The economic consequences of varying the rate of grazing on eastern Montana rangeland
by Harold H Ramsbacher
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Agricultural Economics
Montana State University
© Copyright by Harold H Ramsbacher (1958)
Abstract:
The scope of the study is limited to the economic implications of varying the rate of grazing on given
areas of range in Eastern Montana. The optimum grazing rate was estimated between three relative
intensities of range resource use ((1) heavy, (2) moderate, and, (3) light) by different combinations of
cow numbers and surface acres.
The general methodological procedure of the study is to: (1) formulate a ranch budget describing a
cattle ranch typical to Eastern Montana; and (2) substitute experimental production data from the
United States Range Livestock Experiment Station, Miles City, Montana, grazing trials into the ranch
budget in order to estimate the average net returns accruing to each of the three levels of grazing use.
The conclusions of the study indicate that grazing at a moderate level of range resource use is the more
profitable alternative, but this conclusion must be qualified because of the lack of market grade data
previous to 1955. Budgets using market grade data for 1955 indicate that the light rate of grazing
would rank in a more favorable position if grade data had been available for the entire study period. .
The last chapter1 points out the experimental models necessary to produce range resource combination
data that will be applicable to proper economic analysis. THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF VARYING THE RATE OF
GRAZING ON EASTERN MONTANA RANGELAND
by
H a r o l d H. R am sbacher
A THESIS
S u b m itte d to th e G ra d u a te F a c u lty ■
in .
*
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e req u irem e n ts
f o r the degree of
M a s t e t o f S c i e n c e i n A g r i c u l t u r a l Econom ics
at
M ontana S t a t e C o l l e g e
A p p ro v e d :
SeadT M a jo r D e p a r tm e n t
v
I h ^ r m a n y —E x a m in in g C o m m ittee
D ean, G ra d u ^ tA D i v i s i o n
Bozem an, M ontana
May, 1958
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE
PAGE
LIST OF T A B LES..............................................................................................................................
ii
LIST OF F I G U R E S ...............................................................................................................................i i i
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ..............................................................................................................................
iv
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................
v
PART I .
A.
B.
C.
D.
STATEMENT OF THE P R O B L E M .............................................................................
In tro d u c tio n
..........................................................................................................
R e s e a r c h P ro b le m
The H y p o t h e s i s
. .
The S o u r c e s o f D a ta
tj" if) if)
PART I I .
A.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL (BUDGET)
Ranch O r g a n i z a t i o n
.............................
1 . The L i v e s t o c k P l a n ....................
2.
Hay an d C ro p P l a n ..................................................................................
3.
F e e d R e q u i r e m e n t s ..................................................................................
4 . F e e d and S e e d C o s t s .............................................................................
5 . L a b o r C o s t s an d R e q u i r e m e n t s ..........................................................
B u d g e t S u m m a r y ......................................................................................................
11
11
13
15
16
PART I I I .
APPLICATION OF EMPIRICAL DATA TO THE MODEL (BUDGET) . . .
A. S o u r c e o f E m p i r i c a l D a t a .............................................................................
B. The Ranch W ith a Heavy R a te o f G r a z i n g — P r i c e s H eld
C o n s t a n t ....................................................................................................................
C. The Ranch W ith a M o d e ra te R a te o f G r a z i n g — P r i c e s H eld
C o n s t a n t ....................................................................................................................
D. The Ranch W ith a L i g h t R a te o f G r a z i n g — P r i c e s H eld
C o n s t a n t ....................................................................................................................
E. B u d g e t s U s in g H i s t o r i c a l P r i c e s ..................................................................
PART IV .
INFERENCES TO BE DRAWN FROM THE S T U D Y ...........................................
A. L i m i t a t i o n s o f C om paring t h e G r a z i n g I n t e n s i t y B u d g e t s With
t h e T y p i c a l C a t t l e Ranch S tu d y B u d g e t s
..............................................
B.
Range C o n d i t i o n a s i t A f f e c t s Net Ranch Income .........................
C. Net Ranch Income Each Y ear f o r T h re e I n t e n s i t i e s o f G r a z in g
i n R e l a t i o n t o W e a th e r ..................................................................................
D. The P r o b a b l e E f f e c t on Net Ranch Income by L i v e s t o c k M arket
G r a d e s f o r A n im als S o l d ..................................................................................
E . The Optimum R a te o f G r a z in g i n t h e N o r t h e r n G r e a t P l a i n s
.
PART V.
vO vO vO
B.
I
I
19
19
21
26
27
27
30
30
30
36
39
42
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY IN THE USE OF RANGE
RESOURCES....................................................................................................................
46
APPENDIX............................................................................................................................................
56
BIBLIOGRAPHY
89
L IS T OF TABLES
NUMBER
I
II
III
IV
V
VI
V II
V III
IX
X
XI
X II
X III
XIV
TITLE
page
LAND TENURE — TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED CATTLE RANCH ON THE
NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS, 1 9 32-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6
CONVERSION OF LIVESTOCK CLASSES TO ANIMAL UNITS IN THE
TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED CATTLE RANCH . . . . . . . . . . .
7
ADJUSTED LIVESTOCK BUDGET — TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED
.......................................
CATTLE RANCH, 1 9 3 2 -5 5 . . . . . . . . .
IO
BUDGET FOR HAY AND CROP PRODUCTION — TYPICAL FAMILYOPERATED CATTLE RANCH, 1 9 32-55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
NORMAL FEED REQUIREMENTS — TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED
CATTLE RANCH, 1 9 3 2 -5 5
. . . . . . . . .
.......................................
13
MINERAL, SEED, AND LEASING COSTS — TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED
CATTLE RANCH, 1 9 3 2 -5 5 . . . . . . . . . .
.................... . . .
14
YEARLY LABOR REQUIREMENTS — TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED
CATTLE RANCH . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......................................
15
.
LABOR COSTS — TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED CATTLE RANCH,
1 9 3 2 -5 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..................................
16
1 9 3 2 - 5 5 , AVERAGE COSTS AND RETURNS FOR A TYPICAL NORTHERN
GREAT PLAINS CATTLE RANCH — HISTORICAL AND CONSTANT
PRICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
1 9 3 3 - 5 5 , AVERAGE ORGANIZATION, AND PRODUCTION FOR A TYPICAL
NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS CATTLE RANCH WITH THREE INTENSITIES
OF GRAZING USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
1 9 3 3 - 5 5 , AVERAGE COSTS AND RETURNS FOR A TYPICAL NORTHERN
GREAT PLAINS CATTLE RANCH WITH THREE INTENSITIES OF
GRAZING USE — CONSTANT PRICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1 9 3 3 - 5 5 , AVERAGE COSTS AND RETURNS FOR A TYPICAL NORTHERN
GREAT PLAINS CATTLE RANCH WITH THREE INTENSITIES OF GRAZING
USE — HISTORICAL PRICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29
SUMMARY OF INCOME FOR A TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED CATTLE RANCH
WITH THREE INTENSITIES OF GRAZING USE — BEEF PRICES CORRES­
PONDING TO MARKET GRADES OF BEEF SOLD IN 1955 . . . . . .
41
BEEF CATTLE STOCKING CAPACITIES FOR RANGE IN GOOD CONDITION
AT SEVERAL LOCATIONS IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS . . . .
43-44
ii
L IS T OF FIGURES
NUMBER
1
TITLE
PAGE
F o r a g e P r o d u c t i o n on t h e Summer C a t t l e R anges Was Reduced
D u r i n g t h e L a t e r Y e a r s o f t h e S t u d y by t h e H e a v i e s t L e v e l
o f S t o c k i n g , M i l e s C i t y ,. M ontana E x p e r i m e n t a l Range . . . .
31
P o u n d s o f B e e f S o l d from a F a m i l y - O p e r a t e d C a t t l e Ranch
w ith T hree I n t e n s i t i e s o f G ra z in g . . . . . . . . . . . .
33
N e t Ranch Income f o r a T y p i c a l F a m i l y - O p e r a t e d C a t t l e
Ranch w i t h T h r e e I n t e n s i t i e s o f G r a z i n g — P r i c e s
C o n stan t
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35
A v e ra g e N et Ranch Income — F o u r P e r i o d s w i t h T h r e e
G r a z i n g I n t e n s i t i e s on t h e T y p i c a l N o r t h e r n G r e a t P l a i n s
C a t t l e Ranch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
37
P o u n d s o f C a l v e s P r o d u c e d P e r Cow U nder T h re e I n t e n s i t i e s
o f Use . . . . .
. . . o o o .
47
P ou n d s o f C a l v e s P r o d u c e d a t V a r i o u s C o m b i n a t io n s o f S t o c k Cows an d Range A c r e s ( i s o - p r o d u c t C u r v e s ) E q u a t e d w i t h t h e
P r i c e L in e o f C a t t l e and Land . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
7
C a t t l e t o Land R a t i o s — P a t t e r n o f T r e a t m e n t s
. . . . .
51
8
A lte r n a tiv e P ro d u c tio n P o s s i b i l i t i e s
. . . . . . . . . .
53
2
3
4
5
6
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The a u t h o r w i s h e s t o e x p r e s s h i s s i n c e r e t h a n k s t o P r o f e s s o r s
L0 S . Thompson, C. W. J e n s e n , and G. Fo P a y n e f o r t h e i r e n c o u r a g e m e n t ,
g u i d a n c e , and a d v i c e t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u r s e o f t h i s s t u d y .
S p e c ia l
t h a n k s a r e a l s o e x t e n d e d t o P r o f e s s o r s C. B. B a k e r , M. C. T a y l o r ,
o t h e r members o f t h e a u t h o r ' s t h e s i s c o m m i t t e e , and t o o t h e r members
o f t h e f a c u l t y who o f f e r e d t h e i r tim e an d a d v i c e a s t h e o c c a s i o n
aro se.
O t h e r s d e s e r v i n g r e c o g n i t i o n f o r t h e i r c o o p e r a t i o n a r e Mr-. W a lt e r
H o u s t o n , Range C o n s e r v a t i o n i s t , F i e l d C ro p s R e s e a r c h B r a n c h , A g r i ­
c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e , U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r tm e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e ,
M i l e s C i t y , M o n ta n a ; D r . F . A. B r a n s o n , W a te r R e s o u r c e s D i v i s i o n ,
U n i t e d S t a t e s G e o l o g i c a l S u r v e y , D e n v e r , C o l o r a d o ; J . R. G r a y , A g r i ­
c u l t u r a l E c o n o m i s t , P r o d u c t i o n E conom ics R e s e a r c h B r a n c h , A g r i c u l t u r a l
R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e , U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r tm e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , New Mexico
S t a t e C o l l e g e , . L a s C r u e c e s , New M ex ico , M. J . Reed, R e s e a r c h C e n t e r
L e a d e r , B lu e M o u n ta in R e s e a r c h C e n t e r , U n i t e d S t a t e s F o r e s t S e r v i c e ,
La G r a n d e , O re g o n .
iv
ABSTRACT
The s c o p e o f t h e s t u d y i s l i m i t e d t o t h e e c o n o m ic i m p l i c a t i o n s o f
v a r y i n g t h e r a t e o f g r a z i n g on g i v e n a r e a s o f . r a n g e i n E a s t e r n M ontana.
The optimum g r a z i n g r a t e was e s t i m a t e d b e tw e e n t h r e e r e l a t i v e i n t e n s i t i e s
o f r a n g e r e s o u r c e u s e ( ( l ) h e a v y , ( 2 ) m o d e r a t e , and, ( 3 ) l i g h t ) by
d i f f e r e n t c o m b i n a t i o n s o f cow num bers an d s u r f a c e a c r e s .
The g e n e r a l m e t h o d o l o g i c a l p r o c e d u r e o f t h e s t u d y i s t o :
(I) for­
m u la te a ra n c h b u d g e t d e s c r i b in g a c a t t l e ra n c h t y p i c a l to E a s te r n .
M o n ta n a ; a n d ( 2 ) s u b s t i t u t e e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o d u c t i o n d a t a from t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s Range L i v e s t o c k E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n , M i l e s C i t y , M o n ta n a , g r a z i n g
t r i a l s in to th e ranch bu d g et in o rd e r to e s tim a te th e a v erag e n e t r e tu r n s
a c c ru in g to each of th e th r e e l e v e l s of g ra z in g u se .
The c o n c l u s i o n s o f t h e s t u d y i n d i c a t e t h a t g r a z i n g a t a m o d e r a te
l e v e l o f r a n g e r e s o u r c e u s e i s t h e m ore p r o f i t a b l e a l t e r n a t i v e , b u t t h i s
c o n c l u s i o n m u st b e q u a l i f i e d b e c a u s e o f t h e l a c k o f m a r k e t g r a d e d a t a
p r e v i o u s t o 1 9 5 5 . B u d g e t s u s i n g m a r k e t g r a d e d a t a f o r 1955 i n d i c a t e t h a t
t h e l i g h t r a t e o f g r a z i n g w ould r a n k i n a m ore f a v o r a b l e p o s i t i o n i f
g rad e d a ta had been a v a i l a b l e f o r th e e n t i r e stu d y p e r i o d . .
The l a s t c h a p t e r 1 p o i n t s o u t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l m o d els n e c e s s a r y t o
p r o d u c e r a n g e r e s o u r c e c o m b i n a t i o n d a t a t h a t w i l l be a p p l i c a b l e t o
p r o p e r e c o n o m ic a n a l y s i s .
v
PART I
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
In tro d u c tio n
L i v e s t o c k r a n c h i n g i s one o f t h e m a j o r t y p e s o f . a g r i c u l t u r a l p r o d u c ­
t i o n i n E a s t e r n M o n ta n a .
The 1950 C e n s u s o f A g r i c u l t u r e r e p o r t s s
65
p e r c e n t o f t h e t o t a l number o f c l a s s i f i e d f a r m s o r r a n c h e s i n 1949 w ere
l i v e s t o c k f a r m s o t h e r t h a n d a i r y and p o u l t r y . , 86 p e r c e n t o f a l l o p e r a t o r s
i n t e r v i e w e d r e p o r t e d h a v i n g b r e e d i n g b e e f c o w s.
Much o f E a s t e r n M ontana i s b e s t s u i t e d f o r l i v e s t o c k p r o d u c t i o n ,
because th e sem iarid c lim a te ,
s o i l , and t o p o g r a p h y im pose a d e l i c a t e "
b a l a n c e b e tw e e n f a v o r a b l e and u n f a v o r a b l e g r o w in g c o n d i t i o n s f o r t i l l e d
c r o p s and i n some c a s e s r a n g e v e g e t a t i o n .
H o ls c h e r ^ / r e p o r t s t h a t in
th e N o rth ern G re a t P l a i n s ;
18The t o t a l v e g e t a t i o n . . .
i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1 937, was
o n l y 1C% o f w h a t i t h a d b e e n i n 1933, b e f o r e t h e d r o u t h y e a r s .
. . . By 1943 t h e v e g e t a t i o n on t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r a n g e had
r e c o v e r e d 92% o f t h e a r e a i t h a d l o s t a s a r e s u l t o f t h e d r o u t h ,
and c a c t u s , w h i l e p r e s e n t was no l o n g e r c o n s p i c u o u s on t h e r a n g e . 18
D r o u g h t h a s o c c u r r e d on t h e a v e r a g e o f o n c e e v e r y f i v e y e a r s a t M il e s C i t y
M o n ta n a , d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1878 t o 1939, b u t t h e d r o u g h t p e r i o d s d i d n o t
occur r e g u la r ly as f iv e - y e a r c y c le s .
l/
Jam es R. G ray and C h e s t e r B, B a k e r , O r g a n i z a t i o n , C o s t s an d R e t u r n s
on C a t t l e R an c h e s i n t h e N o r t h e r n G r e a t P l a i n s , 1 9 3 0 - 1 9 5 2 , Montana
A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n B u l l e t i n 4 9 5 , Bozeman, M on ta n a ,
D ecem ber 1953, p . 6 .
■2/
C l a r k E . H o l s c h e r , “C o n t r o l l i n g o f P r i c k l y . P e a r , " W e s te r n L i v e s t o c k
J o u r n a l . N e ls o n R. Crow P u b l i c a t i o n s , Volume 2 2 , Number 4 2 , 1 9 4 4 , ' p i -7
B e e f c a t t l e h a v e fo rm e d one o f t h e m o st f a v o r a b l e e n t e r p r i s e s to
t h e p l a i n s r a n c h e r b e c a u s e o f t h e v a s t a c r e s t h a t m u st r e m a i n i n g r a z i n g
fo rag e.
I t h a s b e e n e s t i m a t e d t h a t a p p r o x i m a t e l y 75 p e r c e n t o f t h e l a n d
in th e N o rth ern G reat P l a in s i s u t i l i z e d a s g ra z in g l a n d . ! /
c u ltu re
C rop a g r i ­
( m a i n l y s p r i n g w h e a t ) now o c c u p i e s c o n s i d e r a b l e a r e a s o f t h e
r o l l i n g g l a c i a l p l a i n s n o rth o f th e M isso u ri R iv er, b u t i t a c co u n ts fo r
o n ly a sm a ll p a r t o f th e n o r th e r n p l a i n s ro u g h la n d s t h a t l i e so u th o f th e
Y e llo w sto n e R iv e r .
P r o b a b l y l e s s t h a n 10 p e r c e n t o f t h i s l a n d was e v e r
p l o w e d .2 /
G e n e r a lly , th e r a n c h e r s o f th e n o r th e r n p l a i n s have e v o lv e d t h e i r
ty p e o f ra n c h o p e r a t io n to tak e ' a d v a n ta g e o f th e p ro d u c tio n o p p o r tu n i ti e s
b e s t a f f o r d e d by t h e n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s a n d m a r k e t s .
t h i s o r "go b r o k e .* '
They h a v e h a d t o do
E a s t e r n M ontana r a n c h e s h a v e a n a t u r a l f e e d b a l a n c e
th ro u g h th e g r a z in g '.s e a s o n , b e c au se th e n a t u r a l v e g e t a t i v e co m p o sitio n
i s co m p rised o f m id g ra s s e s and s h o r t g r a s s e s .
S h o r tg r a s s e s p ro v id e l a t e
summer an d e a r l y f a l l r a n g e r e q u i r e m e n t s , a n d t h e m i d g r a s s e s p r o v i d e t h e
s p r i n g , e a r l y summer, and l a t e f a l l g r a z i n g .
