The carbonization of Montana coal
by Gordon R Smith
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Chemical Engineering
Montana State University
© Copyright by Gordon R Smith (1954)
Abstract:
Investigations carried out show that favorable conditions exist for the establishment of a Montana coke
industry. The object of this thesis is the determination of related knowledge fostering the development
of such an industry.
Coals investigated for coking qualities were from the Livingston-Trail Creek, Forsyth, Electric, Red
Lodge, Great Falls-Lewistown, and Bull Mountain fields of Montana. Only coal from the
Livihgston-Trail Creek, Electric and Great Falls-Lewistown fields would produce coke.
Of these, coal from the Livingston-Trail Creek field appears to be the only basis for a coke industry
since coal from the Electric field contains high ash and because in the Great Falls-Lewistown field the
coking coal is intimately mixed with non-coking.
An estimate of $7.15 per ton as the cost of a cleaned, ready-to-coke coal is" given. On this basis, net
selling cost estimates are presented for by-product plant coke and beehive plant coke* They are
respectively $14.40 per ton and $12.75—per ton. A market in this area of 450,000 tons of coke and
300,000 tons of coke, breeze is indicated.
Equipment that was constructed and utilized in the experimental work is discussed and illustrated.
Methods of investigations are described and data ,pertaining to the upgrading of Cokedale No. 3 coal
are presented. Information concerning the three samples of coke produced in a pilot plant is given
showing that byproper upgrading of the Cokedale No, 5 coal from the Livingston-Trail Creek field, a
coke with a fixed carbon content of 85 percent can be produced* THE GASBOMZATIOH QF MOMMA COAL
by
Gordom H0 S m ith
A THESIS
S ub m itted t o th e G raduate F a c u lty
in
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts
f o r th e degree o f
M aster of. S c ie n ce i n Chem ical E n g in e e rin g
at
Montana- S ta te C o lleg e
A pprovedj
’ Head 3' .Maj d r Department^'
a n . G raduate D lv is io n
1
' J u n e 8 1954'
'
0
.
--'
f i i i i
-Z
•2tm
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4
I0
A b s tra c t . . .
3
I n tr o d u c tio n
4
Equipment . .
8
Methods . . . .
13
M a te ria ls .......................
17
D is c u s s io n o f R e s u lts
18
Sumnary . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
Acknowledgment . . . . . .
24
L i te r a tu r e C ite d . . . .
25
A p p e n d ix .................... ..
26
112506
<»3®
'ABSTRACT
I n v e s tig a t io n s c a r r ie d out show t h a t fa v o ra b le c o n d itio n s e x i s t
f o r th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a Montana coke in d u s tr y . The o b je c t o f t h i s
t h e s i s i s th e d e te rm in a tio n o f r e l a t e d knowledge f o s t e r i n g th e develop-?
ment o f such an in d u s tr y .
G oals in v e s tig a te d f o r coking q u a l i t i e s . were from t h e ,L iv in g s to n T r a i l C reek, F o rs y th , E l e c t r i c , ' Bed Lodge, G reat F a lls-L e w isto w n , .and
B u ll M ountain f i e l d s o f M ontana, Only c o a l from th e L iv ih g s to n - T r a il
G reek, E l e c t r i c and G reat F a lls - L e w is town f i e l d s would produce coke.
Of th e s e , c o a l from t h e .L iv ih g s to n - T r a il G reek f i e l d a p p e a rs to be th e
o n ly b a s is f o r a coke in d u s tr y s in c e .coal from t h e E l e c t r i c f i e l d
c o n ta in s h ig h a s h and because in th e G reat F alls-L ew isto w n f i e l d th e
coking c o a l i s in tim a te ly mixed w ith n o n -co k in g .
An e s tim a te o f $ 7 ,1 5 p e r to n a s th e c o s t o f a c le a n e d , r e a d y - to coke c o a l i s g iv e n . On t h i s b a s i s , n e t s e l l i n g c o s t e s tim a te s a re
p re s e n te d f o r b y -p ro d u c t p l a n t coke and b e eh iv e p la n t Coke, They are
r e s p e c t i v e l y $14,40 p e r to n and #12,75—p e r to n , A m arket in t h i s a re a
o f 450,000 to n s o f coke and 300,000 to n s o f coke, b re e ze i s in d ic a te d .
Equipment t h a t was c o n s tru c te d and. u t i l i z e d in th e e x p e rim e n ta l
work i s d is c u s s e d and i l l u s t r a t e d . Methods o f in v e s t ig a ti o n s a re
d e s c rib e d and d a ta ,p e r ta in in g t o th e . u p g ra d in g o f Coksdale No, 3 c o a l
a re p re s e n te d . In fo rm a tio n co n ce rn in g th e th re e sam ples o f coke
produced in a p i l o t p la n t i s g iv en •showing t h a t b y p r o p e r u p g rad in g o f
th e G okedale No, 3' c o a l from th e L iv in g s to n - T r a il C reek f i e l d , a coke
w ith a fix e d carbon c o n te n t o f 85 p e rc e n t can be produced.
/
INTRODUCTION
I n 1952 th e E n g in e e rin g E xperim ent S ta tio n a t Montana S t a t e C ollege
opened in v e s t ig a ti o n s in to th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f e s t a b l i s h i n g a coke in d u s­
t r y in M ontana.
I n v e s tig a t io n h as re v e a le d t h a t c o n d itio n s e x i s t t h a t
a re fa v o ra b le to such an in d u s tr y and may be l i s t e d a s fo llo w s :
1.
R e a d ily a v a il a b le m ark ets in Montana and s u rro u n d in g a r e a s .
2.
P re s e n t so u rc e s o f su p p ly in a d e q u a te .
3.
E x iste n c e o f l o c a l f i e l d s b e a rin g coking c o a l.
A m arket f o r Montana coke developed p r im a r ily th ro u g h th e e s ­
ta b lis h m e n t o f e le m e n ta l phosphorus p ro d u c in g p la n ts in th e I n t e r m ountain a r e a .
T able I in th e Appendix g iv e s a l i s t o f coke u s e r s and
t h e i r y e a r ly re q u ire m e n ts .
T h is in d ic a te s a m arket f o r ab o u t 450,000
to n s p e r y e a r o f coke and 300,000 to n s p e r y e a r o f coke b re e z e .
T h is
m a rk e t, in a d d itio n t o th e numerous f e r r o u s and n o n fe rfo u s m e ta l
fo u n d a rie s on th e West C o a st, c o n s t i t u t e an im p ressiv e m arket f o r coke^
A Montana coke in d u s tr y would a ls o be exposed to o v e rse a s m ark ets such
a s H aw aii and Ja p a n .
S o u rces o f coke in th e w est a t p r e s e n t a re th e b y -p ro d u c t coke
p la n ts o f the. s t e e l m ills a t Geneva, U ta h ; P u eb lo , C o lo rad o ; and
F o n ta n a , C a l if o r n ia .
Coke i s a ls o b e in g s u p p lie d in some q u a n tity from
T r a i l , B r i t i s h Colum bia.
D uring tim e s o f a la r g e s t e e l m a rk e t, th e
s t e e l com panies u t i l i z e most o f t h e i r coke o u tp u t in th e p ro d u c tio n o f
s t e e l and a s a r e s u l t th e coke u s e r s in t h i s a r e a e x p e rie n c e d i f f i c u l t y
in o b ta in in g s u f f i c i e n t coke a t re a so n a b le p r i c e s .
The phosphorus
«=5~
p ro d u c e rs use coke a s a chem ical in a d e f i n i t e s to ic h io m e tr ic r e a c tio n
and have a problem o f u n ifo rm ity .
E s s e n t i a l l y , th e r e a c tio n t h a t ta k e s
p la c e in t h e i r fu rn a c e s may be w r itt e n a s f o llo w s :
^
SC
s
CaSiOg
/
2P. ^
SCO0
Oag(PO^)g
/
SSiOg
The carb o n i n th e form o f coke must
be c o n tr o lle d r a t h e r c lo s e ly f o r e f f i c i e n t o p e ra tio n .
When coke i s
o b ta in e d from many p la c e s th e fix e d carbon w i l l v a ry c o n sid e ra b ly *
T h is c au se s a d d itio n a l a n a ly s is and c o n tr o l work on th e p a r t o f th e
phosphorus p ro d u c e rs and i t i s e v id e n t t h a t th e y would be w illin g to
pay premium p r ic e s f o r a u n iform coke produced by a lo c a l coke manu­
f a c t u r e r geared to t h e i r demands.
Of th e c o a l f i e l d s in v e s t ig a te d , o n ly c o a l from th e Sand Coulee
d i s t r i c t in th e G reat P alls^L ew isto w n f i e l d , th e Cokedale area- o f th e
L iv in g s to n = T ra il C reek f i e l d , and th e E l e c t r i c f i e l d in so u th e rn P ark
county would produce coke.
T h is may be s u s ta n tia te d by th e f a c t t h a t
coke in d u s t r i e s have been su p p o rte d by th e s e a r e a s in th e p a s t ( 4 ) .
The
.. coke in d u s tr y a t B e lt was fa c e d w ith th e c o s tl y o p e ra tio n o f s e p a ra tin g ,
th e co k in g from th e n o n -co k in g c o a l and was abandoned f o r t h i s reason*
C oal from th e E l e c t r i c f i e l d a v e ra g e s ab o u t SC p e rc e n t a sh and th e coke
in d u s tr y was abandoned th e re because th e p ro d u c e rs co u ld n o t m eet th e 18
p e rc e n t minimum a sh re q u ire m e n ts o f th e u se rs* , I n c o n tr a s t to t h i s i s
th e c o a l from th e Cokedale "area w hich i s l e s s t h a n .10 p e rc e n t a sh and
p roduces a good q u a lity coke*
I*. R., C a lv e rt (1911) s t a t e s t h a t la b o r
tro u b le s , caused d e s tr u c ti o n o f th e mine p o r t a l a t Cokedale in 1908 .(3)*.
