Evaluation of the strength of a reactor pressure vessel
by Everett E Shaw
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Mechanical Engineering
Montana State University
© Copyright by Everett E Shaw (1955)
Abstract:
This report is an appraisal of the strength of a reactor vessel. It is based on 1) a consideration of the
mechanical properties of the vessel components, and 2) a series of three tests made to record outside
surface principal strains vs internal pressure.
The data show the vessel to have been considerably strengthened by st-rain hardening in testing. It is
found that pressures up to 7000 psi will cause no further yielding, and that rupture will not occur below
9000 psi. EVALUATION OF THE STRENGTH OF A REACTOR
PRESSURE VESSEL
;
by
EVERETT E. SHAW
A THESIS
S u b n itte d t o th e G raduate F a c u lty
in
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts
f o r th e d e g re e o f ,
M aster o f S c ie n c e i n M echanical E n g in ee rin g
at
Montana S t a t e C o lle g e
A pproved%
Bozeman j, Montana
A p r i l j 1955
- 2 -
CONTENTS
Page
A b s tra c t
.
In tr o d u c tio n
S e c tio n I .
S e c tio n 2 .
THE VESSEL
.
......................................................................................
5
.............................................. ......................................
6
.
.
G eneral
.
F a b r ic a tio n
.
THE PRESSURE T E S T ................................................................................
12
C o n c e p t ............................................................................................
I n s t a l l a t i o n o f G a g e s ..........................................................
Assembly o f The V essel
.....................................................
A rrangem ent o f E q u i p m e n t .....................................................
T e s t P r o c e d u r e .........................................................................
R e s u lts
......................................................................................
C o n c l u s i o n s ...............................................................................
12
12
18
18
24
24
25
Appendix
A PRESSURE VS STRAIN TEST DATA
.....................................................
28
Appendix
B METHOD OF SETTING PUMP CASING
AND HEAD FLANGE BOLTS.....................................................
66
L i t e r a t u r e C o n su lted
..................................................................
70
TABLES
T able I .
P re s s u re a t L im it o f P r o p o rtio n a l S t r a i n
25
-M ' 8 n i
«► 5
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
F ig .
F ig .
F ig .
F ig .
F ig .
F ig .
I.
2.
3.
4»
5.
6.
R e a c to r assem bly
P er c e n t r e d u c tio n o f a re a by fo r g in g . *
O 4
P la n o f s t r a i n gage placem ent . . . .
l y r i c a l gage i n s t a l l a t i o n s on o u ts id e s u rfa c e
Clamping arrangem ent f o r in s id e gages . . e
Lead w ire s e a lin g g lan d . . . .
F ig .
F ig .
F ig .
O v e r-a ll view o f th e v e s s e l s showing
com pleted gage i n s t a l l a t i o n s .
8 . Lower end o f com pleted v e s s e l assem bly
in t e s t c e ll .
9 . Head o f assem bled v e s s e l in t e s t c e l l
1 0, S chem atic o f t e s t s e t- u p . . . . .
1 1 . S t a t i o n a t w hich re a d in g s w ere ta k e n .
F ig ,
F ig .
F ig ,
F ig .
F ig .
F ig .
12.
1 3.
1 4.
1 5,
1 6.
1 7.
P ressu re
P re s s u re
P re s s u re
P re s s u re
P ressu re
P ressu re
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
s tra in
s tra in
s tra in
s tra in
s tra in
s tra in
at
at
at
at
at
at
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
A,
A,
A,
B,
Bj
Bj
te s t
te s t
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te s t
#1
#2
#3
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#2
#3
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F ig .
F ig ,
18,
19.
2 0.
2 1.
2 2.
2 3.
P re s s u re
P ressu re
P re s s u re
P re s s u re
P ressu re
P re s s u re
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
vs
s tra in
s tra in
s tra in
s tra in ,
s tra in
s tra in
at
at
at
at
at
at
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
C9
G9
Cp
D9
D9
D9
te s t
te s t
te s t
te s t
te s t
te s t
#1
#2
#3
#1
#2
#3
F ig , 24.
F ig . 2 5.
F ig . 2 6.
F ig . 27.
F ig . 28.
F ig . 29.
P ressu re
P re s s u re
P re s s u re
P re s s u re
P ressu re
P re s s u re
vs
vs
vs
vs
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vs
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s tra in
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at
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s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
E9
E9
E9
F9
F9
F9
te s t
te s t
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#1
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.
».
.
Q
•
F ig .
F ig .
F ig .
F ig .
F ig .
F ig .
P re s s u re
P re s s u re
P re s s u re
P ressu re
P ressu re
P ressu re
vs
vs
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s tra in
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s tra in
s tra in
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at
at
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at
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
O9
G9
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H9
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.
.
,
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e,
e
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.
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8
10
13
14
16
17
F ig . 7 .
F ig .
30.
31.
32.
33,
34.
35.
19
20
21
22
23
.
«
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e
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.
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,
e
b
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. 36
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41
. 42
43
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. 46
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.