U su a lly , s u f f i c i e n t w in te r
fe e d can be p ro d u ced t o b a la n c e th e r a n g e la n d g r a z in g c a p a c i t y .
commonly grown a r e ;
a lfa lfa ,
s m a l l - g r a i n hay and s tr a w , c o rn ,
The f e e d s
sw e e t
c l o v e r , an d n a t i v e h a y .
!/
B r a d f o r d K napp, J r . an d A. L. B a k e r , C r o s s b r e d B e e f C a t t l e f o r t h e
N o r t h e r n G r e a t P l a i n s . U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r tm e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e C i r c u ­
l a r 8 1 0 , U. S= G o v ern m en t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , W a s h in g to n , D. C . , 1949, p . 2 .
2/
Mont H. S a u n d e r s o n . W e s te r n L i v e s t o c k R a n c h i n g . M i n n e a p o l i s , M in n e s o t a ,
The U n i v e r s i t y o f M in n e s o t a P r e s s , 1 9 5 0 , p . 2 6 .
- 3 -
To m a i n t a i n t h i s b a l a n c e o f n a t u r a l r e s o u r c e s an d l i v e s t o c k num bers
now a n d i n t h e f u t u r e i s t h e b i g j o b o f t h e p l a i n s r a n c h e r .
O v erg razin g
d i s c r i m i n a t e s a g a i n s t th e m id g ra s s e s ' in f a v o r o f th e s h o r t g r a s s e s , th u s
c a u s i n g a s h o r t a g e i n e a r l y s p r i n g and l a t e f a l l g r a z i n g ( u n l e s s t h e
su p p le m e n ta l fe e d in g p e r io d s a r e e x te n d e d ) ,
Hay i s u s u a l l y a v e r y
e x p e n s i v e s u b s t i t u t e f o r g r a s s , t h o u g h , a n d b e t t e r r a n g e m anagem ent and
d e v e lo p m e n t w ould p r o b a b l y b e a m ore e f f e c t i v e and c h e a p e r m eans o f
a t t a i n i n g th e fo ra g e -a n im a l b a la n c e .
D u r in g p e r i o d s o f h i g h p r e c i p i t a t i o n a n d a b u n d a n t r a n g e f o r a g e many
r a n c h e r s h a v e i n c r e a s e d t h e number
o f c a t t l e on t h e r a n g e s .
But th e
w e a t h e r i n v a r i a b l y w i l l c h a n g e , an d t h e o p e r a t o r who h a s i n c r e a s e d h i s
o p e r a t i o n i s u n w i l l i n g t o s e l l on a d e c l i n i n g m a r k e t u n l e s s a b s o l u t e l y
forced to .
H u rtt re p o rts th a t;
11Worse t h a n a s i n g l e d r o u g h t o r d r y y e a r i s a s u c c e s s i o n
o f s u c h y e a r s . . I n s u c h a p e r i o d t h e o p e r a t o r who h a s made a
p r a c t i c e o f g r a z in g h i s ra n g e to th e l i m i t o f u s a b le fo ra g e
f i n d s t o h i s d is m a y t h a t t h e i n t e r v a l b e tw e e n s u c h d r o u g h t s i s
i n s u f f i c i e n t f o r t h e f o r a g e t o r e g a i n i t s v i g o r . As a r e s u l t ,
t h e s e c o n d y e a r o f d r o u g h t h i t s h a r d e r t h a n t h e f i r s t , an d f o r
t h e o p e r a t o r i t may w e l l mean r u i n . 11I f
I t now seem s d o u b t f u l t h a t n u m e r i c a l i n c r e a s e s o f l i v e s t o c k r e s u l t e d i n
an y m a t e r i a l i n c r e a s e i n m e a t a f t e r t h e m a i n t e n a n c e r e q u i r e m e n t s o f t h e
b r e e d i n g h e r d s w e re m e t .
i/
2/
Leqn C. H u r t t s
G reat P la in s
M in im iz e E f f e c t s o f D r o u g h t . U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r tm e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e
C i r c u l a r 8 6 5 , U= S . G o v ern m en t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , W a s h i n g t o n , 1951, p . 2 .
Leon Co H u r t t , C a t t l e P r o d u c t i o n I n c r e a s e d on N o r t h e r n G r e a t P l a i n s
U nder C o n s e r v a t i v e S t o c k i n g . N o r t h e r n Rocky M o u n ta in ' F d f e i t and
Range E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n , M i s s o u l a , . M o n t a n a , R e s e a r c h N ote 2 2 , May
1942.
- 4 -
S t e e r s a r e so m e tim e s i n c l u d e d i n t h e h e r d , b e c a u s e t h e y can u s u a l l y
be d i s p o s e d o f e a r l i e r i n t h e s e a s o n and h a v e a m ore a v a i l a b l e m a r k e t t h a n
1l8Wettl cows=
The u s e o f s t e e r s t o i n s u r e g r e a t e r f l e x i b i l i t y
in th e r a t e
o f s t o c k i n g i n tim es o f e x t r e m e d r o u g h t may p r o v e b e n e f i c i a l i n c o n s e r v i n g
needed ran g e fo ra g e f o r th e fo u n d a tio n h e rd .
R e s e a r c h P r o b le m
x
T h e r e h a v e b e e n w id e d i f f e r e n c e s o f o p i n i o n among r a n c h e r s c o n c e r n i n g
t h e m e th o d s o f a c h i e v i n g t h e p r o p e r b a l a n c e b e tw e e n l i v e s t o c k num bers and
r a n g e f o r a g e , b u t e s s e n t i a l l y 't h e p r o d u c e r m u st b e c o n c e r n e d w i t h t h e
y e a r l y c o s t s and r e t u r n s from t h e b r e e d i n g h e r d a s w e l l a s t h e p e rm a n e n t
c o n d itio n o f h i s ra n g e forage=
The b a l a n c e o f r a n g e f o r a g e and s u p p l e ­
m e n t a l f e e d r e q u i r e m e n t s m u s t g i v e t h e g r e a t e s t n e t r e t u r n s from l i v e s t o c k
p r o d u c t i o n i n t h e l o n g run=
The s c o p e o f t h i s s t u d y s h a l l b e l i m i t e d t o t h e e c o n o m ic i m p l i c a t i o n s
o f v a r y i n g t h e r a t e o f g r a z i n g on g i v e n a r e a s o f ran g e =
The c o m b i n a t i o n
o f r e s o u r c e s (cow s a n d f o r a g e a c r e s ) w h ic h w i l l g i v e the,m axim um n e t
r e t u r n s c u r r e n t l y a n d i n t h e lo n g r u n w i l l b e e s t i m a t e d =
The optim um e c o n o m ic r a t e o f c o m b in in g l a n d and cows w i l l b e a p p r o x i ­
m a te d by t h e u s e o f b u d g e ts =
s tu d y i s t o :
The g e n e r a l m e t h o d o l o g i c a l p r o c e d u r e o f t h i s
( l ) fo rm u la te a ran c h b u d g e t d e s c r ib in g a ra n c h t y p ic a l to
t h e a r e a ; a n d ( 2 ) s u b s t i t u t e e x p e r i m e n t a l p r o d u c t i o n d a t a fro m t h e U n i t e d
S t a t e s Range L i v e s t o c k E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n , M i l e s C i t y , M o n ta n a , g r a z i n g
tria ls
in to th e ra n c h b u d g e t in o r d e r to e s tim a te th e n e t r e t u r n s a c c ru in g
to e a c h o f t h e t h r e e g r a z i n g i n t e n s i t y l e v e l s =
-
5 -
The H y p o t h e s i s
The h y p o t h e s i s o f t h e s t u d y i s :
e i t h e r e x c e s s iv e o r v e ry l i g h t use
'
o f t h e r a n g e r e s o u r c e s o f E a s t e r n M ontana w i l l i n c r e a s e y e a r l y c o s t s p e r
an im a l u n i t a n d /o r re d u c e th e c u r r e n t and lo n g - r u n n e t r e t u r n s to th e
liv e sto c k rancher.
The S o u r c e s o f D a ta
The m a in s o u r c e o f s e c o n d a r y d a t a f o r t h e f o r m u l a t i o n o f a b u d g e t
f o r the o r g a n iz a tio n o f th e t y p ic a l fa m ily -o p e ra te d c a t t l e ran ch of
E a s t e r n M ontana ( t a k e n a s t h e a v e r a g e s o f t h e y e a r s . 1932 t h r o u g h 1955)
was t h e r e c e n t s t u d y by G ray an d B a k e r . The d a t a from t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n
w ere b r o u g h t up t o d a t e , t h r o u g h . 1955 by Mr. Jam es R. G r a y ,
The e m p i r i c a l d a t a s u b s t i t u t e d i n t o t h e " t y p i c a l 10 r a n c h o r g a n i z a ­
t i o n w e re o b t a i n e d from t h e m a n u s c r i p t . V e g e t a t i o n . S o i l , and. C a t t l e
R e s p o n s e s t o G r a z i n g on t h e N o r t h e r n . G r e a t P l a i n s R an g e , by M. J . Reed
a n d R. A. P e t e r s o n .
T h i s s t u d y , an. a n a l y s i s o f t h e M il e s C i t y g r a z i n g
t r i a l s , w i l l be p u b lis h e d in th e n e a r f u t u r e .
The above m e n t io n e d manu­
s c r i p t was s u p p le m e n te d an d b r o u g h t up t o d a t e ( 1 9 4 6 -1 9 5 5 ) w i t h l i v e s t o c k
a n d p l a n t p r o d u c t i o n d a t a fro m t h e f i l e s o f t h e F o r a g e an d Range B r a n c h ,
A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h S e r v i c e , U n i t e d S t a t e s Range L i v e s t o c k E x p e r im e n t
S t a t i o n , M i l e s C i t y , M o n ta n a .
i/
Ja m e s R, G ray a n d . C h e s t e r Ba B a k e r , o p . c i t . . pp» 1 - 1 0 7 .
2/
Ja m e s R. G r a y , A g r i c u l t u r a l E c o n o m is t, F a rm .E c o n o m ic s R e s e a r c h D i v i s i o n ,
ARS, USDA, A g r „ E c o n . , New M exico S t a t e C o l l e g e , Las C r u e c e s , New
M e x ic o i
PART I I
, DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODEL (BUDGET)
Ranch O r g a n i z a t i o n
The r a n c h o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e ' " t y p i c a l " f a m i l y - o p e r a t e d c a t t l e
r a n c h ^ / i n t h i s s t u d y i s b a s e d on t h e a v e r a g e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e f a m i l y o p e r a t e d c a t t l e r a n c h i n t h e G ray a n d B a k e r c a t t l e r a n c h s t u d y f o r t h e
p e r i o d 1932-55„
The l a n d t e n u r e s t a t u s o f t h e t y p i c a l f a m i l y - o p e r a t e d c a t t l e r a n c h
i s g iv e n i n T ab le I ,
An a d d i t i o n a l 108 a n i m a l . u n i t m o n th s (AUM's) o f
g r a z i n g a r e f u r n i s h e d by a p u b l i c r a n g e p e r m i t . .
TABLE I .
LAND TENURE - TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED CATTLE RANCH. ON THE
NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS, 1 9 3 2 - 5 5 .
'
A c r e s ..
Range an d P a s t u r e
,
Owned
1 ,5 7 7 '
C ro p L a n d s H a r v e s t e d
199
I d l e a n d W aste L ands
75
T o ta l
1 ,8 5 1
... -.. L e a s e d
T o tal
1 ,6 2 1
3 ,1 9 8 .
—
199
75
1 ,6 2 1
3 ,4 7 2
The L i v e s t o c k P l a n —- The a v e r a g e number o f a n i m a l s f o r e a c h c l a s s
o f liv e s to c k ,o n th e N o rth ern G reat P l a in s fa m ily -o p e ra te d c a t t l e ran ch es
d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1 9 3 2 -5 5 was u s e d in. c o m p i l i n g T a b l e I I .
L iv esto ck
>
■V
A f a m i l y - o p e r a t e d c a t t l e r a n c h i s d e f i n e d a s a rancje l i v e s t o c k o r g a n i ­
z a t i o n w h ic h p r o d u c e s a t l e a s t 50 p e r c e n t o f i t s g r o s s incom e frojn
b e e f c a t t l e , and t h e l a b o r and m anagem ent i s s u p p l i e d p r i m a r i l y by t h e
o p e r a t o r and h i s f a m i l y .
- 7 -
num bers a r e c o n v e r t e d t o .a n im a l u n i t s
(AU5S) on t h e b a s i s o f t h e r e l a t i o n ­
s h i p b e tw e e n d i f f e r e n t l i v e s t o c k c l a s s e s w i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e i r n e e d f o r
fodd-.
TABLE I I ,
CONVERSION OF LIVESTOCK CLASSES TO ANIMAL UNITS IN THE TYPICAL
FAMILY-OPERATED CATTLE RANCH,
,.Class
o f S to ck
No,
Head
..... ■AU
E q u iv a le n t
M a tu re H o r s e s
D a i r y Cow
D a iry H e ife r
Sub T o t a l
1 1 ,8
2 ,7
0 ,5
1 .0
1 .2
0 .7
—
1 1 ,8 0
3 .2 4
0 .3 5
1 5 .3 9 AU’ s
B e e f Cow
Beef H e ife r
Beef S te e r
B eef B u ll
C alv es
Sub T o t a l
6 7 ,7
1 4 ,7
8 .6
2 ,3
4 0 .4
1 .0
0 .7
0 .7
1 ,2
0 .4
--- -
6 7 .7 0
1 0 .2 9
6 .0 2
2 .7 6
1 6 .1 6
1 0 2 ,9 3 AU’ s
G rand T o t a l
Anim al
U n its
1 1 8 .3 2 AU’ s
The r a n c h s t u d y ’ s b e e f h e r d was c o m p r i s e d o f m ixed c l a s s e s i n c l u d i n g
ste e rs.
To make t h e a v e r a g e ’’t y p i c a l ” l i v e s t o c k b u d g e t c o m p a r a b le t o t h e
ex p erim en tal d a ta a v a il a b l e ,
i t was d e s i r a b l e t o e x c l u d e t h e s t e e r c l a s s
and k e e p o n l y enough c a l v e s t o u s e a s s to c k _ c o w r e p l a c e m e n t s ,
At t h e
same t i m e , i t was e s s e n t i a l t o k e e p t h e t o t a l a n im a l u n i t s o f b e e f c a t t l e
i n t h e "’a d j u s t e d ” b u d g e t e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e t o t a l number o f a n i m a l u n i t s
(1 0 2 ,9 3 ) o f b e e f c a t t l e
in th e liv e s to c k o r g a n iz a tio n o f th e ty p ic a l
c a t t l e r a n c h i n t h e G ray an d B a k e r s t u d y .
A l s o , i t was d e s i r o u s t o k e e p
t h e r e m a i n i n g a n im a l a g e and s e x c l a s s e s i n t h e same p r o p o r t i o n r e s p e c t i v e
—8 —
t o e a c h o t h e t a s was e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e o r i g i n a l s t u d y .
The f o l l o w i n g i s
a n a c c o u n t o f t h e p r o c e d u r e u s e d t o c h a n g e t h e m ixed b e e f h e r d i n t o a cowc a lf o p e ra tio n .
The f o r m u la below was c o n s t r u c t e d from T a b l e I I t o m ee t
th e c r i t e r i a m en tio n e d ab o v e.
(l)
X e q u a l s t h e num ber o f '“cow e q u i v a l e n t s ” i n t h e " a d j u s t e d ”
liv e sto c k o rg an iz atio n .
(2)
( 6 7 . 7 cows) ( I . OX AUt S)
6 7 . 7 cow u n i t s
( 1.2X A l l 's )
cow u n i t s
6 7 .7
(0 .4 X AU' s )
(3)
( 1 4 . 7 h e i f e r s ) ( 0 . 7 X A U 'sl
6 7 . 7 cow u n i t s
=
i+_..
f 1 4 .7
c a lv e s
6 7 . 7 cow u n i t s
04
1 0 2 .9 3 AU’ s .
I . Qx AU0S o f cows + .1519X AU0S o f h e i f e r s + .040SX AU°s o f
b u l l s + o1028X AU0S o f c a l v e s = 1 0 2 .9 3 AU0S.
(4)
(5 )
1.296%
= 1 0 2 .9 3 AU0S
X .=
7 9 . 4 AU°s
.1519X
= 1 2 .0 6 AU°s
.0408X
=
3 . 2 4 AU0S
. 1028X
=
8 . 1 6 AU0S
7 9 .4 AU°s
I AU e q u i v a l e n t
r
1 2 .0 6 AU°s
=
0 . 7 AU e q u i v a l e n t
3 . 2 4 AU°s
1 . 2 AU e q u i v a l e n t
8 . 1 6 AU°s
0 . 4 AU e q u i v a l e n t
of
of
of
of
7 9 . 4 cows
1 7 .2 h e i f e r s
2 .7
-
cows
h e ife rs
b u lls
c a lv e s
b u lls
2 0 .4 c a lv e s
P e r c e n t a g e s o f c a l v e s i n cow h e r d i s o b t a i n e d by a d d i n g .0 4 t o t h e
p e rc e n ta g e o f th e h e i f e r s .
T h is p ro ced u re m a in ta in s a s u f f i c i e n t
num ber o f c a l v e s f o r r e p l a c e m e n t p u r p o s e s .
- 9 -
With, t h e a b o v e d a t a . T a b l e . I I I was c o m p i l e d .
L i v e s t o c k p r i c e s ! / and
p r o d u c t i o n d a t a a r e a v e r a g e s t a k e n from t h e c a t t l e r a n c h s t u d y .
The
l i v e s t o c k i n v e n t o r i e s and p u r c h a s e s w e re c a l c u l a t e d on t h e b a s i s o f
a v e r a g e p r i c e s p a i d by f a r m e r s f o r t h e p e r i o d 1 9 3 2 -5 5 , w h i l e a v e r a g e
p r i c e s r e c e i v e d by f a r m e r s f o r t h e same p e r i o d w ere u s e d t o d e t e r m i n e
th e liv e s to c k s a le s v a lu e s .
