
1 2 .5
1 4 .4
1 1 .4
1 0 .1
1 4 .6
1 3 .7
1 3 .9
1 3 .6
1 3 .5
1 3 .7
12.2
1 2 .1
1 4 .2
1 1 .6
1 0 .0
1 4 .3
1 3 .0
1 4 .3
1 3 .7
1 4 .5
1 3 .7
H .9
1 2 .4
1 4 .2
1 1 .2
1 0 .9
1 4 .1
1 3 .3
1 4 .1
1 3 .2
1 4 .3
1 3 .6
.m
.22
.74
.31
.14
.90
.63
.66
.72
.94
• 58
7 3 .9
7 4 .9
7 8 .8
7 8 .6
7 2 .2
7 9 .7
7 3 .4
7 5 -3
7 7 .4
7 9 .0
7 7 .9
8 1 .2
7 4 .4
7 6 .0
7 8 .9
7 8 .9
7 2 .9
8 0 .9
7 4 .8
7 6 .4
7 7 .1
7 7 .5
7 3 .8
8 1 .2
7 4 .5
7 5 .4
7 9 .2
7 7 .0
7 3 .4
8 1 .4
.07
.54
.56
.10
.22
.08
1 9 .3
1 4 .3
1 5 .3
1 6 .3
1 6 .4
1 1 .8
1 8 .6
1 4 .7
1 4 .0
1 4 .9
1 6 .3
1 1 .4
1 8 .6
1 3 .6
1 2 .9
1 5 .1
16.2
1 0 .8
I 8 .9
1 3 .2
1 4 .1
1 4 .6
1 6 .3
1 0 .5
1 8 .6
1 4 .2
1 2 .7
1 6 .1
1 5 .9
1 0 .6
1 3 .3
.08
.75
.60
.21
.94
J)4
.26
P r o t a M l i t y l e v e l f o r 4 and 8 d e g re e s o f fre e d o m .
0
135
P
M
H
22
■The t e s t w e ig h t o f w i n t e r w h e a t d i d h o t seem t o be i n f l u e n c e d
much by t h e a d d i t i o n o f K f e r t i l i z e r ( T a b le 4 ) .
I n m o st c a s e s t h e
d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t r e a t m e n t s on t e s t w e ig h t was l e s s t h a n I K g /h l.
H ow ever, i n s e v e r a l c a s e s , t h e a d d i t i o n o f K f e r t i l i z e r i n c r e a s e d
t e s t w e i g h t.
I n 1 9 7 4 a t Jo h n P e h l 1s
(P = .0 8 ) a 22 K g /h a a p p l i c a t i o n
o f K i n c r e a s e d t e s t w e ig h t fro m 7 2 .2 K g /h l on t h e c h e c k t o 7 7 .9 K g /h l.
I n 1973». t h e t e s t w e ig h t on Don H o l l a n d ’s
(P = .0 8 ) i n c r e a s e d fro m
7 3 - 9 K g /h l on t h e c h e c k t o o v e r 79 f o r a l l t r e a t m e n t s w h ic h
r e c e i v e d K f e r t i l i z e r . . Some o t h e r s m a l l e r i n c r e a s e s i n t e s t w e ig h t
c a n a l s o be n o t e d ,
The i n f l u e n c e o f K f e r t i l i z e r on p e r c e n t g r a i n p r o t e i n o f
w i n t e r w h e a t was v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f t e s t w e ig h t (T a b le 4 ) .
In
m o st c a s e s t h e c h a n g e i n p e r c e n t p r o t e i n was l e s s t h a n one p e r c e n t .
I n some c a s e s a s l i g h t d e c r e a s e i n p r o t e i n r e s u l t e d fro m c e r t a i n
r a te s o f K a d d itio n .
F o r e x a m p le , a t Don H o l l a n d ’s
(P = .0 4 ) i n
1 9 7 4 t h e p e r c e n t p r o t e i n o f g r a i n fro m t h e c h e c k p l o t was g r e a t e r
t h a n t h a t fro m a n y p l o t r e c e i v i n g K.
C h e m ic a l a n d P h y s i c a l S o i l D a ta
D a ta fro m c h e m ic a l a n d p h y s i c a l a n a l y s e s o f s o i l s a r e l i s t e d i n
T a b le 5* R e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e s o i l s u n d e r s t u d y w ere t y p i c a l
M ontana a g r i c u l t u r a l d r y l a n d s o i l s ,
The o r g a n i c m a t t e r c o n t e n t
r a n g e d fro m a lo w o f 0 .7 p e r c e n t t o a h i g h o f 3*3 p e r c e n t i n t h e A
P
h o riz o n .
pH v a lu e s o f u p p e r h o r i z o n w ere p r e d o m in a n tly i n t h e 7«0 t o
T a b le 5 ,
C h e m ic a l a n d p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s o f s o i l s , by g e n e t i c h o r i z o n , f o r 18 w i n t e r
w heat s i t e s .
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .
Cooperator - Larry Zrpelding (1973)
Soil Series - Fort Collins Loam
Horizon
A
-?
B2T
B3Ca
C2
Depth
cm
oH
15
43
53
86
119
7.3
7.3
3.3
3.5
9.0
O.H.
i
.7
1 .0
C.E.C .
F..C.
mmhos/ meg/
cm
IOOg
.6
.4
.5
.7
.7
13-7
19.1
13.5
12.4
9.7
Clay Silt
5.3.
$
g/cm3
%
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.5
18
25
29
25
17
38
40
34
34
20
Sand
Ca
Na
Xg
K
Xcnt.
56
me/1COg me/ICCg me/lOCg me/lOOg
56
44
35
r
41
63
8.5
12.8
3 6 .6
35-3
31.9
1 .9
7 .2
8.0
7.7
9.4
.61
.45
■
31
.26
.15
•3
.1
•3
•3
.4
.82
•57
.36
•31
.3
.2
.4
.2
•93
.93
•55
■33
.27
•34
•3
.2
.2
•3
•3
.4
VeiTTi.
56
Illlte Consistence
56 Lry Moist.
36
6
16
31
I
9
36
3
20
24
14.1
10
33
8
17
30
9
12
62
64
64
64
43
43
43
43
63
63
63
63
43
43
43
43
64
64
64
64
64
64
43
43
43
43
43
43
Coopela.tor - Fay Cash (7 3 )
Soil Series - Balnville Clay Loam
Apl
Ap2
Cp
c Boa
15
25
33
152
8.0
7.9
8.1
6.2
1 .9
1 .6
.6
.8
.8
.8
1 6 .0
14.6
11.8
10.7
1.6
1.6
1.7
1 .7
26
29
31
31
34
30
32
38
40
41
T
31
15.1
19.2
38.9
38.2
2.1
2.5
3.1
3.6
Cooperator - John Jergenson (7 3 )
Soil Series - Williams
Ap
521T
522T
B23ca
B3ca
-lea
13
23
36
46
56
36
7.2 2.2
7.0 1.5
7.6
6.2
6.3
6.4
1.4
•3
.6
.7
.7
.8
13.4
24.7
2 4 .7
16.3
14.0
14.0
1.5
1.6
1 .5
1.6
1.6
1.6
24
26
34
38
36
42
34
47
45
37
35
31
42
27
21
25
2"
27
21.1
16.4
25.2
3 6 .3
30-5
36.3
2.9
6 .3
6.5
6.0
7.5
7 .6
T a b le
5•
C o n tin u e d .
Cooperator - William Daum (73)
S o il S eries - Absarokee Clay Loam
Depth
cm
pH
Horizon
Ap
321T
522T
Glca
10
33
41
152
6.9
6.9
7.6
8.2
C.M.
i
1.5
1.3
E.C.
C.E.C.
iranhos/ meg/
cm
IOCg
.9
•3
.7
.7
15.1
27.5
22.5
16.9
Clay Silt
B.D
i
t
g/cm3
1.4
1.7
1.7
1.6
JC
43
35
31
26
30
38
40
Sand
%
32
27
27
29
Ca
ne/lOCg
14.4
17.6
37-5
39.1
Na
Mont.
K
%
me/lOOg me/lCOg me/lCOg
*
3.8
7.9
7.7
6.6
.86
1.12
•63
•51
•3
.2
•3
•3
1.06
1.02
•65
•37
.2
■3
.4
.2
.66
1-33
.87
•34
.24
.2
.3
•3
•3
.2
Verm.
$
llllte
S
33
IS
15
23
13
9
35
17
20
Consistence
Dry Moist.
62
63
63
63
43
43
43
43
64
64
64
64
43
43
43
43
62
64
43
43
C o o p e ra to r - L oren P erry (73)
S o i l S e r i e s - G e rb e r C lay Loam
15
36
43
97
6.2
6.7
8.0
8.2
2.9
1.6
•5
.4
.7
.8
17.8
2 3 .8
18.1
14.9
1.4
1.6
1.6
1.7
28
39
27
35
34
22
20
30
38
39
43
35
9.6
15.4
38.2
36.2
2.8
4.8
4.7
7.0
31
15
13
9
15
11
9
Ccoperator - Dor. Holland (73)
Scil Series - Edgar Lcam
18
33
46
64
152
7.7 1 .1
7.9 1 .0
5.3
8 .=
8.7
•5
•5
.7
•5
1 2 .0
13.7
13.7
1 1 .2
1 0 .2
1 .6
1 .6
1.5
1 .6
1.4
16
15
21
21
13
25
32
36
32
36
5*
53
43
47
Cl
9.5
1 9 .0
36.1
32.9
31.4
3-2
5-5
5-1
7.6
8 .2
26
42
N>
-Pr
T a b l e 5«
C o n tin u e d .
C c o p e ra to r - M arvin Works ( 73 )
S o i l S e r i e s - E van sto n C lay Loan
H orizon
aP
Bzit
b22T
Bjca
Clca
Depth pH
cm
15
3£
56
69
117
6.6
7.1
7.6
8.1
8.6
O.M.
%
1.5
.7
E.C.
ntmhos/
cm
C.E.C.
meg/
IOOg
.7
.4
.4
1 .0
.8
11.8
17.8
24.7
12.3
12.3
Clay Slit
3.D.
%
g/cm3
%
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
24
28
24
26
26
34
19
25
25
27
Sand
%
42
53
51
49
47
Ca
Na
Mont.
K
______
me/100g me/lCOg me/lOOg me/100g
%
7.9
9.5
18.5
32.1
33-1
2.7
5-2
6.4
5-9
7.3
Verm.
%
Illlte
%
•97
•75
.64
•55
.44
.2
.1
.1
.2
1.0
25
14
22
27
17
14
1.04
.62
•35
•32
.24
•37
•3
.3
.4
.4
.4
2.0
26
6
21
29
10
19
•97
1.01
1.02
.40
.2
.1
.9
.2
27
19
36
14
Consistence
Dry Moist.
64
64
64
64
64
43
43
43
43
43
Cooperator - Gary Helm (7 3 )
Soil Series - Cherry Silt Loam
ro
Ap
Ba
^3ca
Cica
C2
C3
13
20
30
102
8.1
8.3
8.4
8.6
8.9
9.3
2.3
1.7
.7
.6
.7
.8
.6
.7
15.4
1 6 .6
11.0
7.9
5.1
7.1
1.5
1-5
1-3
1.5
1.5
1.4
32
39
37
29
19
27
42
43
42
36
26
40
26
19
21
35
53
33
21.1
35-3
35.e
3 2 .5
2 9 .5
2 7 .2
4.1
2.4
1.4
1.3
•9
1-5
Va
63
63
63
63
43
43
43
15
62
63
43
43
10
62
43
Cooperator - Pete Miklovich (7 3 )
Soil Series - Amegard Loam
Ap
BaiT
Baar
cIca
18
41
51
152
6.8
7.0
8.2
2.2
2.0
.4
.4
•5
1 6 .0
20.0
17.2
15.7
1.8
1.8
1.7
1.7
26
35
31
29
32
24
30
24
42
41
39
47
9 .9
1C.9
12.8
32.7
3.4
4.5
5.8
5.5
T a b le
5*
C o n tin u e d .
Cooperator - John Bahl (73)
S o li S er ie s - Chanta or Attewan Loam
Depth
cm
pH
Horizon
Ap
%
cIca
C2ca
20
51
84
152
7.2
8.3
8.4
8.7
O.M.
%
1 .4
1 .0
C.E.C.
E.C.
mmhos/ meg/
cm
IOOg
.4
.4
.9
.9
12.9
14.0
9.4
8.9
Clay Silt
B.D.
g/cmJ
%
%
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.7
16
18
24
21
36
33
49
38
Sand
*
48
49
57
41
Ca
M
g
K
Na
Mont.
me/lOOg me/lOOg me/100g me/100g
%
7.5
9.4
35-6
32-5
2.6
3.2
7.7
9.3
Verm.
%
Illite
*
.67
.42
.21
.22
.2
.4
•5
•5
29
4
14
16
6
5
.67
.60
.49
.42
.4
•3
•3
•3
36
9
12
26
5
7
1.96
1.43
1.17
1.15
.2
.4
.9
1.5
7
22
10
15
Consistence
Dry Moist.
63
64
64
43
43
43
63
64
64
64
42
43
43
43
65
65
65
65
43
43
44
44
Coopeiator - Vlrgll Hanks (73)
Soil Series - Amsterdam Silt Loam
Ap
BgiT
B3
Cca
18
38
48
76
7.8
7.7
7.8
8.1
3-3
1.5
.8
.6
.7
.8
26.7
25.9
22.9
1 6 .6
1.3
1 .6
1.4
1.3
28
37
31
37
54
48
54
50
18
15
15
13
25.3
24.1
22.9
38.7
2.9
3.8
4.0
4.0
Cooperator - Henry Iasslla (74)
Soil Series - Gerher Silty Clay
Ap
B2T
B3ca
ciL
15
33
61
97
7.2
7.9
8.4
8.5
2.5
1.9
.5
.7
.8
1.0
3 0 .3
35.1
34.1
3 4 .1
47
55
57
57
30
26
26
26
23
19
17
17
6.8
20.0
20.0
20.0
9.2
14.2
15.8
16.4
39
T a b le
5-
C o n tin u e d .
C o o p e ra to r - M arvin Works (7 4 )
S o i l S e r i e s - E vanston Loam
Horizon
Ap
327
ca
C2
Depth
cn
pH
15
25
69
117
152
8.0
8.0
8.3
9-3
9.5
O.H.
i
1.3
1.3
C.E.C.
EX.
mrahos/ aeg/
cm
100«
.4
.7
.6
1.2
2.0
19.2
21.6
19.2
14.8
18.3
Clay Silt
3.0.
s/cnJ
%
i
1.4
1.7
1.5
25
31
29
29
33
32
30
40
44
30
Sand
%
43
39
31
27
37
Ca
Na
K
Mont.
Hg
me/lOOg me/1CCg me/lOOg me/I OOg
$
4.8
8.4
20.0
16.0
1 3 .6
1.07
.82
56
.40
■52
.2
.2
.2
1.3
2.4
5-7
5.9
6.4
5-1
5.1
1.57
1.20
.89
•73
.68
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
2.4
2.4
2.4
2.4
•85
.80
•58
.31
5.3
6.7
6.5
11.6
12.5
Verm.
<
Illite
*
30
15
19
36
8
15
46
12
13
30
14
9
29
4
14
Consistence
Dry Moist.
63
63
63
63
63
43
43
42
42
43
63
65
62
63
63
43
44
42
42
42
63
63
63
42
42
42
Cooperator - Simef Inc. (74)
Soil Series - Bozeman
Apl
Ap2
B2IT
B3ca
Clca
13
23
43
53
60
7.6
7.6
7.9
8.1
8.3
3-1
3.2
1.3
1.6
1.1
.5
.7
.6
31.9
31-9
29.3
24.2
23.2
31
31
29
27
27
54
52
52
56
56
15
17
19
17
17
9.6
9.6
6.8
20.4
21.2
Cooperator - Ned Schaff
Soil Series -
A
pl
Ap2
B27
Clca
10
Id
25
36
8.6 1.6
8.5 1.6
5.3
8.3
.7
.6
.6
17.7
14.3
17.2
18.7
1.4
23
21
23
57
16
20
16
20
6l
59
61
23
18.8
18.0
18.0
20.4
.1
.1
.2
.1
24
6
9
T a b le
5
C o n tin u e d
Cooperator - Elmer Vlsser (?4)
Soil Series - Evanston
Korison
Depth pH
cm
Bar
B3
Cloa
Cgca
12
30
40
58
122
8.0
7.7
8.4
8.7
8.8
O.M.
%
1.8
C.E.C.
E.C.
mmhos/ .neg/
cm
IOOg
.7
.7
.6
.8
.8
32.4
39.4
22.7
28.8
28.8
Clay Slit
B.D
g/cm3
%
i
1.9
1.8
1.6
31
41
21
31
29
24
10
6
12
20
Sand
%
45
49
73
57
51
Ca
Na
K
Mont.
Mg___
me/lOOg me/lOGg me/lOOg me/lOOg
*
10.4
10.8
8.8
19.6
17.6
8.0
11.1
8.8
15-8
16.4
1.62
1-57
.87
1 .0 5
1.17
.1
.1
.1
.4
1.3
Verm.
%
Illite
%
40
10
14
45
9
9
29
5
17
35
C
8
42
3
15
26
6
8
Conslstence
Dry Moist.
63
64
64
63
63
43
44
43
43
42
63
64
63
63
63
43
44
43
43
43
62
63
63
62
62
43
43
43
42
42
Cooperator - John Pehl (74)
Soil Series - Chanta
Apl
Ap2
Bn
B22
^lca
13
23
35
58
89
7.7
7.9
8.0
8.5
8.6
1.9
1.5
1.0
.4
.4
.3
.3
.5
15.4
13.8
15.7
17.7
14.3
1.7
1.34
19
19
19
21
25
46
44
34
42
42
35
37
47
37
33
4.4
4.4
4.8
5.6
18.8
3-3
3.5
4.2
5-3
8.2
.90
.73
.61
.61
•31
.11
.1
.1
.1
.1
Cooperator - Don Holland (74)
Soil Series - Deacon
api
Ap2
Ba
Clca
C2
10
20
38
51
152
8.1
7.8
8.0
8.5
9.1
1 .3
1.2
1.1
.5
.3
.3
.5
.6
16.3
17.7
20.7
1 6 .3
16.3
1.4
1.5
19
23
25
23
25
40
36
36
36
42
41
41
39
41
33
4.0
4.4
4.8
18.3
18.4
4.2
4.5
5.3
6.5
12.0
1.10
.90
.82
.45
.47
.2
.1
.1
.1
.8
29
8 .0 ran g e .
A t o n ly 4 l o c a t i o n s was t h e pH b e lo w 7 . 0 a n d I n no
I n s t a n c e was i t b e lo w 6 . 0 .
A g r a d u a l I n c r e a s e i n pH v a l u e s w ith ,
h o r i z o n d e p th i s a p p a r e n t f o r a l l s o i l s , w ith t h e v a lu e e x c e e d in g
9 .0 i n 3 s o i l s a t t h e lo w e r d e p t h s .
A lo w l e v e l o f s o l u b l e s a l t s i n a l l s o i l s i s v e r i f i e d t y E .C ,
r e a d i n g s o f l e s s t h a n 2 mmhos/cm. f o r a l l h o r i z o n s .
I n o n ly a few
ly
s a m p le s d i d t h e E .C . v a lu e e q u a l o r e x c e e d I . mmhos/cm.
The C .E .C . o f A h o r iz o n s r a n g e d fro m a b o u t 10 t o s l i g h t l y
P
g r e a t e r t h a n 30 m e/100 g .
The l o w e s t C .E .C , v a lu e was fo u n d i n t h e
Cg h o r i z o n a t G ary H e lm 's ( 5 . I m e/lOO g ) w h ile t h e h i g h e s t v a lu e was
3 5 - I m e/100 g i n t h e
a t H enry L a s s i l a ' s .