.
47
48
49
50
51
52
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
F ig .
F ig .
F ig .
F ig .
F ig .
F ig .
36.
37.
38.
39.
4 0.
41«
P re s s u re
P re s s u re
P re s s u re
P ressu re
P re s s tre
P re s s u re
vs
vs
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vs
vs
vs
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at
at
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at
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
s e c tio n
I , t e s t #1
I 9 t e s t #2
I 9 te s t # 3
J 9 t e s t #1
J 9 te s t # 2
J 9 t e s t #3
. . . . .
.
. . . . .
.
.................................
. . . . .
.
.......................... ......
. . . . .
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
53
54
55
56
57
58
F ig . 4 2 .
F ig . 4 3 .
F ig . 4 4.
P r e s s u r e vs s t r a i n a t s e c tio n K9 t e s t #1 .
P re s s u re vs s t r a i n a t s e c tio n K9 t e s t #2
P re s s u re vs s t r a i n a t s e c tio n K9 t e s t #3 .
F ig . 4 5 .
P r e s s u r e vs s t r a i n a t s e c tio n L 9 t e s t # 1 ..................................
62
F ig . 4 6 .
F ig . 4 7 .
F ig . 4 8 .
P re s s u re vs s t r a i n a t s e c tio n M9 t e s t # 1 ...................................
P re s s u re vs s t r a i n a t s e c tio n M9 t e s t #2 . . . . .
.
P re s s u re vs s t r a i n a t s e c tio n M9 t e s t # 3 ...................................
63
64
65
F ig . 49»
F ig . 50.
Head fla n g e assem bly ...........................................................................
Pump e a s in g fla n g e a s s e m b l y .................................
68
69
'
59
60
61
ABSTRACT
T h is r e p o r t i s an a p p r a is a l o f th e s tr e n g th o f a r e a c t o r v e ss e l.. I t
I s based on I ) a c o n s id e r a tio n o f th e m echanical p r o p e r tie s o f th e v e s s e l
com ponentss and 2 ) a s e r i e s o f th r e e t e s t s made t o re c o rd o u ts id e s u rfa c e
p r i n c i p a l s t r a i n s vs i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e .
The d a ta show th e v e s s e l t o have been c o n s id e ra b ly s tre n g th e n e d by st<
r a i n h a rd e n in g in t e s t i n g . I t i s found t h a t p re s s u re s up. t o 7000 p s i w i l l
cau se no f u r t h e r y i e l d i n g s and t h a t r u p tu r e w i l l n o t o ccu r below 9000 p s i .
*• 6 .*»
INTRODUCTION
The in v e s t i g a t i o n o f th e s tr e n g th o f t h i s r e a c t o r was u n d e rta k e n t o
s u b s t a n t i a t e d e sig n c a l c u l a t i o n s .
High w orking s t r e s s e s had been u sed in
th e d e te rm in a tio n o f some o f i t s d im e n sio n st and th e s tr e n g th o f th e mat­
e r i a l was n o t a c c u r a te ly known.
I t was d e s i r a b l e , t h e r e f o r e , to v e r i f y by
a c t u a l t e s t i t s a b i l i t y t o w ith s ta n d o p e ra tin g p r e s s u r e s .
The v e s s e l underw ent a g e n e ra l perm anent d is t e n t i o n in each o f th e
th r e e p r e s s u r e t e s t s , b u t t h i s was s l i g h t , and no damage was in c u r r e d .
On
th e c o n tr a r y , s u b je c tio n t o t e s t p re s s u re s was b e n e f i c i a l i n t h a t s t r a i n
h a rd e n in g in c re a s e d th e p r e s s u r e a t w hich y ie ld in g f i r s t o c c u rre d in th e
v e s s e l from 4000 p s i in th e f i r s t t e s t to 7000 p s i . i n th e f i n a l te s t=
The work i s p re s e n te d h e re in two s e c t i o n s .
In Hhe f i r s t a re d esc­
r ib e d th e v e s s e l assem bly and i t s com ponents, g iv in g t h e i r s tr e n g th prop­
e r t i e s when known, and s u g g e s tin g ap p ro x im atio n s based on f a b r i c a t i o n h i s ­
to r y when unknown=
The second s e c tio n d e s c rib e s th e p re s s u re t e s t in de­
t a i l s th e p la n , equipm ent u sed and i t s i n s t a l l a t i o n , t e s t p ro c e d u re , and
re s u lts ,
S e c tio n I
THE VESSEL
G eneral
P r i n c i p a l components o f th e r e a c t o r a s -assem bled f o r th e p re s s u re t e s t
a r e i d e n t i f i e d in F ig . I .
The s tr e n g th o f a l l th e s e elem en ts e x c e p t th e
head and end cap was i n v e s t ig a te d .
C o n s tru c tio n d e t a i l o f th e head made
p o in ts o f i n t e r e s t in a c c e s s ib le for- s t r a i n gage p la ce m e n t, and b e h a v io r o f
th e end cap was o f no i n t e r e s t , s in c e i t was n o t p a r t o f th e r e a c t o r , b u t
was f o r t e s t u s e o n ly .