Abandonment, o f coking f a c i l i t i e s r e s u l t e d when c o m p e titio n from o th e r
s o u rc e s could n o t be met*
T h is g iv e s an in d ic a tio n t h a t developm ent o f any modern coke in d u s­
t r y in Montana would l o g i c a l l y be c a r r ie d o u t a t th e L iv in g s to n - T r a il
C reek f ie ld *
I t was e s tim a te d t h a t two b i l l i o n to n s o f c o a l rem ained to
be mined in t h i s f i e l d . ( 4 ) 0
This, would serv e an 800,000 to n p e r y e a r
coke in d u s tr y w ith ab o u t two thousan d y ears* supply* ■ Epr t h i s re a so n
most o f th e developm ental work in t h i s t h e s i s has been concerned w ith
c o a l from t h i s s o u rc e * . R a ilro a d f r e i g h t r a t e s from L iv in g s to n to coke­
u s in g c e n te r s in th e re g io n a re g iv en in .Table 2 in th e Appendix*
They
a re t e n t a t i v e b u t would be no h ig h e r th a n lis te d *
The Ookedale c o a l f i e l d .was in s p e c te d by.W*. J* S h ie ld s , C h ief
E n g in e e r o f th e R o c h e ste r a n d .P itts b u r g h C oal Company, In d ia n a ,
P e n n sy lv a n ia (8 j and he e s tim a te d th e c o s t o f m ining a s fo llo w s ;
C ost Ite m
.. C ost p e r Ton o f Washed C oal
Labor ***00 ***000 00**0*0000000**000@000 .^3 *50
S u p p lieS
0
* *
R o y a lty *
0 0 0
0
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
*
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * 0
0o75
OOOO
0* 50
, IDepre c i a t io n oooooooooooooooooooo*** ** *
IoOO
Power OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
Oo 50
T ru ck in g
0*60.
0 0
*
* *
*
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T ip p le Labor *
T o ta l
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 * * 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
o*************
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
* .0*40
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
*15
T h is i s based on a c le a n in g p la n t to produce s p e c i f i c a t i o n a sh c o n te n t
and t h a t n o t more th a n 20 p e rc e n t o f th e c o a l w i l l end up a s r e j e c t s
from th e w ashing o p e ra tio n *
\.
' ■■
” 7=
A c o s t e s tim a te o f I - 2 m illio n d o l l a r s i s g iv en in Table 3 in
th e Appendix f o r a b y -p ro d u c t coke p la n t to produce 838 to n s o f coke
p e r day*
W ithout c o n s id e rin g a d m in is tr a tiv e e x p e n se s, i n t e r e s t on
in v e stm e n t, d e p r e c ia tio n , w orking c a p i t a l and a l l c i t y , s t a t e and
f e d e r a l t a x e s , th e n e t c o s t o f.c o k e would be #11*30.
T h is p r ic e i s
b ased on a re a d y -to -c o k e c o a l c o s t o f $ 7 .1 5 , and a b y -p ro d u c t gas
c r e d i t o f $1.11 p e r to n o f coke.
The c o a l c o s t . i s re a so n a b le b u t
p ro b a b ly no gas c r e d i t could be o b ta in e d f o r th e low h e a tin g -v a lu e
b y -p ro d u c t gas due to th e abundance o f lo w -c o s t' n a tu r a l gas in th e a r e a .
In c lu d in g a c o s t o f about $2.00 p e r to n f o r a m o rtiz a tio n , -ta x e s and a d ­
m in is tr a tiv e e x p e n s e .and o m ittin g th e $1.11 g as c r e d i t , th e c o s t o f
f in is h e d coke becones ab o u t $14.40 p e r to n .
t h a t a b y -p ro d u c t p la n t has l i t t l e
I t should be n o te d here
o r.n o f l e x i b i l i t y .
Once h e a te d , th e
chambers must be k e p t h o t f o r th e e n t i r e l i f e o f th e oven, 20 y e a rs o r
m ore, because once c o o le d , c ra c k s in th e b rick w o rk a p p ea r and th e
’ cham bers' a re no lo n g e r g a s - t i g h t .
.A modern beehive, p la n t c a n .produce, coke a t a c o s t o f $1.50 p e r to n
(8) w hich in c lu d e s a m o rtiz a tio n o f in v estm en t a s w e ll a s o p e r a tio n a l
c o s ts .
I n a d d itio n , i t i s c h a r a c te r iz e d by low er i n i t i a l in v estm en t and
com plete f l e x i b i l i t y .
o f coke e v e ry 78 h o u rs .
Each b eehiv e oven pro d u ces a b a tc h o f 6 => 8 to n s
They may be s h u t down and re h e a te d w ith o u t harm
t o th e o v en s.
The c o s t o f beehive coke th e r e f o r e i s :
c le a n c o a l
0 .6 3 55 $11.25 p e r to n o f coke
~
$12.75 p e r to n o f f in i s h e d coke f . o . b . p l a n t .
/
$ 7 .1 5 p e r to n o f
$1.50 coking c o s t I t th e n becomes e v id e n t
t h a t . th e b eeh iv e p la n t would be more i d e a l f o r th e s iz e o f m arket t h a t a
C30C 9
Montana eoke in d u s tr y would i n i t i a l l y s e r v e e
The f i r s t p a r t o f t h i s program was c a r r ie d ou t and r e p o rte d by
Re. H e rz e l ( S ) 0
Work c o n cern in g c o n s tr u c tio n and developm ent o f n e ce s­
s a r y equipm ent f o r th e in v e s t ig a ti o n o f c a rb o n iz in g p r o p e r tie s o f
Montana c o a ls was done.
was Compieted0
Some e x p e rim e n ta l work u t i l i z i n g t h i s equipm ent
I n th e p e rio d concerned by t h i s t h e s i s , work was con­
tin u e d on th e c o m p ila tio n o f c a rb o n iz in g p ro p e rtie s *
In a d d itio n th e
d e te rm in a tio n o f c o a l-u p g ra d in g d a ta n e c e s s a ry in s e l e c t i n g commercial
c o a l grading, equipm ent was done*
Some, equipm ent and te c h n iq u e s were
developed in su p p o rt o f t h i s work,
2®JIHHST
At th e s t a r t o f t h i s t h e s i s , th e equipm ent a v a ila b le f o r use in
c o n n e c tio n w ith t h i s p r o j e c t was a p i l o t coke p la n t and a c c e s s o ry ,e q u ip ­
m ent,
A d d itio n a l ..equipment t h a t was c o n s tr u c te d c o n s is te d o f a h ig h
te m p e ra tu re e l e c t r i c m uffle fu rn a c e f o r sample a n a ly s is , a bench deale
b y -p ro d u c t eokp p l a n t , a hew r o o f f d r th e p i l o t coke p la n t e l e c t r i c
oven, a f l o t a t i o n a p p a ra tu s f o r fin e c o a l, and equipm ent to c a r r y out
f r e e - s w e llin g t e s t s on c o a l.
C o n s tru c tio n o f High I1Sm perature M u ffle 'F u rn a ce
The e l e c t r i c m u ffle fu rn a c e was d e sig n e d f o r te m p e ra tu re s approach­
in g 1000° C0 A maximum o f fo u r and one h a l f k ilo w a tts o f power was
p ro v id e d by a 0-135 v o l t P o w e rs ta te
H e a tin g e le m e n ts c o n s is te d o f 80
f e e t o f No0 18 B & S gage M chrome' V r e s i s t a n c e w ire wound in a s e r i e s
coQ*=*
o f e ig h t l / 2 - i n c h d ia m e te r .tio ils ,
The d e s ig n te m p e ratu re co u ld be
re a ch e d in ab o u t fo u r h o u rs a t maxi mmn poirer,
The dim ensions o f th e fu rn a c e ai-e g iv en in F ig u re I in th e Ap­
pendix,,
3e
S e c tio n A i s shorn in F ig u fe .2 and s e c tio n B i s shown in F ig u re
The c o n ta in in g s h e l l o f th e fu rn a c e Was c o n s tru c te d o f l / 4 - i n e h
p re s se d a s b e s to d board h e ld to g e th e r by 2 -in c h aluminum a n g le s and Noe
10 sto v e b o lts *
The m u ffle was c o n s tru c te d o f A rm strong A-20 in s u la tin g
f i r e b r ic k s a rra n g e d a s shown in th e s e c tio n a l d raw in g s.
p ro v id e d by f i n e l y ground magnesia*
I n s u la tio n was
L o c a tio n o f th e m u ffle .in th e s h e l l
was accom plished by p la c in g s p l i t b r ic k s under th e m u ffle and r e s t i n g
th e s e on f l a t iro n .s u p p o rts *
p o rte d by two p in e s tr ip s *
The com plete fu rn a c e was r a is e d and sup­
An A rm strong A-20 f ir e , b r i c k shaped to f i t ,
w ith an a s b e s to s wrapped b o l t a s a h a n d le , serv ed a s a door to th e
:
.
' ' ' : 'T
m uffle* The h e a tin g e le m e n ts were p la c e d in th e b r ic k s by d r i l l i n g
9 /1 6 -in c h h o le s and s l o t t i n g them a s i s shown in F ig u re s 2 and 3 in th e
Appendix*
A rrangem ents f o r e a s y rem oval and rep lacem en t were p ro v id ed
f o r by n o tc h in g th e ends o f th e b ric k s , c o n ta in in g th e elem ents*
Temper­
a tu r e measurement was p ro v id e d by i n s t a l l i n g a chrome1-alumeI therm o­
couple in one end o f th e furnace*
An o x id iz in g atm osphere n e c e s s a ry f o r
th e com bustion o f th e sam ples was p ro v id e d by blow ing a sm all j e t o f a i r
in to th e m u ffle th ro u g h a s t a i n l e s s s t e e l tu b e i n s t a l l e d a t th e end o f
th e furnace*
Bench S c a le B y-Product Coke P la n t
A bench s c a le b y -p ro d u ct, coke p la n t was assem bled a s an a c c e s s o ry
=IO=
t o th e m uffle fu rn a c e j u s t d e s c rib e d .
A schem atic i l l u s t r a t i o n o f t h i s
a p p a ra tu s i s g iv en in F ig u re 4 e
The r e t o r t was c o n s tru c te d from a th re a d e d p ie c e o f 2^—in c h b la c k
p ipe and a 2 § -in c h c o u p lin g .
Both th e p ip e and c o u p lin g a r e c lo se d on
one end by f i t t i n g and w elding p ie c e s o f f l a t ir o n to them .
The
c o u p lin g and p ip e were g ra p h ite d and re p e a te d ly screwed to g e th e r u n t i l a
smooth t i g h t f i t was .accom plished .
The o f f - g a s pipe was f i t t e d to th e
r e t o r t by d r i l l i n g and ta p p in g th e c o u p lin g a t th e to p .