D e a th l o s s e s a r e a v e r a g e s o f t h e y e a r s 1 9 3 2 - 5 5 .
D e a th l o s s e s a r e
n o t g i v e n e x p l i c i t l y f o r t h e s e a s o n a l c a l v e s b u t t h e y a r e shown i n d i r e c t l y
b e c a u s e t h e c a l v i n g p e r c e n t a g e em ployed i n t h e s t u d y i s a c t u a l l y b a s e d
on t h e num ber o f c a l v e s r a i s e d t o w e a n in g a g e .
The a v e r a g e num ber o f b e e f cows s o l d e a c h y e a r i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y 14
p e r c e n t o f t h e cow h e r d .
The number o f a n i m a l s from t h e o t h e r b e e f
c l a s s e s t h a t w e re s o l d e a c h y e a r a r e t h e a n i m a l s n o t n e e d e d f o r t h e
r e p l a c e m e n t o f a n i m a l s s o l d , d i e d , o r consum ed a t home.
The e n d i n g i n v e n t o r y (D ecem ber 3 1 ) i s t h e same a s t h e b e g i n n i n g
i n v e n t o r y ( J a n u a r y l ) b e c a u s e e a c h i n v e n t o r y r e f l e c t s t h e a v e r a g e number
o f a n im a ls f o r th e y e a r s 1932-55.
,
The r a n c h l i v e s t o c k o r g a n i z a t i o n
( o th e r th a n th e b e e f h e rd ) w i l l be i d e n t i c a l to T able I I I
in a l l sub­
s e q u e n t l i v e s t o c k b u d g e t s , a s i t i s t h e n e t r e t u r n s due t o c h a n g e s i n
b e e f a n im al u n i t s f o r a g iv e n a re a o f lan d t h a t i s to be e v a lu a te d .
Now, w i t h t h e t y p i c a l b e e f h e r d o r g a n i z a t i o n s e t up i n T a b l e I I I ,
t h e c a l v i n g p e r c e n t a g e a n d a n im a l w e i g h t s o f t h e b e e f h e r d w i l l be
l/
P r i c e s r e c e i v e d f o r b e e f a n i m a l s w e re t a k e n from A g r i c u l t u r a l S t a t i s t i c s ,
U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r tm e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , U n i t e d S t a t e s G overnm ent
P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , W a s h in g to n , D. C . , 1952 a n d 1955.
TABLE I I I .
ADJUSTED LIVESTOCK BUDGET — TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED CATTLE RANCH, 1 9 3 2 - 5 5 .
In v en to ry
To R a i s e
To Buv
C lass
V a lu e
U n it
■ $
Need
V a lu e
B orn R e b l = U n i t
$
■
B e e f Cows
7 9 .4
Beef H e ife r s
17=2
B e e f Weaned C a l f 20=4
Beef S easo n al
C alf
2=7
B ulls.
M ilk Cows
2=7
0=5
D airy H e if e r s
5=3
Swine ? - Hogs
—--P ig s
P o u l t r y 's ■■Hens ' 4 4 . 0
C h i c k s ———
---—
Doz= Eggs
11 =8
H orses
———
C o lts
- '
T o tal
60
—
—
. 435
9 , 7 4 5 ____
Sub T o t a l
Sub T o t a l
V a ria b le
7 ,2 2 5
14=5 ----1 ,1 8 7 ——— 20=4 ———
898 --- — 2 0 .8 ———
—
—"
. 0 .9
C o n stan t
——
0 .2
333
—
22 1 .3 —
—
—
148 —
—
7 =0 —
---—
—
44 —
——— ——— ——— 100
—— ----- ---— —
543 ---— 3 =0 —
—
——" 3 . 0
1 ,0 9 0
1 0 ,8 3 5
----
—---
—
—
Home No.
Use D ied
U n i t Head
U n it
Head
V a lu e
Head
$
O rq a n iz a tio n
----1 . 0 2=4
———
——— 0 .9
—
----0=4 ■
1 1 .1
1 ,5 2 2 7 9 . 4
5 .0
697 1 7 .2
---— 2 0 .4
---—
145
3 9 .2
0 .8
145
I■ M ■
In v en to ry
D ec. 31
S ales
—
0 .1
———
—
—
—
177
---— —
2 .7
4 ,4 5 0
O ro a n iz a tio n
18
----- ----0 .7
---—
---— —--0 .8
—
2 .0 —
3 .3
—
—
1 .0
0 .7
—
—
—— 4 4 . 0
—
14
4 6 . 0 1 0 .0
—--- 3 0 0 . 0
4 3 3 .0
—
—--3 .0
“ --- ----—
.-----•
32
2 ,0 7 5
156
. -----
96 2 . 7
40 0 . 5
107 5 . 3
20 ---44 4 4 . 0
■
----- —
---134 --135 1 1 .8
—--- ---- —
Cash S a le s
+ In v .,
m inus
V a lu e P u r c h a s e s
■$
$ .
7 ,2 2 5
1 ,1 8 7
898
1 ,5 2 2
697
——
435
2 ,0 7 5
11
9 ,7 4 5
4 ,3 0 5
333
22
148
—
44
———
---—
543
---- .
78
40
107
20
44
14
134
135
--- —
576
---— 1 , 0 9 0
544
5 ,0 2 6
1 0 ,8 3 5
4 ,8 4 9
I
i—*
0
1
11 -
a l l o w e d t o v a r y (show n i n A p p e n d ix A^ and E]_) a c c o r d i n g to, t h e p r o d u c t i o n
y i e l d s a c t u a l l y e x p e r i e n c e d on t h e N o r t h e r n G r e a t P l a i n s d u r i n g t h e
p e rio d 1932-55.
P r i c e o f b e e f w i l l b e h e l d c o n s t a n t ( i n A p p e n d ix A^)
i n o r d e r t h a t t h e v a l u e s r e f l e c t e d w i l l b e due t o p r o d u c t i o n c h a n g e s —
n o t to p r i c e f l u c t u a t i o n s .
The t o t a l a v e r a g e v a l u e o f b e e f s o l d was
$ 4 , 5 0 0 , a r e t u r n o f $ 5 6 .6 7 p e r b e e f - c o w o f t h e a g e o f two y e a r s and o v e r
in th e t y p ic a l h e rd .
Hay and C rop P l a n — The t y p i c a l b u d g e t f o r h a y and c r o p p r o d u c t i o n
i s c o m p i le d i n T a b l e IV .
The i n v e n t o r i e s a r e s e t up so t h a t t h e t o t a l s
a p p r o x i m a t e t h e a v e r a g e i n v e s t m e n t i n f e e d and s e e d f o r t h e t y p i c a l
( a v e r a g e ) N o r t h e r n G r e a t P l a i n s c a t t l e r a n c h d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1932
t h r o u g h 1 955.
P r i c e a v e r a g e s f o r t h e p e r i o d 1932-55 a r e h e l d c o n s t a n t
f o r b e g i n n i n g and e n d i n g i n v e n t o r i e s .
Feed s to c k s a re k e p t c o n s ta n t f o r
b e g i n n i n g and e n d i n g i n v e n t o r i e s b e c a u s e t h e f e e d t h a t i s s o l d ariel/or
f e d i s a ssu m e d t o be r e p l a c e d by t h e i n t e r v e n i n g h a r v e s t p e r i o d .
The h a y a n d c r o p y i e l d s a r e a v e r a g e s f o r 1932-55 t a k e n from t h e
c a t t l e r a n c h s t u d y , and t h e AUM’ s o f g r a z i n g a l l o t t e d t o t h e r a n g e l a n d
i s th e a v e ra g e r a t e f o r th e N o rth ern G re a t P l a i n s f a m ily - o p e r a te d c a t t l e
ranches.
Feed R eq u irem en ts — T a b le V g iv e s th e fe e d r e q u ir e m e n ts f o r th e
liv e sto c k lis te d
in T ab le I I I .
The r e q u i r e m e n t s a r e b a s e d on t h e a v e r a g e
f e e d in g s ta n d a r d s f o r th e N o rth ern G re a t P l a i n s c a t t l e r a n c h e s f o r th e
y e a r s 1932-55.
■V
J a m e s R. G ray a n d C h e s t e r B. B a k e r , o p . c i t . . p . 4 1 .
2/
I b id . , pp. 52, 53.
TABLE I V ,
BUDGET. FOR HAY AND CROP PRODUCTION — TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED CATTLE RANCH,1 9 3 2 - 5 5 .
In v en to ry
Jan . I
C ro p s
A cres
■Eu.
T o ta l
U n its
Eu.
1 2 .6
2 6 .0
1 3 .6
8 ,4
1 2 .8
1 1 .9
2 2 .5
1 8 .5
161
309
306
155
161
309
306
■ 155
156
399
148
112
4 .4
4 .4
r —I
Ton
Ton
$
■;
Ton
1 .0 8
'31.9
3 1 .9
427
' 3 1 .9
0 .9 4
0 .6 4
1 .0 8
2 0 .3
5 2 .4
3 .1
2 0 .3
5 2 .4
3 .1
272
702
42
2 0 .3
5 2 .4
3 .1
Corn
Wheat
O ats .
B a rle y
A lfalfa
seed
5 .0
A cres
A lfalfa
hay
2 9 .5
O t h e r tame
hay
2 1 .6
W ild h a y 8 1 .9
A lf a lf a hay
2 .9
-
Y ie ld
Per
A cre
CO
;
U nit
0 .8 7
Ton
T o ta l
Eu.
$■
-
A cres
Range
AUM'-s
G razin g
■Perm it
I d l e and
W aste
U n it
V a lu e
In v en to ry
Dec,. 31
D isp o sal
F eed
Seed
Lbs.
S ale
U n it
9 ,6 6 0
2 6 b u . 283b'u.
9 ,1 2 0
---- 6 ,9 3 6
U n it
P ric e
■' -$
1 .2 9
———
2 7 . 6 3.9bu> 2 5 .6 1
AUM
AUM
AUM
940
940
9 4 0 .0
108
108
1 0 8 .0
—
—
—
—
—— —
—
—
G ross
S a les'
$
U nit
Eu.
----3 6 5 .0 0
---------
V a lu e
G ro ss
R e c e ip ts
C ash S a l e s
+ Inv.
Chanae
$
161
309
306
155
156
300
148
112
9 0 .3 4 4 . 4
113
$
3 6 5 .0 0
___
9 0 .3 4
■' Ton .
$
-----
3 3 .0
441
----. ---------
2 0 .3
5 2 .4
3 .1
272
70242
—
■
$
1 4.00
—
—
-
3 ,1 9 8 .0
—
—
7 5 .0
3 * 4 7 2 .0
—
—
—
2 ,3 7 1
—
———
—
——
— ——
—
—
---------—
—
—— —
— ——
—— —
—— —
___
_ _ _
_ _ _
—
--------------
4 5 5 .3 4
I2 ,3 8 5
4 6 9 .3 4
13 -
TABLE V.
NORMAL FEED REQUIREMENTS — TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED CATTLE
RANCH, 1 9 3 2 - 5 5 .
Kind
No..
B e e f Cows
Beef H e ife rs
C alv es
B u lls
7 9 .4
1 7 .2
2 0 .4
2 .7
Sub T o t a l
—— —
M ilk Cows
D airy H e if e r s
S w in e : Hogs
P ig s
P o u l t r y : Hens
C hicks
H o r s e s : M a tu re
C o lts
V
G ra in
(lb s .)
V a ria b le O rg a n iz a tio n
5 2 .8
5 ,1 6 1 .
1 ,1 1 8 3 /
9 .2
9 .0
2 ,3 4 6
5 .0
929
7 6 .0
9 ,5 5 4
C o n stan t O rg a n iz a tio n
2 .7
8 .1 0
1 1 ,3 4 0
0 .5
20
0 .2 2
———
5 .3
5 ,1 3 0
——
7 ,0 8 8
—
3 ,7 4 0
44
—
—
90
2 ,2 5 0
1 1 .8
2 2 .3 0
5 ,3 2 2
_-----------
Sub T o t a l
G rand T o t a l
Hay
Tons
—
—— —
—
P r o t e i n Cone,
(lb s .)
937
———
140
1 ,0 7 7
378
— —
—
—
—
— ——
—
— ——
3 0 .6 2
3 4 .8 9 0
378
1 0 6 .6 2
4 4 ,4 4 4
1 ,4 5 5
T w o -y e a r o l d s w e re f e d t h e same r a t e o f g r a i n a s a g e d cow s.
The f e e d r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e " c o n s t a n t p o r t i o n " o f t h e l i v e s t o c k
f e e d b u d g e t , T a b l e V, w i l l a l s o b e u s e d i n t h e c o n s t a n t p a r t s o f s u b s e ­
quent g ra z in g i n t e n s i t y b u d g e ts.
F e e d an d S eed C o s t s — The d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n t h e a n i m a l r e q u i r e ­
m e n ts i n T a b l e V an d t h e f e e d r a i s e d i n t h e c r o p p l a n i n T a b l e IV i n d i c a t e s
t h e f e e d p u r c h a s e s n e e d e d e a c h y e a r , o r on t h e o t h e r h a n d , t h e f e e d
s u r p l u s e s t h a t may b e c a r r i e d o v e r t o t h e n e x t y e a r a s c h a n g e s i n t h e
14 -
feed in v e n to ry .
Hay, g r a i n , and p r o t e i n s u p p l e m e n t s w e re f e d t o t h e
t y p i c a l b e e f h e r d e a c h y e a r , an d t h e c o s t s f o r t h e s e i t e m s v a r i e d e a c h
y e a r a c c o r d i n g t o t h e am ount f e d due t o r a n g e an d w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s .
M i n e r a l , s e e d , , l e a s i n g , a n d g r a z i n g c o s t s a r e i t e m i z e d i n T a b l e VI a s
a v e r a g e s f o r t h e s t u d y p e r i o d , and t h i s
c o n s ta n t f o r each y e a r o f th e s tu d y .
l a t t e r g r o u p o f c o s t s was h e l d
F e e d p r i c e s a r e a v e r a g e s from t h e
c a t t l e r a n c h s t u d y f o r t h e y e a r s 1932 t h r o u g h 1 955.-^/
P u b lic g razin g
f e e s a r e b a s e d on t h e B u r e a u o f Land M anagement g r a z i n g f e e s f o r t h e
p e rio d 1936-55.
The a v e r a g e v a l u e o f t h e p r i v a t e l y l e a s e d g r a z i n g la n d
was $ 9 , 2 8 8 , an d t h e c o s t o f l e a s i n g t h i s l a n d was e s t i m a t e d a t a 5
p e rc e n t c a p i t a l charge.
TABLE V I .
MINERAL, SEED, AND LEASING COSTS — TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED
CATTLE RANCH, 1 9 3 2 - 5 5 .
Ite m
S a lt
C orn s e e d
G ra z in g f e e s
U n it
P ric e
_ .2 ,3 9 5 ' lb s .
1 .7 b u .
106 AUM
$ l,4 l/c w t.
5 .5 7 /b u .
0.07/AUM
C ost .
$ 3 3 .8 0
9 .5 0
8 .0 0
5 1 .3 0
Sub T o t a l
Lease f e e s
T o ta l
1 ,6 2 1 a c r e s
5 .7 3 /a c re a t
5%
___
4 6 4 .4 1
5 1 5 .7 1
The v a r i a b l e c o s t s o f h a y , g r a i n , a n d p r o t e i n c o n c e n t r a t e s w ere
t o ta le d w ith th e c o n s ta n t c o s ts o f m in e r a ls ,
s e e d , e t c . e a c h y e a r to
e s t i m a t e t h e f e e d c o s t s i n T a b le . IX f o r t h e t y p i c a l c a t t l e r a n c h .
l/
.Jam es R, G ra y and C h e s t e r . B. B a k e r , o p . c i t . . p . 4 3 .
15 -
L a b o r C o s t s an d R e q u i r e m e n t s — Y e a r l y l a b o r r e q u i r e m e n t s f o r t h e
f a m i l y - o p e r a t e d c a t t l e r a n c h a r e b a s e d on d a t a f o r t h e y e a r s 1 9 4 5 -5 2 .
The y e a r s p r e v i o u s t o t h i s p e r i o d r e f l e c t t h e t r a n s i t i o n from a n im a l
power t o m e c h a n iz e d fa r m e q u ip m e n t and a r e n o t e s p e c i a l l y m e a n i n g f u l i n
t h i s s tu d y .
TABLE V I I .
YEARLY LABOR REQUIREMENTS — TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED CATTLE
RANCH.
I te m
H ours
T o tal
' U n it
P re-h arv est
H o u rs
H arvest
M an-days
H o u rs ( 1 0 h r . d a y s )
C o n s t a n t Ranch O r g a n i z a t i o n
C ro p s
Corn
Wheat
O a ts
B a rle y
A lf a lf a seed
A l f a l f a hay
' ■O t h e r tame h a y
W ild ha y
A l f a l f a stra w
G a rd e n
A cres
1 2 .6
2 6 .0
1 3 .6
8 .4
5 .0
2 9 .5
2 1 .6
8 1 .9
2 .9
" 0 .5
L iv e sto c k
Head
Cows m i l k e d
2 .7
H orses
1 1 .8
Sows an d g i l t s
1 2 .3
Hens and p u l l e t s 4 4 . 0
C h ick s r a i s e d
9 0 .0
Sub T o t a l
/
———
.
5 0 .4
1 3 0 .0
6 8 .0
5 4 .6
3 6 .0
2 6 5 .5
1 2 9 .6
3 8 8 .6
5 0 .4
6 2 .4
2 8 .6
2 5 .2
------- —
5 3 .1
4 3 .2
—
6 7 .6
3 9 .4
2 9 .4
3 6 .0
2 1 2 .4
8 6 .4
3 6 8 .6
—
———
———
1 0 0 .0
———
—— —
———
———
——
———
——
-----.
———
'
—
3 7 8 .0
4 8 3 .0
4 4 2 .8
■ 7 4 .8
2 7 .0
2 ,6 0 8 .3
—
---—
2 6 2 .9
.8 3 9 .8
5 .0
1 3 .0
6 .8
5 .5 .