F a b r ic a tio n
The r e t o r t , pump c a s in g , a n d 'h e a d were fo rg ed from a 40 in c h hexagonal
b ig end up in g o t w eighing 36,600 pounds.
The m a te r ia l was e l e c t r i c fu rn a c e
s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , A ISI ty p e 347, which a n a ly z e d as fo llo w s :
Carbon .
.
.
.
.
.
.
Oi070 p e r c e n t
Manganese .
»
.' .
1 .5 6 0
S ilic o n
.
.
.
...
0 .5 8 0
Phosphorous
.
.
.
.
.
0.020
S u lp h u r
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.024
Chromium
.
.
.
.
.
.
18.000
N ic k e l .
.
.
.
.
.
.
11.000
The in g o t was p re h e a te d a t 1600° F .
F o rg in g was done a t 2150* F , th e
p ie c e b e in g re h e a te d a t i n t e r v a l s as r e q u ir e d .
F ig . 2 shows how th e in g o t
was w o r k e d ,.in d ic a tin g approxim ate r e d u c tio n o f a re a a t th e d i f f e r e n t s e c -
- 8 -
Head flange bolt
^— Head
— Pump casing
Retort
Insert
— Pump casing flange bolt
T— End cap
7 -7
Lead wire seal
Re i nf o r c e me nt ---- 1
130
Fig. I — R e a cto r assembly.
- 9 -
tio n s .
A fte r co m p letio n o f th e fo rg in g o p e ra tio n s th e p ie c e a i r c o o led from
1800° F .
The com pleted fo rg in g was saw ed, th e p a r ts rough m achined,' a n n e a le d ,
and f i n i s h m achined.
Welds made su b se q u e n tly w ere l o c a l l y h e a t t r e a t e d .
When th e r e t o r t was m achined, th r e e p ie c e s were c o re d r i l l e d from th e
fla n g e a t 90 d eg ree i n t e r v a l s .
S ta n d a rd ASTM 0.505 in c h d ia m e ter t e n s i l e
specim ens were made o f t h i s m a te r ia l and t e s t e d ,
T h e ir m echanical p ro p e r-
t i e s averaged as f o llo w s :
P ro p o rtio n a l l i m i t
.
.
.
.
.
.
20.400 p s i
Y ie ld s tr e n g th (0 .2 p e r c e n t o f f - s e t )
30 .4 0 0 p s i
U ltim a te t e n s i l e s tr e n g th .
71,500 p s i
R eduction in a re a
.
.
.
.................................
E lo n g a tio n in 2 in c h e s . . .
H ardness
.
C h arp y ' im pact
.
.
.
.
.
32 per' c e n t
.
.
30 p e r c e n t
.
.
.
.
80 Rb
.
57 f t - l b s
S in c e th e m a te r ia l t e s t e d was ta k e n where r e d u c tio n by fo rg in g was
l e a s t , th e s e v a lu e s may be re g a rd e d a s c o n s e rv a tiv e f o r any o th e r s e c tio n ..
t o a deg ree approxim ated a c c o rd in g to th e p e r c e n t r e d u c tio n e x p erien c e d
by t h a t s e c t i o n .
In t h i s way a g e n e ra l u n d e rs ta n d in g o f th e p r o p e r tie s
th ro u g h o u t th e v e s s e l may b e /g a in e d .
The f in i s h e d r e t o r t was u l t r a s o n i c a l l y in s p e c te d by th e f a b r i c a t o r ,
and r a d io g r a p h ic a lly in s p e c te d by th e p u rc h a s e r.
No d e f e c ts were found.
■S ubsequent r e c o n s id e r a tio n o f s t r e s s e s in th e pump c a s in g in d ic a te d
th e a d v i s a b i l i t y o f re in fo rc e m e n t.
T h is was done by w eld in g a s t e e l s le e v e
around th e upper s e c t i o n , and adding a b o lte d clamp a t th e low er s e c tio n as
F ig . 2 - P e r c e n t r e d u c tio n o f a re a by fo rg in g
a
11 shown i n F ig . I .
The head f la n g e b o l t s w ere A llegheny Ludlum Potomac "M" d ie s t e e l ,
p r i n c i p a l a llo y in g elem ents o f which a re
Carbon
Chromium
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
0.4 2 p e r c e n t
.
.
.
. . .
Molybdenum .
.
.
0
6
. -1 eOl
Vanadium
.
„
.
.
.
.
5.29
0 .9 5
These b o lts were b a r
dened t o Re 45? c o rre sp o n d in g to an u ltim a te t e n s i l e s tr e n g th o f 190,000
pSle
In o rd e r t o in c r e a s e th e a re a o f th re a d engagement in th e w eaker mat=
© ria l o f th e r e t o r t f la n g e , i n s e r t s were used a s shown in F ig . I .