The com plete
r e t o r t was b o lte d to a b r i c k door in th e manner shown in th e i l l u s ­
tr a tio n *
The g a s-sc ru b b in g t r a i n c o n s is te d o f a t a r t r a p , w a te r co o led
con d en ser and a packed s c ru b b e r column.
The t a r tr a p was assem bled from
a 3 /4 - in c h p ip e t e e , bushed on the ru n s t o 1 / 4 - in ch p ip e s i z e , and a
3 /4 - in c h n ip p le and cap*
The condenser was assem bled from le n g th s o f
1 /4 - and 3 / 4 - in c h p ip e , two 3 /4 -in c h t e e s and s u ita b le b u s h in g s.
%e
two t e e s were screw ed to th e th re a d e d ends o f th e le n g th o f 3 /4 -in c h
pip®*
The l / 4 - i n c h pip® was th e n in s e r te d th ro u g h th e 3 /4 - in c h pipe and
o v e rs iz e b u sh in g s t h a t were screw ed in to th e t e e s .
The l / 4 - i n e h p ip e
was b ra z ed in p la c e and b u sh in g s and n ip p le s screw ed in to th e s id e
o u t l e t s o f th e t e e s f o r w a te r c o n n e c tio n .
A b o t t l e was p ro v id e d a t th e
end o f th e con d en ser to c o l l e c t condensed o i l and m o istu re*
The
sc ru b b in g column was assem bled by p a ck in g a sta n d a rd g la s s condenser
w ith l / 4 - i n e h p o r c e la in beads and m ounting i t on a f l a s k a s shown in
F ig u re 4*
pump*
S o lv e n t was pumped to th e to p o f th e column w ith a b ello w s
The d ry gas from th e scru b b in g column was burned in an o rd in a ry
"11"
Bunsen b U rner0
The sc ru b b in g t r a i n was connected th ro u g h o u t w ith
s u ita b le tu b in g and coupled t o th e r e t o r t w ith a screwed Union0 ■
Boof C o n s tru c tio n f o r P i l o t Coke P la n t E l e c t r i c Oven
. A rm strong A"20 i n s u l a t i n g f i r e b r ic k s were used th ro u g h o u t th e con­
s t r u c t i o n -of th e new r o o f and door f o r th e p i l o t coke p la n t e l e c t r i c
oven because o f t h e i r l i g h t w eight and i n s u la tin g p ro p e rtie s ,.
The
b r ic k s were suspended from a s t e e l frame w hich a c te d a s a s t r u c t u r a l
member o f th e r o o f and a ls o serv ed to su p p o rt th e fu rn ac e d o o rs 0
The
fram e was c o n s tru c te d from Iijr= by 5 -in c h an g le ir o n l / 4 - i n c h t h i c k 0
C o n s tru c tio n d e t a i l s a re shown in F ig u r e .5 in th e A ppendix. .Each o f th e
b r ic k s was su p p o rte d from th e frame by two 7 /1 6 -in c h machine b o l t s w ith
1 /2 -in c h nom inal w ashers b e in g p la c e d a t c o n ta c t p o in t w ith th e b r ic k s .
L a t i t e h ig h -te m p e ra tu re m o rta r was used th ro u g h o u t th e c o n s tr u c tio n and
a t h i n s o lu tio n was p a in te d on a l l s u rfa c e s exposed to th e i n t e r i o r o f
th e fu rn a c e „
The r o o f was p la c e d on th e fu rn ace and Z o n o lite in s u la tio n
f i l l e d , in around th e fram es.
aluminum s h e e tin g .
The e n t i r e to p was covered by 0o.020rinch
F ig u re 6 shows th e o r i g i n a l c o n s tr u c tio n .
C o n s tru c tio n o f Fine =v
P re v io u s e x p e r ie n c e w ith c a rb o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e d e n s i t y s o l u t i o n s
in d i c a t e d t h a t th e f l o t a t i o n eq u ip m en t s h o u ld be d e s ig n e d e s s e n t i a l l y
fu m e -fre e t o a v o id th e t o x i c e f f e c t o f th e v a p o r s .
s c h e m a tic d ia g ra m o f th e s y ste m t h a t was d e v e lo p e d .
F ig u re , ,7 shows a
F ig u r e 8 i s a tw o -
s e c t i o n a l d ra w in g o f th e f l o t a t i o n h o p p e r.
E ach o f th e s o lu tio n b o t t l e s c o n ta in e d on© and one h a l f g a llo n s o f
a s o lu tio n o f d i f f e r e n t d e n s it y .
The s o lu tio n s were m oved.about th e
-1 2 -
system by means o f vacuum and. a i r p re s s u re th ro u g h 5 /l6 = in c h and 1/4=
in c h copper tu b in g and f l a r e d o r c o m p re s s io n -jo in t b r a s s f i t ‘tin g s „
T he,
hopper was c o n s tr u c te d from No. 20 gage g a lv a n iz e d s h e e t m e ta l u t i l i z i n g
l a p - s o ld e r j o i n t c o n s tr u c tio n .
A 100-mesh p e r in c h s c re e n was p la c e d in
th e b ottom o f th e hopper to m a in ta in th e c o a l in th e hopper d u rin g
s o lu tio n changes and a g a te was p ro v id e d t o d iv e r t th e u p p er p a r t o f th e
s o lu tio n c o n ta in in g th e f l o a t s o u t th ro u g h th e sid e m a n ifo ld .
The
f l o a t s were s e p a ra te d from th e s o lu tio n by f i l t r a t i o n in a Buchner
fu n n e l.
.
v
A t y p i c a l ru n was c a r r ie d out in th e fo llo w in g m anner. ,-A 200-gram
weighed sample o f c o a l ground to minus 20-mesh was p laced , in th e hopper
and th e l e a s t dense s o lu tio n fo rc e d in th ro u g h v alv e C5 f i l l i n g th e
h o p p e r.
The c o a l and s o lu tio n was mixed, by w orking th e g a te handle back
and f o r t h and th e n th e m ix tu re was allo w ed t o s e t t l e f o r a t " le a s t 30
m in u tes w ith th e g a te in th e v e r t i c a l p o s i t i o n .
At th e c o m p letio n o f
t h i s tim e 5 th e g a te was slo w ly c lo se d and th e s o lu tio n c o n ta in in g the
f l o a t s drawn o f f to the f i l t e r fu n n e l th ro u g h th e s id e m a n ifo ld and
v a lv e .B0
Any c o a l s t i c k i n g to th e s id e s o f th e hopper was washed down
by a d m ittin g a sp ra y o f f l u i d th ro u g h v alv e A0, The re m a in d er o f th e
f l u i d was drawn, o f f th ro u g h v alv e D back t o the p ro p e r b o t t l e a lo n g w ith
th e s o lu tio n t h a t was removed from th e b ottom o f th e f i l t e r fu n n e l.
T h is o p e ra tio n was re p e a te d u n t i l a l l su c c e e d in g ly more dense s o lu tio n s
had been u s e d .
The w eight o f th e " s in k s ” a f t e r the l a s t f l o t a t i o n t h a t
rem ained in the hopper was d eterm in ed by d if f e r e n c e .
■-i:
ffree-^Sw elling Index A pparatus
The equipm ent n e c e s s a ry f o r th e perform ance o f t h i s t e s t i s de­
s c r ib e d by th e American S o c ie ty f o r T e s tin g M a te ria ls (l)>
b e a rs th e ASTM d e s ig n a tio n D 720-46„
The t e s t
A sch em atic i l l u s t r a t i o n i s g iv en
o f t h i s equipm ent in F ig u re 9,
'
■
METHODS
" . . .
C arb o n iza tio n , o f Montana Goal
The b a s ic s te p s in v o lv ed in in v e s t ig a ti n g sam ples o f c o a l a re
sam pling, d e te rm in a tio n o f - th e co k in g and g e n e ra l q u a l i t i e s , and p i l o t
p la n t c o k in g .
These s te p s may n o t a l l be used d ep en d in g 'u p o n th e
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f th e sam ple,
Sam pling of th e c o a l was g e n e r a lly done '
by m eth o d s’o u tlin e d by th e -A m erican .S o ciety f o r T d s tin g M a te r ia ls ( l ) ,
Coking q u a l i t y r e f e r s to a c o a l’ s a b i l i t y t o form coke and th e type o f
coke t h a t i t w i l l make.
G eneral q u a l i t y r e f e r s to th e a sh "content and
th e e x te n t ,of o x id a tio n o f th e . c o a l sam ple,
The d e te rm in a tio n 'o f
g e n e r a l q u a lity , i s e x p la in e d , in t h e . A shing Coal and Coke Samples and th e
F re e ^ S w e llin g Index s e c t i o n s .
P ro g re s s iv e s te p s ' in d e te rm in in g coking
q u a l i t y were c a r r ie d o u t by h e a tin g in a c r u c ib le and co k in g in th e
bench s c a le coke p l a n t .
I f a sample o f c o a l produced fa v o ra b le ,r e s u l t s
i n e ac h o f th e above s te p s th e n a l a r g e r sample o f c o a l was coked in the
p ilo t p la n t.
P r e p a r a tio n o f a c o a l sample c o n s is te d o f one o f two
m ethods; s iz in g " and th e n c o k in g th e raw sam ple; u p g rad in g th e sample,
u s in g p r e v io u s ly d eterm in ed u p g rad in g data., and th e n c o k in g .
The.
” 14='
d e te rm in a tio n o f th e u p g ra d in g d a ta i s e x p la in e d in th e d e sig n a te d
se c tio n *
A f te r p r e p a r a tio n o f th e la r g e sample o f c o a l u s in g th e u p g rad in g
d a ta d e term in e d , the c o a l was p la c e d in a p re p a re d r e t o r t and th e l i d
w elded on.
The r e t o r t was th e n charged to th e h e a te d fu rn a c e and coked
f o r about one hour p e r in c h o f r e t o r t d ia m e te r a t th e d e s ir e d tem per­
a tu re .
The power t o th e fu rn a c e was tu rn e d o f f a llo w in g th e r e t o r t to
c o o l b e fo re removal*
A f te r th e r e t o r t was removed from th e fu r n a c e ,
coke rem oval from th e r e t o r t was f a c i l i t a t e d by c u ttin g th e l i d o f f w ith
an o x y -a c e ty le n e to r c h .