G e n e r a l l y , C .E .C . v a lu e
d e c r e a s e d w ith d e p th u n l e s s t h e r e was a n i n c r e a s e o f c l a y i n t h e
h o r i z o n , t h e n t h e r e was a n a c c o m p a n y in g i n c r e a s e i n C .E .C .
M ost b u l k d e n s i t y v a lu e s w ere b e tw e e n 1 . 4 a n d I . 7 g/c nP.
v a lu e s a r e m is s in g f o r B .D . d u e t o l o s t s a m p le s >)
(S e v era l
The am ount o f
c l a y r a n g e d fro m 13 p e r c e n t t o a h i g h o f 57 p e r c e n t .
A t m o st s i t e s
t h e r e was e l u v i a t i o n o f c l a y fro m t h e A^ a n d i l l u v a t i o n i n t o t h e B
h o riz o n ,
I n some s o i l s t h e C h o r i z o n h a d t h e g r e a t e s t c l a y c o n t e n t .
The p e r c e n t s a n d r a n g e d fro m 13 p e r c e n t t o 73 p e r c e n t .
v a r i e d fro m 6 - 5 6
S i l t c o n te n t
p e rc e n t,
C o n c e n t r a t i o n o f e x t r a c t a b l e Ga - v a r i e d fro m a lo w o f 4 .0
m e/100 g t o a h i g h o f 39«8 m e/100 g .
A t a l l l o c a t i o n s t h e r e was a n
i n c r e a s e i n t h e a m o u n tr o f e x t r a c t a b l e Ca
"M*
w ith d e p t h .
A la rg e
30
i n c r e a s e i n am ount o f e x t r a c t a b l e Ca+"*" g e n e r a l l y o c c u r r e d when a
h o r i z o n was a l s o d e s i g n a t e d a s a c a h o r i z o n .
The am o u n t o f e x t r a c t a b l e
Mg++ r a n g e d fro m l e s s t h a n I me/lOO g t o l 6 . 4 me/lOO g .
c e n t r a t i o n o f. e x t r a c t a b l e Mg
a ls o in c r e a s e d w ith d e p th .
The c o n C o n c e n tra tio n
+
o f e x t r a c t a b l e K i n t h e s u r f a c e h o r i z o n was fro m a lo w o f .6 1
me/lOO g . (238 ppm) t o a h ig h o f I . 98 me/lOO g (772 p p m ).
At a l l
l o c a t i o n s t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f e x t r a c t a b l e K+ d e c r e a s e d w i t h d e p t h ,
The am ount o f d e c r e a s e v a r i e d among l o c a t i o n s . , fro m l e s s t h a n
me/lOO g t o o v e r 1 .0 0 me/lOO g .
fro m l e s s t h a n
.5 '
The am o u n t o f e x t r a c t a b l e Na+ r a n g e d
.0 7 me/lOO g t o 2 . 4 me/lOO g .
H ow ever, a t m ost
l o c a t i o n s t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n was l e s s t h a n 0 .5 0 m e/100 g a t a l l d e p t h s .
The h ig h , l e v e l o f Na+ o c c u r r e d a t M a rv in W o rk s' a t a d e p th o f 152 cm.
T h is c o i n c i d e s w ith t h e h i g h e s t E .C .
fro m a l l l o c a t i o n s .
( 2 .0 mmhos/cm) o f a n y h o r iz o n
.
The am ount o f c l a y m i n e r a l s p r e s e n t i n t h e
v a r i e d fro m 25 - 43
p e r c e n t f o r m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e ; fro m 3 - 19 p e r c e n t f o r v e r m i c u l l t e ;
a n d 13 - 2 3 p e r c e n t f o r i l l i t e .
I n t h e c a h o r iz o n t h e am ount v a r i e d
fro m 16 - 46 p e r c e n t f o r m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e , 0 - 18 p e r c e n t f o r •
v e r m i c u l l t e , ■a n d 6 - 1 9
p e rc e n t f o r i l l i t e ,
A t some l o c a t i o n s more
m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e was p r e s e n t i n t h e A t h a n i n t h e c a a n d a t o t h e r
P
l o c a t i o n s t h e o p p o s i t e was t r u e .
H ow ever,
illite
The same was t r u e f o r v e r m i c u l l t e .
d e c r e a s e d w ith d e p t h .
T h is may be p a r t i a l l y
r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e o b s e r v e d d e c r e a s e o f e x t r a c t a b l e K+ w ith d e p th .
The v a lu e s f o r m o is t a n d d r y c o n s i s t e n c e r a n g e d fro m 4 2 - 44
f o r m o is t a n d 62 - 65 f o r d r y c o n s i s t e n c e .
T h e re was no g e n e r a l
t r e n d f o r e i t h e r m o is t o r d r y c o n s i s t e n c e w ith d e p t h .
S i t e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c D a ta
S i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c d a t a a r e l i s t e d in ' T a b le 6 .
I n i t i a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e , t a k e n a p p r o x im a te ly t h e f i r s t o f May,
i n 1973 was w arm er t h a n t h a t o f 1 9 7 4 .
The r a n g e o f i n i t i a l s o i l
t e m p e r a t u r e i n 1973 was fro m a lo w o f 10 C t o a
h i g h o f 16 C .
c o m p a ris o n t h e r a n g e i n 1 9 7 4 was fro m 6 C t o 1 4 G .
In
One r e a s o n
f o r t h i s d i f f e r e n c e i s t h a t i n 1973 t h e i n i t i a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e was
t a k e n a fe w d a y s l a t e r i n t h e s p r i n g t h a n i n 1 9 7 4 .
The s o i l te m p e r ­
a t u r e a t b o o t g ro w th s t a g e v a r i e d fro m a low o f 12 C t o a h ig h o f 18
C i n 197
a n d i n 1 9 7 4 t h e v a r i a t i o n was fro m l 4
C t o 20 C .
T h is
s u g g e s t s t h a t 1 9 7 4 was p r o b a b ly a som ew hat w arm er g ro w in g s e a s o n
t h a n was 1 9 7 3 '
The s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e a t h a r v e s t f o r 1973 ra n g e d
b e tw e e n 18 C a n d 2 3 C a n d b e tw e e n 18 C a n d 20 C i n 1 9 7 4 .
The mean
a n n u a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e f o r a l l l o c a t i o n s v a r i e d fro m 6 .3 C t o 9*7
G f o r b o t h 1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 s i t e s .
• I n 1973« r a i n f a l l d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d o f a p p r o x i m a t e ly A p r i l 15 t h
to A ugust 1 5 th v a r ie d th ro u g h o u t th e s t a t e ,
I t f l u c t u a t e d fro m a
lo w o f 4 . 3 cm a t Bay C a lsh 's t o a h i g h o f 1 4 .9 cm a t J o h n P e h l 1s ,
I n 1 9 7 4 , r a i n f a l l v a r i e d fro m 7 . 1 cm a t S im e 's I n c . t o 1 5 .0 cm a t
E a r v in F o r k s 1 .
T a b le 6 .
S i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c d a t a f o r 18 w i n t e r w h e a t s i t e s
Soil temperature - 50 cm, C°
Gooperators______ Initial Boot Harvest
Mean Ann.
Rainfall Depth to
cm.______ ca. cm
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .
,
Slope
Percent
Aspect^
1973
L oren P e rry
Don H o lla n d
Gary Helm
John F e h l
L a rry E rp e ld in g
Ray Cash
John Je rg e n so n
M arvin Works
F e te M ik lo v ich
W illiam Daum
V i r g i l Hanks
12
12
13
15
12
12
13
16
12
12
10
15
17
13
16
15
18
15
15
17
12
16
19
20
18
20
18
21
21
23
18
19
19
6 .9
9 .7
6 .3
6 .9
9 .7
9 .7
7 ,0
9 .4
6 .3
6 .9
6 .3
9 .7
1 2 .6
1 1 .1
1 4 .9
1 2 .6
4 .3
1 3 .0
9 .1
4 .7
4 .7
1 1 .1
36
33
20
51
43
33
36
69
51
41
48
8
3
8
I
6
5
I
7
4
3
3
2
2
1
2
4
2
5
1
4
2
2
1974
Henry L a s s i la
Marvin Works
Ned S c h a f f
E lm er V is s e r
John F e h l
Don H o lla n d
Sime I n c .
13
8
14
7
10
11
6
15
18
20
14
16
16
15
19
20
20
18
20
18
18
6 .9
8 .3
1 2 .0
1 5 .0
1 3 .3
9 .6
1 1 .2
1 4 .6
7 .1
33
25
28
40
58
38
43
2
S
I
3
1
2
2
1
1
s
2
2
2
3
^
^
'
-
8 .3
6 .9
9 .7
6 .3
See t e x t , P
f o r d is c u s s io n o f a s p e c t d e s i g n a t i o n .
See t e x t , P
f o r d is c u s s io n o f p a re n t m a t e r i a l mode.
Elev
m.
Parent Material-^
mode
-------------------------------------------945
3
853
2
777
I
853
2
338
2
1
1067
3
923
844
3
975
I
I
1219
4
1590
1067
844
1128
1500
853
553
1590
3
3
I
2
2
2
4
33
The d e p th t o t h e c a h o r iz o n fro m t h e s u r f a c e v a r i e d fro m 20 cm
t o 69 cm.
The p e r c e n t s l o p e ra n g e d fro m I t o 5 p e r c e n t w ith a f u l l
ran g e o f a s p e c ts
( l - 8 ).
E le v a tio n a t th e s ite s
r a n g e d fro m 838 m t o
1 5 9 0 m.
A n a l y s is o f S i t e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
A l i s t o f s i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i s p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le ? .
R e g r e s s io n
e q u a t i o n s f o r t h o s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w h ic h w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d
t o p e r c e n t y i e l d r e s p o n s e fro m K f e r t i l i z e r (90 % c o n f id e n c e l i m i t )
a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le 8 .
The s i t e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c w ith th e h ig h e s t
c o r r e l a t i o n t o w i n t e r w h e a t r e s p o n s e t o K f e r t i l i z e r i s t h e mean
a n n u a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e A t 50 cm,
.56.
2
T h is v a r i a b l e a l o n e h a d a n R o f
2
W ith t h e a d d i t i o n o f p e r c e n t s l o p e t h e R
in c re a s e d to
.6 4 .
O th e r s i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w ere n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d t o y i e l d
resp o n se .
T a b le 7 •
S i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s u sed in m u ltip le s te p w is e r e g r e s s io n
p r o g ra m .
I n i t i a l s o i l te m p e ra tu re
B oot s o i l te m p e ra tu re
H a rv e st s o i l te m p e ra tu re
Mean a n n u a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e
R a in fa ll
D e p th t o c a
A spect
P e rc e n t s lo p e
E le v a tio n
P a r e n t m a t e r i a l mode
'
34
TaTale 8 ,
M u ltip le l i n e a r r e g r e s s io n e q u a tio n s f o r s i g n i f i c a n t
s i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s r e l a t i n g p e rc e n t y i e l d re sp o n se
(Y) o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f o r 18
s ite s .
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .
F
E q u a tio n s
R2
Y = 8 1 .7 2 + 3 .7 8 X 5
.56
2 0 .2 9
Y = 7 0 .6 2 + 4 .4 2 X 5 + 2,51X g
.6 4
1 3 .3 3
a/
V
= Mean a n n u a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e a t 50 cm
Xfl = P e r c e n t s l o p e
The r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e e n mean a n n u a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e a t 5P cm .
a n d y i e l d r e s p o n s e was p o s i t i v e ; t h a t i s , t h e w arm er s o i l s re s p o n d e d
t o K f e r t i l i z e r m ore c o n s i s t e n t l y t h a n t h e c o l d e r s o i l s .
S in c e
d i f f u s i o n i s te m p e ra tu re d e p e n d e n t d h ig h e r r a t e o f d i f f u s io n
s h o u ld o c c u r i n w arm er s o i l s t h a n i n c o ld s o i l s .
+
s o i l s o lu tio n c o n c e n tra tio n o f K
T h u s ,■ t h e i n c r e a s e d
r e s u l t i n g fro m f e r t i l i z i n g c a n •
d i f f u s e m ore r a p i d l y t o t h e p l a n t r o o t w here i t i s a v a i l a b l e f o r
u p ta k e a n d y i e l d r e s p o n s e .
The d a t a a l s o s u g g e s t t h a t c o l d e r s o i l s
r e q u i r e a l a r g e r r a t e o f K f e r t i l i z e r t o o b t a i n t h e sam e r e l a t i v e
y i e l d r e s p o n s e a s t h a t on w arm er s o i l s ,
In t h is c a se , d iff u s io n
“t"
w o u ld ,b e i n c r e a s e d by 'a g r e a t e r s o i l s o l u t i o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f K
a t th e h ig h e r r a t e s o f a p p lic a tio n .
A ls o , th e in f lu e n c e o f s o i l
t e m p e r a t u r e may be p a r t i a l l y d u e t o i t s
I t h as been r e p o rte d
i n f l u e n c e on r o o t m e ta b o lis m ,
(T hom as, 1 9 6 8 ) t h a t a s r o o t te m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e s
35
t h e u p ta k e o f K+ i n c r e a s e s .
M ontana s o i l s a r e r e l a t i v e l y c o l d d u r i n g
A p r i l - Ju n e p o r t i o n o f t h e g ro w in g s e a s o n .
R o o ts d u r i n g e a r l y
s p r i n g a r e s e ld o m m ore t h a n a fe w d e g r e e s ab o v e f r e e z i n g .
At th is
same tim e r e q u i r e m e n ts f o r p l a n t n u t r i e n t s a r e g r e a t e r a s r a p i d g ro w th
i s o c c u rrin g .
H e n c e , r o o t t e m p e r a t u r e may be v e r y im p o r ta n t i n c r o p
r e s p o n s e t o K f e r t i l i z e r a n d may h e l p e x p l a i n t h e p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n
w h ic h e x i s t s .
The p e r c e n t s l o p e was a l s o p o s i t i v e i n r e l a t i o n t o y i e l d r e s p o n s e .
The i n f l u e n c e o f s l o p e may be d e r i v e d fro m a n i n d i r e c t e f f e c t on s o i l .
te m p e ra tu re and s o i l m o is tu r e ,
G e n e r a l ly t h e m ore l e v e l a f i e l d i s t h e
l e s s w i l l be s u r f a c e r u n o f f i n t h e s p r i n g .
s to r e d s o i l m o is tu re .
T h is s h o u ld i n c r e a s e
The s l o p e o f t h e f i e l d a n d t h e a s p e c t o f t h e
■'
s l o p e r e l a t i v e t o t h e a n g le o f t h e s u n e a r l y i n t h e s p r i n g c o u ld be
in flu e n c in g s o i l te m p e ra tu re .
A f i e l d w ith a 0 - I % s l o p e w ith a n
a s p e c t o f S .W. w i l l p r o b a b ly be c o o l e r t h a n a s o i l w ith a 3 - 4 %
s l o p e w i t h t h e sam e a s p e c t b e c a u s e o f t h e a n g le o f t h e s u n t o t h e
s o il su rfa c e .
H ow ever, i t i s n o t t o t a l l y c l e a r why s l o p e h a s em erged
a s a s i g n i f i c a n t s i t e v a r i a b l e , b u t i t i s o b v io u s t h a t i t i s n o t
v e ry im p o r ta n t.
2
'The R
v a lu e was i n c r e a s e d by o n ly 0 .0 8 when i t was
in c lu d e d in th e r e g r e s s io n e q u a tio n .
M a jo r H o riz o n A n a l y s is
A
H o riz o n
T a b le 9 p r e s e n t s t h e in d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e s u s e d i n t h e s te p w is e
36
r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s f o r e a c h h o r iz o n
( w ith t h e e x c e p t i o n o f o r g a n i c
m a t t e r w h ich was a n a ly z e d on t h e s u r f a c e tw o h o r iz o n s a n d t h e c la y
m in e r a l s w h ich w ere a n a ly z e d o n ly f o r t h e s u r f a c e a n d t h e c a h o r i z o n ) .
The s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b l e s a s p r e d i c t e d by th e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n a r e
p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le 1 0 .
T a b le 9«
H o riz o n v a r i a b l e s u s e d i n m u l t i p l e s te p w is e r e g r e s s i o n
p r o g ra m .
pH
O rg a n ic m a t t e r
E l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c tiv ity
C a t io n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y
B u lk d e n s i t y
C la y , %
S ilt, %
Sand, %
Ca , m e/100 g
Mg , m e/100 g
Iv , rne/lOO g
Na+ , m e/100 g
M o n t m o r i l l o n i t e ; % i n c l a y *2
V e r m ic u lite ; % in c la y
I l l i t e ; % in c la y
Dry c o n s i s t e n c e
M o is t c o n s i s t e n c e
K+/ G(C a ^ ‘+ Mg++) 2
M o n tm o rillo n ite ; % in s o i l
V e rm ic u lite ; % in s o i l
I l l i t e ; % in s o i l
V e r/M o n t; c l a y
M o n t / l l l i t e ; c la y
V e r/M o n t; s o i l
M o n t/lllite ; s o il
The m o st i n f l u e n t i a l f a c t o r i n t h e
t o K f e r t i l i z e r was m o is t c o n s i s t e n c e .
o f .4 1 .
h o r iz o n on c r o p r e s p o n s e
2
T h is v a r i a b l e a lo n e had a n R
Dry c o n s i s t e n c e e n t e r e d t h e r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s n e x t an d
2
in c re a s e d th e R to
.5 4 .
2
f r a c ti o n in c re a s e d R
to
P e r c e n t m o n tm o r i ll o n i te i n t h e c l a y
.7 0 , a n d f i n a l l y t h e r a t i o o f v e r m i c u l i t e
2
t o m o n tm o r i ll o n i te i n t h e s o i l i n c r e a s e d R
to
.7 9 •
37
T a b le 1 0 .
M u lt i p le l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s f o r s i g n i f i c a n t A
h o r iz o n v a r i a b l e s r e l a t i n g p e r c e n t y i e l d r e s p o n s e (Y) P
o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f o r 18 s i t e s .
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .
E q u a tio n s
R2
F
Y = - 6 3 0 .5 3 + 17.23X ^8
.4 1
1 0 .3 8
Y = - 4 0 2 .1 8 + 1 9 .1 4 X i 8 - 4 .9 1 x J ?
.5 4
8 .1 1
Y = - 3 9 8 .1 3 + 1 9 . 84Xl 8 - 5 . 89X1 ? + 8 . 0 7 X ^
.7 0
1 0 .0 7
.7 9
1 1 .2 0
Y = - 4 3 8 .9 6 + 1 9 .4 4 X ^ 8 -5 .2 4 X
+ 1 1 .0 1 X 13+ 21.68X g8
a/
X^g = M o is t c o n s i s t e n c e
V
X ^ 7 = Dry c o n s i s t e n c e
e/
X^g = M o n t m o r i l l o n i t e ; %
d/
Xgg = V e r m i c u l i t e / m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e - s o i l
c la y
M o is t c o n s i s t e n c e , p e r c e n t m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e a n d t h e r a t i o o f
v e r m i c u l i t e t o m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e i n t h e s o i l w ere p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d
t o y i e l d r e s p o n s e , w h ile d r y c o n s i s t e n c e was n e g a t i v e l y r e l a t e d .
Why m o is t a n d d r y c o n s i s t e n c e a r e r e l a t e d t o c r o p r e s p o n s e i s n o t
know n.
H ow ever, a num ber o f im p o r ta n t s o i l p h y s i c a l , c h e m ic a l a n d
m i n e r a l o g i c a l f a c t o r s a r e known t o i n f l u e n c e c o n s i s t e n c e .
Some
f a c t o r s t h a t i n f l u e n c e c o n s i s t e n c e a r e t h e am ount o f c l a y ,
( a s w e ll
as s i l t ,
s a n d a n d c o a r s e f r a g m e n t s ) c l a y t y p e , b u lk d e n s i t y , am ount o f
o r g a n i c m a t t e r a n d am ount a n d ty p e o f c a t i o n s .