These
were made o f AISI ty p e 414 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , hardened to Re 4 5 , h aving an
u ltim a te t e n s i l e s tr e n g th o f 150,000 p s l .
Pump c a s in g fla n g e b o lts were A ISI 4140, h a rd n e ss Re 3 0 , u ltim a te ten »
s l i e s t r e n g th 120,000 p s l .
•*
12
~
S e c tio n 2
THE PRESSURE TEST
On the. o u ts id e s u r f a c e , c ir c u m f e r e n tia l and lo n g itu d in a l s t r a i n s ner©
m easured a t each o f t h i r t e e n s e c tio n s ; in s id e th e v e s s e l , gages were i n s t a l ­
l e d a t th r e e s e c t i o n s .
F ig . 3 shows th e g e n e ra l p la n o f gage p la ce m e n t.
F or any g a g e, d e p a rtu re o f th e s t r a i n vs p re s s u re cu rv e from s t r a i g h t l i n e ■
was c o n sid e re d ev id en ce o f a n e l a s t i c a c ti o n w ith in th e w a ll a t o r near, t h a t
s e c tio n .
I n s t a l l a t i o n o f Gages
T y p ic a l o u ts id e s u rfa c e i n s t a l l a t i o n s a re shown i n F ig . 4* .Gages u sed
h e re were Sfk»4 ty p e A=5®1, and th e p ro c e d u re f o r t h e i r a p p lic a tio n was essen®
t i a l l y a s recommended by th e m a n u fa c tu re r.
M etal s u r f a c e s were c le a n e d w ith
to lu e n e and a c e to n e , and th e gages a p p lie d u s in g Dueo h o u seh o ld cem ent.
No
clam ping was n e c e s s a ry .
The gages i n s t a l l e d in s id e th e v e s s e l were n o t e x p ec te d t o make a c c u r­
a t e m easurem ents, b u t i t was hoped t h a t some in fo rm a tio n would be g iv en by
t h e i r c u rv e s .
In any c a s e , t h e i r b e h a v io r in w ater u n d er p re s s u re was o f i n ­
te re s t.
B a k e lite g a g e s, SR-4 ty p e AB-7 , were u sed in s i d e , b ecau se i t was th o u g h t
th e s e would be l e a s t a f f e c t e d by im m ersion in w a te r. • The p ro p e r i n s t a l l a t i o n
o f t h i s ty p e o f gage r e q u ir e s clam ping u n d er 150 p s i p r e s s u r e w h ile th e ad­
h e s iv e c u r e s .
I t was p o s s i b l e , th e r e f o r e , t o ta k e s t r a i n , m easurem ents only
n e a r enough th e ends o f th e v e s s e l t h a t clam ps co u ld b e a p p lie d .
- 13 -
Inside
gages
Inside compensating gage
Inside
i=4 gages
Installed
on fillet
n
Installed
on fillet
r
Legend :
—
Longitudinal strain measuring gage
Circumferential strain measuring gage
Compensating gage
Fig. 3 — Plan of strain gage placement.
F ig . 4
T y p ic a l gage i n s t a l l a t i o n s on o u ts id e s u rfa c e
- 15 -
Feac* i n s t a l l a t i o n , gage and m e ta l s u r f a c e s w ere c le a n e d w ith to lu e n e and
a c e to n e .
The a d h e siv e u sed was A rm strong’s A -If a two component system t h a t
c u re s c h e m ic a lly r a t h e r th a n by e v a p o ra tio n o f s o lv e n t.
Cement was a p p lie d
t o th e m e ta l s u r f a c e s „ gages p la c e d , and covered f i r s t by c e llo p h a n e , th e n
by a neoprene pad t o e q u a liz e th e p r e s s u r e a p p lie d by th e clam p.
th e clam ping arrangem ent a t s e c tio n s A and B.
s e c tio n L.
F ig . 5 shows
A s im ila r clamp was u sed a t
C o rre c t p r e s s u r e was developed by c lo s in g th e s p rin g s t o le n g th
a c c o rd in g t o t h e i r s c a l e , which had been m easured.
Clamps w ere l e f t i n p la c e
tw e n ty -fo u r h o u rs w h ile th e cem ent c u re d .
Every gage th e n was t e s t e d a g a in s t th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f h aving been dam­
aged, d u rin g a p p lic a tio n by m easuring i t s r e s i s t a n c e and i t s r e s i s t a n c e to
ground.
A ll i n s t a l l a t i o n s w ere s a t i s f a c t o r y .
I n c id e n ta l t o th e u se o f gages in s id e th e v e s s e l was th e problem o f s e a l ­
in g around th e le a d w ire s a g a in s t w a te r a t p r e s s u re s up to 10 ,0 0 0 p s i .
The
g la n d d e sig n e d to accom plish t h i s i s shown in F ig . 6 .
I n i t i a l l y , th e s e a la n t u sed was a neoprene p ie c e formed as shown.