I f th e sample had t h e .d e s ir e d p r o p e r tie s i t was
s e n t t o r e g io n a l c o k e -u se rs f o r e v a lu a tio n .' ■
D e te rm in a tio n o f C oal U pgrading D ata
I f i t was d e cid e d t o in v e s t ig a te f u r t h e r a fa v o ra b le sample o f c o a l
f o r coke p ro d u c tio n th e n u p g rad in g d a ta w ere'-d eterm in ed .
S in ce most
com m ercial upgrading, equipm ent o p e ra te s u s in g d e n s ity d if f e r e n c e s f o r
a sh rem oval, th e n d e n s ity s e g r e g a tio n d a ta a re d e s ir a b le f o r d e term in in g
w hich machine may be a p p l i e d .t o th e s p e c i f i c jo b .
Methods o f o b ta in in g
th e s e d a ta w e re ’s im ila r to .th o s e o u tlin e d by th e Bureau o f Mines { 8 ,6 ).
tgMine -r u n 69 sam ples o f c o a l were o b ta in e d and se g re g a te d a c c o rd in g
t o s iz e u s in g 5 - , 1 ^ -, 3/4-% 3 /8 = , 3 /l6 = in e h and 20-mesh p e r in c h ,
T y le r screen s*
Each o f th e s iz e s e g re g a tio n s were th e n f lo a te d on
carbon te tr a c h l o r i d e - i s o p r o p y l a lc o h o l s o lu tio n s h aving s p e c if ic
g r a v i t i e s 1 .5 0 , 1*45, 1 .4 0 , 1 .3 5 , and 1 .3 0 .
S iz e - d e n s ity d i s t r i b u t i o n
o f th e c o a l sample could th e n be d eterm in ed and u t i l i z e d . f o r sample
u p g ra d in g .
"15°
The f in e - c o a l f l o t a t i o n a p p a ra tu s p re v io u s ly d e sc rib e d was con­
s tr u c te d in an endeavor to determ in e th e a sh d i s t r i b u t i o n in th e c o a l
by d e n sity *
F ine c o a l is .d e s c r ib e d by th e Bureau o f Mines a s t h a t which
w i l l p a ss th ro u g h a 20-inesh p e r in c h s c re e n (6)«
A sample o f th e c o al
under c o n s id e r a tio n was o b ta in e d and ground to f in e c o a l siz e *
I t was
th e n s e g re g a te d in to d e n s ity f r a c t i o n s and each f r a c t i o n a n a ly se d f o r
a sh c o n ten t*
For convenience o f use in a p p ly in g th e d a ta o b ta in e d , a
p lo t o f p e rc e n t a sh v e rs u s p e rc e n t re c o v e ry was made*
fad in g C oal f o r
I n th e p r e p a r a tip n o f c o a l f o r the p ro d u c tio n o f a coke sample in
th e p i l o t p l a n t , d e n s ity s o lu tio n s o f carb o n te tr a c h l o r id e - is o p r o p y l
a lc o h o l, carbon te tr a c h lo r id e - n o r m a l h ep tan e and z in c c h lo rid e -w a te r
were u se d ,
I n g e n e ra l th e s o lu tio n would be c o n ta in e d i n a v a t and th e
c o a l f lo a te d on i t .
The " f l o a t s " were removed a f t e r each f r e s h a d d itio n
o f c o a l and th e " s in k s ” allo w ed to rem ain in th e b ottom o f th e v a t u n t i l
c o m p letio n o f th e p ro cess*
A fte r s u f f i c i e n t " f l o a t s " w ere o b ta in e d th e y
were charged to th e r e t o r t and coked*
I f any s iz e p r e p a r a tio n was to be made i t was c a r r ie d o u t u t i l i z i n g
a sm all jaw c ru s h e r and a .s m a ll hammermill*
S c re e n in g was done w ith a
s e t o f T y le r s c re e n s o r w ith a p p a ra tu s c o n s tr u c te d f o r th e in d iv id u a l
case »
A n a ly s is o f Coke and C oal Samples
A n aly ses c a r r ie d out i n t h i s t h e s i s may be grouped i n t o a sh de­
te r m in a tio n s , proxim ate a n a ly s e s , su lp h u r d e te rm in a tio n s', and. I r e e -
-= 1
6
=
s w e llin g in d ex d e te r m in a tio n s , . S in ce a s h c o n te n t was o f p rim ary
im portance i n t h i s in v e s t ig a ti o n a p ro x im ate a n a ly s is was c a r r ie d o u t
o n ly in s p e c ia l c a s e s .
R eferen ce was made t o P a r r f o r a c c e p te d methods
o f s o lid f u e l a n a ly s is (7.)'. and to ASTM T e s t D 720=46 f o r th e fre e =
s w e llin g index d e te rm in a tio n ( l ) o
Ash a n a ly s is was. accom plished by f i r s t w eighing o u t two four=gram
p o r tio n s o f e ac h c o a l sample i n t o weighed p o r c e la in c r u c ib le s .
Most
o f th e v o l a t i l e m a tte r was th e n d riv e n o f f o v er a la rg e F ish e r, b u rn e r
and th e sam ples f i r e d i n th e m u ffle fu rn a c e f o r a 12 hour p e rio d a t
750® t o 850° C,
The w eight o f re s id u e was re p o rte d a s a s h .
P roxim ate a n a ly s e s were made on fo u r-g ra m sam ples o f c o a l weighed
out in to c ru c ib le s .
The w eight o f f r e e m o istu re was d eterm in ed by
p la c in g th e sample in a d ry in g oven a t 110® 0 , f o r two h o u rs .
Com­
b u s tib le v o l a t i l e m a tte r w eig h t was d eterm in ed by f i r s t p la c in g th e
covered c r u c ib le s over a F is h e r b u rn e r u n t i l most o f th e v o l a t i l e m a tte r
was d riv e n o f f , th e n h e a tin g in - th e h ig h te m p e ratu re m u ffle fu rn ac e f o r
15 m in u tes a t 850° t o 900° C,
Ash d e te rm in a tio n i s d e s c rib e d above.
S ulphur d e te rm in a tio n s were c a r r ie d ou t by o x id iz in g l/2 = g ram , 60mesh p e r in c h g rin d , p o r tio n s o f each sample i n sodium p e ro x id e bombs.
The c o n te n ts o f e ac h bomb were th e n d is s o lv e d in 100 m i l l i l i t e r s o f
d i s t i l l e d w a te r and th e pH red u ced t o ab o u t 10 by the a d d itio n o f H01,
A f te r f i l t e r i n g o u t th e f e r ric " h y d ro x id e p r e c i p i t a t e , th e pH was low ered
to 3 by a d d in g more H01,
At t h i s p o in t e ac h s o lu tio n .w a s h e a te d to
b o ilin g and an e x c e ss o f barium c h lo rid e -a d d e d , p r e c i p i t a t i n g th e
su lp h u r a s barium s u lp h a te .
The w eig h t o f th e su lp h u r was d eterm in ed by
■=17=
f i l t e r i n g o u t and' w eighing the barium s u lp h a te e
The above d e te rm in a tio n s a lth o u g h d e sc rib e d f o r c o a l were a p p lie d
to coke and c h a r sam p les,
!Tour-gram sam ples were used in s te a d o f one-
gram sam ples f o r g r e a te r p r e c is io n .
F re e -s w e llin g ' index d e te rm in a tio n s were c a r r ie d out on c o a l
sam ples o b ta in e d from core d r i l l i n g th e fa c e o f a c o a l seam .
index in d ic a te d th e r e l a t i v e amount o f c o a l o x id a tio n .
The
When c o re s were
removed from th e b i t th e y were p la c e d under an atm osphere o f n a tu r a l
■gas and bro u g h t to th e la b o r a to r y .
A f te r g rin d in g to 60-mesh p e r in ch
s i z e , fo u r one-gram p o r tio n s o f each sample were weighed in to s ta n d a rd
c r u c ib le s and h e a te d u s in g th e equipm ent i l l u s t r a t e d i n F ig u re 9,
The
index o f e ac h coke b u tto n formed was d eterm in ed by com parison o f th e
o u tlin e o f th e b u tto n w ith a s e r i e s . o f s ta n d a rd o u t l i n e s .
in d ex to th e n e a r e s t h a l f u n it was r e p o r te d .
The average
I f th e sp re ad o f th e fo u r
in d iv id u a l in d e x es was more th a n one u n i t i t was r e q u i r e d ,t h a t , th e
sample be re r u n u n t i l t h i s c o n d itio n was e lim in a te d ,
MTEHIftLS
I n th e c a r b o n iz a tio n s tu d y , c o a ls from, th e f i e l d s l i s t e d in Table 4
were in v e s t ig a te d .
C oal samples, were ..s o lic ite d .f r o m . a l l . I n te r e s te d
p a r t i e s and i n some c a se s were o b ta in e d by t r a v e l i n g . t o th e f i e l d w ith
sam pling equipm ent and o b ta in in g .th e m - d ir e c tly ,
Cokedale No, 5 c o a l
from the" L iv in g s to n r T r a il C reek f i e l d was o b ta in e d in t h i s m anner,
. Work w ith m is c e lla n e o u s-.c o a l rsamp'les:, ^ n o t connected w ith " th e d i r e c t
i n v e s t ig a ti o n o f t h i s t h e s i s , was done f o r t h e . IZbntana S tate- C ollege
mIS=
P h y s ic a l P la n t and f o r th e S ta te o f Montana P u rch a sin g A gent0
C oal and
c h a r sam ples from th e P D P .P ro c e s sin g Company, Roundup, M ontana, were
a n a ly se d a s an a id to t h e i r in v e s t i g a t i o n s ,
DISCUSSION OF HESUItfS
T a b le s 4 th ro u g h IS in th e Appendix r e p r e s e n t th e r e s u l t s o f the
e x p e rim e n ta l work done in t h i s t h e s i s .
stu d y c a r r ie d out a re i n Table 4 ,
R e s u lts o f th e c a rb o n iz a tio n
Ash a n a ly s e s , in c lu d in g th o se made in
th e proxim ate a n a ly s e s , a re l i s t e d in Table 5 ,
proxim ate a n a ly s e s .
Table 6 c o n ta in s th e
S u lp h u r d e te rm in a tio n s a re p re s e n te d in Table 7 and
a l l p e r tin e n t d a ta co n ce rn in g the ru n s in th e p i l o t coke p la n t a re giv en
i n T able 8 ,
T able 9 c o n ta in s f r e e - s w e lli n g in d ex es and a l l c o a l upgrad­
in g d a ta a re c o n ta in e d i n T a b le s 10, 11, and IS ,
Ash A nalyses and Proxim ate A nalyses
A nalyses d e a lin g w ith c a r b o n iz a tio n s tu d ie s were made th ro u g h o u t
th e p e rio d o f t h i s t h e s i s .