3 .6
2 6 .6
1 3 .0
3 6 .9
—
1 0 .0
3 7 .8
4 8 .3
4 4 .3
7 .5
2 .7
2 6 1 .0
V a r i a b l e Ranch O r q a n i z a t i o n
B e e f cows
7 9 .4
O th er b e e f c a t t l e 4 0 .3
Sub T o t a l
G rand T o t a l
1 ,1 9 1 .0
4 4 3 .0
1 1 9 .1
--- _
1 .6 3 4 .0
4 ,2 4 2 .3
2 6 2 .9
———i
'4 4 .3
___; . .
1 6 3 .4 '
8 3 9 .8
,
4 2 4 .4
'
— 16 —
L a b o r r e q u i r e m e n t d a t a f o r t h e p e r i o d 1 9 53-55 a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e a t
t h i s t i m e , b u t i t i s assu m e d t h a t t h e y w i l l n o t d i f f e r g r e a t l y from t h e
a v e ra g e s (1945-52) u sed in T a b le V II.
The h i r e d l a b o r c o s t i n T a b l e V I I I w i l l d e p e n d on t h e am ount o f
fam ily la b o r a v a i l a b l e .
The l a b o r c o s t i s b a s e d on an a v e r a g e r a t e o f
$ 4 .1 5 p e r d a y . ! /
TABLE V I I I .
LABOR COSTS — TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED CATTLE RANCH, 1 9 3 2 -5 5 .
Ite m
Wage/Day
Days
F a m ily l a b o r
Cost
—
3 5 6 .5
H ired la b o r
6 7 .5
T o tal
$280
$ 4 .1 5
—
4 2 4 .0
$280
B u d g e t Summary
The b u d g e t summary i s shown b e lo w i n T a b l e IX f o r t h e t y p i c a l r a n c h
o rg an iz atio n .
Pow er and m a c h i n e r y , b u i l d i n g r e p a i r and d e p r e c i a t i o n ,
p e r q u i s i t e s , an d g o v e rn m e n t p a y m e n ts a r e t a k e n a s a v e r a g e s o f t h e p e r i o d
1 9 3 2 -5 5 fro m t h e r a n g e c a t t l e
s tu d y .
T a x e s , m i s c e l l a n e o u s , and l i v e s t o c k
c o s t s a r e a d j u s t e d t o t h e c h a n g e i n a n im a l c l a s s e s from a m ix e d s t e e r c o w - c a lf h e r d to an e x c l u s i v e c o w -c a lf o p e r a t i o n .
O ther ite m s l i s t e d
i n t h e su m m a rie s w ere d e v e l o p e d i n p r e v i o u s d i s c u s s i o n .
A l l i t e m s n o t p e r t a i n i n g e x p l i c i t l y t o t h e b e e f o r g a n i z a t i o n w ere
h e ld c o n s ta n t f o r th e p e r io d 1932-55.
l/
I b i d . a p p . 59-63
Feed ex p en ses r e f l e c t th e fo llo w in g
v
17 -
TABLE IX .
1 9 3 2 - 5 5 , AVERAGE COSTS AND RETURNS FOR A TYPICAL NORTHERN GREAT
' PLAINS CATTLE RANCH— HISTORICAL AND CONSTANT PRICES.
U n it
Beef p r ic e s re c e iv e d
- C alv es ( c w t.)
.Cows an d b u l l s ( c w t . )
D o llars
81
8B
T o ta l cash r e c e i p t s
G ra in
Beef s a le s
C aI v e s
Cows
B u lls
. O t h e r l i v e s t o c k and
liv e s to c k p ro d u cts
G o v e rn m e n t paym ent
D o llars
M
61
18
61
68
Ranch p e r q u i s i t e s
Hay i n v e n t o r y c h a n g e
Il
81
T o ta l expenses
L iv e sto c k
Pow er an d m a c h i n e r y
B u ild in g and r e p a i r
M isc e lla n eo u s
Taxes
Wages
Feed (e x c lu d e s hay)
N e t r a n c h income
a/
See t h e A p p e n d i c e s .
'
1 3 .8 6
1 3 .3 3
— — —
——
5 ,7 0 2
.
C o n stan t
389
4 ,6 5 8
2 ,2 3 0
2 ,2 6 8
160
.
;
5 ,6 4 4 '
455
4 ,5 0 0
2 ,0 9 8
2 ,2 4 5
156
510
145
544 .
145
D o llars
605
632
D o llars
12
21
11
G r o s s r a n c h income
P ric e s
______ H i s t o r i c a l ^ /
6 ,3 1 9
•
-
. 6 ,2 9 7
D o llars
69
SI
68
69
18
11
18
3 ,8 5 9
184
'1 ,4 3 6
244
491
541
214
749
3 ,8 8 4
195 ■
1,346»
226 .
514
454
280
D o llars
3 ,8 5 9
2 ,4 1 3
869
18 -
c o sts:
t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e tw e e n g r a i n f e d and g r a i n r a i s e d , p u r c h a s e s o f
p r o t e i n c o n c e n t r a t e s , m i n e r a l s , and l e a s i n g and g r a z i n g f e e s .
The c o s t s
f o r t h e am ount o f h a y f e d i n e x c e s s o f t h e 1 0 7 .7 t o n s r a i s e d on t h e r a n c h
a r e r e c o r d e d a s n e g a t i v e c h a n g e s i n t h e h a y i n v e n t o r y i n T a b l e IX.
N et r a n c h income (NRl) i s c a l c u l a t e d by s u b t r a c t i n g t o t a l r a n c h
e x p e n se 's from t h e g r o s s r a n c h in co m e .
r e t u r n to t h e r a n c h e r f o r h i s
The NRI ( $ 2 , 4 1 3 ) r e p r e s e n t s t h e
l a b o r , m an a g e m e n t, r i s k - b e a r i n g ,
on h i s i n v e s t m e n t , and t h e l a b o r c o n t r i b u t e d by h i s f a m i l y .
in te re st
The a v e r a g e
a n n u a l n e t r e t u r n s p e r cow o v e r t h e a g e o f two y e a r s i n t h e b e e f h e r d
was $ 3 0 . 4 0 f o r t h e p e r i o d .
A more d e t a i l e d t a b u l a t i o n o f t h e t y p i c a l r a n c h ' s b e e f p r o d u c t i o n ,
su m m a rie s o f r a n c h e x p e n s e s , and r a n c h incom e i s a v a i l a b l e
i n A p p e n d ic e s
A, B, C, D, E , F , G, and H.
The t y p i c a l r a n c h o r g a n i z a t i o n d e v e l o p e d above w i l l b e u s e d a s t h e
fra m ew o rk w i t h i n w h ic h t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a from t h e g r a z i n g t r i a l s a t
t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Range L i v e s t o c k E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n , M i l e s C i t y , Montana
w i l l be s u b s t i t u t e d
i n p l a c e o f t h e t y p i c a l l i v e s t o c k p r o d u c t i o n and
g r a z i n g d a t a from t h e r a n g e c a t t l e
s tu d y .
The s u b s e q u e n t " g r a z i n g t r i a l "
b u d g e t s w i l l e s t i m a t e n e t r a n c h incom es a c c r u i n g t o e a c h o f t h e t h r e e
r e s p e c tiv e g raz in g i n t e n s i t i e s :
( l ) heavy,
(2 ) m o d e ra te , and (3 ) l i g h t .
PART I I I
APPLICATION OF EMPIRICAL DATA TO THE MODEL (BUDGET)
■
The S o u r c e o f E r t b i r i c a l D a ta
The p r o b le m o f p r o p e r s t o c k i n g h a s b e e n s t u d i e d a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s
R a n g e . L i v e s t o c k E x p e r im e n t S t a t i o n , M i l e s C i t y , M ontana, s i n c e 1932.
A
r e p r e s e n t a t i v e a r e a o f t h e N o r t h e r n G r e a t P l a i n s r a n g e l a n d was s e l e c t e d
as th e s i t e o f the g ra z in g t r i a l s .
Two s e t s o f e x p e r i m e n t a l r a n g e p a s t u r e s
w e re e s t a b l i s h e d ; one s e t on r a t h e r g e n t l y r o l l i n g
la n d was u s e d a s .summer
r a n g e , an d t h e o t h e r s e t was l o c a t e d i n r o u g h e r c o u n t r y f o r w i n t e r g r a z i n g .
The summer g r a z i n g s e a s o n o r d i n a r i l y e x t e n d e d from May 15 u n t i l November 15
e a c h y e a r a n d t h e w i n t e r s e a s o n i n c l u d e d t h e r e m a i n i n g s i x m o n th s .
Two
p a s t u r e s o f e a c h s e t w e re l i g h t l y s t o c k e d a t 3 8 . 8 a c r e s p e r c o w - y e a r ; two
w e re m o d e r a t e l y s t o c k e d a t 3 0 . 5 a c r e s p e r c o w - y e a r ; and two w e re h e a v i l y
sto c k e d a t 2 3 . I a c r e s p e r cow -year.
A l l t h e r a n g e p a s t u r e s w e re somewhat s i m i l a r . . The p a s t u r e s w ere
w e d g e - s h a p e d , and e a c h s e t r a d i a t e d from a c e n t r a l w e l l from w h ic h s t o c k
w a t e r was e q u a l l y a c c e s s i b l e .
S a l t was p l a c e d i n e a c h r a n g e p a s t u r e a s
an a i d in o b t a i n i n g u n ifo rm d i s t r i b u t i o n o f g r a z i n g .
T o p o g ra p h y was n o t
a f a c t o r i n d i s t r i b u t i o n o f g r a z i n g on e i t h e r t h e summer o r t h e w i n t e r
ran g e p a s t u r e s . -i/
T h r e e g r o u p s o f h i g h q u a l i t y H e r e f o r d b r e e d i n g cows w e re s t o c k e d on
th e ra n g e p a s t u r e s d u r in g 1932-55.
l/
The f i r s t g r o u p was c a r r i e d th r o u g h
C l a r k E . H o l s c h e r and E . J . W o o lf o l k , F o r a g e U t i l i z a t i o n by C a t t l e on
t h e N o r t h e r n G r e a t P l a i n s R a n g e s . U n i t e d S t a t e s D e p a r tm e n t o f A g r i ­
c u l t u r e C i r c u l a r 9 1 8 , U. S . G overnm ent P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , W a s h in g to n ,
D. C . , J u n e 1953, p . 2 .
- - 20 - '
e a r l y A u g u st,
1936, when t h e y w e re s o l d b e c a u s e o f u n c e r t a i n t i e s o f f e e d
r e s u l t i n g from t h e d r o u g h t .
The s e c o n d g r o u p was s t a r t e d
i n 1937 and
c o n t i n u e d t h r o u g h November, 1945 when t h e y w e re s o l d f o r 's a l v a g e a s open
ten -y e ar o ld s.
The t h i r d g r o u p was s t a r t e d
y e a rlin g h e if e r s .
i n t h e s p r i n g o f 1948 a s
T h is group dropped t h e i r f i r s t c a lv e s in th e s p rin g o f
1950.
Cows w e re b r e d t o r e g i s t e r e d H e r e f o r d b u l l s d u r i n g a s i x - w e e k p e r i o d
i n J u n e and J u l y .
I n 1935 an d t h e p e r i o d 1939 t h r o u g h 1955. b u l l s w ere
s h i f t e d b e tw e e n p a s t u r e s p e r i o d i c a l l y t o e q u a l i z e t h e p o s s i b l e e f f e c t s
of in d iv id u a l b u lls .
I n t h e o t h e r y e a r s , one b u l l was f u r n i s h e d p e r
p a s t u r e e x c e p t i n two y e a r s when a s i n g l e b u l l was moved t h r o u g h a c i r ­
c u i t o f a l l p a s tu r e s tw ice each day.
D e t a i l e d r e c o r d s w e re k e p t o f how t h e r a n g e and c a t t l e w e re a f f e c t e d
by t h e w e a t h e r and t h e t h r e e r a t e s o f s t o c k i n g .
v e g e ta tio n d a ta ,
The r e c o r d s c o n t a i n e d
s u p p l e m e n t a l f e e d r e q u i r e d f o r e a c h g r o u p o f cow s, and
i n d i v i d u a l cow and c a l f w e i g h t s r e c o r d e d a t 28 day i n t e r v a l s .
To e s t i m a t e t h e p r o b a b l e , e f f e c t s o f g r a z i n g a t d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f
u s e on t h e t y p i c a l f a m i l y - o p e r a t e d c a t t l e r a n c h e m p i r i c a l d a t a from t h e
M ile s C ity g r a z in g e x p e rim e n t w i l l be s u b s t i t u t e d in to th e t y p i c a l ran ch
o rg an iz atio n .
The la n d t e n u r e o r g a n i z a t i o n o f t h e t y p i c a l c a t t l e r a n c h ( T a b le I )
w i l l r e m a i n t h e same, f o r t h e s u b s e q u e n t g r a z i n g i n t e n s i t y b u d g e t s .
Hay,
-V, M. J . Heed and R. A. P e t e r s o n , V e g e t a t i o n . S o i l , and C a t t l e R e s p o n s e s
t o G r a z i n g on t h e N o r t h e r n G r e a t P l a i n s R an g e . U n p u b l i s h e d m a n u s c r i p t ,
p p . 18-20.
-
21 -
g r a i n , and r a n c h e n t e r p r i s e s o t h e r t h a n b e e f w i l l h a v e t h e same a c r e a g e s ,
a n im a l n u m b e r s , and y i e l d s a s ,the t y p i c a l r a n c h .
I
P r i c e s r e c e i v e d and p a i d
■
by t h e r a n c h e r w i l l r e m a i n c o n s t a n t t h r o u g h t h e y e a r s ,
th e d i f f e r e n t g razin g , l e v e l b u d g e ts .
1 9 3 2 - 5 5 , and b e tw e e n
The d e s i r e d end i s t o r e f l e c t t h e
r e s u l t s o f v a r y in g th e r a t e s o f g r a z i n g , and t h i s
i s a c c o m p l i s h e d by v a r y ­
i n g t h e num ber o f b e e f a n i m a l u n i t s on a g i v e n a r e a o f r a n g e ( 3 , 5 5 8 a c r e s ) .
The Ranch W ith a Heavy R a te o f G r a z i n g — ■
P r i c e s . H e ld C o n s t a n t
U s in g t h e same g e n e r a l r a n c h o r g a n i z a t i o n t h a t was d e v e l o p e d p r e v i o u s l y
f o r th e t y p ic a l c a t t l e ra n c h , a l l
t h e r a n c h e n t e r p r i s e s an d management
p r a c tic e s a re c a r r ie d over in to th e h e a v ily grazed c a t t l e ranch except fo r
t h o s e p r a c t i c e s e m ployed i n t h e ;b e e f c a t t l e
e n te rp rise s.
The num ber o f b e e f a n i m a l s f o r t h e h e a v y g r a z i n g r a t e a r e c a l c u l a t e d
by d i v i d i n g t h e . a c r e s p e r c o w - y e a r ( 2 3 . 1 a c r e s )
g ra z e d (3 ,5 5 8 a c r e s ) .
in to th e su rfa c e a c re s
The c o n s t a n t r a n c h l i v e s t o c k o r g a n i z a t i o n ( 1 5 .3 9
AU’ s ) was s u b t r a c t e d from th e . q u o t i e n t (1 5 4 A U 's) .to g i v e 1 3 8 .6 1 AU1S
in th e b e e f h e rd .
The a n i m a l u n i t s i n t h e b e e f h e r d w e re t h e n s u b s t i t u t e d
i n t o t h e g e n e r a l f o r m u la d e v e l o p e d on p a g e 8 .
(1)
X - t h e a n i m a l u n i t s o f cows i n t h e h e r d .
(2)
154 AU1S m in u s 1 5 .3 9 AU1S ( h o r s e s and d a i r y ) = 1 3 8 .6 1 AU1S
(b eef a n im a ls)=
(3)
2 / x cows + . 1519X h e i f e r s + . 0408X b u l l s + . 1028X c a l v e s = 1 3 8 .6 1
AU1S.
..........
■
■
■
-
------- —
—
—
— ------ — —
*
--------- —
--------- —
l/
T h r e e h u n d r e d and s i x t y a c r e s a r e a l l o w e d f o r t h e 108 AUM1S o f p u b l i c
g r a z i n g p e r m i t f o r t h e t y p i c a l c a t t l e r a n c h . T h i s m ethod w i l l s u b j e c t
t h e p u b l i c r a n g e to a s i m i l a r d e g r e e o f u s e a s t h e p r i v a t e l a n d .
2/
See p a g e 8 f o r t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e f o r m u l a .
— 22 —
(4)
1..29X
X
=1 3 8 .6 1 AU's
=1 0 6 .9 5 A U 's =,106 =95 cows
.1519X
= 1 6 .2 4 AU's =
2 3 .2 h e i f e r s
. 0408X
= 4 . 3 6 AU's =
3 .6 b u l l s
. . 1028X
= 1 0 .9 9 A U 's =
2 7 .5 c a lv e s
I n A p p e n d ix
th e l i v e s t o c k in v e n to r y e x c e p t f o r th e c a l f crop is
h e ld c o n s ta n t f o r each y e a r o f th e s tu d y .
R e p la c e m e n ts a r e w i t h h e l d from
th e c a l f c ro p each y e a r in o r d e r to r e p l a c e th e an im a ls in th e h e rd t h a t
are c u lle d ,
s l a u g h t e r e d and l o s t due t o d e a t h e a c h y e a r .
The number o f
a n i m a l s s l a u g h t e r e d and c u l l e d a r e b a s e d on t h e c a t t l e r a n c h s t u d y w h i l e
d e a t h l o s s e s a r e b a s e d on e m p i r i c a l d a t a from t h e M il e s C i t y g r a z i n g
e x p erim en ts.
The b e e f h e r d f o r t h e h e a v i l y g r a z e d r a n c h i s a p p l i e d i n Appendix
Bj t o t h e m a r k e t i n g p r o c e d u r e e x p e r i e n c e d i n t h e t y p i c a l r a n c h b u d g e t s .
The t o t a l v a l u e o f b e e f s o l d e a c h y e a r i s t h e n shown i n A p p e n d ix B^ a s '
a com ponent o f t h e t o t a l c a s h r e c e i p t s .
The y e a r l y s a l e s o f b e e f from
t h e h e a v i l y g r a z e d r a n g e a v e r a g e d $ 5 ,7 3 6 f o r t h e s t u d y p e r i o d .