How a n d t o w hat
d e g r e e e a c h o f t h e s e f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c e s c o n s i s t e n c e w i l l r e g u l a t e how
38
c o n s is te n c e in flu e n c e s c ro p re sp o n se to K f e r t i l i z e r .
R e s e a rc h w i l l
"be r e q u i r e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e s e r e l a t i o n s , "but i t a p p e a r s t h a t
c o n s i s t e n c e may f u n c t i o n a s a n i n t e g r a t o r o f s e v e r a l f a c t o r s w h ich
th e m s e lv e s i n f l u e n c e i o n i c d i f f u s i o n i n s o i l .
I n g e n e r a l , t h e r e i s a d i r e c t p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n b e tw e en p e r c e n t
m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e i n t h e s o i l a n d CEC.
H ow ever t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e tw e en
m o n tm o rm illo n ite a n d CEC a n d r e l a t e d e f f e c t s on r e s p o n s e t o K
f e r t i l i z e r s a re n o t c le a r.
The i n f l u e n c e o f t h e ■r a t i o o f v e r m i c u l i t e t o m o n tm o r i ll o n i te on
y i e l d r e s p o n s e p e r h a p s i s r e l a t e d t o t h e "phenomenon o f K+ io n f i x a t i o n
•Je
by v e r m i c u l i t e .
V e r m i c u li te c a n r e n d e r t h e K
a b l e by t r a p p i n g t h e io n b e tw e e n i t s
io n te m p o r a r ily u n a v a il­
in te rla y e r s tr u c tu r e .'
The c h an g e i n r a t i o o f v e r m i c u l i t e t o m o n tm o r i ll o n i te i s due
m o s tly t o a g r e a t e r d i f f e r e n c e i n v e r m i c u l i t e c o n t e n t o f d i f f e r e n t
s o ils .
The m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e p e r c e n ta g e i s r e a s o n a b ly s i m i l a r i n t h e
h o riz o n
( s e e T a b le 5 p a g e s 23 - 2 8 ) .
H e n c e , a t a h i g h r a t i o v a lu e
+
f i x a t i o n o f t h e K io n by v e r m i c u l i t e w ould l i k e l y t a k e p l a c e , r e d u c i n g
t h e am ount o f t h e K
io n i n s o i l s o l u t i o n i
When K f e r t i l i z e r i s t h e n
a p p l i e d t h e am ount o f K+ i n s o l u t i o n s h o u ld i n c r e a s e t o a ll o w a l a r g e r
y ie ld re sp o n se ,
B h o r iz o n
The v a r i a b l e s w h ich a p p l i e d t o t h e B h o r iz o n a r e l i s t e d i n T a b le
9.
The r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s f o r s i g n i f i c a n t p a r a m e te r s a r e p r e s e n t e d
39
i n T a b le 1 1 .
The l e v e l o f e x t r a c t a b l e c a lc iu m
(me Ca++/ l 0 0 g). was t h e f i r s t
v a r i a b l e . t o e n t e r t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n w ith a n E
2
o f o n ly .23■
The o n ly o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y c o r r e l a t e d v a r i a b l e f o r t h e B h o r iz o n
was m o is t c o n s i s t e n c e , w h ich i n c r e a s e d
to
.4 4 .
I t c a n be n o te d
2
■ -■
t h a t th e s e R v a lu e s a r e c o n s id e r a b ly l e s s th a n th o s e o f th e ' A .
.
;
p •
h o r iz o n (w h ich w en t t o .7 9 )» s u g g e s t i n g a l e s s e r im p o r ta n c e o f ' t h e
'
'
B h o r iz o n i n c o n t r o l l i n g c r o p r e s p o n s e . .
T a b le 1 1 .
M u lt i p le l i n e a r s te p w is e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s f o r
s i g n i f i c a n t B h o r iz o n v a r i a b l e s r e l a t i n g p e r c e n t
y i e l d r e s p o n s e (Y) o f w i n t e r w h eat t o a p p l i e d K
f e r t i l i z e r f o r 17 s i t e s . 1-973 a n d 1 9 7 4 . '
E q u a tio n s
Y = 1 1 9 .9 7 Y = - 4 1 7 .6 9 -
/
—'
B2
.6 9
As t h e e x t r a c t a b l e Ca
F
3 .3 8
.2 3
, 69 X0 + -12.52X ^8
X = Ca++, m e/100 g
‘
X1 O = M o is t c o n s i s t e n c e
10
-
,4 4
;
3 ,9 8
■
c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e B h o r iz o n i n c r e a s e d ,
t h e r e s p o n s e t o K f e r t i l i z e r d e c r e a s e d , ; T h is ' e f f e c t , c a n p r o b a b ly be
e x p l a i n e d a s a r e s u l t o f d i r e c t c o m p e titio n - b e tw e e n K+ a n d Ca+ + .
rj -|- ■
• P a r t i c u l a r l y i n s o i l s w h ich c o n t a i n f r e e lim e., Ca
t h a t fre q u e n tly a d d itio n a l f e r t i l i z e r s
f o r maximum c r o p p r o d u c t i o n .
i s s o d o m in a n t
( e s p e c i a l l y .K) a r e r e q u i r e d
40
The m o is t c o n s i s t e n c e o f t h e B h o r i z o n h a d a p o s i t i v e r e l a t i o n s h i p
w ith r e s p e c t t o y i e l d r e s p o n s e .
was e x p r e s s e d i n t h e
T h is i s t h e same r e l a t i o n s h i p w hich
h o r i z o n , a n d a g a i n c o n s i s t e n c e c a n he v iew e d
a s a n i n t e g r a t o r o f s e v e r a l f a c t o r s w h ich r e g u l a t e i o n d i f f u s i o n i n
th e s o i l s o lu t i o n .
c a H o riz o n
V a r i a b l e s p e r t a i n i n g t o t h e c a h o r iz o n a r e i n c l u d e d i n T a b le 9•
R e g r e s s io n e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e s i g n i f i c a n t p a r a m e te r s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n
T a b le 1 2 .
I n t h e c a h o r i z o n , t h e h o r i z o n o f a c c u m u la tio n o f s e c o n d a r y
c a r b o n a t e s , t h e p e r c e n t c l a y was t h e v a r i a b l e o f g r e a t e s t i n f l u e n c e
2
on c r o p r e s p o n s e w i t h a n R o f . 3 1 .
The n e x t v a r i a b l e t o e n t e r t h e
e q u a t i o n was t h e r a t i o o f K+ / (Ca++ + Mg+"1")2 w h ic h i n c r e a s e d R^ t o
•5 4 .
No o t h e r p a r a m e te r s o f t h e c a h o r iz o n w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y
re la te d .
T a b le 1 2 .
M u l t i p l e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a ti o n s f o r s i g n i f i c a n t
ca h o riz o n v a r ia b le s r e l a t i n g p e rc e n t y ie ld re sp o n se
(Y) o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f o r 18
s ite s .
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .
E q u a tio n s
R2
F
Y = 1 2 9 .4 4 -
.62Xg
.3 1
6 ,7 0
Y = 1 2 3 .9 2 -
.70X 6 + 8 5 . 82 X22
.5 4
8 .2 4
^
X^ = p e r c e n t c l a y
%/
Xgg = R a t i o K + /(Ca++ + Mg++)?
41
The p e r c e n t c l a y was n e g a t i v e l y r e l a t e d t o y i e l d r e s p o n s e .
T h is
i s t h e o p p o s i t e r e l a t i o n s h i p a s t h a t e x p r e s s e d f o r p e r c e n t m o n tm o rill o n i t e in' t h e
h o riz o n .
S in c e m o n tm o r i ll o n i te g e n e r a l l y com poses
t h e h u lk o f t h e c l a y m in e r a l i n t h e s e s o i l s t h i s r e v e r s a l i s som ew hat
s u rp risin g .
L ai e t a l.
(1 9 6 1 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t a s t h e c l a y c o n t e n t
i n c r e a s e s io n d i f f u s i o n d e c r e a s e s . . I f d i f f u s i o n i s c o n t r o l l i n g K io n
u p t a k e , t h e n a s c l a y c o n t e n t i n c r e a s e s d i f f u s i o n a n d K+ u p t a k e '
s h o u ld d e c r e a s e .
The a d d i t i o n o f K f e r t i l i z e r s h o u ld h e l p overcom e
t h i s d e c r e a s e d r a t e , o f io n d i f f u s i o n on h i g h c l a y s o i l s .
The f a c t •
t h a t t h e o p p o s i t e r e l a t i o n e x i s t s c a l l s f o r some a l t e r n a t i v e
e x p l a n a t i o n , w h ich a t t h i s tim e i s n o t a p p a r e n t .
H ow ever, s e v e r a l
f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c e c l a y b e h a v io r a n d c l a y i n f l u e n c e s s e v e r a l o t h e r
fa c to rs ,
The am o u n t o f c l a y i n a s o i l i n f l u e n c e s b o th s o i l w a te r
r e l a t i o n s a n d t h e G .E .C .
A ls o , n o t o n ly t h e am ount o f c l a y i n f l u e n c e s
d i f f u s i o n , b u t t h e ty p e o f c l a y m in e r a l c a n be i m p o r t a n t .
Some o f
t h e s e f a c t o r s may b e i n f l u e n c i n g c r o p r e s p o n s e t o K f e r t i l i z e r s a n d
m a sk in g t h e e x p e c t e d i n f l u e n c e s r e p o r t e d f o r i n c r e a s i n g c l a y c o n t e n t ,
The r a t i o o f K+/ ( C a ++ + Mg+ + ) 2 w h ich h a s b e e n r e f e r r e d t o a s t h e
i n t e n s i t y f a c t o r ( B e c k e t t , I 9 6 8 ) f o r K+ a v a i l a b i l i t y was p o s i t i v e l y
r e l a t e d t o . y i e l d r e s p o n s e . ' T h is r e s u l t i s n o t c o n s i s t e n t w ith
e x p e c ta tio n s .
I t h a s b e e n r e p o r t e d , t h a t s o i l s w ith h i g h i n t e n s i t y
f a c t o r s a r e m ore c a p a b le o f s u p p ly i n g a d e q u a te K+ f o r c r o p g ro w th
t h a n t h o s e w i t h lo w i n t e n s i t y f a c t o r s .
+
H ore r e s p o n s e t o a d d e d K
42
w ould be e x p e c te d on s o i l s w ith low K+/ ( C a ++ + Mg+ + ) 2 t h a n on t h o s e
w ith a h i g h r a t i o .
The r e v e r s a l o f t h i s r e l a t i o n i n t h i s s tu d y i s
f u r t h e r e v id e n c e t h a t e x t r a c t a b l e c a t i o n f u n c t i o n s a r e n o t r e l i a b l e
by th e m s e lv e s f o r p r e d i c t i n g c r o p r e s p o n s e t o K f e r t i l i z e r i n M o n ta n a .
C om bined a n a l y s i s o f S i t e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d G e n e tic H o r i z o n s .
The s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b l e s , a s d e te r m in e d by t h e r e g r e s s i o n
e q u a t i o n s fro m t h e m a jo r h o r iz o n a n d s i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , w ere
co m b in ed f o r a n o v e r a l l a n a l y s i s . ' The p u r p o s e was t o d e te r m in e
th e
m o st
s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b l e s t h a t w ould p r e d i c t t h e r e s p o n s e o f
w in te r w heat to K f e r t i l i z e r .
a n a ly s is a re l i s t e d
The v a r i a b l e s u s e d i n t h e o v e r a l l
i n T a b le 1 3 .
The r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s f o r t h e
s i g n i f i c a n t p a r a m e t e r s a r e p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le 1 4 .
T a b le 1 3 .
S i g n i f i c a n t m a jo r h o r iz o n p a r a m e te r s a n d s i t e c h a r a c t e r ­
i s t i c s u se d i n a m u ltip le l i n e a r r e g r e s s io n e q u a tio n f o r
com bined a n a l y s i s .
S ite
A
Mean a n n u a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e a t 50 cm
P e rc e n t s lo p e
M o ist c o n s i s t e n c e
Dry c o n s i s t e n c e .
M o n tm o rillo n ite ; % in s o i l
V erm /M ont; % i n s o i l •
C la y ;
,, 1
k+ZCc.a ++ +
B h o r iz o n
E x t r a c t a b l e Ca (m e/lO O g )
M o is t c o n s i s t e n c e
Dry c o n s i s t e n c e
h o r iz o n
Ca h o rizo n
C la y , %
1
K+/ (Ca++ + Mg"+)
43
T a b le 1 4 ,
M u lt i p le l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s f o r s i g n i f i c a n t
v a r i a b l e s fro m com bined a n a l y s i s r e l a t i n g p e r c e n t y i e l d
r e s p o n s e (Y) o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f o r
18 s i t e s . 1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .
E q u a tio n s
R2
F
Y = 8 0 .9 9 + 3-92X ^
.5 6
1 9 .4 3
Y = 6 8 .1 3 1 + 3 .7 2 X i + .3 5 X i2
.66
1 3 .6 2
Y = 4 0 8 .1 7 + 4 .1 7 X i + A l X i 2 - 5.44X i 4
.7 6
1 3 .6 8
Y = 1 6 0 .6 2 + 3 . 31 X1 + . 47 X12 - 7 .6 4 % i4 + 9 . H X i 5
.81
i 3.ll
Y = 3 3 5 .9 9 + 5 .2 6 X i+ . 5 OX12 - I 2 .34X i 4 + 11.20X i 5+ .55X i 6
.88
1 5 .9 4
a/
—'
X i = Mean a n n u a l s o i l te m p e r a t u r e a t 50 cm.
X ig = M o ist c o n s i s t e n c e 5
c/
h o r iz o n
X i 4 = Dry c o n s i s t e n c e ; B h o r iz o n
X i 5 = M o is t c o n s i s t e n c e ; B h o r iz o n
^
X ig = C la y
c a h o r iz o n
The m ost h i g h l y c o r r e l a t e d v a r i a b l e from t h e o v e r a l l a n a l y s i s
was mean a n n u a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e a t 50 cm.
2
e q u a ti o n a t a n R
to
.6 6 .
o f .56.
I t e n te re d th e r e g r e s s io n
M o is t c o n s i s t e n c e o f t h e
2
in c re a s e d R
p
W ith t h e a d d i t i o n o f d r y c o n s i s t e n c e o f t h e B h o r iz o n R
in c re a s e d to
.7 6 .
2
R in c re a s e d to
When m o is t c o n s i s t e n c e o f t h e B h o r iz o n was a d d e d ,
.8 1 .
The l a s t v a r i a b l e o f s i g n i f i c a n c e was t h e c l a y
2
c o n t e n t o f t h e c a h o r i z o n w hich i n c r e a s e d R
to
.8 8 .
A l l o f t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s w ere p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d t o p e r c e n t y i e l d
r e s p o n s e , e x c e p t f o r d r y c o n s i s t e n c e w h ic h was n e g a t i v e l y r e l a t e d .
R e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s f o r t h e c a h o r i z o n a lo n e i n d i c a t e d a n e g a t i v e
r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n p e r c e n t c l a y a n d p e r c e n t y i e l d r e s p o n s e .
The sig n -
r e v e r s a l f o r t h i s r e l a t i o n i n t h e com bined a n a l y s i s i s c o n f u s i n g , b u t
may be d u e m e r e ly t o s t a t i s t i c a l m a n i p u la t io n s a n d t h e i n f l u e n c e , t h a t
one p a r a m e t e r may h a v e on s u b s e q u e n t o n e s .
In th is a n a l y s i s d r y
c o n s i s t e n c e h a s a s t r o n g n e g a t i v e - i n f l u e n c e , w hich may h a v e c a r r i e d
o v e r t o th e r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll ( n u m e ric a lly ) in flu e n c e r e p r e s e n te d f o r
p e rc e n t c la y .
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n s c o n c e r n in g why t h e s e f a c t o r s a r e o f im p o rta n c e
have been d is c u s s e d p r e v io u s ly .
H ow ever, i t i s im p o r ta n t t o n o te
t h a t i n t h i s co m b in ed a n a l y s i s no c h e m ic a l p a r a m e te r s w ere s u f f i c i e n t l y
r e l a t e d t o y i e l d r e s p o n s e t o be s i g n i f i c a n t
i n r e g r e s s i o n w ith t h e s e
f iv e p h y s ic a l s o i l p r o p e r tie s .
H o riz o n S e q u e n c e
F i r s t H o riz o n
.
.
The v a r i a b l e s u s e d i n t h e h o r iz o n s e q u e n c e a r e t h e sam e a s u s e d
f o r t h e m a jo r h o r i z o n s .
(S ee T a b le 9? p a g e
36) ,
R e g r e s s io n e q u a ti o n s
f o r p e r c e n t y i e l d r e s p o n s e a s r e l a t e d t o h o r iz o n v a r i a b l e s a r e p r e ­
s e n t e d i n T a b le 1 5 .
45
The v a r i a b l e o f g r e a t e s t s i g n i f i c a n c e i n t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a ti o n
was e x t r a c t a b l e Ca++ (me/lOO g ) w ith a n
2
was t h e n e x t v a r i a b l e , i n c r e a s i n g R t o
in c re a s e d
.65.
to
o f .3 7 .
.5 3 •
D ry c o n s i s t e n c e
M o ist c o n s i s t e n c e
The l a s t v a r i a b l e t o e n t e r t h e e q u a t i o n was
2
p e rc e n t i l l i t e
i n t h e c l a y f r a c t i o n w h ic h i n c r e a s e d R
E x t r a c t a b l e Ca++ a n d p e r c e n t i l l i t e
to
.7 7 .
w ere n e g a t i v e l y r e l a t e d t o
y i e l d r e s p o n s e w h ile m o is t a n d d r y c o n s i s t e n c e w ere b o th p o s i t i v e l y
re la te d .
T a b le 1 5 .
M u lt i p le l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s f o r s i g n i f i c a n t 1 s t
h o r iz o n v a r i a b l e s r e l a t i n g p e r c e n t y i e l d r e s p o n s e (Y) o f
w i n t e r w h e a t t o a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f o r 18 s i t e s .
1973
and 1974.
E q u a tio n s
R2
F
.37
8 .1 8
.5 3
7 .2 4
.6 5
7 .6 4
.032X 9 + .49X1? + .3 2 .8 9 X l8 - 1 3 . 9X15 .7 7
9 .0 6
Y = 1 2 2 .1 5 - I . IOX^
Y = 1 0 0 .6 7 Y = - 9 0 2 .7 -
.89X 9 + .32X^?
. 227 X9 + .40X17 + . 2 3 . OTX^g
Y = - 1 3 0 7 .9 3 a/
= Ca+* , m e/100 g
V
X^r., = Dry c o n s i s t e n c e
c/
X^g = M o is t c o n s i s t e n c e
d/
X_^ = I l l i t e , % o f c la y
Some p o s s i b l e r e a s o n s f o r why Ca+* and m o is t a n d d i y c o n s i s t e n c e
in flu e n c e y i e l d re s p o n s e have p re v io u s ly been d is c u s s e d .
H ow ever,
i n t h e p r e v i o u s a n a l y s i s d z y c o n s i s t e n c e was n e g a t i v e l y r e l a t e d w h ile
in th is case i t is p o s itiv e ly r e la te d .
A g a in , t h i s a p p e a r s t o be
r e l a t e d t o t h e f a c t t h a t d r y c o n s i s t e n c e h a s a v e r y s m a l l n u m e r ic a l
v a lu e a n d s i g n r e v e r s a l c o u ld o c c u r q u i t e e a s i l y fro m o t h e r r e l a t e d
in flu e n c e s .
As th e p e r c e n t i l l i t e
Illite
in c r e a se d th e y i e l d resp o n se d e c r e a se d ,
+
w i l l r e l e a s e K f o r p l a n t u s e a s i t w e a t h e r s . . The h i g h e r
th e i l l i t e
c o n t e n t o f a s o i l t h e m ore K+ i t c a n c o n t r i b u t e f o r p l a h t
g r o w th , t h u s d e c r e a s i n g t h e n e e d f o r s u p p le m e n ta l K .