T able 4 c o n ta in s a c o m p ila tio n o f th e c o a ls
worked w ith and i n d ic a te s w hether o r n o t th e y coke.
Ash a n a ly s e s o f
th e s e sam ples a re N um bers'2, 5 , 5 , 6, 7 , 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 26,
27, and 28 in Table 5 ,
Ash a n a ly s e s made f o r th e P D P P ro c e s s in g Company a t Roundup,
M ontana, a re numbered 13, 16, 17, 25, 29, 3 5 ,
These a n a ly s e s were made
a s an a id in t h e i r dev elo p m en tal work in th e u t i l i z a t i o n o f n on-coking '
c o a l f o r p ro d u c tio n o f c o a l ch em icals and a sm okeless f u e l .
These
-1 9 -
a n a ly s e s a re a ls o l i s t e d in T ab le 6 u n d er K 1OXimaie A n aly ses Numbers 3 ,
6 , 7 9 12, I S 1 and 14«
Coal u p g rad in g a n a ly s is work i s re p re s e n te d ,b y ^ s h A n aly ses 18, SS1
24, SO1 S l 1 32, and 33 in T able 5«
A n a ly sis 18 was made on th e v a rio u s
f r a c t i o n s o f a f i n e - c o a l f l o t a t i o n c a r r i e d . ou t on Ookedale No« 3 c o a l in
th e f in e - c o a l f l o t a t i o n a p p a r a tu s «
T a b u la te d r e s u l t s a p p ea r in Table
12o A n aly ses 23 and 24 were made on a f lo a te d sample o f Ookedale No« 3
c o a l and th e coke produced from i t .
A nalyses 3 0 , SI and 32 a re f o r th e
v a rio u s f r a c tio n 's o f a Gokedale No. 3 c o a l sample b e in g p re p a re d f o r
c o k in g , w ith Number S3 b e in g o f th e coke produced.
M isc e lla n e o u s a n a ly s e s a re re p re s e n te d b y Numbers 4 , 7, 19, 20, B I,
34, and 3 6 .
A n a ly sis 4 was made on a sample o f coke p ic k ed up a t the
o ld E l e c t r i c coke o p e r a tio n s and-presum ably made t h e r e .
The c o a l from
K ent, W ashington, in A n a ly s is 7 , was a c q u ire d f o r a com parison betw een
coking c o a l from W ashington and M ontana.
A n aly ses 19, 2 0 , and 21 were
made a s s e r v ic e s to th e o rg a n iz a tio n s l i s t e d .
A n a ly sis 34 was made on
a sample o f coke made in a beehive coke p la n t by the R o c h e ste r and
P itts b u r g h Goal Company.a t In d ia n a , P e n n s y lv a n ia ,’to p ro v id e a com pari­
son betw een e a s t e r n and w e ste rn coke«
A n a ly sis 36 was made f o r the
.P D P .Processing-C om pany, Roundup, M ontana, t o determ ine th e com p o sitio n
o f. a d u st t h a t c o lle c te d in th e o f f - g a s p ip e a t t h e i r p l a n t .
S u lp h u r d e te rm in a tio n s w e re ' made on a sample o f f l u i d coke from
C a r te r O il Company a t B i l l i n g s , M ontana, and a sample o f coke t h a t was
made from Cokedale Np. 3 c o a l.
The s u lp h u r c o n te n t o f th e f l u i d coke
=SO=
was made a s p a r t o f an i n v e s t ig a ti o n t o f in d a p r a c t i c a l method o f
e x t r a c t i n g su lp h u r from th e coke.
A fte r a p o r tio n o f th e sample was
p la c e d in carbon d is u lp h id e f o r 24 h o u rs th e p o r tio n was a n a ly s e d .
The
in c re a s e in su lp h u r was th o u g h t to be caused by sons carb o n d is u lp h id e
rem ain in g i n the coke a f t e r e x t r a c t i o n .
The coke sample a n a ly se d was
from th e t h i r d coke ru n l i s t e d in Table 8 .
I t s su lp h u r c o n te n t was
d eterm in ed b e fo re sen d in g i t out f o r com m ercial e v a lu a tio n .
Goke Runs
The coke ru n s t h a t were made in th e p i l o t coke p la n t d u rin g t h i s
p e rio d o f work a re l i s t e d in Table 8 .
C oal f o r th e f i r s t ru n was
o b ta in e d f r e s h from th e mine and b roken in to w alnut s iz e p ie c e s .
w ashing in w a te r, i t was p la c e d in a p re p a re d r e t o r t and coked.
A fte r
The
r e s u l t was a v e ry s i l v e r y coke t h a t had f a i r s tr e n g th and good a p ­
p e a ra n c e .
used.
I t was n o t homogenous how ever, due to the s iz e o f th e c o a l
The coking te m p e ra tu re was about 950° G.
The p r i n c i p a l o b je c tio n
t o t h i s co k e, how ever, i s i t s h ig h a sh c o n te n t, 1 8 .4 p e r c e n t.
The second ru n was made on c o a l t h a t was f l o a t e d on a 1 .4 5 s p e c if ic
g r a v i t y s o lu tio n o f z in c c h lo r id e .
in a hammermill b e fo re f l o t a t i o n .
The c o a l was ground t o minus 20-mesh
The coke produced had poor appearance
and s tr e n g th b u t was o f f a i r q u a l i t y , th e a sh c o n te n t b e in g 1 6 .5 p e r­
c e n t.
Thecoke a t th e c e n te r o f th e r e t o r t was l i g h t and p o ro u s w hile
t h a t around th e edge .was more d e n se .
I t was th o u g h t t h a t th e re a so n f o r
th e poor appearance was t h a t i t was e x c e s s iv e ly o x id iz e d by th e z in c
c h lo rid e in th e f l o t a t i o n p r o c e s s .
For t h i s re a so n t h i s type o f
"SI*=
s o lu tio n would n o t be recommended, f o r f in e - c o a l f l o t a tio n *
The t h i r d ru n was made u s in g a c o a l f lo a te d on a I e40 s p e c if ic
g r a v ity s o lu tio n o f carbon te tr a c h lo r id e - n o r m a l heptane m ixture*
The
c o a l was f i r s t ground in a jaw c ru s h e r w ith a o n e -in c h jaw opening
th e n scree n ed over a 20-mesh screen*
p la c e d in th e coking r e t o r t .
The la rg e c o a l was f lo a te d and
The coke produced was o f good q u a lity w ith
good appearance and s t r u c t u r e and an a sh c o n te n t o f 14 p ercen t*
I t was
h e a te d a t 850° C* f o r 14 h o u rs and a s a r e s u l t c o n ta in e d n e g lig ib le
v o l a t i l e m a tte r and ab o u t 85 p e rc e n t fix e d carbon*
A ll o f th e r e t o r t s used in th e above ru n s were 1 4 -in c h e s in d i ­
am eter and 2 6 -in c h e s h ig h .
No d a ta were c o lle c te d on b y -p ro d u c ts .
fr e e - S w e llin g In d ex es
'
The f r e e - s w e lli n g in d ex es made a re l i s t e d in T able 9*
They were
made on core d r i l l i n g s ta k e n from an abandoned GokBdale No* 3 m ine.
In d ex es I to 5 were made on core d r i l l i n g s ta k e n from d i f f e r e n t d ep th s
p a r a l l e l to th e v e in i n a p i l l a r o f th e m ine.
a t th e t h r e e - f o o t d e p th .
form coke b u tto n s*
A d i r t p o ck et was s tr u c k
The, c o a l from t h i s d e p th th e r e f o r e d id n o t
T h is i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f Gokedale No*. 3 c o a l in
t h a t th e v a r i a t i o n o f c o a l q u a l i t y th ro u g h o u t th e v e in was e x te n s iv e .
F re e -Swel l i n g In d e x e s 6 , 7 , and 8 a ls o in d ic a te th e p re se n c e o f a
d i r t p o c k et a t th e t h r e e - f o o t le v e l*
However, b o th t h i s and the above
d e te rm in a tio n in d ic a te no e x c e s siv e o x id a tio n .
In d ex es 9 t o 14 w e re '
made on c o a l from a n o th e r sp o t in th e mine n e a r e r th e e n tra n c e and show
t h a t t h i s c o a l had undergone more o x id a tio n th a n t h a t from d e ep e r in th e
mine
“22'~
Mina=Run S ize !D is trib u tio n o f Coke dal® No„ Sj Coal
T able 10 p r e s e n ts th e s iz e d is tr ib u tu o n o f a m in e-ru n sample o f
Cokedale No. S0
The te rm “m in e -ru n ” i s used to d e s c rib e th e sample
because i t was o b ta in e d in a manner a s c lo s e a s p o s s ib le t o com m ercial
m in in g .
The e n t i r e 828-pound sample o f th e c o a l was scree n ed th ro u g h
T y le r s c re e n s o f s iz e s 5=,
in c h .
3 / 4 - , 3 / 8 - g 5 /1 6 -in c h and 20-mesh p e r
The amount o f p lu s 3=in c h s iz e was n e g l i g i b l e , in d ic a tin g th a t
t h i s coal, i s v e ry f r i a b l e .
S ize D e n sity D i s t r ib u tio n o f Cokeda le No. 3 Goal
The d a ta in Table 31 a re th e p e r c e n til e d i s t r i b u t i o n a cc o rd in g to
s iz e and d e n s ity o f the above sam p le. o f Cokedale No. 3 c o a l.
A f te r .th e
s iz e s e g r e g a tio n was accom plished e ac h o f th e s iz e f r a c t i o n s were
s e p a ra te d a c c o rd in g to d e n s ity by f l o a t i n g them on su c c e e d in g ly l i g h t e r
s o lu tio n s o f carbon te t r a c h l o r i d e and is o p ro p y l a lc o h o l.
I n d iv id u a l and C um ulative D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Ash in a Nine Ground Sample
o f Coke dale. No. 5 Coal
Table 12 in th e Appendix em bodies th e d a ta o b ta in e d by th e f l o ­
t a t i o n o f a CokBdale N o.-5 c o a l.
The c o a l was ground to minus 20-mssh
p e r in c h s iz e and f lo a te d in -the f i n e - c o a l f l o t a t i o n a p p a ra tu s shown in
F ig u re 7 .