Under
p re lim in a ry p r e s s u r e t e s t , how ever, t h i s m a te r ia l e x tru d e d th ro u g h th e an­
n u la r sp ac e betw een le a d w ire s and com pression cups a t a b o u t 8000 p s i .
P o ly ­
e th y le n e , b e in g h a r d e r , th e n was s u b s t i t u t e d , and r a d i a l c le a ra n c e betw een
le a d w ire s and com pression cups was re d u c ed from .003 t o .001 in c h .
The s e c ­
ond t e s t proved a l l components o f th e g lan d t o be s u f f i c i e n t l y s tro n g to w ith ­
s ta n d 10*000 p s i , b u t a s l i g h t le a k was p r e s e n t.
The e n t i r e g lan d assem b ly ,
le a d w ire s i n p la c e , was o v e n -h e ate d f o r s e v e r a l hours a t 150° F i n th e hope
t h a t th e p o ly e th y le n e would s o f te n and conform more c lo s e ly t o s e a lin g s u r ­
fa c e s.
A t h i r d p re s s u re t e s t t o 10 ,0 0 0 p s i showed t h i s tr e a tm e n t t o have been
- 16 -
Fig. 5 - Clamping arrangement for inside gages
r~ P o ly e th y le n e s e a la n t
Lead v i r e s
F ig . 6 - Lead w ire s e a lin g g la n d .
<
" 18 "
e f f e c t i v e g s in c e no le a k was e v id e n t.
Gage i n s t a l l a t i o n s were com pleted by s o ld e r in g th e le a d w ire s s and in ­
s u la tin g j o i n t s .
In s id e gages were p a in te d w ith m elted c e r e s e wax, t h i s being,
b u i l t up t o ab o u t l / l 6 in c h th ic k n e s s .
W ires were th e n c o lle c te d and ta p e d
t o th e v e s s e l so i t co u ld be moved t o th e t e s t c e l l f o r assem b ly .
shows th e v e s s e l a t t h i s p o i n t .
F ig . '7
The lo w er end cap had been assem bled t o p e r­
m it s o ld e r in g th e le a d w ire s t o in s id e g a g es.
The r e t o r t was th e n c a r r i e d to th e t e s t c e ll* and suspended v e r t i c a l l y
betw een two I-beam s under th e f la n g e .
A fte r in s p e c tio n f o r le a k s a t th e le a d
w ire s e a l end f la n g e c lo s u r e , th e pump c a s in g fla n g e b o l t s w ere lo a d e d , f o l ­
low ing th e u s u a l p ro c e d u re f o r s e t t i n g h e a te r b o l t s . *
The v e s s e l was f i l l e d
w ith w a te r,"w h ic h was th e medium o f p r e s s u r e tr a n s m is s io n , th e head assem b led ,
and head f la n g e b o l t s lo a d e d .*
L in es were ru n from th e v e s s e l t o p re s s u re
so u rc e and g ag e, and le a d w ire s p u lle d t o th e c o n tr o l room.
F ig u re s 8 and 9
show r e s p e c tiv e ly th e low er end and head assem bly o f th e v e s s e l re a d y f o r
te s t»
A rrangem ent o f Equipment
The t e s t s e t- u p i s shown s c h e m a tic a lly in F ig . 10* and th e s t a t i o n a t
which re a d in g s w ere ta k e n i s p ic tu r e d in F ig . 11.
In th e fo reg ro u n d a r e th e
s w itc h boxes th ro u g h w hich th e m easuring and com pensating gages were d ir e c te d
t o th e i n d i c a t o r .
The p re s s u re gage i s shown mounted on th e w a ll, and th e
s t r a i n i n d i c a t o r , a Baldwin SR-A ty p e nM", i s a t r i g h t .
*See Appendix B f o r c a lc u la tio n s and method.
F ig . 7 - O v e r-a ll view o f th e v e s s e l , showing com pleted gage i n s t a l l a t i o n s .
— 20 —
Fig. 8 - Lower end of completed vessel assembly in test cell
— 21 —
Fig. 9 - Head of assembled vessel in test cell.
- 22 -
W ater
supply
Pump
P r e s s u r e gage
O -
M easuring gage
s w itc h box
S tr a i n
in d i c a t o r
Com pensating gage
sw itc h box
Lead w ires
Fig. 10 - Schematic of test set-up.
#
- 23 -
Fig. U
- Station at vrfiich readings were taken.
- 24 =*
T e s t P ro e e c to e
S t a b i l i t y o f a l l c i r c u i t s was cheeked d u rin g th e t h r e e days p re c e e d ln g
th e f i r s t t e s t .
A ll o u ts id e .g a g e c i r c u i t s were s t a b l e 9 b u t in s id e gag® c ia v
c u l t s were e r r a t i c , even under no p r e s s u r e .
The f i r s t t e s t was made w ith o u t th e r e in f o r c in g clam p on th e lo w er sec®
t i o n o f th e pump c a s in g , so t h a t s t r a i n m easurem ents c o u ld be ta k e n on th e
o u ts id e s u r f a c e a t s e c tio n L.