Second Horizon
The r e g r e s s i o n e q u a tio n s , f o r t h e 2nd h o r iz o n a r e l i s t e d i n
T a b le 1 6 .
Of th e v a ria b le s l i s t e d
i n T a b le 9 (p ag e
s ig n if ic a n tly r e la te d to y ie ld resp o n se to K .
o n ly tw o w ere
E x t r a c t a b l e Ga
a g a in th e f i r s t v a r ia b le i n to th e r e g r e s s io n e q u a tio n .
f o llo w e d by pH ,
«|.pj.
was
T h is was
T h e s e v a r i a b l e s co m b in ed t o p ro d u c e a n R
o f .4 8 .
C a lc iu m i n f l u e n c e d y i e l d r e s p o n s e i n t h e s e c o n d h o r i z o n i n t h e
sam e m an n er a s i t d i d i n t h e f i r s t .
The e f f e c t o f pH on y i e l d
r e s p o n s e was a l s o n e g a t i v e ; t h a t i s , a s pH i n c r e a s e d y i e l d r e s p o n s e
d e c re a se d .
One p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n f o r t h i s i s t h a t pH a n d Ca++
a re c lo s e ly r e l a t e d .
I n g e n e r a l a s Ca++ c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n c r e a s e s t h e
pH o f t h e s o i l a l s o i n c r e a s e s .
T h e r e f o r e , t h e e f f e c t t h a t pH h a s
w ould be v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h a t o f Ca+ + .
H ow ever, t h e r a n g e i n pH o f
■
47
s o i l s i n t h i s s tu d y was q u i t e n a rro w a n d t h e
in flu e n c e
r e l a t i o n s h i p i s p r o b a b l y m in im iz e d d u e t o i t s
lim ite d ra n g e .
T a b le 1 6 .
of th is
M u lt i p le l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a ti o n s f o r s i g n i f i c a n t 2nd
h o r iz o n v a r i a b l e s r e l a t i n g p e r c e n t y i e l d r e s p o n s e (Y) o f
w i n t e r w h e a t t o a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f o r 18 s i t e s ,
1973
and 1974.
E q u a tio n s
R2
F
Y = 1 2 2 .4 9 -
.89X*
.3 4
8 .4 3
Y = 1 8 3 .1 2 -
.79X9 - S -IZ X 1
.4 8
6 .8 2
^
X9 = Ca+ + , m e/100 g
^
X1 = pH
Third Horizon
V a r i a b l e s u s e d i n r e g r e s s i o n o f t h e t h i r d h o r iz o n fro m t h e
s u r f a c e a r e g i v e n i n T a b le 9 (p ag e
36) .
R e s u lts o f th e a n a ly s is a re
p r e s e n t e d i n T a b le 1 7 .
T a b le I ? .
M u lt i p le l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s f o r s i g n i f i c a n t 3 rd
h o r iz o n v a r i a b l e s r e l a t i n g p e r c e n t y i e l d r e s p o n s e (Y) o f
w i n t e r w h e a t t o a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f o r 18 s i t e s .
1973
and 1974.
2
R
F
Y = 1 2 2 .8 4 - 22.29X *
.2 0
3 .4 4
Y = 1 2 4 .9 5 - 3 2 .1 5 X 3 + .IBX10
•33
3 .1 4
E q u a tio n s
a/
—'
X^ = E l e c t r i c a l C o n d u c t iv i ty
^
X10 = Mg+"1", m e/100 g
E l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c tiv ity
( E . G . ) was t h e f i r s t v a r i a b l e o f s i g h i f r
2
i c a n c e t o e n t e r t h e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n w ith an E
v a lu e o f . 20.
E x t r a c t a b l e Mg++ (m e/100 g ) was t h e o n ly o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b l e .
2
C om bined, t h e s e tw o f a c t o r s p ro d u c e d a n R
2
o f .3 3 •
The lo w R
v a lu e
f o r t h e s e tw o p a r a m e t e r s s u g g e s t l i m i t e d v a lu e f o r p r e d i c t i n g c ro p
resp o n se to K f e r t i l i z e r .
A l l o f t h e s o i l s i n t h i s s t u d y w ere c o n ­
s i d e r e d t o be good a g r i c u l t u r a l s o i l s w i t h no s a l t p r o b le m , t h u s E . G .
w o u ld n o t be e x p e c te d t o h a v e a l a r g e i n f l u e n c e .
H ow eyer, b e c a u s e
E. G. i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o t h e i o n i c c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e s o i l
s o lu tio n
(e v e n i n n o n - s a l t y s o i l s ) i t may be a n i n d i r e c t m ea su re o f
t h e K+ s t a t u s o f t h e s o l u t i o n .
B e c a u se Na+ was low i n t h e s e s o i l s
( s e e T a b le 5 ) t h e i n c r e a s e i n E. G. may h a v e b e e n p a r t i a l l y due t o
in c re a s e d c o n c e n tra tio n o f K
in th e s o i l s o lu tio n .
+
t h e n a low E. G. v a lu e w ould mean a low am ount o f K
I f th is is tru e ,
in s o i l s o lu tio n .
W ith t h e a d d i t i o n o f K f e r t i l i z e r t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n s o l u t i o n w ould
i n c r e a s e , i n c r e a s i n g t h e u p ta k e o f K+ a n d r e s u l t i n g i n a l a r g e r y i e l d
r e s p o n s e . ' A t a h i g h E. G. t h e K
i n s o l u t i o n may h a v e b e e n s u f f i c i e n t
f o r p l a n t u p ta k e a n d no y i e l d r e s p o n s e w o u ld r e s u l t fro m t h e a d d i t i o n
of K fe rtiliz e r.
E x t r a c t a b l e Mg++ was r e l a t e d t o y i e l d r e s p o n s e i n t h e o p p o s it e
m an n er fro m t h a t f o r e x t r a c t a b l e Ca+ + ;
s i m i l a r l y i n f l u e n c e y i e l d r e s p o n s e t o K.
r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n e x t r a c t a b l e Mg
One w ould e x p e c t t h e two t o
H ow ever, t h e p o s i t i v e
a n d y i e l d r e s p o n s e t o s u p p le m e n ta l
49
K d o e s s u p p o r t l i t e r a t u r e r e p o r t s i n w h ich Mg
and K
shown t o be c o m p e t i t i v e f o r u p ta k e by p l a n t r o o t s
have been
(Thomas a n d H ip p ,
1968) .
F o u r th H o riz o n
'
The f a c t o r i n t h e f o u r t h h o r i z o n fro m t h e s o i l s u r f a c e w hich was
m o st i n f l u e n t i a l on c r o p r e s p o n s e t o a d d e d K was p e r c e n t c l a y , w ith a n
2
E o f .2 7 .
The o n ly o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d v a r i a b l e , was t h e
2
p e r c e n t m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e o f thfe s o i l , i n c r e a s i n g R t o
.5 4 ( s e e T a b le
18).
T a b le 1 8 .
M u lt i p le l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a ti o n f o r s i g n i f i c a n t 4 th
h o r iz o n v a r i a b l e s r e l a t i n g p e r c e n t y i e l d r e s p o n s e (Y)
. o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f 6r 18 s i t e s ,
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .
E q u a tio n s
R2 '
Y = 1 2 6 .6 4 -
'^ 6
Y = 1 2 9 .0 1 - 1 .4 7 X 6 + . 27 X23
F
.27
4 .7 0
.5 4
7 .0 7
Xg = C la y , % ■
^
Xg^ = M o n tm o r il lo n i te ; % i n s o i l
P e r c e n t c l a y was n e g a t i v e l y r e l a t e d t o y i e l d r e s p o n s e w h ile
p e r c e n t m o n t m o r i l l o n i t e was p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d .
B o th o f t h e s e f a c t o r s
e m erg ed a s s i g n i f i c a n t p a r a m e te r s i n p r e v i o u s r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s a n d
some p o s s i b l e r e a s o n s f o r t h e i r i n f l u e n c e s w ere d i s c u s s e d i n e a r l i e r
s e c tio n s
( s e e p a g e s 38 a n d 4 l ) .
•
50
Com bined A n a l y s is o f S i t e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d H o riz o n S e q u e n c e
T h i s co m b in ed a n a l y s i s i n c l u d e d a l l v a r i a b l e s fro m s i t e c h a r a c t e r
i s t i c s a n d i n d i v i d u a l h o r iz o n s e q u e n c e a n a l y s i s w h ich h a d s i g n i f i c a n t
F ra tio s .
T a b le
19 p r o v i d e s a l i s t o f s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b l e s an d
T a b le 20 t h e r e s u l t a n t r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s ,
T a b le 1 9 .
S i g n i f i c a n t h o r iz o n s e q u e n c e a n d s i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
v a r i a b le s u se d in a m u ltip le l i n e a r s te p w is e r e g r e s s io n
f o r co m b in ed a n a l y s i s ,
S ite
Mean a n n u a l s o i l
t e m p e r a t u r e a t 50 cm.
P e r c e n t s lo p e
1 s t h o r iz o n
E x t r a c t a b l e Ca++ (me/lOO g )
D ry c o n s i s t e n c e
M o is t c o n s i s t e n c e
I l l i t e , % o f c la y
2nd h o riz o n
E x t r a c t a b l e Ca++ (me/lOO g )
pH
3 r d h o r iz o n
E l e c t r i c a l c o n d u c tiv ity
E x t r a c t a b l e Mg++ (me/lOO g )
4 t h h o r iz o n
C la y , %
M o n tm o rillo n ite ; % o f s o i l
Mean a n n u a l s o i l ' t e m p e r a t u r e a t 50 cm . was a g a i n t h e m ost
i m p o r ta n t f a c t o r r e l a t i n g c r o p r e s p o n s e t o K f e r t i l i z e r .
p r o v id e d a n R
o f .56.
A lo n e i t
The n e x t v a r i a b l e o f s i g n i f i c a n c e was e x t r a c t -
a b l e Ca++ i n t h e s e c o n d h o r iz o n i n c r e a s i n g
to
.73"
M o n tm o r illo n ite
c o n t e n t o f t h e s o i l fro m t h e f o u r t h h o r iz o n was t h e t h i r d m ost h i g h l y
2
c o r r e l a t e d h o r iz o n s e q u e n c e v a r i a b l e , i n c r e a s i n g R
to
.7 8 .
The l a s t
2
s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b l e was pH o f t h e s e c o n d h o r iz o n w h ic h i n c r e a s e d R
to
.8 3 .
51
T a b le 2 0 .
M u l t i p l e l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n e q u a t i o n s f o r com bined s i t e and
h o r iz o n s e q u e n c e v a r i a b l e s r e l a t i n g p e r c e n t y i e l d r e s p o n s e
(Y) o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o a p p l i e d K f e r t i l i z e r f o r 18 s i t e s .
1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 .
E q u a tio n s
R2
F
.5 6
2 0 .2 8
-6S tM
.7 3
2 0 .4 0
.5 9 X io + 4 .9 8 X 2 4
.7 8
1 7 .4 2
.8 3
1 5 .5 6
Y = 8 1 .7 8 + 3.78X *
Y = 9 5 -2 4 + 3 .2 4 X 1 Y = 8 2 .6 9 + 3 .1 4 X , Y = 1 2 0 .0 3 + 2 .9 1 X 1 -
—/
. 56 X10 + 3 . 68 X14 - 4 . 55X9
= Mean annual s o i l tem perature a t 50 cm.
= Ca++, me/100 g; 2nd h o r iz o n
X^^ = M o n t m o r i l l o n l t e j % i n s o i l ;
^
4 th h o r iz o n
X^ = pH; 2nd h o r iz o n
Mean a n n u a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e a t 50 cm. a n d t h e p e r c e n t m o n tm o ril-
l o n i t e i n s o i l fro m t h e f o u r t h h o r iz o n w ere b o th p o s i t i v e l y r e l a t e d
t o y i e l d r e s p o n s e , w h ile e x t r a c t a b l e Ca
h o r iz o n w ere n e g a t i v e l y r e l a t e d .
++
a n d pH o f t h e s e c o n d
Some p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n s f o r
t h e s e i n f l u e n c e s w ere d i s c u s s e d a b o v e
(s e e p a g e s 3 4 , 3 7 , 39 an d 4 6 ) .
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
I n 1973 a n d 1 9 7 4 , 18 w i n t e r w h e a t s i t e s w ere s e l e c t e d t o s tu d y
th e in flu e n c e t h a t s o i l p r o f i l e and s i t e
re sp o n se o f w in te r w heat to K f e r t i l i z e r .
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s h a v e on t h e
R a te s o f 0 , 2 2 , 4 5 , 9 0 , a n d
135 Kg K /h a w i t h a b l a n k e t a p p l i c a t i o n o f 45 a n d 56 K g /h a o f N a n d P
r e s p e c t i v e l y , w ere a p p l i e d i n t h e f a l l p r i o r t o t h e s e e d i n g o f d r y la n d
w i n t e r w h e a t i n a ra n d o m iz e d c o m p le te b l o c k d e s i g n .
c l a s s i f i e d by l o c a l S .C ,S . p e r s o n n e l
A l l s i t e s w ere
t o d e te r m in e t h e i r s o i l s e r i e s .
I n a d d i t i o n , t h e y d e te r m in e d some o f t h e 10 s i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
p a ra m e te rs .
S o i l s a m p le s w ere o b t a i n e d fro m e a c h g e n e t i c h o r i z o n .
F o u r te e n c h e m ic a l a n d p h y s i c a l s o i l p r o p e r t i e s f o r e a c h h o r iz o n a n d
10 s i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s w ere i n s e r t e d s e p e r a t e l y i n t o a m u l t i p l e
l i n e a r r e g r e s s i o n p ro g ra m w ith p e r c e n t c h an g e i n y i e l d fro m a d d e d K
b e in g t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e . To d e te r m in e t h e i r r e l a t i o n t o y i e l d
resp o n se ,
t h e h o r i z o n v a r i a b l e s w ere a n a ly z e d i n tw o ways s
l ) as
m a jo r h o r iz o n s a n d 2 ) i n t h e o r d e r t h e y o c c u r r e d i n t h e p r o f i l e
( h o r iz o n s e q u e n c e ) .
The s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b l e s fro m e a c h o f t h e s e
a n a l y s e s w ere g ro u p e d w ith t h e s i g n i f i c a n t s i t e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c
v a r i a b l e s f o r a co m bined a n a l y s i s , e i t h e r by m a jo r h o r i z o n o r h o r iz o n
seq u en ce.
Mean a n n u a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e a t 50 cm. was m o st im p o r ta n t v a r i a b l e
i n r e l a t i n g t o p e r c e n t c h an g e i n y i e l d o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o K f e r t i l i z e r .
T h is f a c t o r a lo n e a c c o u n te d f o r 56 p e r c e n t o f t h e o b s e r v e d v a r i a b i l i t y
in p e r c e n t change in y i e l d .
M o is t a n d d r y c o n s i s t e n c e o f t h e A^ a n d B
53
w ere t h e m o st i n f l u e n t i a l p a r a m e te r s o f t h e m a jo r h o r iz o n a n a l y s i s .
M o is t a n d d r y c o n s i s t e n c e w ere a l s o s i g n i f i c a n t i n t h e 1 s t h o r iz o n
sequence a n a l y s i s .
P e r c e n t c l a y o f t h e c a h o r iz o n a n d p e r c e n t m oritm ofI l l o n i t e o f t h e
s o i l i n t h e 4 t h h o r iz o n w ere t h e o n ly o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i a b l e s f o r
t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e co m b in ed a n a l y s i s .
2
in c r e a s e d R o n ly
S in c e b o th o f t h e s e v a r i a b l e s
.0 5 , a n d p l a n t s g e n e r a l l y o b t a i n t h e m a j o r i t y o f
t h e i r n u t r i e n t s fro m s u r f a c e s o i l h o r i z o n s , t h e im p o r ta n c e o f t h e s e
tw o v a r i a b l e s c a n p r o b a b ly be c o n s i d e r e d a s m in im a l r e l a t i v e t o
u p ta k e o f K+ b y t h e p l a n t .
In th e h o riz o n seq u en ce a n a ly s is th e c o n c e n tr a tio n o f e x tr a c ta b le
Ga
-H-
^
■ i n b o t h t h e 1 s t a n d 2nd h o r iz o n s was t h e m o st h i g h l y r e l a t e d t o
p e rc e n t y i e l d re sp o n se o f w in te r w heat to K f e r t i l i z e r .
t h a t e x t r a c t a b l e Ga
++
The f a c t
■
was t h e m o st i m p o r ta n t f a c t o r i n t h e s e f i r s t
two h o r iz o n s a n d i t s p o s i t i o n a s s e c o n d i n im p o r ta n c e i n t h e com bined
a n a ly s is
(by h o r iz o n s e q u e n c e ) s u g g e s t t h a t e x t r a c t a b l e Ca++ i s
p r o b a b ly p l a y i n g a n i m p o r ta n t r o l e i n t h e r e s p o n s e o f w i n t e r w h eat
t o K+ f e r t i l i z e r .
The i n f l u e n c e o f t h e s e v a r i a b l e s , m a in ly mean a n n u a l s o i l te m p e r ­
a t u r e , m o is t a n d d r y c o n s i s t e n c e , a n d t h e c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f e x t r a c t a b l e
Ca
++
, on t h e r e s p o n s e o f w i n t e r w h e a t t o K f e r t i l i z e r a r e p r o b a b ly
r e la te d to d if f u s io n .
O ls e n a n d Kem per ( 1968 ) d e s c r i b e d t h e d i f f u s i o n
o f a n i o n i n t h e s o i l by t h e f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n ;
54
dq = PA dG
dt
dL
w here;
q = Q u a n tity o f io n
(grains)
t = Time (se c o n d s )
D = D iffu s io n c o e f f i c i e n t (cm^ s e c "*")
2
A = C r o s s - s e c t io n a l a rea (cni )
C = C o n cen tra tio n (g'cm
L = D ista n ced io n moved (cm)
T h e r e fo r e , th e f a c t o r s t h a t in flu e n c e D and C w i l l d eterm ine th e r a te
a t which K
can d if f u s e t o th e p la n t r o o t ,
F a cto rs t h a t in flu e n c e
D in c lu d e s o i l tem p era tu re, c la y c o n t e n t , ty p e o f c la y , "bulk d e n s ity
and s o i l m o istu r e .
E xcept f o r s o i l tem perature and s o i l m oisture
th e rem aining f a c t o r s (c la y ty p e , c la y c o n te n t and "bulk d e n s it y )
a l l r e l a t e t o s o i l c o n s is t e n c e ,
How th e s e f a c t o r s q u a n t it a t iv e ly
in flu e n c e c o n s is te n c e i s n o t known.
However, c o n s is te n c e i s probably
an in t e g r a t o r o f th e s e and o th e r p h y s ic a l and ch em ical p r o p e r tie s
th a t may be in f lu e n c in g D, and th u s , th e a v a i l a b i l i t y o f K+ a t the
p la n t r o o t s u r f a c e ,
A f a c t o r which in flu e n c e s C ( io n ic c o n c e n tr a tio n )
i s th e p resen ce o f o th e r i o n s .
The im portance o f e x t r a c ta b le Ca++
co u ld be through an in flu e n c e on K+ d if f u s io n by a lt e r h in g (d e c r e a sin g )
th e e f f e c t i v e c o n c e n tr a tio n o f K+ .