F ig u re 10 i s . a p l o t o f th e s e d a ta .
T h is p lo t was used a s a
guide in f l o a t i n g the c o a l used in th e t h i r d ru n o f th e p i l o t coke
p la n t
=23"
SUMMARY .
1. - Coal from th e fo llo w in g a r e a s in v e s tig a te d w i l l produce co k e:
. Sand Coulee D i s t r i c t o f G reat F a lls ^ le w isto w n f i e l d , Cokedale V ein
Np0 3 o f L iv in g sto n ~ T ra .il C reek f i e l d , E l e c t r i c f i e l d in so u th e rn
P ark Couniye
2.
C om m ercially a c c e p ta b le coke was produced from Gokedale Efoe 3 c o a l
from th e L iv in g sto n = -T ra il Greek f i e l d by a p p ly in g u p g rad in g methods
in i t s p re p a ra tio n .,
°?24='
ACEHOlCLEDGEMSMT
The a u th o r acknow ledges w ith th a n k s th e su p p o rt o f th e E n g in e e rin g
E xperim ent .S ta tio n .,of Montana S ta te C o lleg e which sponsored t h i s pro=
je c to
=35=
HTEHATURE CIffiD
Ie
A m erican S o c ie ty f o r T e s tin g M a te r ia ls , 1955 Book o f ASTM S ta n d a rd s ,
P a r t 5, P h ila d e lp h ia , Pa..-, 1955.
2.
B ird , B .'M 0;, and H. E . Msssmore, -The F lo a t and S in k T e s t f o r .Fine=
C o a l, B u r. o f Mines He I . 3586, D ept, o f I n t r . , W ashington, D. Ge
1924.
3.
Cam pbell, M. R ., .C o n trib u tio n s to Economic G eology, USGS B u lle tin
471, D ept, o f I n t r . , pp. 392, W ashington D. G ., 1911.
4.
Combo, J . X ., D0 M. Brown, H . .P» P u lv e r , and D. A. T a y lo r, Coail
R eso u rces o f M ontana, USGS C ir c u la r 55, D ept, o f I n t f . , W ashington,
. D. C ., 1949.
5.
6.
H e r z e i, R.., M. S. .T h e s is, Montana S ta te C o lle g e , 1953.
McMilan, E . R ., and B. .M. ,B ir d . A F lo a t and S in k Method .and
A pparatus, f o r T e s tin g C o a l, B ur. o f Mines R. I . 2570, D ep t, o f
. I n t r . , W ashington D. C0, 19&4.
7 . . P a r r , S. W., T h e ,A n a ly sis o f F u e l , ' G as, W ater and L u b r ic a n ts ,
F o u rth E d . , .pp. 208, McGraw=Hill, New York, 1952.
'
8.
S h ie ld s , W. J 0 , P e rs o n a l Communication.
APPENDIX
T able
Io
T able
2.
Table
3.
T able
4©
Table
5,
T able
6©
o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a o o o o o e o o e o o o o e
35
T able
7©
o o o o « o o o o o o o o o o e o o o o o o « o o o o e o o o
37
T able
8©
0
0 0 0 0 9
38
T able
9©
0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 0
39
o o o c « e e o o o e o a e « o o o
29
31
' O o o o o o e o A o o o e o a o o o o o o a o o o o o o c o o o o o o o e o a i
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
b
0
0
0
« «
0
0
0
9
0 0 0 0 0
o
0
52
T able 10o
!IO0
Mine-Run S iz e D is tr ib u tio n , o f C okedale No, 3 C oal
40
T able I:H©
l0
S iz e -D e n s ity D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Coksdal© Nb0 3 C oal
41
T ab le 12»
i n a F in e . Ground' Sample o f Cokedale No© 3 Goal
42
F ig u re
1©
I, H igh te m p e ra tu re m u ffle fu rn a c e
43
F ig u re
2,
>00000009
44
F ig u re
3,
1 0 0 0 0 9 9 9 0
45
F ig u re
4,
F ig u re
5,
46
o f e le c tr ic ©oke furm aee
9 9 0 9 9 0 0 9 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 9 0 9 0 0 0 0
47
48
F ig u re
6,
F ig u re
7.
00
49
F ig u re
8©
8, C r o s s - s e c tio n showing d e t a i l s o f hopper c o n s tr u c tio n °
50
F ig u re
9
10 0
A f^T3 ^ p T n ^ yn*fe
9
9 9 9 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 9
F ig u re 10
10© P lo t o f u p g ra d in g d a ta r e p r e s e n te d i n Table 12
0 0 0 0 9 9 0
51
52
Table I 9
MABKET ESTIMATE FOB A MONTANA GOKE INDUSTKY
P la n t and L o c a tio n
Y e a r ly Tonnage
_
P r i s e Now B eing P a id p e r Ton
Coke
F r e ig h t
P r e s e n t S o u rce
W estvaeo G hem ieal D iv is io n
P o e a t e l l o 9 Id ah o
SOO9OOO
$ 15.00
V ic t o r C hem ical Works
S i l v e r Bow9 M ontana
IOO9OOO
15.00
M onsanto C hem ical Co*
Soda S p r in g s 9 Id ah o
IOO9OOO
15.00 -
4 .5 5
G eneva9 U tah
A m erican S iie lti n g and
B e f in in g Coe ■
E a s t H e le n a 9 Montana
IOO9OOO ( b r e e z e )
10.00
5. 0b
T r a i l 9 B r i t i s h Colum bia
IO 0OO
SO0GO
7.00
9.00
G eneva9 U tah
P u e b lo 9 C olorado
8.25
P u e b lo 9 C o lorado
A naconda Copper M ining Co0
Anaconda and G re a t F a l l s 9
M ontana
7.00
1 1 .0 0
SO9OOO (P co k e)
S 9OOO (fo u n d ry )
G re a t W e ste rn S u g ar Co0
B i i l i n g s 9 M ontana
500
3 0 .0 0
G re a t" W e s te rn S u g a r .Coe
L o v e l l9 Wyoming
500
—
H o lly S u g a r Cq0
H a rd ia and S id n e y 9 Montana
500
500
U ta h = Id a h o "Sugar Coe
C hinook9 M ontana
S u g ar C i t y 9 Id ah o
W heeler and T o p p e n ish 9 Washe
$ 5.50 . G eneva9 U tah
11.00
G le v e la n d 9 Ohio
500
500
I 9OOO
—
G eneva9 U tah
S o u th C hieago9 I l l i n o i s
-— —
—
"
3 8
"
T a b le 2 e
ESTIMATED RAILROAD FREIGHT RATES FOR BULK COKE *
L l v in g s to n 9 M ontana t o :
E a s t H e le n a , M ontana
R a te p e r S h o r t Ton
o o e o e o o o o e e e o e e o o o ' p o o o d O'o d o o o 0 0 0 0
4o00
A naconda9 M ontana
4 e15
S i l v e r Bow9 M ontana @*o*@*o»***o**e 0»*e**@*e**** 0oe@o*
4 o l5
,PoCatellO 9 Idaho 0000
ee-eeeoeeeoeeeeoo-o -e o&
6.00
P o r t l a n d 9 O regon oAo@*a***a*oo»o**oo*****e**oo**A*o 0o@
7.55
S e a t t l e 9 W ash in g to n eeeeoaeoee^eeaoeeaeeeoeaeoeoeeoeeao
7o95
0 0
» e fl 6
0 0 0
e
0 0
0
* Made b y P* A> W alsh 9 " G e n e ra l F r e i g h t A g en t9 N o r th e r n P a c i f i c
R a ilw a y , S a i n t P a u l , M in n eso ta
= 2 9 g'
Table 3 o
BY-PRODUCT COKE PLANT COST ESTIMATE *
B a s is e
I o 1330 to n s o f c o a l p e r d a y a t 63 p e r c e n t c o n v e r s io n t o co k e o r
838 to n s o f coke p e r day*
2 a B y -p ro d u c t g a s c r e d i t o f 15 c e n t s p e r th o u s a n d c u b ic f e e t o f
g a s o r S l 0I l p e r t o n o f coke*
3 o E s tim a te d c o s t e x c l u s i v e o f r a d m i n i s t r a t i v e e x p e n s e $ i n t e r e s t
on in v e s tm e n t* d e p r e c ia ti o n * c i t y o r s t a t e ta x * w o rk in g c a p i t a l *
and f e d e r a l incom e tax®
4® T r e a te d c o a l r e a d y t o so k e $7»15 p e r t o n e
O p e r a tio n a l c o s t s p e r day®
I e O p eratx n g l a o o r O0 e e e *e e e e e e e e e e e e e e o e e o e e e e e e o e e o e e e e e e ^ -1*733
2 0 R e p a ir s and m a in te n a n c e ; L ab o r e e e e 0oe o o e e e e e e 0 oe e e e e e e <»
;
M a te rx a ls e e e e 0 e e e e e e e e e e c eeeee
495
250
3 G O peracxng u t U x t x e s O0 e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e o e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e
838
4c By—p ro d u c e p l a n t , s u p p lx e s e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e
3^3
5o M is c e lla n e o u s e x p e n se (s h o p in s u r a n c e * o f f i c e and
shop vacatx o n s* e t c ) e ee e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e G0eeeeeeee
1*221
6 0 C oal c h a rg e d e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e
.9 * 5 0 0
T o t a l m a n u fa c tu rin g e x p e n se s e e e e e e e e , e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e $13*200
C r e d i ts p e r day„
I 0 C oal t a r * 13*300 g a l , a t 9 c e n ts p e r g a l 0 e e e e e e e e e e e e e « # 1 * 1 9 7
2„
Ammonium s u lp h a te * 16 to n s a t $35 p e r to n .........................
3 e Gas s u r p lu s * 9*310*000 e f a t 15 c e n t s p e r Mcf O6 e e e eeeee
4»
L ig h t o i l * 200 g a l 0 a t 15 c e n t s p e r g a l e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e o
5 o Coke b r e e z e * 66«5 n e t to n s (5 p e r c e n t o f c o a l ) a t $3
5&0
931
30
200
«?
30
=»
T a b le 3» ( c o n tin u e d )
BY-PRODUCT COKE PLANT COST ESTIMATE *
T o ta l c r e d i t s
»oeeoee<KOooeeeeo0eoe*oooooe»oe®o*fl »eeoe
N et m a n u fa ctu rin g expenses p e r day
$13 <,200 - $3748
** $9452
Cost o f coke p e r to n
$ 9 4 5 2 /(0 .6 3 X
1330) = $ 1 1 .3 0
C ost o f p la n t
$ 1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 to $ 2 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
-x- E s tim a te made by Hoppers Company, P i t t s b u r g h , Pennsylvania.