A verage
o r g a n i z a t i o n , p r o d u c t i o n , and c o s t s a n d r e t u r n s f o r t h e p e r i o d ,
1 9 3 2 -5 5 ,
a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e s . X and X I .
The h e a v i l y g r a z e d r a n c h b u d g e t s i n c r e a s e
wage c o s t s
in l i v e s t o c k ,
t a x , ' and
( r e l a t i v e to th e ty p ic a l ran ch b u d g e ts) r e f l e c t th e la r g e r
h erd s iz e o f th e h e a v ily g razed ra n c h , w h ile th e r i s e
in m is c e lla n e o u s
c o s ts r e f l e c t th e in c r e a s e in b o a rd f o r h i r e d la b o r . Feed c o s ts (e x c lu s iv e
- {'
o f h a y b o u g h t ) a r e t h e same f o r e a c h y e a r e x c e p t 1938 an d 1944 when p r o t e i n
— 23 —
TABLE X,
1 9 3 3 - 5 5 , AVERAGE ORGANIZATION, AND PRODUCTION FOR A TYPICAL
NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS CATTLE RANCH iyiTH THREE INTENSITIES OF
GRAZING USE.
U n i t _____
Land i n r a n c h
C ropland
R a n g e la n d
M isc e lla n eo u s
A cre
CO
CO
Cfl
C ro p s h a r v e s t e d
G ra in
Hay
O th er c ro p s
A cre
CO
CO
CO
____________R a te o f G r a z i n g _______
Heavy
M o d e ra te ________ L i g h t
3 ,4 7 2
199
3 ,4 7 2
199
3 ,1 9 8
75
3 ,1 9 8
75
6 0 ,6
1 3 3 .0
5 .0
,
3 ,4 7 2
199
3 ,1 9 8
•
75
6 0 .6
1 3 5 .0
5 .0
6 0 .6
1 3 3 .0
5 .0
4 4 .0
5 .3
1 1 .8
7 8 .1
1 6 .9
2 0 .1
2 .7
2 .7
0 .5
4 4 .0
5 .3
1 1 .8
5 8 .9
1 2 .8
1 5.1
2 .0
2 .7
0 .5
4 4 .0
5 .3
1 1 .8
5 3 .8
2 7 .0
1 .2 5
4 5 .9
1 5 .8
0 .9
3 5 .7
1 1 .9
0 .7
L i v e s t o c k on r a n c h
B e e f cows
h e ife rs
c a lv e s
b u lls
D a i r y cows
h e ife rs
C hickens
Hogs
H orses
Number
CO
06
CO
60
00
.O
O
08
CO
CO
B eef a n im a ls s o ld
C aI v e s
Cows
B u lls
Number
00
00
00
W e ig h t p e r a n im a l
C alf
Cow
B u ll
Pounds
00
00
CO
359
1 ,0 0 5
1 ,3 1 5
396
1 ,0 8 0
1 ,4 6 1
396
1 ,0 7 6
1 ,4 6 1
Beef so ld
C alves
Cows
B u lls
Pounds
00
00
CO
1 9 ,5 0 1
2 1 ,1 1 1
1 ,6 4 4
1 8 ,2 0 9
1 7 ,059
1 ,3 1 5
1 4 ,3 5 4
1 2 ,7 9 7
1 ,0 2 3
1 0 7 .0
2 3 .2
2 7 .5
3 .6
2 .7
0 .5
— 24 —
.TABLE X I .
1 9 3 3 - 5 5 , AVERAGE COSTS AND RETURNS FOR A TYPICAL NORTHERN
GREAT PLAINS CATTLE RANCH WITH THREE INTENSITIES OF
GRAZING — CONSTANT PRICES.
U nit
Beef p r ic e s re c e iv e d
( c w t)
C alv es
Cows a n d b u l l s
T o ta l cash r e c e i p t s
G ra in
.B eef s a l e s .
C alv es
Cows
B u lls
O t h e r l i v e s t o c k and
liv e s to c k p ro d u cts
G o v ern m en t p a y m e n ts
D o llars
M
18
Heavv
1 3 .8 6
1 3 .3 3
R a te o f G ra z in a
M o d e ra te
L iah t
1 3 .8 6
1 3 .3 3
1 3 .8 6
1 3 .3 3
00
80
6 ,8 8 0
455
5 ,7 3 6
2 ,7 0 3
2 ,8 1 4
219
6 ,1 1 7
455
4 ,9 7 3
2 ,5 2 4
2 ,2 7 4
175
4 ,9 7 7
455
3 ,8 3 3
1 ,9 9 0
1 ,7 0 7
136
88
80
544
145
544
145
544
145
Ranch p e r q u i s i t e s
00
632
632
632
Hay i n v e n t o r y c h a n g e
.OO
-652
271
436
G r o s s r a n c h income
#
6 ,8 5 9
7 ,0 2 0
6 ,0 4 4
T o ta l cash e x p e n d itu re s
L iv esto ck
Power and m a c h i n e r y
M isc e lla n eo u s
Taxes
Wages
F eed
B u i l d i n g and r e p a i r
D o llars
OO
OO
00
00
00
00
00
4 ,1 9 3
281
1 ,3 4 6
590
497
518
735
226
3 ,7 1 6
211
1 ,3 4 6
512
452.
272
697
226
3 ,4 0 1
175
1 ,346
458
420
107
685
226
Net r a n c h income
D o llars
2 ,6 6 6
3 ,3 0 4
2 ,6 2 7
D o llars
40
IB
n
— 25 —
s u p p l e m e n t s w e re f e d t o t h e h e a v i l y g r a z e d b e e f h e r d .
I n A p p e n d ix B2
th e c o n sta n c y in th e feed c o s ts o ver th e p e rio d o f th e s tu d y r e f l e c t s
t h e f a c t t h a t no g r a i n o r p r o t e i n c o n c e n t r a t e s w ere f e d t o t h e e x p e r i ­
m e n t a l a n i m a l s a t M i l e s C i t y , M o n ta n a , e x c e p t f o r t h e y e a r s s t a t e d a b o v e .
The p u r c h a s e s o f h a y (when h a y f e d e x c e e d e d h a y r a i s e d ) a r e d e n o t e d a s
n e g a tiv e changes in th e hay in v e n to ry in T ab le X I.
D u r i n g t h e y e a r s 1938, 1 9 5 0 , 1951, 1 9 5 2 , and 1954 i t was n e c e s s a r y
to rem ove t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l a n i m a l s from t h e summer g r a z i n g t r i a l p a s t u r e s
b e f o r e t h e p r e d e t e r m i n e d d a t e o f November l . - l /
Range m anagem ent p e r s o n n e l
h a v e i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e m o d e r a t e l y and l i g h t l y g r a z e d p a s t u r e s would
p ro b a b ly have c a r r i e d t h e i r a n im a ls th ro u g h th e s e p e r io d s w ith o u t su p p le ­
m en tal f e e d in g .
T h e r e f o r e , e x tr a fee d c o s ts have been ch arg ed a g a in s t
th e h e a v i l y g ra z e d ra n c h b u d g e ts f o r th e s e y e a r s to a c c o u n t f o r the
l e n g t h o f t im e t h a t t h e summer g r a z i n g p e r i o d was s h o r t o f m e e t i n g t h e
end o f th e norm al g r a z in g s e a s o n .
The t o t a l e x p e n s e s f o r t h e h e a v i l y g r a z e d r a n c h a v e r a g e d $ 4 ,1 9 3
w h ic h when s u b t r a c t e d from t h e g r o s s r a n c h income o f $ 6 ,8 5 9 l e a v e s a n e t
r a n c h incom e o f $ 2 ,6 6 6 o r a n e t r e t u r n o f $ 2 4 .9 0 p e r cow o v e r t h e a g e o f
two y e a r s i n t h e b e e f h e r d .
The g a p s i n t h e A p p e n d i c e s f o r t h e y e a r s 1937, 1946, 1 9 4 7 , 1948, and
1949 r e f l e c t t h e l a c k o f p r o d u c t i o n d a t a from t h e M i l e s C i t y e x p e r i m e n t s .
■V
November 1 s t i s t h e end o f t h e g r a z i n g p e r i o d f o r t h e l a t e r e x p e r i ­
m e n t s , b u t t h e e a r l i e r e x p e r i m e n t s u s e d November 1 5 t h . H ow ever, t h e
a u th o r h a s a r b i t r a r i l y chosen th e fo rm er d a te f o r th e p u rp o se o f th e
stu d y .
— 26 —
The Ranch W ith a M o d e ra te R a t e o f G r a z in g —
P r i c e s H e ld C o n s t a n t
The p r o d u c t i o n r e s p o n s e s from a m o d e r a t e i n t e n s i t y o f g r a z i n g w ere
"p lu g g e d " i n t o th e b u d g e ts o f th e t y p i c a l ra n c h o r g a n i z a t i o n to e s tim a te
t h e e f f e c t s o f t h i s t y p e o f r a n g e a n d l i v e s t o c k m anagem ent upon t h e n e t
incom e o f t h e p l a i n s r a n c h e r .
The t o t a l a n im a l u n i t s o f b e e f a n i m a l s f o r t h e m o d e r a te i n t e n s i t y
o f g r a z i n g w e re c a l c u l a t e d by d i v i d i n g t h e a c r e s p e r c o w - y e a r ( 3 0 . 5 ) i n t o
th e s u rf a c e a c r e s g raz e d (3 ,5 5 8 a c r e s ) .
o rg an izatio n
The c o n s t a n t r a n c h l i v e s t o c k
( 1 5 .3 9 AU."s) was s u b t r a c t e d from t h e q u o t i e n t . ( 1 1 6 .6 All’ s)
t o g i v e 1 0 1 ,2 1 A ll's i n t h e b e e f h e r d .
The a n i m a l u n i t s o f b e e f a n i m a l s w e re t h e p s u b s t i t u t e d i n t o t h e same
g e n e r a l f o r m u la a s on p a g e 8 . , The r e s u l t i n g number f o r e a c h c l a s s o f
b e e f a n im a ls i s a s fo llo w s :
7 8 .1
16=9
2 .7
2 0 .1
cows
h e ife rs
b u lls. '
c a lv e s
The b e e f h e r d f o r t h e m o d e r a t e l y g r a z e d r a n c h was t h e n u s e d t o
c o n s t r u c t Column 4 i n T a b l e s X and X I .
The t o t a l v a l u e from t h e s a l e
o f b e e f a n i m a l s a v e r a g e d $ 4 ,9 7 3 y e a r l y f o r t h e m o d e r a t e l y g r a z e d r a n c h .
The 1938 f e e d c o s t s i n A p pendix Cg show t h e one y e a r o f t h e s t u d y
t h a t p r o t e i n c o n c e n t r a t e s w e re f e d t o t h e m o d e r a t e l y g r a z e d b e e f a n i m a l s .
Hay p u r c h a s e s an d s u r p l u s e s a r e g i v e n i n T a b l e XI i n c h a n g e o f hay
in v e n to rie s.
-
27 -
T o ta l ran c h exp en ses f o r th e m o d e ra te ly g raz e d ran c h averag ed
$ 3 ,7 1 6 — a d e c r e a s e o f $477 from t h e a v e r a g e t o t a l e x p e n s e o f $ 4 ,1 9 3
f o r th e h e a v il y g raz e d ra n c h -
The g r o s s r a n c h income (GRl) f o r t h e
m o d e r a t e l y g r a z e d r a n c h was $ 7 ,0 2 0 w h ic h g a v e a n a v e r a g e n e t r a n c h
income (NRl) o f $ 3 ,3 0 4 -
The n e t r e t u r n s f o r t h e m o d e r a t e l y g r a z e d
r a n c h a v e r a g e d $ 4 2 - 3 0 p e r cow o v e r t h e a g e o f two y e a r s i n t h e b e e f
h erd -
The Ranch W ith a L i g h t R a te o f G r a z i n g —
P r i c e s H e ld C o n s t a n t
The same g e n e r a l p r o c e d u r e em ployed i n t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f t h e
h e a v i l y and m o d e r a t e l y g r a z e d r a n c h o r g a n i z a t i o n b u d g e t s was u t i l i z e d
in
c o m p ilin g th e b u d g e ts f o r th e c a t t l e r a n c h w ith a l i g h t r a t e o f g r a z in g
(38-8 a c re s p e r c o w -y e a r),
T a b l e s X, a n d XI an d A p p e n d ic e s D^, Dg, and
Dg g i v e t h e r e s u l t s f o r t h e s t u d y p e r i o d F e e d c o s t s , f o r t h e y e a r 1938 r e f l e c t t h e p u r c h a s e s o f p r o t e i n c o n ­
c e n tra te s-
Hay p u r c h a s e s a n d s u r p l u s e s a r e i t e m i z e d i n A p p e n d ix Dg u n d e r
hay in v e n to r y c h a n g es.
The GRI f o r t h e l i g h t l y g r a z e d c a t t l e r a n c h a v e r a g e d $ 6 ,0 4 4 w h i l e
th e t o t a l ra n c h ex p e n se s a v e ra g e d $ 3 ,4 1 7 -
The d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e above
f i g u r e s g i v e s a NRI o f $ 2 ,6 2 7 f o r t h e l i g h t l y g r a z e d r a n c h f o r an a v e r a g e
n e t r e t u r n p e r cow two y e a r s o l d and o v e r o f $ 4 4 - 6 0 f o r t h e s t u d y p e r i o d .
B u d g e t s U s in g H i s t o r i c a l P r i c e s
E s t i m a t i o n o f n e t r a n c h incom e c o m puted w i t h p r i c e s a c t u a l l y e x p e r i ­
e n c e d i s i n t e r e s t i n g w i t h r e s p e c t t o how p r i c e f l u c t u a t i o n s i n t e r a c t e d
— 28 —
w ith th e p h y s ic a l p r o d u c tio n r e s p o n s e s to co m p rise th e y e a r l y u n c e r t a i n ­
t i e s e x p e r i e n c e d by t h e p l a i n s r a n c h e r d u r i n g t h e s t u d y p e r i o d „
The
su m m a rie s f o r t h e b u d g e t s u s i n g h i s t o r i c a l p r i c e s a r e g i v e n i n A p p e n d ic e s
E, F , G, an d H,
The y e a r l y p r i c e s o f c a t t l e
S ta tistic s
1952 and 1 9 5 5 0
s o l d w e re t a k e n from A g r i c u l t u r a l
P r i c e s r e c e i v e d and p a i d f o r o t h e r c o m m o d itie s
d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d w e re b a s e d on t h e 1 9 1 0 -1 4 i n d i c e s .
The a v e r a g e c o s t s and r e t u r n s f o r t h e p e r i o d , 1 9 3 3 - 5 5 , a r e g i v e n i n
T ab le X II f o r th e t h r e e i n t e n s i t i e s o f g r a z i n g .
The a v e r a g e n e t r a n c h
in com es f o r t h e h e a v i l y , m o d e r a t e l y , and l i g h t l y g r a z e d r a n c h e s a r e
$ 2 ? 5 1 4 ; $ 3 , 0 7 5 ; an d $ 2 ,3 3 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
w ith c o n s ta n t p r i c e s ,
As i n t h e c a s e o f t h e b u d g e t s
th e sequence o f l a r g e s t to l e a s t n e t r e t u r n s a c c o rd ­
i n g t o g r a z i n g u s e i s t h e sa m e , b u t t h e r e a r e s l i g h t c h a n g e s i n t h e
m a g n i tu d e o f t h e r e t u r n s .
The r e s u l t s f o r t h e b u d g e t s w i t h h i s t o r i c a l p r i c e s a r e p r o b a b l y
n o t too m e a n in g fu l in term s o f g r a z in g u s e . im p l ic a ti o n s b e c a u s e th e
f l u c t u a t i o n s i n p r i c e may e n t i r e l y o r i n l a r g e p a r t s h r o u d t h e r e a c t i o n s
o f g r a z i n g r e s p o n s e s i f t h e two f a c t o r s a c t i n o p p o s i t e d i r e c t i o n s .
on t h e o t h e r h a n d , p r i c e f l u c t u a t i o n s may a c t u a l l y g i v e f a l s e
to g ra z in g r e s u l t s
T h e r e f o r e .,
Or
im p e tu s
i f t h e two f a c t o r s c h a n g e i n t h e same d i r e c t i o n .
t h e r a n c h r e t u r n s t h a t w e re d e v e l o p e d i n t h e p r e v i o u s
b u d g e t s w i t h t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f c o n s t a n t p r i c e s w i l l be a n a l y z e d i n t h e
n e x t s e c t i o n o f t h e t h e s i s i n t e r m s o f b e e f p r o d u c t i o n a s a f f e c t e d by
r a n g e c o n d i t i o n and w e a t h e r f l u c t u a t i o n s .
-
TABLE X I I .