55
S i n c e p l a n t s t a k e u p 95% o f t h e i r n u t r i e n t s fro m t h e s u r f a c e
f o o t , one w o u ld e x p e c t t h e s ill-fa c e h o r i z o n v a r i a b l e s t o p l a y a m a jo r
r o le in th e re sp o n se o f w in te r w heat to K
fe rtiliz e r.
t i o n i s s u p p o r t e d by r e s u l t s fro m t h i s s t u d y ,
L a rg er E
T h is e x p e c t a v a lu e s w ere
a s s o c i a t e d w ith s i g n i f i c a n t A o r 1 s t h o r iz o n p a r a m e te r s t h a n t h o s e
P
p
f o r lo w e r h o r i z o n s . F u r th e r m o r e , t h e t o t a l R v a lu e f o r a l l
s i g n i f i c a n t p a ra m e te rs f o r e i t h e r th e
o r 1 s t h o r iz o n s was n e a r l y a s
'2
l a r g e a s t h e t o t a l E v a lu e s fro m com biad a n a l y s i s , i n c l u d i n g s i t e
p
c h a ra c te ris tic s
(A
h o r iz o n t o t a l R
p
= ,79» 1 s t h o r i z o n , R
= .7 7 ;
2
co m bined a n a l y s i s , t o t a l R = .8 8 a n d .83 f o r m a jo r h o r i z o n an d
h o riz o n seq u en ce r e s p e c t i v e l y ) .
R e s u l t s fro m t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e s i g n i f i c a n t fro m s e v e r a l
a s p e c ts .
F i r s t , t h e y w i l l i l l u s t r a t e t h a t s o i l ta x o n o m ic c l a s s i f i c a ­
t i o n p a ra m e te rs , s o i l p r o f i l e and s i t e
w in te r w heat re sp o n se to K f e r t i l i z e r .
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s in flu e n c e
An a r r a y o f s i t e s i n o r d e r o f
d e c r e a s i n g p e r c e n t y i e l d i n c r e a s e s i l l u s t r a t e s some o f t h e s e f i n d i n g s
(S ee T a b le 2 l ) .
Two p o i n t s a p p e a r o f p a r t i c u l a r i m p o r ta n c e :
l ) th e
m o is t r e s p o n s i v e s i t e s h a d a m e sic t e m p e r a t u r e re g im e ( E r p e l d in g a n d
H o lla n d - 7 3 )» w h ile tw o o f t h e l e a s t r e s p o n s i v e s i t e s h a d a c r y i c
t e m p e r a t u r e re g im e (H anks a n d S im e ) .
T h is i s c o n s i s t e n t w ith t h e
r e g r e s s i o n a n a l y s i s b a s e d on mean a n n u a l s o i l t e m p e r a t u r e , w here t h e
w arm er s o i l s h a d l a r g e r r e s p o n s e s t o K f e r t i l i z e r t h a n d i d t h e c o l d e r
s o ils .
2 ) As i n d i c a t e d by t h e f a m i ly nam e, t h e f i n e t e x t u r e d s o i l s
T a b le 2 1 .
P e rce n t
Y
124
123
120
119
118
117
114
114
114
111
109
109
106
104
98
93
92
83
A r r a y o f s i t e s i n o r d e r o f d e c r e a s i n g p e r c e n t y i e l d r e s p o n s e t o K f e r t i l i z e r an d
some s o i l ta x o n o m ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r e a c h s i t e .
C o o p e r a to r
S e rie s
E rp e ld in g
H o lla n d (7 3 )
V is s e r
Daum
M ik lo v ic h
Works (7 4 )
C ash
W orks (7 3 )
P e h l (7 4 )
H o lla n d (7 4 )
Sim e
J o rg e n s o n
L a s s ila
P e rry
P e h l (7 4 )
Hanks
Helm
S c h a ff
F o rt C o llin s
E dgar
E v a n s to n
A b s a ro k e e
A m e g a rd
E v a n s to n
B a in v ille
E v a n s to n
C h a n ta
D eacon
Bozeman
W illia m s
G e rb e r
G e rb e r
C h a n ta
A m sterdam
C h e r ry
M anbum
Cl a s s i f i c a t io n
U s t o l l i c H a p la r g id
U s t o l l i c C a m b o rth id
A rid ic A r g ib r o ll
T y p ic A r g i b r o l l
P a c h ic H a p l o b r o l l
A u d ic A r g i b o r o l l
U s tic T o r r io r th e n t
A rid ic A r g ib o ro ll
A r id ic H a p lo b o ro ll
A rid ic H a p lu s to ll
P a c h ic C r y b o r o l l
T y p ic A r g i b o r o l l
V e rtic A rg ib o ro ll
V e rtic A r g ib o ro ll
A r id ic H a p lo b o ro ll
T y p ic C iy o b o r o l l
T y p ic U s t o c h r e p t
B o r o l l i c H a p lo r g id
Temp.
Regime
M o is tu re
Regime
F a m ily
M esic
M esic
F rig id
F rig id
F rig id
F rig id
M esic
F rig id
F rig id
M esic
C r y ic
F rig id
F rig id
F rig id
F rig id
C r y ic
F rig id
F rig id
A rid ic
A rid ic
A rid ic
U s tic
U s tic
A rid ic
U s tic
A rid ic
A rid ic
A rid ic
U s tic
U s tic
U s t ic
U s t ic
A rid ic
U s tic
U s tic
A r d ic
F in e loam y
F in e loam y
F in e loam y
F in e
F in e loam y
F in e loam y
F in e s i l t y
F in e loam y
F in e loam y
F in e loam y
F in e s i l t y
F in e loam y
F in e
F in e
F in e
F in e s i l t y
F in e s i l t y
Loany
57
resp o n d e d t o a l e s s e r d e g re e th a n d id th e c o a rs e te x tu r e d s o i l s .
In
o t h e r w ords s o i l s w i t h a c l a y p e r c e n ta g e o f o v e r 35% ( f i n e ) a n d t h o s e
t h a t h a d l e s s t h a n 15% s a n d a n d l e s s t h a n 35% c l a y ( f i n e s i l t )
r e s p o n d e d l e s s t o K f e r t i l i z e r t h a n t h e s o i l s t h a t h a d o v e r 15% .
s a n d a n d l e s s t h a n 35% c l a y
( f i n e lo a m y ).
S e c o n d , t h o s e p a r a m e t e r s w h ic h w ere m o st h i g h l y r e l a t e d t o w i n t e r
w h e a t r e s p o n s e t o K a r e known t o i n f l u e n c e i o n d i f f u s i o n t h r o u g h s o i l s .
T h u s , t h e s e r e s u l t s p r o v id e f u r t h e r s u p p o r t f o r t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t
K
d i f f u s i o n i n s o i l s i s im p o r ta n t i n r e g u l a t i n g K a v a i l a b i l i t y t o
C
c ro p s.
The d e v e lo p m e n t o f a r e l i a b l e s o i l t e s t f o r K w i l l p r o b a b ly
r e q u i r e t h a t some o f t h e s e s o i l o r s i t e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s be c o n s id e r e d
so t h a t th e s o i l t e s t has a c lo s e r f u n c tio n a l r e l a ti o n to K d if f u s io n
in th e s o i l .
T h i r d l y , r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t some o r a l l o f t h e s i g n i f i c a n t
v a r i a b l e s c o u ld be i n c o r p o r a t e d f o r u s e i n a r e l i a b l e s o i l t e s t .
T hose p a r a m e t e r s w h ic h w ere m o st h i g h l y r e l a t e d t o w i n t e r w h eat
r e s p o n s e t o K f e r t i l i z e r c a n be r e a d i l y d e te r m in e d i n t h e f i e l d , fro m
a s o i l s e r i e s d e s c r i p t i o n , o r fro m a sa m p le t a k e n f o r l a b o r a t o r y
a n a ly s is .
P r o p e rtie s o f th e
a n d B h o r iz o n s p r o v id e t h e b e s t
c o r r e l a t i o n s , s o t h a t d e e p s a m p lin g s h o u ld n o t be r e q u i r e d ,
H ow ever,
i t may be n e c e s s a r y t o sa m p le t o a d e p th o f m ore t h a n 15 cm. w hich i s
th e c u rr e n t p r a c t i c e .
F i n a l l y , t h e s e r e s u l t s p r o v id e f u r t h e r e v id e n c e t h a t a s i n g l e
c h e m ic a l e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e d u r e w i l l n o t p r o v id e t h e b a s i s f o r a
r e l i a b l e s o i l t e s t f o r t h i s re g io n .
C e r t a i n e x t r a c t a b l e c a t i o n v a lu e s
(Ca"1"*" c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e B h o r i z o n ; r a t i o o f K+ t o
i n t h e c a h o r i z o n ; Ca
i n s e q u e n c e ; Mg
(Ca"1"*" + Mg+ + )T
c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e 1 s t a n d 2nd h o r iz o n s
c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f t h e 3 r d h o r iz o n ) w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y
r e l a t e d t o y i e l d r e s p o n s e t o K f e r t i l i z e r when i n d i v i d u a l h o r iz o n s
w ere a n a ly z e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y .
H ow ever, when a l l s i g n i f i c a n t p a r a m e te r s
( i n c l u d i n g t h e s e e x t r a c t a b l e c a t i o n v a l u e s ) w ere com bined t o d e te r m in e
w h ich w ere m o st c l o s e l y r e l a t e d t o y i e l d r e s p o n s e , Ca++ c o n c e n t r a t i o n
■o f t h e 2nd h o r i z o n i n s e q u e n c e was t h e o n ly one s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e l a t e d
a t t h e 90% c o n f id e n c e l e v e l .
A l l o t h e r s i g n i f i c a n t p a r a m e te r s e x c e p t
pH o f t h e 2nd h o r i z o n , a r e n o t t h s e w h ich c a n be o b t a i n e d by s o i l
e x tra c tio n .
F u r t h e r r e s e a r c h i s r e q u i r e d t o d e te r m in e t h e c a u s e - a n d - e f f e c t
r e l a t i o n s b e tw e e n c r o p r e s p o n s e t o K f e r t i l i z e r a n d t h e s e s i g n i f i c a n t
s o i l and s i t e
c h a ra c te ris tic s ,
The p r e s e n t s t u d y was d e s ig n e d o n ly t o
d e te r m in e w h a t s i g n i f i c a n t r e l a t i o n s m ig h t e x i s t .
Use o f t h e s e r e s u l t s
i n d e v e lo p i n g a r e l i a b l e K s o i l t e s t w i l l a l s o r e q u i r e a d d i t i o n a l
re se a rc h .
More y e a r s o f d& ta w i l l be r e q u i r e d a t m ore s i t e s , an d
o t h e r i m p o r ta n t c r o p s o f t h e r e g i o n s h o u ld be s t u d i e d .
p resen t
in d ic a tio n s
H ow ever,
a r e t h a t t h i s r e s e a r c h s h o u ld l a y t h e f o u n d a t i o n
f o r a r e l i a b l e K s o i l t e s t f o r t h e n o r t h e r n p l a i n s - ' i n te r m o u n t a i n
59
r e g i o n "based l a r g e l y on s o i l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n p a r a m e t e r s .
APPENDIX
6l
EVANSTON CLAY LOAN
SUIL SfcRIFSi
SURVEY SANPLE NO,*
SIbNT
15 5
LOCATION*
200 FT N 13JO FT W OF SE 1/ 4 CORNER OF SEC 24,T2BN,R9E
CLASSIFICATION *
ARTOIC
AROIHOROLLSJ
FINE-LOAMY
, MIXED
SITfc NO. I 78 b
SLOPE:
OI X
AIP TEMPERATURE
SOIL IfcMPERATUKE
WATER TABLE*
PRECIPITATION*
PfcRMEABIL ITT *
PHYSIOGRAPHY %
VEGETATION:
PARENT MATERIAL*
COUNTY* CHOUTEAU
CLASS*
ANtUAt *
DEGREES F
ANNUAL*
DEGREES F
DEPTH:
CM.
CM.
MODERATELY SLOW
ALLUVIAL OR COLLUVIAL FANS
CROPS - DRYLAND
GLACIAL TILL
HORIZON
A
P
B 21T
P
221
ELEVATION* 0844 METERS
KINO*
SUMMER*
DEGREES F
SUMMER*
DEGREES F
MONTHS
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
DRAINAGE CLASS* WELL DRAINED
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
U - 15 CM. ( O 6 IN. )
',RAYISH BROWN
ClOYR 5 / 2 ) CLAY LOAN
WEAK
FINE
CRUMtt
STRUCTURE
I
FRIABLE , HARO
I NONCALCAREOUS
I V OK GRAYISH BROWN ClOYR 3/ 2 ) MOIST
SLIGHTLY STICKY , SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
,
CHCL • IN)
| CLEAR
WAVY
BOUNDARY
15 - 38 CM. C 6 - 15 I N. )
GRAYISH BROWN
ClOYR 5 / 2 ) CLAY LOAM
| DARK GRAYISH BROWN ClOVR 4 / 2 ) MOIST
WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE S MEDIUM PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
AND WEAK
FINE L MEDIUM SUBANGULA* BLOCKV
I STICKY
• PLASTIC , FRIABLE , HARD
IONCALCAfiEOUS
CHCL * IN)
I GRADUAL WAVY
BOUNDARY
39 - 56 CM. C 15 - 2 2 I N. )
DARK GRAYISH BROWN ClOVR 4 / 2 ) CLAY LOAM
| V OK GRAYISH BROWN ClOVR
MOiSI
; WEAK
MEDIUM PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
ANO WEAK
MEDIUM
SUB ANGULAR BLOCKY
I STICKY , PLASTIC , FRIABLE , HARD
I
tOMCALCAREOUS
CHCL • IN)
| GRADUAL WAVY
BOUNDARY
FRIABLE ,
BOUNDARY
C
ICfl
2CA
RrMAPKSl
CM
STONINESS* CLASS
GRAYISH BROWN
ClOYR 5 / 2 ) SILTY CLAY LOAN I
MOIST
i
WEAK
MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKV
C
MONTH SAMPLED: MAY
ASPECT* WEST
WINTER*
DEGREES F
WINTER*
DEGREES F
KIND*
NO WATER TAMLE
UPPER*
CM LOWER*
HARO
I
69 - 117 CM. C 27 - 46 I N. )
LIGHT GRAY <2.57 7/ 2) SILTY CLAY LOAM I
STICKY
, PLASTIC • FRIABLE , HARO
GRAOUAl WAVY
BOUNDARY
I
,
GRADUAL WAVY
GRAYISH BROWN C2.5Y 5 / 2 ) MOIST
I
I
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT CHCL • IN)
117 - 152 CM. C 46 - 60 IN. )
LIGHT GRAY C? . 5 Y 7 / 2 ) SILTY CLAY LOAM I GRAYISH BROWN C2.5Y 5 / 2 ) I
PLASTIC , FIRM
, HARO
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT CHCL • IN) .
MARVIN WORKS 1973 CHEOTEAU COUNTY
I
I
3/ 2)
DARK GRAYISH BROWN ClOYR 4/ 2 )
STRUCTURE
I
STICKY
, PLASTIC
MILDLY EFFERVESCENT CHCL • IN)
I
STICKY
J
,
62
EVANSTON
SOIL Sfcitit-s:
SURVtr SA-IPLt KU.
location:
classification:
ST8MT
57 16
MADISON COUNTY, 1650 FT S t 100 F I . WOF THE NE CORNER OF SV,T3 S, RlW
FINE-LOAMY
, MIXED
ARIDIL
ARGlAOROLLSf
SITt NO.: ZR IH
SLOPfc:
02%
AIR TfcPPfRATURE
SUIL TLRPtRATURE
WATLR TAbLE:
PRtLIPlTAT ION!
PfcRNFAHUTTt I
PHYSIOGRAPHY I
MICRORfcLTFF:
VLGlTAT ION:
PARfcNT RATfcRIALI
COUNTYI MADISON
ELEVATION! 1500 METERS
CLASS:
GfcNTLY SLOPING
KINDI
PLANE
SUMMER:
ANNUAL!
DEGREES F
DEGREES F
ANt UAl!
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
DEPTH:
CM.
month:
CONTROL SECIION LIMITS —
) 3J CM.
MODERATE
DRAINAGE CLASS: WELL DRAINED
STREAM, OUTWASH OR PLAINS TERRACES
UN SLOPE
CROPS - DRYLAND
ALLUVJUP
MET AMORPHIC
P
O 2>T
H 31
C
!IGA
STONINESS! CLASS
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
HORIZON
A
MONTH SAMPLE O: JULY
ASPECT % EAST
WINTER:
DEGREES F
winter :
degrees f
KIND!
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER:
CM LOWER:
O - 12 CM. ( 0 5 IN.)
JARK GRAYISH BROWN ClOVP 4/ 2) CRUSHED I GRAVELLY
HEAVY CLAY LOAM I
Y DK GRAYISH BROWN ClOYR 3/2) CRUSHED MOIST
I WEAK TO MODERATE
FINfc
SUB ANGULAR BLOCRV
DRY STRUCTURE
AND WEAK TO MODERATE
VERY FINE L FINE
GRANULAR
DRY PARTING TO
J SLIGHTLY HARO
, FRIABLE , SLIGHTLY STICKY
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
%
COMMUN TO MANY FINE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
I 15 PERCENT SAPROLI TE
FRAGMENTS
>2 MM
I NQNCALCAREOUS
CHCD
I NEUTRAL PH- 7.0 I ABRUPT
SMDOIH BOUNDARY
,
12 - 30 C M . C S - 12 IN.)
IRUWN ClOYR 4/ 3) CRUSHED I GRAVELLY
HEAVY CLAY LOAM ; DARK BROWN ( IOYR 3/3)
CRUSHED MOIST
J STRONG MEDIUM & COARSE
SUBANGULAR BlOCKY
DRY STRUCTURE
AND STRONG VERY FINE I FINE
ANGULAR BLOCKV ORY PARTING TO
I
HARO
,
-IRP
, STICKY
, PLASTIC I COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON I COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
i "ANY
DI S 11NCT
V OK GRAYISH BROWN ClOtR 3/2) CLAY SKINS
JN HIRI ZONTAL L VERTICAL PEO FACES
I
15 PERCENT SAPROLITE
FRAGMENTS
>2 PM
J
tOMCALCAREOUS
CHCD
I NEUTRAL PH- 7.0 I GRADUAL IRREGULAR
BOUNDARY
3D - 40 CM. C 12 - 16 IN.)
YELLOWISH BROWN ClOVR 5/ 4) CRUSHED I
I DK. YELLOWISH BROWN (10VR 4/4) CRUSHED
MOIST
I MOOERAIE
MEDIUM L COARSE
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
DRY STRUCTURE
I
HARO
t FRIABLE , SLIGHTLY STICKY , PLASTIC I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
MANY
FINE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
i
MANY
DISTINCT
CLAYSKINS AS BRIDGES BETWEEN SAND GRAINS
» 30 PERCENT SApROHTE
FRAGMENTS
>2 NM
I NONCALCAREOUS CHCD
I MILDLY ALKALINE PM- 7.6 I
CLfc AR WAVY
BOUNDARY
40 - 58 CM. C 1 6 - 23 IN.)
WHITE
ClDYR 0/ 1) INTERIOR
I SANDY CLAY LOAM I PALE BROWN ClOYR 6/3)
INTERIOR
I LIGHT GRAY ClOVR 7/ 2) INTERIOR
MOIST
% BROWN ClOYR 5/3)
INTERIOR
MOIST
I MASSIVE I SLIGHTLY HARD
. FRIABLE , SLIGHTLY STICKY •
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I
COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
CDMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
I 50 PERCENT SOFT
MEDIUM I COARSE
MASSES OP LINE
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT CHCD CONTINUOUS
I
MODERATELY ALKALINE PM- 8.2 I CLEAR
WAVY
BOUNDARY
L 20CA
SB - 122 CM. C 23 - 48 IN.)
»ALE BROWN ClOYR 6/3) CRUSHED I GRAVELLY
FINE SANOY LOAM I BROWN ClOYR 5/3)
CRUSHED MOIST
I MASSIVE I SLIGHTLY HARD
, VERY FRIABLE
,
SLIGHTLY STICKY , SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I
FEW FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
FEW TO COMMON FINE
VOID INTERSTITIAL
PORES
I 20 PERCENT SAPROLITE
FRAGMENTS
>2 MN
| 10 PERCENT SOFT
FINE I MEDIUM MASSES OF LIME
I
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT CMCD
T MODERATELY ALKALINE FM- 1.2 I GRADUAL
IRREGULAR
BOUNDARY
C 3<J
122 - 152 CM. C 4 B - 60 IN.)