3 »748
Table 4o
MONTMA COALS INVESTIGATED FOR COKING QUALITIES
C oals
F ie ld
Coking
Remarks
C o k ed ale No* 3
L iv in g s to n = T r a i l C reek
Yes
C okedale No* 4
L iv in g s to n = T r a il C reek
No
From an abandoned m ine n e a r t h e o ld
C o k ed ale m in in g a r e a
From an o u tc ro p p in g
C okedale No* 5
L iv in g s to n = T r a il C reek
No
From s e v e r a l l o c a t i o n s a lo n g t h e f i e l d
C o ls trip
F o r s y th
No
From R osebud b ed
E l e c t r i c No* I
E le c tric
Yes
E l e c t r i c No* 2
E le c tric
No
From c e n t e r o f a c o a l p i l e a t o ld coke
o p e ra tio n s '
From an o u tc ro p p in g
Washoe
Red Lodge
No
B e lt
G r e a t F a lls= L e w isto w n
No
From u p p e r v e i n i n Sand C oulee d i s t r i c t .
B e lt
G r e a t F a lls= L e w isto w n
Yes
From lo w e r v e i n i n Sand C oulee d i s t r i c t
Roundup ■■
B u ll M ountain
No
From PDF P ro c e s s in g Coe j Roundupj, M ontana
B e a rc re e k No* 2
Red Lodge
No
From seam No* 2
B e a re re e k No* 3
Red Lodge
No
From seam No* 3
B e a rc re e k No* 4
Red Lodge
No
From seam No* 4
*“32^
T a b le 5«,
ASH ANALYSES
Number
D ate
G oal and Remarks
P e r c e n t a sh
Goal made fro m G o k ed ale No, 3 c o a l
on S ep tem b er 4j> 1953*
1 8 ,4
10— 9—53
E l e c t r i c No* I c o a l
1 8 ,5
3
1 0 -9 -5 3
E l e c t r i c No* 2 c o a l
12*1-
4
1 0 -2 2 -5 3
Coke p ic k e d u p a t s i t e o f o ld poke,
o p e r a t io n s a t E l e c t r i c c o a l f i e l d s
1 8 ,0
5
1 1 - 2 -5 3
C o k ed ale No* 5 c o a l fro m a n a i r s h a f t
5.8 3
6
1 1 - 2 -5 3
C ok ed ale No* 5 c o a l fro m a n o ld m ine
8 ,5 6
7
1 2 -1 2 -5 3
G oal fro m K e n t5 W ash in g to n
S
1 2 -1 3 -5 3
W ashoe5 M ontana c o a l
9
1 2 -1 3 -5 3
G okedale No, 4 c o a l fro m an o u tc ro p p in g
' 10
1 2 -1 3 -5 3
G oal fro m C o l s t r i p s M ontana s t r i p m ine
11
1— 6—54
12
1- 15-54 C o k ed ale No, 5 c o a l fro m S e c t io n 23
I
9- 30-53
2
2 3 .9
26,6
6 ,6 8
6 ,7 1
1 2 ,7 1
1 0 ,2 0
7*79
6 ,9 0
1 4 .3 8
1 3 .8 0
G oal fro m B e l t s M ontana (u p p e r v e in )
4 9 .4
49.7
o b ta in e d b y b l a s t i n g i n t o o u tc ro p p in g
13
1 -1 9 -5 4
C har fro m PDF P r o c e s s in g Co0jl Roundups
M ontana
14
1 -2 9 -5 4
C okedale No, 3 c o a l fro m p i l l a r i n
abandoned m ine
15
1 -3 0 -5 4
C oal from B e l t s M ontana (lo w e r v e in )
16
2 -1 0 -5 4
Char fro m PDP P r o c e s s in g Go*s R pundups
M ontana
9.26
9.25
.
1 0 .3 4
1 0 ,3 2
1 4 .2 2
13.80
3 4 .0 0
3 3 .0 0
- 53'
Table 5. (continued)
ASH AMLYSES
Humber
Date
Goal and Remarks
.,
17
2-1 0 -5 4
C oal from PDP P ro c e s s in g C o ., Roundup,
Mqntana
18
2-11-54
C okedale Hqe 3 c o a l, ground to minus 2 0mesh p e r in c h s iz e and d e n s ity .s e g r e g a te d
F lo a ts o r S in k s
S p e c if ic G ra v ity
F
1 .3 0
F
1 .3 0
F
1 .3 5
F
1 .3 5
F
1 .4 0
F
1 .4 0
F
1 .4 5
F
1 .4 5
F
1 .5 0
F
1 .5 0
S
1 .5 0
S
1 .5 0
P e rc e n t Ash
9.0 0
9.2 0
3.2 7
. 2 .6 6
7 .7 9
7.6 1
1 3.20
1 3 .6 0
17.60
1 7.40
24.80
24.80
4 0.80
4 1.40
5 .5 5
6 .0 2
19
2-1 3 -5 4
H e a tin g c o a l from .Montana S ta te C o lleg e
P h y s ic a l P la n t
20
2—13—54
C oal from .Tw in B rid g e s O rphanage,
sample marked "F eb. 7 ”
1 1.29
1 1 .8 8
21
2-1 3 -5 4 .C oal from Twin B rid g e s O rphanage,
.sample marked "F eb. 9"
10.57
10.27
22
2—24—54
Cokedale Ho. 3 c o a l f lo a te d on a
1 .4 5 Sp.G . s o lu tio n of. ZnClg
23
2^24-54
11S in k s " .fro m above f l o t a t i o n
35.22
3 6.10
24
3— 9—54
Coke made from c o a l r e p o r te d in
A n a ly s is 22
16.50
16.58
25
3-13-54
Char .from ,PDP P ro c e s s in g C o ., Roundup,
Montana
1 9.50
20.65
■6.30
6.10
Table S0 . (c o n tin u e d )
ASH AMLYSES
Number
Date
. .Goal and Remarks
P e rc e n t Ash
26
3-29-54
C oal from No, 2 seam a t B ea ro ree k 9
Montana
4 .8 4
4 .8 3
27
3-29-54
Gqal from No* 3 seam a t B e a rc re e k 9
Montana
7 .6 3
7 .5 2
28
3-29-54
C oal from No* 4 seam a t B e a rc re e k 9
Montana
6 .1 0
5 .8 1
29
3-2 9 -5 4
Char from EDP P ro c e s sin g C'o*9 Roundup,
Montana
23.30
23.38
30
4-2 9 -5 4
D ried c o a l , sample o f C okedale No* 3
from abandoned mine
16.43
1 4 .7 2
31
-
4 -2 9 -5 4
C oal from A n a ly s is 30 f lo a te d on a
1*40 Sp0G* s o lu tio n o f CCl^ and h-GyH^g
32
4-29 -54
"S in k s" from above- f l o t a t i o n
4 9 .2 5
4 7 .9 0
33
4-2 9 -5 4
Coke made from c o a l i n A n a ly sis 31
14.28: '
13.26
34
-
4=30-54
Coke from R & P C oal Co* .beehive ovens.
I n d ia n a , Pa*
. 10*01
8 .2 0
35
5-11^54
Char from PDF P ro c e s s in g Co*, Roundup9
Montana
16*76
17.05
36
5-1 2 -5 4
D ust from, o f f - g a s p ip e a t .PDP Co* r e t o r t ..
Roundup, Montana
41.40
4 1 .0 0
8 .2 0
8 .2 4
Table 6«,
PROXIMATE MALJSES
Number
D a te
C oal and Remarks
P e r c e n t i l e A n a ly s is
‘
I
11- 2- 53::\
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
IO
:
E s-M0 T
< , FoC 0
ToC4M.
Ash
C o k ed ale No 0 5 c o a l fro m a i r s h a f t
53.17
41.10
5.93
1— 6 -5 4
C oal fro m B e l t 9 M ontana (u p p e r v e in )
54.92
55.25
30.70
30.70
14.38
14.05
1—19—54
C har fro m PDP P r o c e s s in g Go09
Roundup 9 M ontana
6 4 .1 3
63.85
26.61
26.90
9.26
9.25
1 0 .3 4
1—29—54
1=30=54
2 -1 0 -5 4
2—10=54
2 -1 3 -5 4
2 -1 3 -5 4
2 -1 3 -5 4
O o k e d a le "Nd*'3 c o a l fro m p i l l a r i n
abandoned m ine
— —
1.59
1 .4 9
C o al fro m B e l t 9 M ontana (lo w e r v e in )
C har” fro m PDP P r o c e s s in g Co09
Roundup 9 M ontana .
4 8 .0 6
40.01
48.68
39.51
10.32
47.48
——
4 9 .1 0
38.30
37.10
14.22
13.80
59.95
59.28
7.15
—
6.72
33.00
34.00
42.50
43.10
48.50
9.00
4 7 .7 0
9.20
—
C oal fro m PDP P r o c e s s in g Go09Roundup 9 M ontana::
—
H e a tin g C oal from .M ontana S t a t e
C o lle g e P h y s ic a l P la n t
14.10 '
47.28
48.45
3 1 .9 0
1 4 .1 0
32.60
6.02
C o si fro m Twin B rid g e s O rphanage 9
sam ple -marked- ■flFeb ' 7 »
13.52
14.92
39.52
3 3 .5 5
31.28
33.78
11.88
C oal from Twin B rid g e s O rphanage 9
sam ple m arked ffFeb 9"
1 5 .7 2
4 1 .3 3
4 1 .5 3
31.48
32.18
10 . 2?