I n d ic a to r re a d in g s were ta k e n a t 1000 p s l
p r e s s u r e in c re m en ts t o 5000 p s i , and a t 500 p s i in crem en ts t o 6500 p s i , th e
h ig h e s t p r e s s u r e a t t a i n e d .
The system was th e n d e p re s s u riz e d a t ab o u t 1500
p s i p e r h o u r, in d i c a t o r re a d in g s b e in g ta k e n p e r io d ic a l ly d u rin g d e s c e n t,
From d a ta ta k e n in t h i s t e s t i t was a p p a re n t t h a t I ) in s id e gages would y i e l d
no u s e f u l in fo rm a tio n , and 2 ) a l l o u ts id e gages co u ld be c o n sid e re d r e l i a b l e .
The clamp was n e x t i n s t a l l e d on th e pump c a s in g f o r t e s t t o h ig h e r pres®
a u re s,
Two ru n s were made, th e p ro ced u re b e in g th e same in b o th c a s e s .
Af­
t e r each 1000 p s i in c r e a s e in p r e s s u r e , re a d in g s were ta k e n f o r a l l . gages.The p re s s u re vs c ir c u m f e r e n tia l s t r a i n cu rv e f o r s e c tio n B, known to be a
c r i t i c a l s e c t i o n , was p l o t t e d a s th e t e s t p ro g re s s e d .
As th e s t r a i n r a t e
th e r e in c r e a s e d , p r e s s u r e in crem en ts w ere re d u c e d , and when th e cu rv e app­
ro ach ed th e h o r iz o n ta l no f u r t h e r p re s s u re in c r e a s e was made.
As in th e f i r ­
s t t e s t , th e p r e s s u r e was r e le a s e d a t 1500 p s i p e r h o u r, and re a d in g s were
ta k e n p e r i o d i c a l l y d u rin g d e s c e n t.
(
Appendix A com prises c u rv es c o n s tr u c te d from th e t e s t d a t a .
They ex­
h i b i t l i m i t s o f p r o p o r tio n a l ity betw een p re s s u re and s t r a i n a s l i s t e d in
T a b le I ,
- 25 TABLE I - PRESSURE AT LIIvIIT OF PROPORTIONAL STRAIN
P r e s s u r e , p s i*
S e c tio n
T e st #1
T e s t #2
T e s t #3
Circum fe re n tia l
A x ial
Circumfe re n tia l
A x ial
Circum fe re n tia l
A
B
C
D
5000
4200
4200
4200
5000
5100
5200
5400
6000
5200
6000
6000
8000
6000
7000
7300
7000
7000
8000
8000
E
F
G
H
5000
5000
4200
5000
5400
5200
5000
5000
6000
6000
6000
7000
7000
7000
7000
7500
8000
8000
8000
9000
I
J
K
L**
5000
4300
M
4000
8000
A x ial
9000
7000
9000
9000
9000
5000
5000
6000
7000
8000
7000
*Where no p re s s u re i s g iv e n , th e p r o p o r tio n a l l i m i t was n o t exceeded in
th a t te s t .
**At s e c tio n L , s t r a i n s were m easured in th e f i r s t t e s t o n ly .
S u c c e s s iv e s t r a i n h a rd e n in g and co n seq u en t in c re a s e in s tr e n g th i s app­
a r e n t a t ev ery s e c tio n where y ie ld in g o c c u rre d .
C o nclusions
T o ta l perm anent s e t was g r e a t e s t a t s e c tio n B, where 1 1 50 m icro in ch es
p e r in c h c ir c u m f e r e n tia l s t r a i n and 725 m icro in ch es p e r in c h lo n g itu d in a l
-j s t r a i n were r e c e iv e d .
S in c e th e s e do n o t c o n s t i t u t e s e v e re d e fo rm a tio n , i t
can be assumed t h a t th e v e s s e l was n o t weakened by t e s t i n g , and th e p ro p o r­
t i o n a l l i m i t p re s s u re s o f th e f i n a l t e s t a c c e p te d as s a f e m easures o f th e
26 “
s tr e n g th a t c o rre sp o n d in g s e c tio n s 6
T here i v i l l be no f u r t h e r y ie ld in g a t p re s s u re s up t o 7000 p s i a and ru p ­
t u r e w i l l n o t o c c u r below 9000 p s i e
The t e s t r e s u l t s w ere re a s o n a b ly w e ll p r e d ic te d by d e sig n a n a l y s i s »
In
g e n e r a l, i t was found t h a t s t r a i n s were somewhat h ig h e r th a n c a lc u la te d , b u t
-? .■
s h e a rin g s t r e s s e s , which w ere th e c r i t e r i o n o f f a i l u r e , were Io w e r0
Appendix
Ae
PRESSURE VS STRAIN.TEST DATA
B.
METHOD OF SETTING PUMP CASING
AND HEAD FLANGE BOLTS
- 28 -
Appendix A
PRESSURE VS STRAIN TEST DATA
The d a ta p re s e n te d g r a p h ic a lly on th e fo llo w in g pages a r e th e b a s is o f
th is re p o rt.