LISHT BROWNISH GRAY ClOYR 6/ 2) CRUSHED I GRAVELLY
LOAMY FINE SANO J BROWN
C13 YR 5/3) CRUSHED MOIST
I SINGLE GRAIN
I LOOSE
, LOOSE
.
MONSI ICKY
, NONPLASTIC
I 30 PERCENT SAPROLITE
FRAGMENTS
I
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT CHCD
I MILDLY ALKALINE PM- 7.6 I MOT REACHED
BOUNDARY
remarks:
ELMfcR VISSER
63
GERRtR
SUlL ScRfFS:
SURVEY SAMPLE NO*:
S?8MT
IJ 3
LOCATION:
ZOJ FT N 100 S OF CENTER OF StC SM 1 / 4 SEC 33T21NRSE
CLASSIFICATION!
VERTIC
ARGIBOROLLSt
FINE ,
SITE NO.: 7R J
Slope :
on
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TAPL E S
precipitation:
Pt RMt AS TL TT I I
PHYSIOGRAPHY I
vegetation :
PAHtNT MATERIAL:
elevati on : iobt meters
CASCADE
KXNOI
CONCAVE
NEARLY LEVEL
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
DEGREES F
SUM
M
ERS
DEGREES
F
annual:
DEGREES F
MONTHI
OEPTHt
CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
CM.
DRAINAGE CLASSt WELL DRAINED
SLUM
PLAINS TERRACES
STREAM, OUTWASH
CROPS - DRYLAND
,LACIAL TILL
HORIZONTAL
CALCAREOUS
county :
class:
annual :
HORIZON
P
MONTH SAMPLED; AUGUST
ASPECTS NORTHEAST
WINTERS
DEGREES F
WINTERS
DEGREES F
KINDS
NO WATER TABLE
UPPERS
CM LOWERS
CM
S TONI NES SI CLASS
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
J - 15 CM. C O 6 IN.)
, _
GRAYISH BROWN
UOVR 5/ 2 ) CRUSHED f SILTY CLAY
I VERY DARK BROWN ClOVR 2 / 2 )
CRUSHED M0IST
I
MODERATE
FINE G MEDIUM GRANULAR
ORY STRUCTURE
I
VERY STICKY , VERY PLASTIC
, FRIABLE , VERY HARD
I NONCA U AREOUS
CHCL • IN)
I CLEAR
WAVY
BOUNDARY
15 - 33 CM. < 6 - 13 I N. )
OAKK GRAYISH BROWN ClOYR 4 / 2 ) CRUSHED I CLAY
I V OK GRAYISH BROWN C IOYR 3/ 2 )
CRUSHED MOIST
: WEAK
MEDIUM G COARSE
PRISMATIC
DRY STRUCTURE
PARTING TO WEAK TO MODERATE
MEDIUM SUBANCULAR BLOCKY
DRY I VERY HARO
•
FRIABLE , VERY STICKY , VERY PLASTIC
I COMMON DISTINCT
CLAV SKINS
IN PfcD FACES
I NONCALCAREOUS
CMCL $IN)
I GRADUAL WAVY
BOUNDARY
33 - 64 CM. C 13 - 25 I N. )
GRAYISH BROWN
C2.5Y 5 / 2 ) CRUSHED I CLAY
I OARK GRAYISH BROWN C2.5V 4 / 2 )
CRUSHED MOIST
I WEAK
MEDIUM ANGULAR BLOCKV DRY STRUCTURE
I VERY HARD
FIRM
, VERY STICKY , VERY PLASTIC
I MILDLY EFFERVESCENT CHCL • IN)
DISCONTINUOUS
i CLEAR WAVY
BOUNDARY
C
ICA
63 -
06 CM.
C 25 -
,
38 I N. )
LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY C2.5V 6 / 2 ) CRUSHED I
CLAY
I DARK GRAYISH BROWN C2.5V 4 / 2 )
CRUSHED MOIST
I WEAK
MEDIUM ANGULAR SLOCKY STRUCTURE
| VERY HARO
,
VERY STICKY , FIRM
, VERY PLASTIC
I MILDLY EFFERVESCENT CMCL # IN)
CONTINUOUS
I CLEAR
WAVY ^BOUNDARY
C
2
remarks :
96 - 150 CM. C 38 - 60 I N. )
LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY 12.5V 6 / 2 ) CRUSHED I
CLAY
I DARK GRAYISH BROWN C2.5V
CRUSHED MOIST
I VERY WEAK
MEDIUM ANGULAR BLOCKY DRY STRUCTURE
I
VERY HARO
, FIRM
, STICKY
, MODERATELY THIXOTROPIC
I
MILDLY EFFERVESCENT CMCL * IN) DISCONTINUOUS
I CLEAR
WAVY
BOUNDARY
HfNfcRY LASSILA, CASCADE COUNTY
4/2)
64
,
Sm i l s :
soi l
MANBURN VARIANT
S78MT
37
3
SURVtt SARPLh NU•
locati on :
classification:
TSY KZZf
SlTfc NO.t 78 3
SLOPE!
t
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
UAlfcR TAlLM
precipitation:
PfcRMEAB II. TTY:
PHYSIOGRAPHY:
MICROktLIcM
vegetati on :
PARtNT MATERIAL:
MONTH SAMPLED: JULY
elevati on :
meters
COUNTY: GOLDEN VALLEY
ASPECT! NORTH
KINDI
CONVEX
CLASS:
GENTLY slopi ng
wi nter :
DEGREES F
summer:
degrees f
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
WINTER!
DEGREES F
summer:
degrees F
annual :
DEGREES F
KIND:
NO WATER TAME
MONTH:
DEPTH:
CM.
UPPERS
CM LOWER:
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
LR.
DRAINAGE CLASS I WELL DRAINED
"ODER ATE
STONINESS! CLASS O
ROLLING OR HILLY UPLANDS
ON SLCPE
CROPS - DRYLAND
PARTLY UcATHfREO
RfSIOUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOL IFLUCT AT E
HORIZONTAL
CALCARt OUS SANDSTONE
ANO LITHOLOGY AND COMPOSITION UNKNOWN .
SEC 6 NE 1/4
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
HORIZON
A
IIP
A IZP
B
2)T
U10 CM. ( O 4 I N. )
HUjWN
UUYR 4 / 3 ) CRUSHED I SANDY LOAM IDARK BROWN
CIOYR 3/ 3 ) CRUSHED
MOIST
; WFAK TO MODERATE
FINE G MEDIUM GRANULAR
DRV STRUCTURE
I
COMMON MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I FEW TO COMMON
FINE
TUBULAR
PORES
I
FEW SANDSTONE
FRAGMENTS
I MILDLY EFFERVESCENT CMCL • IN)
CONTINUOUS
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
U lb CM. C 4 7 I N. )
npjWN
ClUYR 4 / 3 ) CRUSHED I SANDY CLAY LOAM JDARK BROWN ClOVR 3 / 3 ) CRUSHED
MOIST
I MODERATE
COARSE PLATY
DRY STRUCTURE
I SLIGHTLY STICKY ,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
, VERY FRIABLE
, SLIGHTLY HARD
I COMMON
-!NE L MfcOIUM RUOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I FEW TO COMMON
FINE
TUBULAR
P QRt S
i FEW FRAGMENTS
? MILDLY EFFERVESCENT CMCL ♦ IN) CONTINUOUS
I
4BRUP T SMOITH BOUNDARY
18 -
j r OWN
HOIST
COMMON
^ORFS
AMRU0 T
C
KA
R
28 CM. C 7 11 I N. )
ClCYR 5 / 3 ) CRUSHED I SANDY CLAY LOAM \
BROWN
; NOHSTICKY
, NONPLASTIC
, VERY FRIABLE
MEDTUM L CUARSE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
I FEW FRAGMENTS
Se OOTH BOUNDARY
.
J
ClOYR 4 / 3 ) CRUSHED
# SLIGHTLY HARO
FEW FINE
TUBULAR
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT CHCL • IN)
CONTINUOUS
I
I
23 - 36 CM. C U 14 I N. )
LI . YELLOWISH BROWN C2.5Y 6 / 3 ) CRUSHED i SANDY LOAM
; OLIVE BROWN C2.5Y 4 / 3 )
CRUSHED MOTST
I MASSIVE DRY I NONSTICKY
, NONPLASTIC
, VERY FRIABLE
SLIGHTLY HARD
I FEW TO COMMON
MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I FEW
FINE
TUBULAR PORfS
I FEW MIXED SEDIMENTARY
FRAGMENTS
I
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT CHCL • IN) CONTINUOUS
I
ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
34 -
remarks :
CM
CM.
C 14 -
IN. )
PLOT LOCATED ON NEO SCHAFF OF BELMOUNT GOLDEN VALLEY COUNTY
65
FORT COLLINS
SOIL SERIES*
SURVEY SAMPLE NO.:
S78NT
07 15
LOCATION*
ON LARRY ERPLOING SE 1 / 4 , SEC 15,T6N R41E
CLASSIFICATION*
USTOLLIC HAPLARGIDSI
FINE-LOAMY
, MIXED
SITE NO.* 78 15
SLOPE*
04%
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE*
PRECIPITATION*
PERMEABILITY*
PHYSIOGRAPHY!
VEGETATION*
PARENT MATERIAL*
county:
class:
i nmual :
annual :
de p t h :
ROSEBUD
DEGREES F
DEGREES F
CM.
CM.
C
NESIC
MONTH SAMPLED*
ASPECTS SOUTHWEST
WINTERS
DEGREES F
WINTER*
DEGREES F
KIND*
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER*
CM LOWER*
STONINESS S CLASS
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
O15 CM. C O 6 I N. )
GRAYISH BROWN
ClOtR 5 / 2 ) LOAM
I DARK GRAYISH BROWN ClOYR
WEAK
MEDIUM i COARSE
SUftANGULAR BLOCKV
STRUCTURE .
TCA
ICA
4 / 2 ) MOIST
I
43 - 53 CM. C 17 - 21 I N . )
LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY ClOYR 6 / 2 ) CLAY LOAM
I
GRAYISH BROWN
ClOYR 5 / 2 ) MOIST
WEAK
MEDIUM I COARSE
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
I MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT
CHCL 4 IN)
I GRADUAL SMOOTH BOUNDARY
53 - 86 CM. C 2 1 34 I N . )
LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY C2.5V 6 / 2 ) SANDY CLAY LOAM * GRAYISH BROWN
MOIST
I WEAK
COARSE SUftANGtiLAR BLOCKY
STRUCTURE
I
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT CHCL # IN)
I GRADUAL SMOOTH BOUNDARY
O 2
86 - 119 CM. C 3 4 - 47 I N. )
LIGHT GRAY C2.5V 7 / 2 ) LOAM
I LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY C2.5Y
MASSIVE I MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT CHCL $ IN) .
C
119 - 152 CM. C 4 7 - 60 I N. )
LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY C2.5Y 6 / 2 ) SANOY LOAN
MASSIVE
REMARKS*
CM
ALLUVIUM
HORIZON
A
B
,
ELEVATIONS 0030 METERS
KINDS
SUMMERS
DEGREES F
SUMMERS
DEGREES F
MONTHS
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASSS
I
I
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT CHCL • IN) .
GRAYISH BROWN
C2.5Y
6 / 2 ) MOIST
C2.5Y
I
5/ 2)
I
5 / 2 ) MOIST
I
66
SOIL
, DEACON
S t R IE SI
SURVEY SRRfLE HO.
LOCATION:
C L A S S IF IC A T I O N !
STORT
IT IT
ROSEBUD CO SWlZA OF NWlZA S Z 1 , RAZE. TAN
AR IOI C
HAfL US TOLL SI
FIN E -LO AN V
.
HIKED
SI TE NO . : T l IT
SL O f E :
03*
AIR TERfERATURE
SOIL TERfERATURE
WATER TABLE!
F R E C I F I T A T IO N !
F E R H tA IIL IT V !
FH TSl OORAfHT!
VEGETATION!
FARENT HA TER IAL:
EL EVATION! 0 1 5 3 METERS
COUNTTI ROSEBUD
K IN O l
FLANE
CLASS!
NEARLT LEVEL
SURRERI
DEGREES F
ANNUAL!
DEGREES F
SUNRERI
DEGREES F
ANNUAL!
DEGREES F
NORTH!
OEfTHt
CR.
CONTROL SECTION L I M I T S —
CR.
DRAINAGE CLASS!
WELL ORAIREO
MODERATE
STRE AR, OUTWASH OR FLAIRS TERRACES
CROfS - OR T l AHO
ALLUVIUM
MIXED LITHOLOGY
A
I
H f
IZ f
20
RESIC
MONTH S A M fl E O I JULY
IS fE C T I
AORTMEAST
WINTER:
DEGREES F
WINTER!
DEGREES F
KIND !
NO WATER TABLE
U f f E R l OZS CR
LOWER! 100
STONINESS! CLASS O
O 10 CM.
<
O
BROWN
ClOTR
SZ3)
MODERATE
FINE
SLIGHTLY STICKY
,
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
4 IN .)
CRUSHED
I
I
DARK BROWN ClOTR
3 Z 3 ) CRUSHED MOIST
GRANULAR
STRUCTURE
I
SOFT
,
FRIABLE
,
SLIGHTLY PL ASTIC
I
MART
F IN E
ROOTS
I
NORCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
I
IRRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDIRT
I
10 ZO CR.
C 4 I IN .)
BROWN
ClOTR
3 Z ) > CRUSHED
I
SANDY LOAN
|
DARK BROWN
ClOTR
3 Z 3 ) CRUSHED
MOIST
I
WEAK
COARSE
PR IS MA TI C
STRUCTURE
I
SLIGHTLY HARD
,
FRIABLE
SLIGHTLY ST IC KY
,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I
RANT
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
RANT
PI NE
TUBULAR PORES
I
NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
ABRUPT
SROOTN BOUNDARY
20 38 CR.
C I IS IN .)
BROWN
ClOTR
S Z 3 ) CRUSHED
I
LOAM
WEAK
COARSE
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
SLIGHTLY STICKY
,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
RANT
FINE
CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
IOCA
38 S I CR.
C I* ZO I N . )
PALE BROWN
(10YR
I Z 3 ) CRUSHED
I
SANDY LOAN
I
BROWN
ClOYR
4 Z 3 ) CRUSHED
MOIST
I
MASSIVE
I
SOFT
.
VERY FRIABLE
,
SLIGHTLY STICKY
,
SLIGHTLY PL ASTIC
I
COMMON F I N E
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
MANY
F IN E
TUBULAR PORES
I
COMMON
THREAD-LIKE MASSES OF LIRE
I
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT
(M C L )
CONTINUOUS
I
CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
C
ZO
S I - I S Z CM.
C 20 AO I N . )
VERY PALE BROWN ClOYR
T Z ) ) CRUSHED
I
LOAM
I
YELLOWISH BROWN ClCYR
SZ4)
CRUSHED MOIST
I
MASSIVE
I
SOFT
,
VERY FRIABLE
,
SLIGHTLY STICKY
,
SLIGHTLY PL ASTIC
I
FEW F I N E
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
MANY
FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I
FEW F I N E
MASSES OF L IR E
I
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT ( H C L )
DON HOLLAND
.
I
I
DARK BROWN
ClCYR
3 Z 3 ) CRUSHED MOIST
I
SLIGHTLY HARO
,
FRIABLE
,
I
MANY
FINE
ROOTS
TUBULAR PORES
I
NONCALCARECUS
(HCL)
C
REHARKS!
CR
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
HORIZON
A
,
I
I
.
6?
CNANTA
SOIL SE RIE S)
SURVEr SAMPLE NO.
LOCATION)
C L A S S IF IC A T I O N )
SI TE N O . ) 78 16
SLOPE:
02«
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE)
P R E C IP IT A T IO N )
PE RM EA BI LIT Y)
PHYSIOGRAPHY:
VEGETATION)
PARENT MATERIAL:
P R A IR IE
A R IO IC
STBNT
T l 16
COUNTY
SE l / M OF SW WM
$ 20 ,Y 1 2N ,R 5Z E
FINE-LOAMY
OVER SANOV OR SANOV-SKELEYAL
HAPLOBOROLLSI
ELEVAYIONt BBS) NEYERS
K IN O :
SUMNER)
DEGREES F
SUMMER)
DEGREES F
MONtN)
CONTROL SECTION L I M I T S —
m o d e r a t e l y slow
DRAINAGE CLASS!
WELL DRAINED
STREAM, OUTWASH OR PLAINS YERRACfS
CROPS - DRYLAND
ALLUVIUM
MIXED LITHOLOGY
COUNTVi PRARIE
CLASSl
ANNUALS
DEGREES F
DEGREES F
annuals
DEPTHS
CM.
CM.
A
IIP
12P
MIXED
MONTH SAMPLED! JULV
ASPECTS
NORTH
WINTERS
DEGREES F
WINTERS
DEGREES F
KINDS
NO w a t e r t a b l e
UPPERS 025 CN LONER) 100 CM
STONINESS*
CLASS 6
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
HORIZON
A
,
0 13 CM.
C
0 J IN .)
BROWN
ClOTR
5 / 3 ) CRUSHED
I
LOAN
MOIST
I
STRONG
FINE
GRANULAR
SLIGHT LY STICK Y
,
SLIGHTLY PL ASTIC
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
NONCALCAREOUS
3 / 2 ) CRUSHED
I
V OK GRAYISH BROWN
ClOYR
,
FRIABLE
STRUCTURE
I
SLIGHTLY HARD
I
MANY
FINE
ROOTS
(HCL)
I
ABRUPT
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
13 23 C R .
C S 9 IN .)
DARK BROWN ClOYR
3 / 3 ) CRUSHED MOIST
I
LOAM
I
STRONG
VERY COARSE PLATT
STRUCTURE
AND MODERATE
PI NE
ANGULAR BlOCKY
PARTING TO
|
HARO
.
FIRM
,
SLIGHTLY STICKY
,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I
MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
MANY
PI NE
TUBULAR PORES
I NONCAlCAREOUS
(HCL)
CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
a 21
23 35 CM.
C 9 IM I N . )
BROWN
ClOYR
5 / 3 ) CRUSHED
I
LOAN
I
BROWN
ClOYR
M / 3 ) CRUSHED MOIST
I
MODERATE
COARSE
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
I
SLIGHTLY HARD
,
FRIABLE
,
SLIGHTLY STICKY
.
SLIGHTLY PL AST IC
I
MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
MANY
FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I NONCALCAREOUS
CHCD
CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
a
22
35 SB CM.
C IM 23 I N . )
BROWN
ClOYR
5 / 3 ) CRUSHED
I
LOAM
WEAK
COARSE
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
SLIGHTLY STICKY
,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
RANT
FINE
CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
•
C
IOCA
IIC 20
REMARKS:
I
BROWN
ClOYR
M / 3 ) CRUSHED MOIST
I
I
SLIGHTLY HARD
.
FRIABLE
,
I
RANT
FI NE
ROOTS
TUBULAR PORES
I
NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
LIGHT GRAYC* ( 2 . 3 Y Z 3 7 / Z ) 3 CBUSH«0
I
S I L T LOAN
I
BROWN
CIOYR
5 / 3 ) CRUSHED
MOIST
I
MASSIVE
I
SLIGHTLY HARO
,
FRIABLE
.
SLIGHTLY STICKY
.
SL IG HTL Y PLASTIC
I
CONNOR P I N E
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
MANY
FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I
COMMON TH REA D-LI KE MASSES OF L I N E
I
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I
CLEAR
SMOOTH
B O W DARY
.
66 I N . )
89 - 152 CM.
C 35 I
SINGLE GRAIN
GRAVELLY
GRAVEL
JOHN PEHL
68
SOIL
w il l a in
SERIES!
SURVEY SAMPLE NO
lo c a tio n :
c l a s s if ic a t io n :
SITE N O . : 70 13
SLOPE:
05 «
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE!