29
1 9 3 3 - 5 5 , AVERAGE COSTS AMD RETURNS FOR A TYPICAL NORTHERN
GREAT PLAINS CATTLE RANCH WITH THREE INTENSITIES OF GRAZING
USE — HISTORICAL PRICES„
__
U n it
Beef p ric e s re c e iv e d
Ca I v e s
Cows an d b u l l s
D o llars
00
00
T o ta l cash r e c e i p t s
D o llars
OO
G ra in
A
O
Beef s a le s
0
0
c a lv e s
00
cows
M
b u lls
O t h e r l i v e s t o c k and
liv e s to c k p ro d u cts
w
O
B
G o v ern m en t p a y m e n ts
R ate o f G razin g
L ig h t
Heavy ._______ M o d e ra te
------------ H i s t o r i c a l p r i c e s ------------
6 ,5 3 9
367
5 ,5 1 5
2 ,6 0 4
2 ,6 9 7
214
5 ,8 9 7
367
4 ,8 7 8
2 ,5 0 7
2 ,2 0 0
171
4 ,8 2 6
367
3 ,8 0 2
2 ,0 1 8
1 ,6 5 1
133
488
169
488
169
488
169
Ranch p e r q u i s i t e s
D o llars
581
’ 581
581
Hay i n v e n t o r y c h a n g e
D o llars
-545
247
331
G r o s s r a n c h income
D o llars
6 ,5 7 5
6 ,7 3 1
5 ,7 3 8
T o ta l expenses ■
L iv esto ck
Pow er and m a c h i n e r y
B u i l d in g and r e p a i r
M isc e lla n eo u s
Taxes
Wages
Feed (e x c lu d e s hay)
D o llars
00
OO
D
B
O
Q
00
00
00
'
4 ,0 6 1 '
256
1 ,4 3 6
241
■ 561
595
383
589
• 3 ,6 5 6
192
1 ,4 3 6
241
487
541
201
558
3 ,4 0 6
160
1 ,436
241
■ 436
503
N et r a n c h income
D o llars
2 ,5 1 4
3 ,0 7 5
2 ,3 3 2
'79
551
PART IV
'
INFERENCES TO BE DRAWN FROM THE STUDY
L i m i t a t i o n s o f C om paring t h e G r a z i n g I n t e n s i t y
B u d g e t s W ith t h e T y p i c a l C a t t l e Ranch S tu d y B u d g e ts
W hile t h e d a t a from t h e c a t t l e r a n c h s t u d y a r e a v e r a g e s o f t h e
f a m i l y - o p e r a t e d c a t t l e r a n c h e s on t h e N o r t h e r n G r e a t P l a i n s , t h e b e e f
p r o d u c tio n d a ta used to c o n s t r u c t th e g r a z in g i n t e n s i t y b u d g e ts a re th e
r e s u l t s o f an e x p e rim e n t c o n d u c te d in a s p e c i f i c a r e a . o f th e N o rth ern
G reat P la in s=
M anagement an d p h y s i c a l p r o d u c t i o n r e s p o n s e s r e s p e c t i v e
t o t h e two d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e s o f d a t a c a n n o t b e assum ed t o be c o m p a r a b le
in a l l c a s e s .
T herefore,
t h e m ain i n f e r e n c e s t o be drawn from t h e s t u d y
are r e s t r i c t e d
t o t h e r e s u l t s from t h e h e a v i l y , m o d e r a t e l y , , and l i g h t l y
grazed ran ch b u d g e ts.
Range C o n d i t i o n , a s i t A f f e c t s N et Ranch Income
M a jo r t r e n d s i n r a n g e v e g e t a t i o n a r e u s u a l l y s e t by w e a t h e r c o n d i ­
t i o n s , and t h e s e t r e n d s a r e m o d i f i e d by t h e i n t e n s i t i e s o f g r a z i n g u s e . '
T h i s i s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e a s shown i n F i g u r e I , w h e re t h e c h a n g e s i n f o r a g e
p r o d u c t i o n du e t o f l u c t u a t i o n s i n w e a t h e r a r e g r e a t e r t h a n t h e d i f f e r e n c e s
du e t o g r a z i n g and s t o c k i n g t r e a t m e n t s .
V e g e t a t i o n d a t a o b t a i n e d from t h e M i l e s C i t y g r a z i n g e x p e r i m e n t s
i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e m o d e r a te r a t e o f s t o c k i n g a p p r o x i m a t e d a n optimum i n
m a in ta in in g range fo rag e p r o d u c tiv ity .
The r e l a t i v e c o n d i t i o n o f t h e
l i g h t e s t an d t h e m o d e r a t e l y s t o c k e d r a n g e s was a p p a r e n t l y a b o u t e q u a l .
In F ig u re I ,
f o r a g e y i e l d s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e l i g h t and m o d e r a t e l y g r a z e d
- 31
TOTAL YIELD PER ACRE (POUNDS)
1800
1500»
I n t e r m e d i a t e l y S t o c k e d —f /
120C.
L i g h t e s t S tocked
900
H e a v ie s t S to ck ed
1933
F ig u re I .
F o r a g e P r o d u c t i o n on t h e Summer C a t t l e R anges Was Reduced D u r in g
t h e L a t e r Y e a r s o f t h e S t u d y by t h e H e a v i e s t L e v e l o f S t o c k i n g ,
M i l e s C i t y , M ontana E x p e r i m e n t a l R a n g e ,
( B a s e d on y i e l d s
c a l c u l a t e d fro m c a t t l e w e i g h t s , d a y s o f s t o c k i n g , and h e r b a g e
u tiliz a tio n )M
M. J . Reed and R. A. P e t e r s o n , V e g e t a t i o n , S o i l , and C a t t l e R e s p o n s e s
t o G r a z i n g on t h e N o r t h e r n G r e a t P l a i n s R a n g e , U n p u b l i s h e d m a n u s c r i p t ,
p . 31a.
-
32
-
p a s t u r e s c o n s i s t e n t l y p r o d u c e d m ore f o r a g e t h a n t h e h e a v i e r g r a z e d
p a s t u r e s in th e l a t e r y e a r s o f th e e x p e r i m e n t .^ /
The d a t a i n F i g u r e s I an d 2 w ould t e n d t o s u p p o r t t h e commonly h e l d
b e l i e f o f many r a n g e m anagem ent w o r k e r s t h a t e x t e n d e d o v e r g r a z i n g becomes
more c r i t i c a l a s t h e p e r i o d o f o v e r g r a z i n g i s p r o l o n g e d .
I n F i g u r e 2 t h e y e a r l y f o r a g e p r o d u c t i o n i s t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o pounds
o f m a r k e t a b l e b e e f t h r o u g h t h e u s e o f r e l a t i v e num bers o f g r a z i n g a n i m a l s .
The h e a v y r a t e o f g r a z i n g on t h e a v e r a g e p r o d u c e s c o n s i d e r a b l y more b e e f
f o r each a c re of ran g e th a n th e o th e r g ra z in g i n t e n s i t i e s , b u t i t s b e e f
t u r n o f f p e r cow i s c o n s i d e r a b l y lo w e r t h a n t h e l i g h t e r r a t e s o f g r a z i n g
use.
I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e h e a v i l y g r a z e d h e r d ' s l a r g e r num ber o f a n i m a l s
(p ro d u cin g a r e l a t i v e l y
lo w e r b e e f t u r n o f f p e r a n im a l t h a n t h e o t h e r
i n t e n s i t i e s ) w i l l p r o d u c e m ore b e e f on a g i v e n a r e a o f l a n d t h a n t h e
r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l e r s i z e d m o d e r a t e l y and l i g h t l y g r a z e d h e r d s ( w i t h a
re la tiv e ly
l a r g e r y i e l d o f b e e f p e r a n im a l t h a n t h e h e a v i l y g r a z e d h e r d )
c a n p r o d u c e on t h e g i v e n a r e a o f l a n d .
On t h e o t h e r h a n d , i t s h o u l d b e rem em bered t h a t t h e o u t p u t o f b e e f
t u r n o f f f o r each g ra z in g i n t e n s i t y
i n p u t s p l u s t h e one v a r i a b l e
in p u t,
tu r n o f f f o r each g ra z in g i n t e n s i t y
is n o t th e r e s u l t of c e r t a i n c o n s ta n t
forage a c re s .
In r e a l i t y ,, th e b e e f '
is a fu n c tio n of th e v a r i a b le s :
f o r a g e a c r e s , h a y fe d ," p r o t e i n s u p p l e m e n t s ( i n some y e a r s ) , s u p p l e m e n t a l
p a s tu r e in o th e r y e a r s ,
lab o r, e tc .
When t h e c o s t o f a l l
th e f a c to r s o f .
p ro d u c tio n a re a llo c a te d to t h e i r r e s p e c tiv e g razin g i n t e n s i t i e s ,
-i/
I b i d . . p . 33.
the
33
M o d e ra te
G ra z in g
L ig h t
G ra z in g
A ve ra g e
P re c ip ita tio n
P re c ip ita tio n
F i g u r e 2.
Pounds B eef S o l d From a F a m i l y - o p e r a t e d C a t t l e Ranch w ith
T hree I n t e n s i t i e s of G r a z in g .
INCHES PRECIPITATION
POUNDS BEEF SOLD (THOUSANDS)
Heavy
G ra z in g
— 34 —
r e s i d u a l i n t e r m s o f d o l l a r s ( n e t r a n c h in co m e ) i s i l l u s t r a t e d . i n
F ig u re 3 .
in te n sity
A d e t a i l e d t a b u l a t i o n o f c o s t s and r e t u r n s f o r e a c h g r a z i n g
i s g iv e n in th e A p p en d ices.
F i g u r e I d e n o t e s a .,g e n e r a l d e c r e a s e , i n t h e am ount o f f o r a g e p r o d u c e d
\
,
r’
by t h e h e a v i l y g r a z e d r a n g e i n r e l a t i o n t o t h e o t h e r two. g r a z i n g i n t e n s i ­
tie s.
From t h i s m i g h t b e c o n s t r u e d " t h a t f o r a g e p r o d u c t i o n on t h e h e a v i l y
g r a z e d r a n g e becom es e v e n more c r i t i c a l d u r i n g , t h e p e r i o d 1 9 50-55 when
t h e pou n d s o f b e e f p r o d u c e d i n F i g u r e 2 f o r t h i s p e r i o d i s com pared t o
th e p e r io d 1938-45.
The g r a d u a l d i m i n u t i o n o f r a n g e f o r a g e p r o d u c e d on t h e h e a v i l y
g r a z e d p a s t u r e s i s a l s o c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n r a n g e c o n d i ­
tio n .
As a r a n g e d e t e r i o r a t e s
in c o n d itio n ,
an im a l u n i t s i s a l s o a d v e r s e ly a f f e c t e d .
such a ra n g e m ig h t v a ry d i r e c t l y
produce a t u r n o f f .
its
c a rry in g c a p a c ity of
I t seem s a s i f t h e v a l u e o f
i n p r o p o r t i o n to i t s p o t e n t i a l to
T h e r e f o r e , a t y p e Of m anagem ent t h a t i s so i n t e n s i v e
a s t o b e o p e r a t i n g u n d e r d i m i n i s h i n g m a r g i n a l p r o d u c t i v i t y ( b e e f ) and .
a d e t e r i o r a t i n g p h y s ic a l p la n t ( r a n g e ) , w i l l face th e p ro sp e c t o f d e c lin ­
in g l a n d v a l u e s r e l a t i v e t o p r o p e r l y m anaged r a n g e s .
I t i s b e yond t h e
scope o f t h i s p a p e r to a n a ly z e lan d v a l u e s , b u t th e r e l a t i v e v a lu e o f
r a n g e l a n d u n d e r d i f f e r e n t f o rm s o f m anagem ent s h o u ld b e k e p t i n mind
when e v a l u a t i n g t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f d i f f e r e n t g r a z i n g p r a c t i c e s ^
I t m i g h t seem from a c o m p a r is o n o f b e e f p r o d u c t i o n i n F i g u r e 2 and
fo ra g e p ro d u c tio n in F ig u re I th a t th e l i g h t l y grazed range i s u t i l i z e d
t o o l i g h t l y , ' b u t t h i s a s p e c t w i l l be d i s c u s s e d l a t e r .
35
5000
Heavy
G ra z in g
M o d e r a te
G ra z in g
A vg. Mod
« 2500
L—— $ 2 ,6 2 7 Avg. I t .
r
2000
-1 0 0 0
-1 5 0 0
1933'
F ig u re 3,
53
55
Met Ranch Income f o r a T y p i c a l F a m i l y - o p e r a t e d C a t t l e Ranch w i t h
T h ree R a te s o f G ra z in g ~ P r i c e s C o n s ta n t.
-
36 -
. N et Ranch Income E ach Y e a r f o r T h r e e I n t e n s i t i e s
o f G r a z i n g i n R e l a t i o n t o W e ath e r
The t o t a l p o u n d s o f b e e f t h a t w ould go t o m a r k e t e a c h y e a r from
each o f th e th r e e l e v e l s o f g razin g , i s i l l u s t r a t e d
in F ig u re 2 .
G e n e rally
th e changes in b e e f p r o d u c tio n p a r a l l e l th e f l u c t u a t i o n s in w e a th er
ra th e r c lo se ly .
H ow ever, t h e r e l a t i v e p r o d u c t i o n o f b e e f i s g r e a t l y
m o d i f i e d by e a c h g r a z i n g i n t e n s i t y .
The e a r l y and l a t e r s t a g e s o f t h e g r a z i n g e x p e r i m e n t s , s h o w t h a t t h e
, h e a v i l y g r a z e d h e r d ' s p r o d u c t i o n f l u c t u a t e s m ore s h a r p l y d u r i n g p e r i o d s
o f u n f a v o r a b l e p r e c i p i t a t i o n t h a n d o e s t h e p r o d u c t i o n from t h e o t h e r
in te n sitie s.
T h i s i s du e m a i n l y t o t h e am ount o f f o r a g e p r o d u c e d on t h e
-range e a c h y e a r .
The am ount o f r a n g e f o r a g e p r o d u c e d e a c h y e a r r e f l e c t s
d i r e c t l y on t h e q u a n t i t y o f f e e d t h a t m u s t b e f e d d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r
I.. I.
m o n th s .
T herefore,
th e r e s p e c tiv e feed c o s ts fo r the th re e a l t e r n a t i v e s
o f g r a z i n g u s e m u st b e c o n s i d e r e d - i n o r d e r t o o b t a i n a p i c t u r e o f t h e n e t r e t u r n s t h a t w ould a c c r u e t o e a c h t y p e o f m an a g e m e n t.
The r e l a t i v e e f f e c t
o f e a c h t y p e o f g r a z i n g u s e on y e a r l y n e t r e t u r n s i s i l l u s t r a t e d
in F ig u re
3 a s t h e a v e r a g e n e t r a n c h in com es w h ic h f o r t h e r e s p e c t i v e a l t e r n a t i v e s
o f h e a v y , m o d e r a t e , and l i g h t g r a z i n g a r e $ 2 , 6 6 6 , $ 3 , 3 0 4 , an d $ 2 , 6 2 7 .
F o r t h e p u r p o s e o f c o m p a r in g t h e r e l a t i v e e f f e c t s o f d i f f e r e n t
l e v e l s o f g ra z in g use over tim e, th e h is to g ra m in F ig u re 4 i s g iv e n .
The
f i r s t p e r i o d , 1933-36, i l l u s t r a t e s th e v e ry s e v e re e f f e c t s o f th e d ro u g h t
o f t h e 3 0 ”s when t h e m o d e r a t e l y g r a z e d a l t e r n a t i v e gave a n a v e r a g e n e t
r e t u r n o f $ 1 ,0 3 8 in e x c e s s o f th e a l t e r n a t i v e o f heavy g r a z i n g .
- 37
4 ,0 0 0 r
' V;
NET RANCH INCOME (DOLLARS)
i':
3 ,0 0 0
V ;':
<28?
2 ,0 0 0
N
E;
v-',/
I
V"
%
N
1,0 0 0
I
s
0%
IEJ
1 9 3 3 -3 6
\
'■{/[
&
/I
t
/-Li'
I
v , .v
1 9 38-45
hJ
1950-55
1 9 33-55
YEARS
Heavy R a t e
o f G ra z in g
F ig u re 4 o
M o d e r a te R a te
o f G ra z in g
x \ \
L i g h t R a te
o f G ra z in g
A v e ra g e NRI - - F o u r P e r i o d s w i t h T h r e e G r a z i n g I n t e n s i t i e s
on T y p i c a l N o r t h e r n G r e a t P l a i n s C a t t l e R an c h .
-
The s e c o n d p e r i o d ,
and t h e y e a r s ,
38 -
1938-45, r e f l e c t s th e b re a k in g o f th e d ro u g h t;
1 9 4 0 - 4 4 , r e f l e c t a p e r i o d o f aboyie n o rm a l r a i n f a l l .
The
m o d e r a t e l y g r a z e d r a n g e w ould g i v e a n a v e r a g e n e t r e t u r n o f $183 i n e x c e s s
o f t h e same r a n g e w i t h a h e a v y r a t e o f g r a z i n g u s e .
The d i f f e r e n c e o f
$183 i n n e t r e t u r n b e tw e e n t h e m o d e r a t e l y an d t h e h e a v i l y g r a z e d r a n g e
'
i s p ro b ab ly n o t s i g n i f i c a n t , b u t i t does i n d ic a te th e w eath er c o n d itio n s
t h a t p r o b a b l y m u s t e x i s t i n o r d e r f o r t h e a v e r a g e n e t r e t u r n s from a
h e a v i l y g r a z e d r a n g e t o a p p r o x i m a t e t h e a v e r a g e n e t r e t u r n s from a
m o d era te ly g razed ra n g e .
The t h i r d p e r i o d r e f l e c t s
sh arp f l u c t u a t i o n s in y e a rly p r e c i p i t a t i o n
b u t w i t h a n a v e r a g e t h a t c l o s e l y a p p r o x i m a t e s t h e lo n g tim e n o r m a l .
The ■
.
a v e r a g e n e t r e t u r n s from t h e m o d e r a t e l y g r a z e d r a n g e d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d
e x c e e d s t h e a v e r a g e n e t r e t u r n s from t h e h e a v i l y g r a z e d r a n g e by $ 9 7 8 .
When t h e n e t r e t u r n s o f e a c h r e s p e c t i v e l e v e l o f g r a z i n g u s e a r e ■
a v e r a g e d f o r t h e w h o le s t u d y p e r i o d , t h e a v e r a g e n e t r e t u r n s a r e a s
p re v io u s ly , m e n tio n e d ;
$ 2 , 6 6 6 ; $ 3 , 3 0 4 ; and $ 2 ,6 2 7 f o r t h e h e a v y , m o d e r a t e ,
an d l i g h t r a t e s o f g r a z i n g u s e .
The r e l a t i v e d i f f e r e n c e s i n t h e n e t
r e t u r n s f o r th e above g r a z in g l e v e l s a r e :
m o d e r a te o v e r h e a v y , $638;
m o d e r a te o v e r - l i g h t , $ 6 7 7 ; h e a v y o v e r l i g h t , $ 3 9 .
The a v e r a g e n e t r e t u r n s from t h e l i g h t l y g r a z e d r a n g e w e re a lw a y s
b e lo w t h o s e from t h e m o d e r a t e l y g r a z e d r a n g e , b u t t h e a v e r a g e n e t r e t u r n s
■
from t h e l i g h t l y g r a z e d r a n g e w e re e x c e e d e d o n l y d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d 1 9 384 5 by t h e n e t r e t u r n s o f t h e h e a v i l y g r a z e d r a n g e , and a s m e n t io n e d
p r e v io u s ly , t h i s i s a p e rio d o f e x c e p tio n a lly fa v o ra b le r a i n f a l l in r e s ­
p e c t t o t h e n o rm a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n e x p e c t a t i o n s .