As d e s c rib e d i n S e c tio n 2 , th r e e t e s t ru n s were made; herein, th e th r e e
re c o rd s f o r each gage are b ro u g h t to g e th e r c o n s e c u tiv e ly .
S tr a i n s p lo tte d
i n each t e s t do n o t in c lu d e th o s e r e s i d u a l from th e p re e e e d in g t e s t , b u t r e ­
f e r t o a e ro a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e r u n .
- 29 -
I
I
§
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n .
m icro in ch es p e r in c h
§
I
|°
§
I
§
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in ch
Fig. 12 - Pressure vs strain at section A, test #1.
400
- 30
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m icro in ch es p e r in ch
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p er in ch
Fig. 13 - Pressure va strain at section A, test #2.
31
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p e r inch
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
Fig. 14 - Pressure vs strain at gection A, test #3.
- 32 -
I
§
C ir c m a f e r e n tia l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p er in c h
§
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p er in ch
Fig. 15 - Pressure vs strain at section B, test f/l
- 33 -
o
4- —
I!
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Jl_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I
I
§
§
§
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
I
8°
I :
8
§
I
§
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in ch
Fig. 16 - Pressure vs strain at section B, test #2.
34 -
-4-
Clr c u m f e r e n tia l s t r a i n
m ic ro in e h e s p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in e h e s p e r in ch
Fig. 17 - Pressure vs strain at section B, test #3.
- 35 -
+_ P
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
Fig. 18 • Pressure vs strain at section C, test #1.
36
+
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
-
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
Fig. 19 - Pressure vs strain at section C, teat #2
37
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
&
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m icro in ch es p e r in ch
Fig. 20 - Pressure vs strain at section C, test #3
38
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
I
0,
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m icro in ch es p er in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m icro in ch es p e r in ch
Fig. 21 - Pressure vs strain at section D, test #1
39 -
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
"I o
3
2
I
0
r-f
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
iH
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p er in ch
Fig. 22 - Pressure vs strain at section D, test #2.
- 40
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
I
0
I
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m icro in ch es p e r in c h
I
I
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m icro in ch es p er in c h
Fig. 23 - Pressure vs strain at section D, test #3
- 41 **
C lrc m fe re n tia l s tr a in ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
§ r
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p er in ch
Fig. 24 - Fressure vs strain at section E, test #1.
#
- 42 -
+ ----
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m icro in ch es p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n
m icro in ch es p e r in c h
Fig. 25 - Pressure vs strain at section E, test #2.
- 43 -
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
I
0
I
CI r cumf e r e n t I a l s t r a i n
m icroinchea p e r in c h
§
I
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in ch
Fig. 26 - Pressure vs strain at section E, test #3
44 -
§
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
I
§
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p er in c h
Fig. 27 - Pressure vs strain at section F, test #1.
- 45 -
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
w
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m icro in ch es p er in ch
Fig. 28 - Pressure vs strain at section F, test #2.
46
~t r
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m icro in ch es p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in ch
Fig. 29 - Pressure vs strain at section F, test #3
47 -
+
t
/
C lrc u iL fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p er in ch
Fig. 30 - Pressure va strain at section G, test #1.
48 —
■+
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
Fig. 31 - Pressure vs strain at section G, test #2.
49 -
4-
/ —
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m icro in ch es p e r in ch
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p er in ch
Fig. 32 - Pressure vs strain at section G, test #3
- 50 -
10
9
8
7
6
. 5
4
3
2
I
0
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m icro in ch es p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l a t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p er in c h
Fig. 33 - Pressure vs strain at section H, test #1
• 51 -
•4-1
8
8
8
<N
N f
NO
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m icro in ch es p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
Fig. 34 - Pressure vs strain at section H, test #2
52
§
vO
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n ,
m icro in o h es p e r in ch
Sg*
Pj
8CV
8- ' t
8vO
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
Fig. 35 - Pressure vs strain at section H, test #3
53
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in ch
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m lcro in ch ea p e r in c h
Fig. 36 - Pressure vs strain at section I, test #1
54
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
I
0
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n .
m icro in ch es p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p er in c h
Fig. 37 - Pressure vs strain at section I, test #2.
55 -
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m icro in ch es p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
Fig. 38 - Pressure vs strain at section I, test
ff3
56
___I
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p e r inch
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p er in ch
Fig. 39 - Pressure vs strain at section J, test #1
- 57-
C lr c u n f e r e n tia l s t r a i n
m icro in ch es p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p er in ch
Fig. 40 - Pressure vs strain at section J , test #2
- 58 -
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m icro in ch es p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p er in ch
Fig. 41 - Pressure vs strain at section J, test #3
59
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
I
0
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p er in ch
Fig. 42 - Pressure vs strain at section K, test #1.
-
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
60
—
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
Fig. 43 - Pressure vs strain at section K, test
#2
61
I
§
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m icroinchea p e r in ch
i
I
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p er in ch
Fig. 44 - Pressure vs strain at section K, test #3
62
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n .