P R E C IP IT A T IO N !
p e r m e a b il it y :
PH TSI Ot RA PN T:
v e g e ta t io n :
PARENT MATERIAL:
SW I / A
TT P IC
county:
class:
ST INT
OF NE 1 / 2 SEC IO T U N , R 3* E
ARGIOOROLLSI
FINE-LOAMT
BLAINE
moderately
annual:
annual:
DEGREES
DEGREES
:
CM.
s lo p in g
F
F
EL EVATION: 0 1 2 3 NITERS
RINO :
SUNNtR:
DEGREES F
SUMNER:
DEGREES F
CONTROL SECTION L I M I T S —
drain ag e c l a s s :
MONTH SAMPLED: MAY
aspect:
north
w in t e r :
degrees F
WIN TER :
DEGREES F
KINO :
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER:
CM l o w e r :
s to n in e s s :
class
PROPILE DE SCRIPTION
O 13 CM.
C O 5 IN .)
DARK GRAYISH BROWN
ClOYR
4 / 2 ) LOAN
MODERATE
FI NE
CRUMB
STRUCTURE
FRIABLE
I
NONCALCAREOUS
CHCL • I N )
I
I
I
V DK GRAYISH BROWN
ClOYR
3 / 2 ) MOIST
SLIGHTLY STICK Y
,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
ABRUPT
WAVY
BOUNDARY
B
21T
1 3 23 CM.
C S B IN .)
V OK GRAYISH BROUN
BROWN
ClOYR
4 / 3 ) CLAY LOAN
I
BROWN
ClOYR
3 /3 )
I
STRONG
MEDIUM
ClOYR
3 / 2 ) MOIST
I
OARK BROWN
ClOVR
3 / 3 ) MOIST
I
,
HARD
I
PRIS MAT IC
STRUCTURE
I
STICKY
,
PLASTIC
t
FRIABLE
YOYCALCAREOUS
CHCL • I N )
I
ABRUPT
BOUNDARY
.
B
22 T
2) 36 CM.
C B 14 I N . )
L I G H I OL IIVE
BROWN
C 2 .S Y
LOAM
T t
D
KUWH
?5 !/ 3
9 3) VCLAY
I - H l I-WiBPi
MODERATE
Mt
nTIlM
PA
I MNATI C
STRUCTURE
MEDIUM
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
I
NONCALCAREOUS
CHCL * I N )
I
HARD
B
23T CA
36 46 CM.
C 1 4 I I IN .)
L I . YELLOWISH BROWN C2 .SV
4 / 3 ) CLAY LOAN
I LIGHT OLIVE BROWN
C 2 .5T
5 /3 )
MOIST
I
WEAK TO MODERATE
MEDIUM
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
I
STICKY
,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
,
VERY FRIABLE
•
HARO
I
M I L X Y EFFERVESCENT
CHCL •
IN )
I
CLEAR
*I
OLIVE BROWN C2 . SY.
4 /3 )
. , PL
T IC
I STICKY
STICKY
PLAS
AST
IC •
CLEAR
BOUNDARY
MOIST
FRIABLE
BOUNDARY
B
3CA
46 56 CM.
C U 22 I N . )
LIGH T BROWNISH GRAY C 2 .S T
6 / 2 ) CLAY LOAM
I
LIGHT OL IVE BROWN
CZ .S V
5 /3 )
MOIST
I
WEAK
MEDIUM I
COARSE
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
I
STICKY
t
SLIGHT LY PLASTIC
,
VERY FRIABLE
■ HARO
I
M I L X Y EFFERVESCENT
CHCL • I N )
I
GRADUAL BOUNDARY
C
ICA
56 86 CM.
C 22 34 I N . )
LIGHT B R O W I S H GRAY C2 .S Y
4 / 2 ) CLAY LOAM
I
LIGHT OL IVE BROWN
C2 . SY
5 /3 )
MOIST
I
WEAK
COARSE
PRIS MAT IC
STRUCTURE
I
ST ICK Y
,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
,
VERY FRIABLE
■ HARD
I
N I L X Y EFFERVESCENT
CHCL « I N )
I
GRADUAL BOUNDARY
REMARKS:
CM
well d r a in ed
ROLLING OR H I L L Y UPLANDS
CROPS - ORYLANO
GLACIAL T I L L
HORIZON
A
S 13
NIXEO
month :
cm.
depth
s e r ie s
JOHN JERGENSON B L A IN E COUNTY
I
,
69
EVANSTON LOAM
SUIL SERHS:
S78MT
15 6
FT N 200 FT V OF SE CORNER SEC 34, T2VN R4E
ARIOIC
ARGIflOROLLSl
FINE-LOAMY
# MIXED
SURVEY SAMPLE NO.
locati on :
classification:
tO J
SITE NO.: 78 6
s lope :
Oit
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE:
precipitation:
PERMEARILIT*:
physi ography :
MICRORELIEF:
vegetati on :
PARENT MATERIAL:
ELEVATION* 0844 METERS
COUNTY: CHOUTEAU
KIND:
CLASS :
NEARLY LEVEL
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
DEGREES F
annual :
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
ANNUAL I
DEGREES F
MONTH!
DEPTH:
CM.
CONTROL
SECTION
LIMITS —
C-.
DRAINAGE CLASS! WELL DRAINED
"OOERATELY SLOW
ALLUVIAL OR COLLUVIAL FANS
JN SLOPE
CROPS - DRYLAND
SLACTAL ti ll
HORIZONTAL
LTTHULOGY AND COMPOSITION UNKNOWN
P
STONINESSt CLASS O
I - 13 CM. < O 5 I N. )
I V OK GRAYISH BROWN ClOYR
GRAYISH BROWN
UOVR 5 / 2 ) CRUSHED I SILT LOAM
GRANULAR
DRY STRUCTURE
I SLIGHTLY HARD
CRUSHED MOIST
I WEAK
FINE
NONCALCAREOUS
CM
CL ♦ IN)
I CLEAR
WAVY
FRIABLE , STICKY
, PLASTIC I
BOUNDARY
b 21T
IS - 25 CM.
GRAYISH BROWN
CRUSHED MOIST
SLIGHTLY HARO
GRADUAL WAVY
B
25 - 6V CM. C I O 2 1 I N. )
WHITE
C2.5V 8 / 2 ) LCAM
; DARK GRAYTSH BROWN C2.SV 4 / 2 ) MOIST
I
LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY C2.5Y 6 / 2 ) I VERY WEAK
MEDIUM ANGULAR BLOCKV STRUCTURE
SLIGHTLY STICKY , SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
, VERY FRIABLE
• SLIGHTLY HARO
ULULY EFFERVESCENT CHCL • IN)
| GRADUAL WAVY
BOUNDARY
•
WHITE
C2.5V 4 / 2 ) SILT LOAM
I DARK GRAYISH BROWN C2.5V 4 / 2 ) MOIST
I
LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY C2.5V 6 / 2 ) I SLIGHTLY STICKY , SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
,
VERY FRIABLE
, SLIGHTLY HARO
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT CHCL ♦ IN)
J
GRADUAL WAVY
BOUNDARY
C
TC'
I
REMARKS:
CM
prof i l e des cr i p ti on
HORIZON
A
MONTH SAMPLED: JULY
ASPECT: NORTHWEST
WINTER:
DEGREES F
wi nter :
degrees F
KIND:
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER:
CM LOWERS
t UOYR 5 / 2 ) CRUSHED I
j WEAK TO MODERATE
, FRIABLE , STICKY
BOUNDARY
CLAY LOAM
I DARK GRAYISH BROWN ClOVR 4 / 2 )
MEDIUM L COARSE
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
I
, PLASTIC : NONCALCIREOUS
CHCL * IN)
I
I 17 - 152 CM. C 46 - 60 I N. )
LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY C2.5V 6 / 2 ) CLAY LOAM
I
GRAYISH BROWN
< 2 . SV 5 / 2 ) MOIST
STICKY
, PLASTIC , FRIABLE , SLIGHTLY HARD
I MILDLY EFFERVESCENT
CMCL ♦ IN) •
MARVIN WORKS, 1974 CHEATEAU COUNTY
3/ 2 )
I
I
70
soi l
SERi rs:
GERBER CLAY LOAR
SURVEY SAMPLE NO.:
locati on :
se 1 / 4
CLASSIFICATION:
VERTIC
SITE NO.: 7b I
s l op e :
02%
AIR TE NP[ 0 ATURE
SOIL TEMPfRATUKE
WATER TAPE F:
precipitation:
PERMEABILITY:
physi ography :
vegetati on :
PARENT "ATPRIAL:
of se
1/4
S78RT
IS 7
21, T£3 n , rioe
FINE t MONTNORILLONITIC
of sec .
ARGIBOROLL S I
county : CHOUTEAU
CLASSI
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
ANNUAL:
OtGREFS F
OFPTHZ
CM.
CM.
moderately slow
ELEVATION: 0945 METERS
KIND:
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
MONTH:
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
DRAINAGE CLASS: WELL DRAINED
ALLUVIAL OR COLLUVIAL FANS
CROPS - DRYLAND
GLACIAL TILL
MONTH SAMPLED: MAY
ASPECTS NORTHWEST
WINTER:
DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
KINDI
NO WATER TABLE
UPPERS
CM LOWERS
STONINESSt CLASS
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
OIS CM. C O 6 I N. )
DARK GRAYISH BROWN ClOYR 4 / 2 ) CLAY LOAN
|
WEAK
FINE
CRUMB
STRUCTURE
I
STICKY
NONCALC AREOUS
CHCL ♦ IN)
| CLEAR
WAVY
VERY DARK GRAY
, PLASTIC ,
BOUNDARY
ClOVR 3 / 1 ) MOIST
FRIABLE , HARD
15 - 36 CM. C 6 - 14 I N. )
q RlWrz
ClOYR 5 / 3 ) I BROWN
ClOYR 4 / 3 ) MOIST
I WEAK TO MODERATE
r I NE t MEDIUM PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
I STICKY
, PLASTIC , FRIABLE
HARD
i NONCALCAKEOUS
CNCL $ IN)
I GRADUAL WAVY
BOUNDARY
•
P
C
3Ct
ICA
36 - 43 CM. C 14 - 17 I N. )
LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY C2.SV 6 / 2 ) I GRAYISH BROWN (2.5V 5/ 2) MOIST
I WEAK
MLDIUM PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
PARTING TO WFAK
MEDIUM SUB ANGULAR BLOCKY
STICKY
, PLASTIC , FRIABLE , HARO
I
MILDLY EFFERVESCENT CHCL # IN)
GRADUAL WAVY
BOUNDARY
43 - 97 CM. < 17 - 38 I N. )
LIGHT GRAY C2.5Y 7 / 2 ) CLAY LOAM
| GRAYISH BROWN
(2.5V 5 / 2 ) MOIST
*
VFRY WEAK
SUPANGULAR BLOCKY
STRUCTURE
I STICKY
• PLASTIC , FRIABLE
HARD
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT CNCL • IN)
I GRADUAL WAVY
BOUNDARY
C
2
97 - 122 CM. C 38 - 48 IN. )
LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY C2.5Y 6 / 2 ) CLAY LOAM
I
STICKY
, PLASTIC , FRIABLE , VERY HARD
GRADUAL WAVY
BOUNDARY
.
C
3
122 - 152 CM. C 48 - 60 I N. )
I GRAYISH BROWN
LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY (2.5V 6 / 2 )
,LIGHTLY STICKY » PLASTIC . FRIABLE » HARO
CHCL * IN) .
REMARKS I
LORIN PERRY 1973
CHEOTEAU COUNTY
I
I
,
GRAYISH BROWN
C2.5V 5 / 2 ) MOIST
I MILDLY EFFERVESCENT CHCL $ IN)
C2.5V 5 / 2 ) MOIST
I
I MILDLY EFFERVESCENT
CM
71
SOIL
SE RIE S!
AtSRROREE CLAT
SURVEY SAMPLE N O . I
LOCATION:
C L A S S IF IC A T I O N !
STtMT
111 10
WILLIAM OAUM (RANCH) YELLOWSTONE C T . SN 1 / 4 SEC I t 1TAS RZAE
ARAIfiOROLLS I
FI NE .
MONTHORI L L O N I T I C
TTPIC
SITE N O . : T l 10
SLOPE!
02*
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TAfiLEt
P R E C IP IT A T IO N !
PE RME AB ILIT Y!
PHYSIOGRAPHY I
VEGETATION!
PARENT MATERIAL!
EL EVATION! 1 2 1 * METERS
COUNTY! YELLOWSTONE
HINDI
CLR SS I
SUMMER!
DECREES F
ANNUAL:
DECREES F
SUMMER!
DECREES F
ANNUAL!
DECREES F
MONTH I
DEPTH!
CR.
CONTROL
SECTION
L IM ITS —
CM.
DRAINAGE CLASS!
WELL DRAINED
MODERATELY SLOW
ROLLINS OR H I L L Y UPLANDS
CROPS - DRYLAND
RESIDUAL MATERIAL# LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOLIFLUCTATE
HORIION
A
P
B
ZlT
B
C
22 T
ICA
REMARKS I
MONTH SAMPLED!
ASPECT!
EAST
WINTER!
DECREES F
WIN TER !
DECREES F
RINO I
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER!
CM LOWER!
CM
ST ON IN ES S I CLASS
PROFILE DE SCRIPTION
O 10 CM.
(
O 4 IN .)
CRAYISH BROWN
OOYR
S / 2 ) CLAY LOAN
WEAR
FINE
GRANULAR
STRUCTURE
SOFT
I
NONCALCAREOUS
CNCL • I N )
I
I
I
OARR GRAYISH BROWN ( 1 0 Y R
4 / 2 ) MOIST
STICRY
•
PL ASTIC
•
FRIABLE
•
CLEAR
WAVY
BOUNDARY
10 3 ) CM.
C 4 13 I N . )
3 / 3 ) MOIST
I
I
DARR BROWN ClOYR
BROWN
ClOYR
4 / 3 ) CLAY LOAN
MEDIUM
ANGULAR BLOCRY
AMD MODERATE
MEDIUM
PRIS MAT IC
STRUCTURE
FRIABLE
,
SLIGHTLY HARD
I
NONCALCAREOUS
CHCL • I N )
PLASTIC
BOUNDARY
33 41 CM.
C 13 I t IN .)
BROWN
ClOYR
5 / 3 ) CLAY
I
BROWN
PRISMA TIC
STRUCTURE
AND MODERATE
PL ASTIC
t
FRIABLE
.
SLIGHTLY HARO
BOUNDARY
MODERATE
I
STICRY
I
GRADUAL
ClOYR
4 / 3 ) MOIST
I
MODERATE
MEDIUM
ANGULAR BLOCRT
I
STICRY
I
WONCALCAREOUS
CHCL • I N )
I
41 CM.
( I t IN .)
LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY C 2 .S Y
6 / 2 ) CLAY LOAN
MASSIVE
I
STICRY
■ PL ASTIC
,
FRIABLE
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT CHCL * I N ) .
GRAYISH BROWN
SLIGHTLY HARD
C 2 .S Y
I
5 /2 )
I
•
MEDIUM
GRADUAL
MOIST
I
72
AMSTERDAM S I U
SOIL SERIES!
SURVEY SAMPLE N O . !
LOCATION!
C L A S S IF IC A T I O N !
STtMT
SI
I
V HANKS F E R T I L I Z E R TEST PLOT SOUTHWEST OF BOZEMAN SE 1 / 4
TY PIC
CRYOBOROLLSl
F IN E -S IL T Y
,
MIXED
SITE N O . ! T l
I
SLOPE!
02%
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE!
P R E C IP IT A T IO N !
PE RM EA BI LI T Y!
PHYSIOGRAPHY I
VEGETATION!
PARENT MATERIAL!
COUNTY! GALLATIN
CLASS!
ANNUAL!
DEGREES
ANNUAL!
DEGREES
DEPTH!
CM.
CM.
MODERATE
EL EVATION! I S M METERS
R IN O I
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
SUMMER! 20 OEtREES F
MONTH!
CONTROL SECTION L I M I T S —
DRAINAGE CLASS!
NELL DRAINED
F
F
ICA
CltYR
4 / 2 ) S I L T LOAN
I
GRANULAR
STRUCTURE
I
SLIGHTLY HARO
I
ABRUPT
BLACK
ClOYR
2 /1 )
SLIGHTLY STICKY
,
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
MOIST
PLASTIC
I
,
18 31 CM.
C T IS I N . )
GRAYISH BROWN
CltYR
S / 2 ) S I L T Y CLAY LOAN I
BROWN
ClOYR
4 / 3 ) MOIST
I
MODERATE
MEDIUM
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
ANO MODERATE
FINE
ANGULAR BLOCKY
ST ICKY
,
PL ASTIC
• FRIABLE
,
HARO
I
CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUWOARY
41 TA CM.
C IS 30 I N . )
LIGHT GRAY
ClOYR
T / 2 ) S I L T LOAN
I
WHITE
ClOTR
8 /2 )
I
MOIST
I
LIGH T GRAY
CltTR
T / 2 ) MOIST
I
WEAK
COARSE
STRUCTURE
I
STICKY
,
PL AST IC
,
FRIABLE
,
HARO
I
ZC A
TA " I S Z CM.
C SB At IN .)
LIGHT GRAY ClOYR
T / 2 ) VERY F I N E SANOY LOAN
MOIST
REMARKS!
I
MASSIVE
I
SLIGHTLY STICKY
,
I
PL ASTIC
I
CLEAR
PALE BROWN ClOYR
PRISMATIC
GRADUAL SMOOTH
GRAYISH BROWN
•
,
I
MODERATE
BOUNDARY
C
CM
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
38 40 CM.
C I S IS I N . )
PALE BROWN C l t Y R
A / 3 ) S I L T LOAM
I
BROWN
ClOTR
S / 3 ) MOIST
I
MEDIUM
PRISMATIC
STRUCTURE
AND WEAK
MEDIUM ANGULAR BLOCKY
I
SLIGHTLY STICKY
,
SLIGHTLY PL ASTIC
,
VERY FRIABLE
,
HARO
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
B
C
MONTH SAMPLED! JULY
ASPECT!
EAST
WINTER!
DEGREES F
WINTER!
DEGREES F
KINO!
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER!
CM LOWER!
LOESS
OARR GRAYISH BROWN
MODERATE
FINE
VERY FRIABLE
,
ZT
SEC 3 2 , TZSRS E
STONINESS I CLASS
EOL IA N ,
HORIZON
B
OF SN 1 / 4
ClOYR
SLIGHTLY HARO
S /2)
.
A /3)
73
SUIL SERIF Si
FtOZEMAN SILT LOAM
SURVEY SAMPLE NO.
LOCATION!
CLASSIFICATION!
STBMT
TZS RSE
SlTk NO*! TB 16
SLOPE:
ZOt
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL IE MP FrRA IyRE
WATER TAPlFl
PRECIPITATION!
PERME All IL TTYZ
PHYSIOGRAPHYt
MICROREIIFF!
VfcGk TATTONt
PARENT MATERIAL!
ELEVATION I
MfTERS
COUNT Yt GALL AT TN
KIND!
CONCAVE
CLASS !
NEARLY LEVEL
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
ANNUAL*
DEGREES F
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
ANNUAL!
DEGREES F
MONTH:
DEPTH*
CM.
CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
DRAINAGE CLASSl WELL DRAINED
“ ODER ATELY SLOW
ROLLING OR HILLY UPLANDS
ON CREST ANO SLOPE
CROPS - dryland
MGHLV WEATHERED EOLI AN# LOESS
CALCAREOUS .
HORIZONTAL
31 16
SEC 31 SN 1/4
MONTH SAMPLED* AUGUST
ASPECT! NORTHEAST
WINTER!
DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
KINDS
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER!
CM LOWER!