'
-
39
-
The P r o b a b l e E f f e c t on Net Ranch Income by L i v e s t o c k
M a rk e t G r a d e s f o r A n im a ls S o ld
The p r a c t i c e o f g r a d i n g i n t o m a r k e t c l a s s e s t h e cows and c a l v e s
t h a t w e re s o l d from t h e M i l e s C i t y g r a z i n g e x p e r i m e n t s was s t a r t e d in
1955«
The m a r k e t g r a d e s a n d p r i c e s r e c e i v e d r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r t h e c a l v e s
from t h e h e a v i l y , m o d e r a t e l y and l i g h t l y g r a z e d p a s t u r e s a v e r a g e d low
g o o d , $ 1 7 , 0 0 / c w t o ; t o p g o o d , $ 1 8 , 5 0 / c w t , ; a n d low c h o i c e to, t o p g ood,
$ 1 8 ,5 0 /cw t.
The cows s o l d from t h e a b o v e p a s t u r e s a v e r a g e d h i g h c u t t e r j
$ 8 , 0 0 / c w t , ; medium t o low u t i l i t y ,
$ 8 e2 5 / c w t , ; and low u t i l i t y
to h ig h
c u t t e r , $8<,00/c w t, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The p r i c e s r e c e i v e d f o r b e e f from t h e h e a v i l y g r a z e d r a n g e w i l l now
b e a r b i t r a r i l y e m ployed a s t h e c o n s t a n t p r i c e r e c e i v e d f o r b e e f s o l d from
e a c h g r a z i n g i n t e n s i t y b u d g e t f o r t h e y e a r 1 955.
T h is p ro c e d u re w i l l
g i v e t h e same common d e n o m i n a t o r to e a c h g r a z i n g i n t e n s i t y b u d g e t f o r
1955 and t h e s u b s e q u e n t b u d g e t s w i t h t h e i n t r o d u c e d m a r k e t g r a d e s and
m arket grade p r ic e s .
U s in g t h e "common" p r i c e o f $ 1 7 , 0 0 / c w t . f o r c a l v e s an d $ 8 . 0 0 / c w t .
f o r cows a n d b u l l s , t h e NRI11s a r e a s f o l l o w s s
h e a v ily grazed range,
$ 2 , 3 6 0 ; m o d e r a t e l y g r a z e d r a n g e , $ 2 , 2 6 4 ; and t h e l i g h t l y g r a z e d r a n g e ,
$ 2 ,5 7 4 .
The NRI’ s e s t a b l i s h e d a b o v e a r e n o t t h e same a s t h o s e g i v e n i n
A p p e n d ic e s S g , Cg, and Dg b e c a u s e t h e A p p e n d ic e s r e f l e c t C h ic a g o p r i c e s w h i l e t h i s a n a l y s i s u t i l i z e s B i l l i n g s , M ontana m a r k e t p r i c e s .
W ith t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f m a r k e t g r a d e d a t a
(1 9 5 5 ) an d t h e c o r r e s p o n d ­
ing p r i c e s f o r th e m ark e t g r a d e s , a s e t o f b u d g e ts i s c o n s tr u c te d
— 40
( T a b l e X I I I ) w h ic h g i v e a NRI o f $2,-360 f o r t h e h e a v i l y g r a z e d r a n c h ;
$ 2 , 7 0 0 f o r t h e m o d e r a t e l y g r a z e d r a n c h ; an d $ 2 ,8 3 2 f o r t h e l i g h t l y
grazed ran c h .
The u s e o f a c t u a l m a r k e t g r a d e d a t a an d t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g p r i c e s i n
1955 g i v e t h e l i g h t l y g r a z e d r a n c h a NRI o f $132 (5 p e r c e n t ) i n e x c e s s
o f t h e m o d e r a t e l y g r a z e d r a n c h and $472 (2 0 p e r c e n t ) i n e x c e s s o f t h e
h e a v i l y g r a z e d r a n c h ; and t h e m o d e r a t e l y g r a z e d r a n c h e x c e e d s t h e h e a v i l y
grazed r a t e
i n n e t r e t u r n s by $310 (14 p e r c e n t ) ,
In c o n t r a s t ,
i f t h e "common" p r i c e i s u s e d i n m aking a c o m p a r is o n - ■
b e tw e e n t h e g r a z i n g i n t e n s i t i e s ,
t h e m o d e r a te r a t e
th e l i g h t r a t e o f g ra z in g w i l l exceed
i n n e t r e t u r n s by $310 (1 4 p e r c e n t ) and t h e h e a v y r a t e
by $214 (9 p e r c e n t ) ; an d t h e h e a v y r a t e w i l l e x c e e d t h e m o d e r a t e r a t e i n
n e t r e t u r n s by $94 (4 p e r c e n t ) ,
• An i n t r a - g r a z i n g i n t e n s i t y a n a l y s i s f o r t h e y e a r 1955 shows t h e
r e l a t i v e d i r e c t i o n a l c h a n g e s i n n e t r e t u r n s by t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n o f g r a d e
d a ta ,
If it
i s a ssum ed t h a t t h e n e t r e t u r n s from t h e h e a v i l y g r a z e d
-n'-
ra n c h rem ain c o n s t a n t , th e m o d e ra te ly g ra z e d r a n c h ’ s n e t r e t u r n s w i l l
i n c r e a s e by $346 (16 p e r c e n t ) , and t h e l i g h t l y g r a z e d r a n c h ’ s n e t r e t u r n s
w i l l i n c r e a s e by $258 (1 0 p e r c e n t ) ,
P r e v i o u s t o 195 5 , b u d g e t s u s i n g a c t u a l m a r k e t g r a d e s f o r b e e f
a n i m a l s s o l d w e re n o t c o n s t r u c t e d b e c a u s e o f t h e l a c k o f g r a d e d a t a .
H ow ever, t h e r e a d e r may make a r o u g h c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e i m p o r t a n c e o f
m a r k e t g r a d e s and p r i c e s by c o m p a rin g t h e a c t u a l cow an d c a l f w e i g h t s
f o r t h e r e s p e c t i v e g r a z i n g / ' . i n t e n s i t i e s i n A p p e n d id e a B ^ ,
an d D^„
- 41 TABLE X I I I .
SUMMARY OF INCOME FOR A TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED CATTLE ■
RANCH WITH THREE INTENSITIES OF GRAZING — BEEF PRICES
CORRESPONDING TO MARKET GRADES OF BEEF SOLD IN 1955.
U n it
G ra in s a l e s
O ther ran c h p ro d u c ts
Beef s a le s
Ca I v e s
Cows
B u lls
Heavy
R a te o f G r a z i n g
M o d e ra te
L iq h t
D o llars
455
455
455
«1
544
544
544
5 ,3 1 0
3 ,3 8 5
1 ,7 8 9
136
4 ,7 3 7
2 ,9 8 1
1 ,6 3 4
122
4 ,3 3 3
3 ,1 8 4
1 ,0 6 4
85
D o llars
»0
19
Il
G o vernm ent p a y m e n ts
IO
145
145
145
T o t a l c a s h income
69
6 ,4 5 4
5 ,8 8 1
5 ,4 7 7
Ranch p e r q u i s i t e s
It
632
632
632
Hay i n v e n t o r y c h a n g e
to
-581
. -119
124
G r o s s r a n c h income
69
6 ,5 0 5 ■
6 ,3 9 4
6 ,2 3 3
T o ta l, expenses
to
4 ,1 4 5
3 ,6 9 4
3 ,4 0 1
D o l l a r 's
2 ,3 6 0
2 ,7 0 0
'2 ,8 3 2
N et r a n c h ■income
I n v ie w o f t h e a b o v e d i s c u s s i o n , t h e l i g h t r a t e o f g r a z i n g may n o t
b e f a r from t h e optimum r a t e , when a l l t h e v a r i a b l e f a c t o r s a r e c o n s i d e r e d .
When s u f f i c i e n t m a r k e t i n g and g r a d i n g d a t a a r e , a v a i l a b l e from t h e M ile s
C i t y g r a z i n g t r i a l s t o make a n e x h a u s t i v e a p p r a i s a l o f t h e t o t a l e f f e c t s
o f v a r y i n g t h e r a t e s o f g r a z i n g , t h i s a s p e c t of. t h e s t u d y m i g h t p r o v i d e
o p p o rtu n itie s
f o r f u r t h e r re s e a rc h in t h i s f i e l d .
-
42
-
U n t i l m ore c o m p r e h e n s i v e e m p i r i c a l d a t a c a n be o b t a i n e d , t h e p r e ­
v i o u s l y c o n s t r u c t e d b u d g e t s i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e m o d e r a te r a t e o f g r a z i n g
a p p r o a c h e s a n optimum r a t e o f g r a z i n g u s e .
The Optimum R a t e o f G ra z in g : i n t h e N o r t h e r n G r e a t P l a i n s
Many o f t h e r a n g e m anagem ent p r a c t i c e s ' a d v o c a t e d t o d a y t o im prove
t h e r a n g e a n d t h e r e b y i n c r e a s e c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y i n v o l v e l a r g e o u t l a y 's
o f c a s h . a n d t im e „to t h e r a n c h e r .
H ow ever, i f t h e p l a i n s r a n c h e r i s t b
c o u n t e r a c t t h e w id e f l u c t u a t i o n s i n r a n g e f o r a g e p r o d u c t i o n a s a f f e c t e d
by u n c o n t r o l l a b l e w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s , h e m u s t im p le m e n t r a n g e management
p r a c t i c e s t h a t w i l l p u t t h e r a n g e i n s u c h a. c o n d i t i o n t h a t i t i s a b l e t o
t a k e a d v a n t a g e o f f a v o r a b l e w e a t h e r c o n d i t i o n s and t o w i t h s t a n d a d v e r s e
w eath er c o n d itio n s .
To a l a r g e e x t e n t t h e a b o v e m e n t io n e d e n d s ' may be
a c c o m p l i s h e d on t h e p l a i n s r a n c h e s by t h e p r o p e r s t o c k i n g o f t h e r a n g e s
t o m a i n t a i n o r i n some c a s e s t o r e s t o r e t h e i r a b i l i t y t o p r o d u c e optimum
q u a n t i t i e s o f f o r a g e n o w 'a n d i n t h e f u t u r e .
I t is c o n c eiv a b le t h a t th e o p e ra to r o f a d e te r io r a te d p la in s range
may i n c r e a s e h i s income i n t h e lo n g r u n by c u t t i n g t h e s i z e o f h i s h e r d
t o c o n fo rm t o t h e u s e t h a t w ould r e b u i l d t h e r a n g e t o i t s optimum c a r r y .
in g c a p a c i t y .
.
The s h o r t - r u n r e t u r n s i n t h i s s i t u a t i o n w ould d e p e n d .
l a r g e l y on t h e d e g r e e o f r a n g e d e p l e t i o n a n d t h e m a r k e t p r i c e s f o r
be'efi
.
B u t t h i s p o i n t s h o u l d b e v e r i f i e d by f u r t h e r r e s e a r c h .
I n o r d e r t o g i v e t h e p l a i n s r a n c h e r a s t a r t i n g p o i n t o r a c o m p a r is o n
as to r e l a t i v e
s to c k in g r a t e s f o r d i f f e r e n t s e c t i o n s o f th e N o rth ern
G r e a t P l a i n s , T a b l e XIV i s p r e s e n t e d .
— 43 —
TABLE XIV. - BEEF CATTLE STOCKING CAPACITIES FOR RANGE IN GOOD CONDITION
AT SEVERAL LOCATIONS IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS, V
A p p r o x im a te
lo n g -tim e
average
p re c ip ita tio n ,
A p ril-S e p te m b e r,
in c lo V
Inches
Season
of
S to c k in g
M i l e s C i t y , Montana
9 .5
Jam -D ec.
M a n y b errie s , A lb e rta
( C l a r k e , e t a l , 1943)
7 .8
A p r.-O c t.
8-9
A p r.-O c t6
-----more m o i s t p h a s e ,
"m ixed p r a i r i e "
1 0-11
A p r.-O ct .
Mandan, N o r t h D a k o ta
( S a r v i s , 1941)
1 2 .3
Mid-May t o
Mid-QCt .
L o c a tio n
' and
R eference
.,
Months
S o u t h w e s t e r n S a s k a tc h e w a n
and S o u t h e a s t e r n A l b e r t a
( C l a r k e , e t a l , 1942).;
-----d r i e r p h a s e , " s h o r t
• grass p ra irie "
.
J a n .-D e c .
W e s te rn S o u t h D a k o t a ,
e x c lu s iv e o f B lack H i l l s
( A l b e e , e t a l , 1943)
1 0 -1 4
May-Nov. ,
D ec.
C o tto n w o o d , S o u t h D a k o ta
( J o h n s o n , e t a l , 1951)
1 1 .8
May-Nov.
A rd m o re , S o u t h D a k o ta
( B l a c k , e t a l , 1937)
1 2 .5
Mid-May
S e p t . , O ct.
.
W
Mo Jo Reed a n d R0 A. P e t e r s o n 9 V e g e t a t i o n , S o i l , and C a t t l e R e s p o n s e s
... t o G r a z i n g on t h e N o r t h e r n G r e a t P l a i n s R a n g e . U n p u b l i s h e d m a n u s c r i p t ,
p , I 660
F o r U n i t e d S t a t e s , l o c a t i o n s , from U. S . W e ath e r B u r e a u r e c o r d s ; f o r
C a n a d i a n l o c a t i o n s , f ro m .D o m in io n e x p e r i m e n t s t a t i o n p r o g r e s s r e p o r t s
and Canada D e p a r tm e n t T r a n s p o r t c l i m a t i c s u m m a rie s .
v
— 44 —
TABLE XIV.
( C o n t i n u e d ) o BEEF CATTLE STOCKING CAPACITIES FOR RANGE IN
GOOD CONDITION AT SEVERAL LOCATIONS IN THE NORTHERN GREAT
PLAINS.
L o c a tio n
and
R eference
A p p r o x im a te r a t e
recommended on
th e av erag e fo r
sa tisfa c to ry c a ttle
p e r f o r m a n c e and
ranoe o r o d u c tiv itv
a c re s/m o n th '
C lass
of
S to ck
- *
M i l e s C i t y , Montana
Cows w i t h
sp rin g c a lv e s
Minimum o f 2 , 6
M a n y b errie s, A lb e rta
( C l a r k e , e t a l , 1943)
Cows w i t h
sp rin g c a lv e s
S l i g h t l y o v er 4 ,3
S o u t h w e s t e r n S a s k a tc h e w a n .
and S o u t h e a s t e r n A l b e f t a
(C lark e , e t a l , 1942)S
■
-----d r i e r p h a s e , " s h o r t
grass p r a ir ie "
1000 lb* cow
A v e ra g e 4 , 7
— more m o i s t p h a s e ,
"m ixed p r a i r i e "
1000 l b ,
A v e ra g e 2 , 8
Mandan, N o r th D a k o ta
( S a r v i s , 1941)
cow
2 y e a r o ld
ste e rs
2 y e a r old
ste e rs
1 ,4
Over 2 , 1
(estim a te d )
W e s te rn S o u t h D a k o t a ,
e x c lu s iv e o f B lack H i l l s
( A l b e e , e t a l , 1943)
1000 l b .
a n im a l u n i t
M o s tl y 2 , 3 - 2 , 6
C o tto n w o o d , S o u t h D a k o ta
( J o h n s o n , e t a l , 1951)
Cows w i t h
sp rin g c a lv e s
2 .3
A rdm ore, S o u t h D a k o ta
( B l a c k , e t a l , 1937)
. 2 y e a r o ld
ste e rs
O ver I o 5 ^ /
1=5 a c r e s was a p p a r e n t l y s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r r a n g e m a i n t e n a n c e b u t
i n a d e q u a t e f o r s a t i s f a c t o r y a n im a l g a i n s *
- 45 -
As t o t h e u s e o f t h e a b o v e t a b l e , Reed a n d P e t e r s o n s a y ^
" B e c a u s e p r o d u c t i v i t y o f r a n g e s may v a r y c o n s i d e r a b l y w i t h i n
t h e same l o c a l i t y due t o n a t u r a l f a c t o r s and p a s t g r a z i n g , e s t i ­
m a t e s o f p r o p e r s t o c k i n g from e x p e r i m e n t a l r a n g e s o r o t h e r a r e a s
a r e p r i m a r i l y u s e f u l a s a s t a r t i n g p o i n t o r c h e c k on s t o c k i n g .
More c r i t i c a l e v a l u a t i o n o f r a n g e m anagem ent i s p r o v i d e d by
e s tim a te s o f fo rag e u t i l i z a t i o n and, e s p e c i a l l y , range c o n d itio n
and t r e n d on t h e p a r t i c u l a r r a n g e s a s com pared t o a c c e p t a b l e
s ta n d a r d s , i f th ey a re a v a i l a b l e . "
I n v ie w o f t h e a b o v e s t a t e m e n t , e s t i m a t e s o f p r o p e r g r a z i n g p r o b a b l y
sh o u ld be t r e a t e d a s b e in g t e n t a t i v e u n t i l th e y prove a d e q u a te f o r th e
p a r t i c u l a r r a n g e s t o w h ic h t h e y a r e a p p l i e d .
V
I b i d . . p . 165.
PART V
TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY IN THE USE
OF RANGE RESOURCES
S t o c k - g r a z i n g t r i a l s a r e c o n d u c t e d i n o r d e r t o f i n d t h e optimum
s to c k in g r a t e o f th e lan d u n d er i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
rate
T h i s optimum s t o c k i n g
i s known a s t h e c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y ( g r a z i n g c a p a c i t y ) o f t h e l a n d .
Any q u a n t i t a t i v e s t a t e m e n t o f c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y i n v o l v e s t h r e e
v a ria b le s;
a n im a ls , a r e a , and tim e .
e x p r e s s e d in t h r e e w ays:
(l)
T h e r e f o r e g r a z i n g c a p a c i t y may be
t h e num ber o f
a n i m a l s w h ic h a u n t i a r e a
o f lan d w i l l s u p p o rt f o r a g iv e n le n g th o f tim e ;
( 2 ) t h e a r e a w hich i s
r e q u i r e d t o s u p p o r t one a n i m a l f o r a u n i t p e r i o d o f t i m e ;
( 3 ) t h e number
o f t i m e - u n i t s o f g r a z i n g p r o v i d e d by a u n i t a r e a o f l a n d f o r one a n i m a l .