1 0 .5 7
16.92
5.55
11.28
T a b le 6 e ( c o n tin u e d )
PROXIMATE MALISES
D ate
G oal and Remarks
P e r c e n t i l e A n a ly s is
F 0Me
11
12
13
14
3 - 9 -5 4
3- 13-54
3 -2 9 -5 4
5 -1 1 -5 4
F 0C0
V 6Q0M0
Ash
81.%
81,36
1.96
2.66
16.50
16.58
"0.68
73.85
76.50
4 .7 9
3 .3 2
1 9 .5 0
Char fro m PDP P r o c e s s in g Co09
Roundup 9 M ontana
' 0.74
70.78
71.82
4.18
O064
Char fro m PDP P r o c e s s in g Co69
Roundup9 ■M ontana
3.63
3.56
73.23
7 4 .3 4
6.38
5.05
■ GoM made from C o M d ale No6" G oal
f l o a t e d o n I 045 SpeCU s o l u t i o n
Char from PDP P r o c e s s in g Ge09
Roundup 9 M ontana
=Seaeeeea
O0eE-
4 .1 6
20.65
2 4 ,3 0
2 3 .3 8
16,76
17.05
"92-
Number
Table 7=
SULPHUR DETERMINATIGNa
Number
D ate
1
2 -1 4 -5 4
2
3
6
F lu id coke fro m C a r te r O il Co9 a t B i l l i n g s 5, M ontana
Same
2—14—54
4
5
Sample and Rem arks
5 -1 1 -5 4
P e rc e n t S u lp h u r
6 „54
6„25
F lu id co k e fro m C a r te r - O i l Co„ a t B i l l i h g s s M ontana
a f t e r b e in g e x t r a c t e d w ith CSg f o r 2 4 -h o u rs
Same
6 „78 ■
Coke made, fro m C okedale No 9 3 c o a l on A p r il 2 9 s 1954
I „29
Same
6„92
I „48
Table 8 .
PILOT GOKE PLANT RUNS
3
2~2k~5h
4-29=54
C h arg in g T em p eratu re
0C
F 6Ge
C okedale No, 3 c o a l b ro k e n t o
w a ln u t s i z e and ch a rg e d w et t o
th e r e t o r t .
950
71.20
71.17
C o k ed ale No, 3 coal-.'ground t o
m inus 20-m esh i n h am m erm ili" and
f l o a t e d ' on a 1 ,4 5 SpeG0 ZhGl2
S o lu tio n ,
850
O okedale Noe ' 3' c o a l' cru sh ed ' in "
ja w - c r u s h e r w ith 1- i n c h o p en in g
and f l o a t e d on a 1 ,4 0 Sp 0G0 . ‘
s o l u t i o n o f CCl4 and n-C^H-j^
850
P e r c e n t i l e A n a ly s is
F 6M0
—
81.54
81.36
—
0,20
0.35
V6C6Me
Ash
2*18
2,11
26;62
26,72
1.96
2.06
16.50
e=ewc”
1 6 .5 8
13.26
14.28
“
2
9“ 4°53
C o al and Rem arks
82
I
D ate
“
Number
Table 9
FREE-SWELLlNa INDEXES
Number
I
G oal and Remarks
D ate
3™ 9 -5 4
C o al 'c o r e - d r i l l e d " from an abandoned
C okedale N o, 3 m ine p i l l a r
D epth
Sample
I
.2
su rface 4
3i
4
4i
#
2
1—f t , 4&
3
2—f t , 3
4
3 -ft,
5
4 - f t , Ig
6
3 -3 0 -5 4
7
C o al s o r e - d r i l l e d ’ from ah abandoned
C dk ed ale Noe 3 m ine s h a f t
.
8 i
9
. 3 -3 0 -5 4
Cdnl e o r e - d H n ed "fro m an abandoned
C okedale N o, 3 m ine s h a f t
.
3
4
.
Av1
4i
4
hk
4i
4i
3g
. . 2i
.3
N o n -ag g lo m e ratin g
1&
ii
ii
ii
su rface 2
Il
2
ii
ii
1—f t , 4
4i
4i
Ai
4i
3 -ft, I
Ig
Ii
I
Ii
s u r f a c e 2g
2*
2i
2i
2i
.
'
10
1- f t© 3g
4
4
3i
4
11
2- f t , 3
4
3i
3
3i
12
2$ - f t , 3 i
4s
4i
4i
4
3—f t a 4
4s
4i
4
4 ? fte 4
5
4i
4i
13
14
<
I
. 4
4i
"40”
Table 10,
MNE-BTH SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF COKBDAIE NO. 3 COAL
P e rc e n t
S iz e
LaT^er th a n 1^—ia c b e s a . . . * .
I g - % 3 / 4 -in c h e s
3 /4 ” X 3 /8 ” lHCbBS
oooooooeooo9ooeeo«ooooooooo
w9 V*
, a . . . a . . . . 0©000©0000«00000«000©. 900000
6 0 67
a o a o o a o a a o a a a a a o 4 o o o 9 o e o o o o e o o o o e o o e 0 9 9 9 ©9 © 16 ©8 2
3 /8 — x ' 3 / l 6 —m ciies_
a , * . . . , . * . * * * . .
©•©©©•©©oeooooooooooeoooooo 21©35
3 /1 6 -in e h x 20-mesh p e r in c h e a , , . ooe ooooot t ooooo e’o ©oooooo©©©© 3 9 O92
S m a lle r th a n 20-mesh p e r in c h . . . . • e. aoe*9 ©'©«©© o'©©eooooooooo© © 13© 20
T o ta l
0 9 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 «
9 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 6 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 Q O O O O O O
1 0 0 .0 0
Table H e
SIZE-DENSITY DISTRIBUTION CQF COEEDAIE Np* 5 COAL
D e n s ity
j^SO
I
Km
I
/IR
V
I
<zc
Bi esh
T y le r S c re e n S iz e
/3 /1 6 ra / 3 / 8 *
/3 /4 *
"
10,89 io
8 .3 4 %
S045 - i
0 .6 6 %
1 ,6 0 %
0 ,4 8 f»
0 ,2 6 i
0 .1 0 i
0.0 7 i
1 ,8 0 $
O083 io
0.47 i
0 .2 7 %
O016 i
S', 69 $
1 .7 6 i
1.0 7 $
0 ,4 7 #
0 .1 8 %
1 .6 3 ^
0 .7 7 io
'3 4 ,3 8 #
\
5 .7 0 ^
SopO i
1 . 63 i
le s s .
5 ,7 5 %
5 ,3 8 i
5 .0 5 io
T o ta ls
39,92 %
I CtA
XoOU
/ i i
21.35 % 16.82 i
T o ta l p lu s 13o20 io o f l e s s than SO=BBsh
0 ,2 0 %
6.67 $
2 .0 4 %
o o o o o e o o o o o o o o o o e
1 0 0 ,0 0 fp
*=42'
Table 120
INDIVIDUAL AND CUMULATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF ASH IN A FINE GROUND
SAMPLE OF COEEDALE NO. 3 COAL
D e n sity
IT . .
Ash
IT .
Coal
*
Ash
50.60
2 .9 6
1 .5 0
21,49
7 .7 0
12.90
Cum0TO0
. Ash
$
R ecovery
Ash
1 .5 0
50.60
2.97
1 .6 5
3 .1 5
72.09
4 .37
1 3 .20
1 .7 0
4 .8 5
8 4 .9 9
5 .7 2
7 ,.IS
17.50
1.25
6.10
92.12
6.63
4 .6 1
24.40
1 .1 3
7 .2 3
96.73
7.4 8
1.50
I»
1 .4 0
I . 35
1 .3 0
i
^
r;
^
i
B
"!TTl
mr*
-> I
T1 ,
I
I
f
u
F RONT
U
____ L
I
t*p
p—
h
INSULATI ON
ALUMI NUM A N G L E S
' i
HANDLE
HIM
I i 11'
HEATING
THERMOCOUPLE
E L E M E N T S ------
n I I / 11 111 I 11 I I I 11 I / I iTTV
AIR LINE
DOOR
BRI CKS
- •v_
PI NE S T R I P S
F igure
IRON S UP P O R T S
..•oc t i o n A o f H ig h T e:.v..d -M fru r3 . .. u f f I o F u r n n c o
ALUMINUM
ANGLES
INSULATI ON
4^
CA
I
F igure
.'(J C tlo o
B
of
.- . I n
7 u : ;. a r - t u r d
J u ffle
P urorca
BURNER
P ACKED
CONDE NS E R
TAR T R A P
BE L L O WS
PUMP
//
CONDE NS E R- ?
RE T ORT
MUFFLE
FURNACE
- CATCH
BOT T L E
fig u r e 4 . S chem atic I l l u s t r a t i o n o f Bench S c a le Co.-ce
F LASK
Ia n t
SUB-DOQR
ALUMI NUM S H E E T
FURNACE
Cl OORS-
SUPPORTS -r
SU PPORT FINGERS
A N GL E
SHELL
I NSUL ATK-N
Figure 5•
IRCNS
I NS ULATI NG
SPLIT
BRI CKS
BRICKS
Gross—3 3 ct io n shovvin g r o o f end door c o n s tr u c tio n o f 3 l o c t r l c coica Xurn c e 0
I NSULATI ON
METAL
TAR TRAP
CONNECTI ON
SHELL
REF RACT ORY
\
WAL L
LOADI NG
STRAP —
'v \ \ \ \i
RETORT
K\\\\\\\l
\\\\J
/ / / / / '
asbestos
FigUro 6. Cl-
board
S AN D
- a u c tio n Chox Ir.; o ri i.. I Turn co c n ^ tr c c iio n .
WI RE
SCREEN
gate
HANDLE
FUNNEL
IU
Z
3
3
O
«*
>
or
in
in
iu
<r
3
O-
1 .3 0
1.3 3
1 .4 0
S OL UT I ON
F ig u r e 7 C
1.4 5
BOTTLES
chew s t i c
1 .5 0
1.55
CATCH
BOTTLES
;roiii o f F l o t a t i o n
A p p a r a tu s
'
-CX
SPRAY P I P E
I
SATE
'
GATE
HANDLE
PACKI NG
GLAND
F LOATS
MANI FOLD
SCREEN
'Atei* ; ■
SUPPORT
NIPPLE BRAZED TO COPPER
TUBE
F ig u r e S . G r o s s - s e c t io n s h o w in g d e t a i l s o f ho; p e r c o n s t r u c t i o n .
Fimir-! 9, i'oha a t i c i l l u s t r a t i o n o f fr e e - s 'v a ilin g index ) tui:>:aent
ASH C ONT E NT
VS
RECOVERY BY FLOATATI ON
FOR COKEUALE
NO. 3 COAL
yuscn
PERCENT RECOVERY
F I -ju r e I O o
le t
o f th e u p g r a d in g d a ta r e ; r e s e n te d
in T a b le 1 2 .
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
111 I III! m i
3
111
7 62 10 01551 0 8
#378
Sm57c
—
co p . 2
112606
S m ith, Gordon R
The c a r b o n iz a tio n o f Montana
N3?8
ocr T t S t ,
112506
Cop. 2.