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
Fig. 45 - Pressure vs strain at section L, test #1
— 63 —
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m icro in ch es p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in ch
Fig. 4 6 - Pressure vs strain at section M, test #1
64
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n ,
m icro in ch es p e r in c h
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n ,
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
Fig. 47 - Pressure vs strain at section M, test #2
65
----f" T —
-f*
~4- —
8
O
C irc u m fe re n tia l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
88
CM CV
L o n g itu d in a l s t r a i n
m ic ro in c h e s p e r in c h
Fig. 48 - Pressure vs strain at section M, test #3.
= 66 ®
Appendix B
METHOD OF SETTING FPMP CASING AND HEAD ELANGB BOLTS
D e te rm in a tio n o f B o lt Loads
F ig s . 49 and 50 show f la n g e a sse m b lie s a t th e head and pump e a s in g re s=
p e c tiv e ly .
A t b o th ends th e b o lte d p a r t s a r e heavy and deform l i t t l e i n
com parison w ith th e e x te n s io n o f th e b o l t s th e m s e lv e s .
B o lt lo a d s a re t h e r e ­
f o r e p r a c t i c a l l y c o n s ta n t, n o t depending on th e i n t e r n a l p r e s s u r e .
In o rd e r t h a t th e head (o r e n d .c a p ) n o t s e p a r a te from th e fla n g e fa c e
o f th e r e t o r t and allow th e ltOn r i n g t o blow
O h t si
th e b o l t s had* t o be i n i t ­
i a l l y lo a d ed so th e y would undergo no f u r t h e r in c re a s e in le n g th a t th e h ig h ­
e s t p r e s s u r e t o be a p p lie d .
s
The minimum i n i t i a l b o l t lo a d , F , was th e r e f o r e
p re s s u re
x head (o r can) a re a
number o f b o l t s
For a maximum t e s t p re s s u re o f 10 k s i , th e minimum lo a d f o r each head fla n g e
b o l t was.
F s
so in c h e s )
12 b o l t s )
= 212 k ip s p e r b o l t
The c o rre sp o n d in g e lo n g a tio n i s
s .0154 in c h
® 67 ”
For th e pump c a s in g fla n g e b o lts th e minimum i n i t i a l lo a d r e q u ir e d was
t?
- (10 k a l) (2 8 .3 aq in c h e s )
”
(1 1 .b o l t s )
~ 25*7 k ip s p e r b o l t
and th e c o rre sp o n d in g e lo n g a tio n
e =
(2 5 .7 kin s ) (8 ,5 in c h e s)
(1.3-4 sq in c h e s ) (30 ,0 0 0 k s i)
= .0055 in c h
Head, .flange b o l t s w ere s e t f o r a nom inal »018 in c h e lo n g a tio n .
F in a l
m easurem ent showed. e le v e n o f th e b o l t s t o have s tr e tc h e d t h a t amount w ith in
.001 in c h , and one was .003 o v e r.
The h ig h e s t b o l t s t r e s s , th e n , was
S = f B
- to ss}
( 3 0 ’ 000
k3l)
ss 63 k s i
which i s s a f e by a f a c t o r o f t h r e e .
Pump c a s in g fla n g e b o l t s were s e t f o r a nom inal .008 in c h e lo n g a tio n .'
The ynftYimnm m easured was .010 In c h s i n which th e b o l t s t r e s s was
s=
<
30,000 tti)
s 3 5 .3 k s i
which i s a g a in s a f e by a f a c t o r o f th r e e .
- 68 -
10
S tr e tc h in g le n g th
\" \
In se rt
\
/ ~—/ —/ —y ■
. /
/
/
/
/
./ y
-
-
+ -
-T T T Y
- nO" R ings
h e a te r
Washer —
elem ent
Fig. 49 - Head flange assembly.
R e to rt
S t r e t c h i n g le n g th
o
O
F ig . 50 - Ptnnp c a s in g fla n g e assem bly.
“
70
“
L i t e r a t u r e C o n su lted
Wa C= S te w a rt, S e e . 6 .1 6 i n ASIffl Handbook, IfflTALS ENGINEERING, DESIGN,
McGraw-Hill Book C o ., 1953.
ASIffl Handbook, METALS PROPERTIES, McGraw-Hill Book C o ., 1954.
SR-4 STRAIN GAGES ( B u lle tin 2 7 9 ), The Baldwin Locomotive W orks, P h ila d e lp h ia ,
P a , , 1949.
HOW TO APPLY SR-4 STRAIN GAGES ( B u lle tin 279-B ) , The Baldwin Locomotive Works,
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a ., 1951.
THE SR-4 TYPE nMn PORTABLE STRAIN INDICATOR ( B u lle tin 1 4 0 1 ), The Baldwin
Locom otive Works, P h ila d e lp h ia , P a . $ 1953.
'-''''N '■'/,-u/; Ili-Ii Ifi Ii (
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