STONINESSI CLASS
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
HORIZON
A HP
J 12 CM. ( O S I N. )
V OK GRAYISH MROWN UOVR 3 / 2 ) CRUSHED I HEAVY SILT LOAM I BLACK
(H)YR 2 / 1 )
CRUSHED WET S MODERATE TO STRONG MEDIUM C COARSE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I STICKY
, FRIABLE , PLASTIC • SLIGHTLY HARD
J MANY
FINE t MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON TUBULAR CONTINUOUS PORES
I JNc
POPES
i NONCALCAREOUS (HCL $ IN)
I
MILDLY ALKALINE PH- 7. 6 I
AlRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
•
A
13 - 23 CM. 4 S 9 I N. )
,ARK PRQWN ( IOVR 3/ 3) CRUSHED I HEAVY SILT LOAM # V DK GRAYISH BROWN ( IOYR
CRDSHFO MOIST
i
WEAK TC MODERATE
COARSE PLATY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PARTING TO WEAK TO MODERATE
COARSE ANGULAR BLOCKY MOIST
I STICKY
PuASMC , FTRM
, VERY HARD
I MANY
FINE L MEDIUM ROOTS
I
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
! TUBULAR PORES
# FEW TO COMMON
FINE
PORES
NJNCALCAREOUS
(HCL • IN)
J ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
IZP
CM
3/2)
H 211
23 - 43 CM. C 9 - 17 I N. )
HROWN
(IOYR 5 / 3 ) CRUSHED J SILTY CLAY LOAM I BROWN
( IOYR 4 / 3 ) CRUSHED
VOIST
: MODERATE TO STRONG COARSE PRISMATIC
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I
SLIGHTLY STICKY , PLASTIC , VERY FRIABLE
. SOFT
J COMMON
FINE L MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON TO MANY FINE C MEDIUM
TUBULAR PORES
J NONCALCAREOUS (HCL $ IN)
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
b
43 - 53 CM. ( 1 7 21 I N. )
MLC- PrtOWN UOVR 6 / 3 ) CRUSHED I SILT LOAM
I BROWN
(10TR 5 / 3 ) MOIST
I
WFAK TU MODcRATE
COARSE ANGULAR BLOCKY MOIST
STRUCTURE
I SLIGHTLY STICKY
PLASTIC , VERY FRIABLE
• SLIGHTLY HARO
I COMMON FINE t MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON TO MANY MEDIUM TUBULAR PORES
I
MOOFRATfcLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL • IN) DISCONTINUOUS
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
3C A
ICA
REMARKS!
53 - 6U CM. ( 2 1 24 I N. )
LIbHT GRAY UUYR 7 / 1 ) CRUSHED I SILT LOAM
I PALE BROWN ClOVR 6 / 3 ) CRUSHED
MOIST
I WEAK TO MODERATE
COARSE SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I
SLIGHTLY STICKY , SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
# VERY FRIABLE
# SLIGHTLY HARD
I
COMMON FINE C MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON TO MANY
^INE r, MEDIUM TUBULAR PORES
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL 6 IN) CONTINUOUS •
SI ME
I N C . G A L L A T I N GATEWAY
,
74
suit s t a r s :
CHERRt S I L T t CLAt
SURVEY SAMPLE NO
LOCATION:
c l a s s if ic a t io n
:
SITE NO.$ 7 H 14
SLOPE J
Ul t
AIR I LMP ERATIJRE
SOIL IEMPFRATURfc
NATfcP TAPLEI
PRECIPITATIONS
PtRMt ABILITY:
PHYSIOGRAPHY %
VEGETATION!
PARtNT matcrtal :
S78HT
N 1/ 4 SEC. 3Z T 17 N R43E
AKIOI l HAPI U^OROLLS I F I N F - S I l T t
COUNTY! GARFIELD
CLASS!
ANNUAL!
DEGREES F
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
U EP TH !
CM.
CM.
33 14
MIXED
EL EVATION: 07 7 7 METERS
KI ND *
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
MONTH!
CONTROL SECTION L I M I T S
DRAINAGE CLASS:
MONTH SAMPLED!
ASPECT:
NORTHWEST
WINTER:
DEGREES F
WINTER!
DEGREES F
KINO :
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER:
CM LOWER:
STONIN ESS : CLASS
RESIDUAL MATERIAL,
LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOLXFLUCTATE
HORIZON
p r o file
DESCRIPTION
LIGHT dPOVNlSH GRAY C2.SV 6 / 2 ) SI LT Y CLAY LOAM I DARK
mOI SI
J MODERATE
MfOIUM
GRANULAR
STRUCTURE
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I
MILDLY EFFERVESCENT CHCL • I N )
GRAYISH BROWN < 2 . 5 V
4 /2 )
I
SLIGHTLY STICKY
,
J CLEAR
BOUNDARY
13 20 CM.
C 6 8 IN .)
4/ 2)
LIGHT dHOWNUH GRAY ( Z . i Y
6 / 2 ) J I L T Y CLAY LOAM
I
DARK GRAYISH BROWN C2.JY
• OUT
:
MQOERAIE
MEDIUM
PRIS MAT IC
STRUCTURE
I
SLIGHTLY STICKY
.
i L IGMILY PLASTIC
,
FRIABLE
>
SLIGHTLY HARO
I
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT
CHCl • I N )
»
CLEAR
BOUNDARY
H
ZS 30 CM.
C d 12 I N . )
BALE YFLLOW O Y 7 / 3 ) S I l T T CLAY LOAN I
PALE OLIVE
( 5V6/ 3) MOIST
I MODERATE
HEOIUM
PRIS MAT IC
STRUCTURE
I
SLIGHTLY STICKY
,
SLIGHTLY PLASTIC
I
-IH AR LE
,
SLIGHTLY HARO
I
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT CHCL • I N )
I GRADUAL
3 OUNO ART
3(1 - 102 CM.
C 12 40 I N . )
PALE YELLOW C 5 Y 7 / J ) F IN E SANDY LOAN I
MEDIUM S UUANGUL• R BLOCK!
STRUCTURE
REMARKS!
HELM,GARFIELD COUNTY
PALE OLIVE
C S V 6 / 3 ) MOIST
I
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT
I
WEAK
CHCL * I N )
.
CM
ARNEG ARO LOAN
SOIL SERIES:
SURVEY SAMPLE NO.
LOCATI ON!
CLASSIFICATION!
S78MT
3
9
PETE Nl CHL UVI CH RANCH BI G HORN CT . NW 1 / 4 OF SE 1 / 4
» ACHIC
HAPLOBOROLLSi
F I NE- L OA MY
,
MIXED
SI TE N O . I TS
9
SLOPE:
*
AI R TEMPERATURE
SOI L TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE:
pr ec ip itatio n :
per m eability:
physiography :
vegetation:
parent m a t e r ia l :
COUNTY: BI G HORN
EL E VAT I ON: 0 9 7 5 METERS
KIND:
CLASS:
annual:
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
annual:
depth :
CM.
month:
CM.
CONTROL SECTI ON L I M I T S —
MODERATE
DRAINAGE CL ASS:
WELL DRAINED
AL L U V I A L
COLLUVI AL FANS
CROPS - DRYLAND
RESI DUAL MAT ERI AL . LOCAL COLLUVI UM OR SOLI FLUCTATE
b
P
21
C
22
CA
STONI NESS:
CLASS
O 18 CM.
C O T IN .)
DARK GRAYI SH BROWN
ClOYR
4 / 2 ) LOAM
i
VERY DARK GRAY
Cl OYR
3/0)
t
WEAK
FINE
GRANULAR
STRUCTURE
i
NONSTICKY
.
NONPLASTI C
,
FRI ABL E
t
SOFT
;
NONCALC AREOUS
CHCL * I N )
i
CLEAR
WAVY
BOUNDARY
18 41 CM.
C
7 16 I N . )
DARK GRAYI SH BROWN
ClOYR
4/2)
MOIST
BOUNDARY
B
MONTH SAMPLED:
ASPECT:
WI NTER:
DEGREES F
WI NTER:
DEGREES F
KINO:
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER:
CM LOWER:
PROFI LE DESCRI PTI ON
horizon
A
SEC 2 9 , T 6 S , R 3 6 E
41 BROWN
= I NE t
IHCL *
i
,
PL ASTI C
.
CLAY LOAM
FRI ABLE
S I CM.
C 16 20 I N . )
ClOYR
5 / 3 ) CLAY LOAM
;
MEDIUM
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
IN)
i
GRADUAL BOUNDARY
51 CM.
C 20 IN .)
PALE BROWN Cl OYR
6 / 3 ) LOAM
SL I GHT L Y STI CKY
,
NONPLASTIC
i
;
V OK GRAYISH BROWN
ClOYR
MI LDLY EFFERVESCENT CHCL * I N )
3/2)
$
GRADUAL
BROWN
Cl OYR
4 / 3 ) MOIST
I
MODERATE
STRUCTURE
i
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT
{
•
BROWN
ClOYR
5/3)
FRI ABLE
,
SOFT
MOIST
I
MASSIVE
I
CM
SOIL S H I E S :
survey
sample
location:
classific atio n
CHANTl ATTEVAN
no.
:
SI TE N O . : 78 11
SLOPE*
02*
AI R TENPERAT URE
SOI L TENPEPATURE
WATER TABLE:
PRECI PI TATION:
P E R ME A B I L I T Y :
PHYSI OGRAPHY:
veg etation :
PARENT MAT ERI AL !
:
S76MT
79 11
TERRY BENCH SE l / A Q F SV 1 / 4 S 2 0 , T 1 2 N , R5 2 E
ARIOIC
HAPLOBOROLLS;
F I NE- LOAMY
OVER SANDY OR SANDY- SKELETAL
COUNTY:
CL ASS:
ANNUAL:
ANNUAL:
DEPTH:
CM.
PRARI E
DEGREES
DEGREES
CM.
EL E VAT I ON: 0 8 5 3 METERS
kin o :
summer:
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
month:
CONTROL SECTI ON L I M I T S —
DRAINAGE CLASS:
F
F
P
B
C
IIC
2
REMARKS:
MONTH SAMPLED:
ASPECT*
NORTH
WI NTER:
DEGREES F
WI NTER:
DEGREES F
k in d :
NO WATER TABLE
upper:
CM l o w e r :
STONI NESS:
CM
CLASS
PROFI LE DESCRI PTI ON
0 - 2 0
CM.
GRAYI SH BROWN
YOYCALCAREOUS
C
O 8 IN .)
CICYR
5 / 2 ) LOAM
CHCL * I N ) .
i
20 51 CM.
C 8 20 I N . )
GRAYI SH BROWN
Cl OYR
5 / 2 ) LOAM
i
WEAK
MEDIUM
PRI SMATI C
STRUCTURE
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
1C*
MIXED
ALLUVI UM
HORIZON
A
,
51 84 CM.
C 20 33 I N . )
L I GHT GRAY
C2.5Y
7 / 2 ) LOA«
BA -
152
CM.
C 3 3 -
3 . REHL P R A I R I E COUNTY
60
IN .)
;
V DK GRAYISH
BROWN
DARK GRAYI SH BROWN
I
NONCALCAREOUS
VI OLENTLY
EFFERVESCENT
Cl OYR
3/2)
MOIST
MOIST
I
;
CLEAR
ClOYR
4/2)
CHCL * I N )
CHCL *
IN)
.
-n3
CTx
SOIL SE 1U C S :
bainville
CLar
SURVEI SAVPLE N U . :
S78“ T
i l l
*
LOCATI ON:
RAT CASH C=f ANCR) YELLOWSTONE CT. NW 1 / 4 SEC 30 T S N R52E
CLASSIFICATION:
U S T IC
TuORIJRTHEUSi F lN E -S IL TY
,
NI XED CCALCAREOUS)
SI T E N O . :
76
4
J2t
AI R TEMPERATURE
SOI L TEMPERATURE
WAIcP t a e l e :
prec ipitatio n :
PERMEABI I TTY :
PHYSI OGRAPHY:
vegetation:
parent m a t e r i a l :
slope:
county:
Yf L l u v s t o n e
CLASS:
annual:
annual:
degrees
OSCREfS
c .
c
J EP Th :
C-.
-□DERATE
ROLLI NG UR H I L L Y UPLANDS
CROPS - DRYLAND
RES I OUAL M A T E R I A L . LOCAL COLLUVI UM OR S O L I FLUCTAT E
HORIZON
A
A
C
IIP
12P
f
E L E VAT I O N: 1067 *ETERS
KI ND :
summer:
degrees f
summer:
DEGREES F
month:
CONTROL SECTION L I M I T S —
drainage c la s s :
well d r ain e d
,
NESTC
MONTH SAMPLED:
aspect:
south
w inter:
DEGREES F
w inter:
DEGREES ==
k in o :
NO WATER T A* LE
upper:
CM LOWER:
CM
STONI NESS: CLASS
PROFI LE DESCRI PTI ON
) 15 CM.
C
O 6 IN .)
PALE BR OWN Cl PYR
6 / 3 ) CLAY LOAM
I
GRAYI SH BROUN
FINE
GRANULAR
STRUCTURE
i
SLI GHTLY STI CKY
,
SLI GHTL Y HARD
J
GRADUAL BOUNDARY
ClOYR
5/2)
PL ASTI C
,
15 25 CM.
C
6 IC I N . )
PALE BROWH
UOYR
6/3)
i
SROWN
UOVR
5 / 3 ) MOIST
SUB ANGULAR OLOCKY
STRUCTURE
i
SL I GHTL Y STI CKY
,
SL I GHT L Y HARD
:
GRADUAL BOUNDARY
i
MODERATE
COARSE
PLASTI C
.
FRI ABLE
,
25 33 C - .
C 20 13 I N . )
' . RAVI SH PROWN
(2.5V
5 / 2 ) CLAY LOAN
J
- OOERAl E
FINE S
MFOTUANGULAR RLOCKY
CHCL ♦ I N )
i
GRADUAL BOUNDARY
.
LI GHT GRAY
C2 . 5 V
C2 . 5 Y E / 4 ) - O I S T
SL I GHT L Y HARD
i
GRAYI SH BROWN
STRUCTURE
i
7 / 2 ) CLAY LOAM
:
WHITE
C2. 5Y
;
McCTUMASSIVE
i
STI CKY
,
VI OLENTLY EFFERVESCENT
CHCL » I N )
MOIST
FRI ABLE
C2.5Y
5 / 2 ) M0 1 ST
i
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT
p/2)
i
PLASTI C
.
LI GHT OLI VE BROWN
,
FRI ABLE
.
-O
O
EOGAR LOAM
SOIL SERIES:
SURVEY SAMPLE N O . :
S78MT
87 12
LOCATI ON:
CLI FFORD WRIGHT RANCH AT R0SE8U0 HOLLAND ROSEBUD CT NE 1 M , S E C Z 0 , T 6 N , R 4 2 E
CLASSIFICATION:
USTOL L I C CAMBORTHI OSI
FI NE- LOAMY
,
MIXED
,
MESIC
SI TE N O . : 78 12
SLOPE:
02%
AI R TEMPERATURE
SOI L t e m p e r a t u r e
WATER TABLE:
precipitatio n:
per m eability:
physiography:
vegetation:
parent m a t e r i a l :
county:
CLASS:
ANNUAL:
annual:
OEP T H :
CM.
ROSEBUD
DEGREES F
DEGREES F
CM.
B
P
I
8
3C A
C
I CA
C
MONTH SAMPLED:
ASPECT:
EAST
WI NT ER:
DEGREES F
WI NTER:
DEGREES F
KINO:
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER:
CM LOWER:
STONI NESS:
CLASS
ALLUVIUM
PROFI LE
HORIZON
A
EL E VAT I ON: 0 8 5 3 METERS
KIND:
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
month:
CONTROL SECTI ON L I M I T S —
DRAINAGE CLASS:
a 18 CM.
C 0 7 IN .)
GRAYISH BROWN
ClOYR
5 / 2 ) LOAM
MEDIUM
GRANULAR
STRUCTURE
13 I N . )
33 CM.
C
7 I
Cl OYR
5 / 3 ) LOAM
prism atic
VERY WEAK
COARSE
:
DESCRI PTI ON
i
DARK BROWN
NONCALCAREOUS
Cl OVR
CHCL •
3 / 3 ) MOIST
IN) •
:
WEAK
18 -
8ROUN
33 * 6 CM.
( 1 3 18 I N . )
L I GHT BROWNISH GRAY ClOYR
6/2)
VERY WEAK
COARSE
PRI SMATI C
GRADUAL SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
DARK GRAYISH BROWN Cl OYR
4/2)
i
CLEAR
SMOOTH
structure
LOAM
:
STRUCTURE
46 64 CM.
C 18 25 I N . )
L I GHT BROWNISH GRAY C 2 . 5 Y
6 / 2 ) S I L T LOAM
MASSIVE
:
VI OL ENTL Y EFFERVESCENT
CHCL *
MOIST
;
BOUNDARY
GRAYI SH BROWN
Cl OYR
5 / 2 ) MOIST
:
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT CHCL •
;
IN)
I
IN)
GRAYI SH BROWN
C 2 . SY
5/2)
I
i
GRADUAL WAVY
BOUNDARY
64 - 1 52 CM.
C 25 60 I N . )
L I GHT BROWNISH GRAY C 2 . 5 Y
6 / 2 ) LOAM
;
GRAYI SH BROWN
MASSIVE
:
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT CHCL » I N ) .
C2.5Y
5/2)
MOIST
;
'LITERATURE CITED
80
A l e x i a d e s 5 C. A . , a n d M. L . J a c k s o n . 196$. Q u a n t i t a t i v e d e t e r m i n ­
a t i o n o f v e r m i c u l i t e i n s o i l . S o i l S c i . S o c . A m er. P r o c .
2 9 : 5 2 2 -5 2 7 .
A t k i n s o n , H. J . ■, G< R. G i l e s , a n d H. J , M acL ean. 1 9 5 3 . F e r t i l i t y
s tu d ie s and s o i l ty p e s . I I .
I h e p h y s i c a l a n d c h e m ic a l com­
p o s i t i o n o f s o i l s fro m C a r l e t o n a n d G r e e n v i l l e c o u n t i e s i n
O n t a r i o . C a n . J , Ag. S c i . 3 3 : 1 1 6 -1 2 4 .
B a r b e r , S . A . 1 9 6 2 . A d i f f u s i o n a n d m a s s - flo w c o n c e p t o f n u t r i e n t
a v a ila b ility .
S o i l S c i e n c e . 93* 39-4-9.
B a r ro w s 5 H. L . , M. S . N e f f 5 a n d N. Gammon5 J r .
i 960. E ffe c t o f s o il
ty p e on m o b i l i t y o f z i n c i n t h e s o i l a n d on i t s a v a i l a b i l i t y fro m
z i n c s u l f a t e t o t u n g . S o i l S c i . S o c . A m er. P r o c . 2 4 i 367 - 3 7 2 .
B e c k e t t , P . H. T . , a n d M. H. M. N a f a d y . 1 9 6 8 . A s t u d y on s o i l s e r i e s :
T h e ir c o r r e l a t i o n w ith th e i n t e n s i t y and c a p a c ity p r o p e r tie s o f
s o i l p o t a s s i u m . J , S o i l S c i . 1 9 : 2 1 6 -2 3 6 .
B l a k e , G. R. 1 9 6 5 , B u lk d e n s i t y ,
In :
M ethods o f S o i l A n a l y s i s ,
P a r t I . E d . b y C . A, B la c k , P . D. E v a n s 5 J . L . W h ite , L . E ,
E n s m in g e r,' a n d F . E . C l a r k . A. S , A . M a d iso n 5 W I.
C a r l s o n , T . C , , a n d T . J , N irn lo s . 1 9 7 0 . U sin g s o i l s e r i e s t o p r e d i c t
s i t e in d e x a n d wood s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y i n w e s te r n M o n ta n a .
N o rth w e s t S c i e n c e . 4 0 : 56 - 6 7 .
Chapm an, H. D. 1 9 6 5 . C a tio n e x c h a n g e c a p a c i t y .
In :
M ethods o f S o i l
A n a ly s is . P a r t I .
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