The g r a z i n g t r i a l e x p e r i m e n t s a t t h e U n i t e d S t a t e s Range L i v e s t o c k
E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n a t M i l e s C i t y , M ontana u s e d a n e x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i g n
i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e one v a r i a b l e , a r e a , and t h e c o n s t a n t s :
tim e , f o r each p ro d u c tio n p e r io d .
a n i m a l s and
H ow ever, f o r i n t e r t e m p o r a l p e r i o d s ,
t im e ( l e n g t h o f g r a z i n g s e a s o n ) a l s o becom es a v a r i a b l e f a c t o r due to
v a r i o u s c l i m a t i c i n f l u e n c e s on a n i m a l s a n d r a n g e v e g e t a t i o n .
A h y p o t h e t i c a l m odel o f t h e M il e s C i t y g r a z i n g t r i a l s
is p rese n ted
i n F i g u r e 5 a s one v a r i a b l e a n a l y s i s .
The p o i n t s a , b , an d c on t h e t o t a l ' p h y s i c a l p r o d u c t c u r v e (TPP)
r e p r e s e n t t h e t u r n o f f p e r b r e e d i n g cow on e x p e r i m e n t i n p o u n d s o f c a l v e s
a t w e a n in g tim e f o r t h e h e a v i l y , m o d e r a t e l y a n d l i g h t l y g r a z e d r a n c h e s ,
re sp e c tiv e ly .
The l e t t e r s r e p r e s e n t 276, 337, and 351 p o u n d s i n a s c e n d i n g
— 4V —
g
400
=3
100
ACRES/COW/UNIT OF TIME
F ig u re 5.
P o u n d s o f C a l v e s P r o d u c e d P e r Cow U nder T h r e e I n t e n s i t i e s o f
U se.
o rd er or ran k .
The p o s i t i o n o f t h e l e t t e r ,
"a" does n o t r e p r e s e n t a
t r u e a v e r a g e c a l f w e i g h t f o r t h e h e a v y r a t e o f g r a z i n g , b e c a u s e t h e amount
o f ha y f e d t o t h e h e a v y i n t e n s i t y was common o n l y t o t h a t a l t e r n a t i v e .
T h e r e f o r e , a n y tim e t h e am ount o f h a y f e d t o t h e h e a v i l y g r a z e d h e r d was
i n e x c e s s o f t h e am ount o f h a y f e d t h e o t h e r two h e r d s , t h e l e t t e r " a "
i n F i g u r e 5 w ould t e n d t o s h i f t down and t o t h e r i g h t a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e
s o lid arrow .
The d o t t e d p o r t i o n o f t h e TPP c u r v e i n d i c a t e s t h a t e x p e r i ­
m en ta l d a ta a r e n o t a v a i l a b l e f o r t h a t a re a o f th e diag ram .
The c a l f w e i g h t s p e r cow m ig h t b e " w e i g h t e d " a c c o r d i n g t o t h e m a r k e t
g r a d e v a l u e s r e c e i v e d f o r e a c h l e v e l o f g r a z i n g f o r t h e y e a r 1955.
The
c o r r e c t e d w e i g h t s o f p o i n t s a , b , and c w ould t h e n be 2 5 4 , 3 3 7 , and 351
pounds r e s p e c t i v e l y .
P o i n t " a " now becom es a 1 i n F i g u r e 5 .
F i v e o f t h e 18 y e a r s o f t h e s t u d y p e r i o d had i n s t a n c e s i n w hich t h e
s t o c k w e re f e d s u p p l e m e n t a l ha y o r p u t on s u p p l e m e n t a l p a s t u r e s i n o r d e r
- 48 -
t o c o m p l e te t h e summer g r a z i n g p e r i o d .
These in s ta n c e s in tr o d u c e a
r e s o u r c e t h a t i s "common" t o t h e a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r t h o s e s a i d y e a r s , b u t
it
i s n o t "common" t o t h e " n o r m a l" y e a r s .
T h e r e f o r e , c a u t i o n m u st be
e x e r c i s e d i n c o m p a rin g " e x t r a - f e e d " y e a r s w i t h " n o r m a l" y e a r s , b e c a u s e
t h e p r o d u c t i o n f u n c t i o n w i l l h a v e an e x t r a f a c t o r ( r e s o u r c e ) .
I f th e a ssu m p tio n t h a t c o n s ta n t r e t u r n s to s c a le ( f o r th e fix e d
r a t i o s o f c a t t l e num bers t o l a n d a r e a ) h o l d s t r u e f o r r e a s o n a b l e r a n g e s
of re so u rc e in p u ts , th e fix e d p ro p o rtio n lin e s :
3 8 . 3 a c r e s p e r cow',
3 0 . 5 a c r e s p e r cow, and 2 3 . 5 a c r e s p e r cow may b e draw n a s i n F i g u r e 6 .
I n o t h e r w o r d s , i f 2 3 . 5 a c r e s w i l l s u p p o r t one cow f o r a y e a r ,
4 7 a c r e s w i l l s u p p o r t two cows f o r a y e a r,.
then
The same l o g i c i s u s e d t o
c o n s t r u c t t h e o t h e r two f i x e d p r o p o r t i o n l i n e s .
Assume t h a t a cow w i l l p r o d u c e a c a l f w eig h in g 254 po u n d s i f g r a z e d
a t t h e r a t e o f 2 3 . 5 a c r e s p e r y e a r , 337 p o u n d s i f . g r a z e d a t t h e r a t e o f
3 0 . 5 a c r e s p e r y e a r , and 351 po u n d s i f g r a z e d a t t h e r a t e o f 3 8 . 8 a c r e s
per y ear.
Then t o p r o d u c e 1 0 ,0 0 0 p o u n d s o f c a l v e s a t w e a n in g a g e t h e
fo llo w in g c o m b in a tio n s o f r e s o u r c e s a r e n e e d e d :
2 8 .5 cows a n d 1 ,1 0 5
a c r e s g r a z e d a t t h e r a t i o o f 1 : 3 8 . 8 ; 2 9 . 7 cows and 905 a c r e s g r a z e d a t
t h e r a t e o f 1 : 3 0 . 5 ; and 3 6 . 2 cows and 851 a c r e s g r a z e d a t t h e r a t e o f
1 :2 3 .5 .
The same m ethod may b e u s e d i n d e t e r m i n i n g any d e s i r e d i s o - ,
p ro d u c t curve in F ig u re 6 .
Now t h a t t h e v a r i o u s l e v e l s o f p r o d u c t s a r e c h a r t e d f o r d i f f e r e n t
c o m b i n a t i o n s o f i n p u t s , a c h o i c e i n d i c a t o r m u st b e s e l e c t e d t o d e t e r m i n e
t h e optimum p o i n t a t w h ic h to p r o d u c e on any g i v e n i s o - p r o d u c t c u r v e .
The c h o i c e i n d i c a t o r m u st d e f i n e some c o n d i t i o n o f a maximum ( s u c h a s
- 49 2 ,8 0 0
POUNDS OF CALVES/COW
W e ig h ted
A ctu al
276
254
337
337
351
351
c a lv e s
2 ,4 0 0
'weigh t e d "
2 ,2 0 0
ACRES OF GRAZING PER UNIT OF TIME
c a lv e s
2 ,0 0 0
'w e ig h te d "
1 ,8 0 0
c a lv e s
'w e ig h te d
c a lv e s
'w e i g h te d
_ a c r e s / icow
a c re s/c o w
a c re s/c o w
0
30
40
50
60
70
80
NUMBER OF STOCK-COWS PER UNIT OF TIME
F ig u re 6.
P o u n d s o f C a l v e s P r o d u c e d a t V a r i o u s C o m b i n a t io n s o f S to c k -c o w s
a n d Range A c r e s ( i s o - p r o d u c t C u r v e s ) E q u a te d W ith t h e P r i c e
L in e o f C a t t l e an d Land.
-
maximum r a n c h p r o f i t s ) »
50 -
I n t h i s p a p e r t h e c h o i c e i n d i c a t o r u s e d w i l l be
t h e p r i c e r a t i o o f c a t t l e and l a n d .
The optim um p o i n t o f p r o d u c t i o n
w i l l b e w h e re t h e m a r g i n a l r a t e o f s u b s t i t u t i o n o f c a t t l e
w i l l eq u al the in v e rs e p r ic e r a t i o
The p r i c e r a t i o
lin e
^
f o r l a n d (MRSc ^)
o f t h e two r e s o u r c e s .
i n F i g u r e 6 shows a g e o m e t r i c s o l u t i o n when
c a t t l e a r e v a l u e d a t $120 p e r h e a d , l a n d i s w o r t h $10 p e r a c r e , and o t h e r
c o s t s a r e assu m e d t o be e q u a l b e tw e e n g r a z i n g i n t e n s i t i e s .
A c c o r d in g
to t h e d a t a i n F i g u r e 6 l a n d w ould h a v e t o b e a l m o s t f r e e and cows
r e l a t i v e l y e x p e n s i v e b e f o r e a r a n c h e r s h o u l d p r o d u c e c a l v e s on t h e f i x e d
p r o p o r tio n l i n e o f 3 8 .8 a c re s /c o w -y e a r.
On t h e o t h e r h a n d , b e f o r e a
r a n c h e r c o u l d a f f o r d t o g r a z e c a t t l e a t t h e r a t e o f one c o w ; 2 3 .5 a c r e s
( u s i n g w e i g h t e d d a t a ) c a t t l e w ould h a v e t o h a v e a v a l u e l e s s t h a n t h e
'
c o s t o f a (co w -c a rry in g ) u n i t o f range lan d .
F o r t h e s o l u t i o n p r e s e n t e d above t o b e e q u i v a l e n t - t o t h e r e s u l t s
p r e s e n t e d i n t h e b u d g e t s ( t h e m a x im iz in g o f n e t r e t u r n s ) t h e m a r g i n a l
c o s t o f b e e f p r o d u c e d from u s i n g r e s o u r c e s s p e c i f i c to t h e g r a z i n g
a l t e r n a t i v e s m u st b e z e r o o r e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same f o r e a c h a l t e r n a t i v e .
The d a t a from t h e M i l e s C i t y g r a z i n g t r i a l s
len d s i t s e l f f a i r l y
w e ll to th e a n a l y s i s p r e s e n t e d above ( e x c e p t f o r c e r t a i n d i s c r e p a n c i e s
c o n c ern in g m a rg in a l c o s t o f r e s o u r c e s s p e c i f i c
to d i f f e r e n t a l t e r n a t i v e s ) .
On t h e o t h e r h a n d i f t h e a r g u m e n t i s p r e s e n t e d t h a t c o n s t a n t r e t u r n s to.
r
s c a l e do n o t e x i s t f o r t h e r a t i o s o f c a t t l e num bers t o l a n d a r e a ,
a new e x p e r i m e n t a l d e s i g n m u st b e c o n s t r u c t e d .
th en
-
51
I f d e c re a s in g r e tu r n s to s c a le
in c re a se d in c o n s ta n t p ro p o rtio n s )
( w i t h c a t t l e and la n d i n p u t s
is h y p o th e s iz e d , th e ex p e rim e n tal
d e s i g n m u s t i n c l u d e t r e a t m e n t s w hich h a v e ( I ) d i f f e r e n t r a t i o s o f c a t t l e
t o l a n d , and ( 2 ) d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f t h e g i v e n r a t i o s .
The p o i n t s on
th e f ix e d p r o p o r t io n l i n e s in F ig u re 7 m ig h t d e p i c t th e r e l e v a n t r a t i o s .
I C ; (? )L
1 C :3 8 .8 L
a: o
I C :3 0 .5 L
1 C : (? ) L
CATTLE NUMBER PER UNIT OF TIME
F ig u re 7.
C a t t l e t o Land R a t i o s — P a t t e r n o f T r e a t m e n t s .
The p o s s i b l e p o i n t s i n t h i s c a s e a r e d e t e r m i n e d by d r a w in g a s e r i e s
o f p a r a l l e l 45 d e g r e e l i n e s from t h e l a n d a x i s downward an d t o t h e r i g h t
t o t h e c a t t l e number a x i s .
The p o i n t s w here t h e s e 45 d e g r e e l i n e s i n t e r ­
s e c t t h e f i x e d p r o p o r t i o n l i n e s m ig h t t h e n s e r v e to d e n o t e t r e a t m e n t s . ^ /
The m a r g i n a l r a t e o f s u b s t i t u t i o n o f c a t t l e num bers t o l a n d a r e a may
t h e n be e q u a t e d t o t h e i n v e r s e p r i c e r a t i o s o f c a t t l e an d l a n d t o d e t e r ­
m ine a n optimum r a t e o f s t o c k i n g .
-i/
E a r l 0 . H e a d y , " E c o n o m ics o f Range R e s o u r c e s , " J o u r n a l o f Farm
E c o n o m ic s . V o l . XXXVIII, No. 5 , D ecem ber 1956, p . 1615.
- 52 The e x p e r i m e n t a l m o d e ls d e s c r i b e d a b o v e s h o u l d c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e
optimum u s e o f t h e r a n g e r e s o u r c e s ;
a n im a l num bers and a r e a , b u t t h e
th ird v a ria b le ,
tim e , rem a in s e v e r p r e s e n t in in te r te m p o r a l r e s o u r c e use
re la tio n sh ip s.
Time ( l e n g t h o f g r a z i n g s e a s o n ) i s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e
i n t e r a c t i o n s o f many v a r i a b l e s , s u c h a s :
s p e c ific v e g e ta tiv e sp e cie s,
s o i l t y p e s , to p o g ra p h y , se a so n o f u s e , p l a n t v i g o r , w e a th e r,
e tc .
in se c ts,
In o r d e r to m easure th e e f f e c t o f d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s o f g ra z in g use
o v e r tim e t h e s e i n p u t s s h o u l d be common t o a l l - t r e a t m e n t s i n t h e e x p e r i ­
m en t.
The p r o d u c t i o n f u n c t i o n may be e x p r e s s e d c o n c e p t u a l l y i n t h e
a l g e b r a i c fo rm :
t
= t im e ( l e n g t h o f g r a z i n g s e a s o n )
k
= an a r b i t r a r y c o n s ta n t
Xf1' =
t h e n**"1 common f a c t o r
t^ =
f ( 2 3 . 5 a c r e s / l cow,
k% f o r a g e
u tiliz a tio n ,
.
tg =
f ( 3 0 . 5 a c r e s / l cow,
k% f o r a g e
u tiliz a tio n ,
..
. Xn )
t g -=
f ( 3 8 . 8 a c r e s / l cow,
k%
forage u t i l i z a t i o n ,
*„
„ Xn)
D iffe ren t
Xn )
l e v e l s f o r e a c h t r e a t m e n t may be a t t a i n e d by c h a n g in g t h e
p e rc e n ta g e o f fo ra g e u t i l i z a t i o n f o r each group o f t r e a tm e n ts .
m arg in al r a t e s o f s u b s t i t u t i o n
The
(MRS) f o r t h e r e s o u r c e c o m b i n a t i o n ,
l e n g t h o f g ro w in g s e a s o n r e l a t i v e t o number o f s u r f a c e a c r e s , may t h e n
be d e te rm in e d .
The MRS-^9A c a n b e u s e d t o e s t i m a t e t h e t w o - v a r i a b l e
p r o d u c t i o n f u n c t i o n f o r b e e f w h ic h i s g i v e n b e lo w .
Beef = f (tim e , a c re s )
From h e r e ,
t r a n s f o r m a t i o n c u r v e s f o r t h e b e e f p r o d u c t o f two t i m e p e r i o d s
may b e draw n a s i n F i g u r e 8 .
53 -
2 M
LU LU
CU S
LU LU
LU LU
LU S
BEEF IN PERIOD 2 .
F ig u re 8.
A lte r n a tiv e P ro d u c tio n P o s s i b i l i t i e s .
i/so u rc e :
E a r l 0 . H e a d y , i b i d . . p . 1610.
The h y p o t h e t i c a l p r o d u c t t r a n f o r m a t i o n c u r v e s o f F i g u r e 8 i l l u s t r a t e
th re e r e la tio n s h ip s over tim e :
tiv e .
s u p p l e m e n t a r y , c o m p le m e n ta r y , and c o m p e t i ­
S u p p l e m e n t a r y r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e e v i d e n c e d i n F i g u r e 8-A by th e
h o r i z o n t a l and v e r t i c a l p o r t i o n s o f t h e o p p o r t u n i t y c u r v e .
H ere, b e e f
c a n be p r o d u c e d i n one tim e p e r i o d w i t h o u t d i m i n i s h i n g o r e n h a n c i n g t h e
am ount p r o d u c e d i n a n o t h e r p e r i o d .
I n C, t h e two a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e
c o m p e t i t i v e f o r e v e r y p o i n t on t h e o p p o r t u n i t y c u r v e ,
p r o d u c t i o n o f b e e f o f one t im e c a u s e s a s a c r i f i c e
t h e r e f o r e th e
in t h e am ount o f b e e f
i n a n o t h e r tim e p e r i o d .
F i g u r e 8 - B ' s p o s i t i v e s l o p i n g ( c o m p l e m e n ta r y ) p o r t i o n o f t h e o p p o r ­
tu n ity
( t r a n s f o r m a t i o n ) c u rv e i n d i c a t e s t h a t b e e f produced in t h a t p e rio d
in c r e a s e s b e e f produced in a n o th e r p e r i o d .
I n C, t h e two a l t e r n a t i v e s
a r e c o m p e t i t i v e f o r e v e r y p o i n t on t h e o p p o r t u n i t y c u r v e , t h e r e f o r e t h e
p r o d u c t i o n o f b e e f o f one tim e c a u s e s a s a c r i f i c e
i n a n o t h e r tim e p e r i o d .
i n t h e am ount o f b e e f
-
54 -
The p o i n t s on o p p o r t u n i t y c u r v e s w h ic h d e l i n e a t e p r o d u c t r e l a t i o n ­
s h i p s s h o u l d b e s o u g h t f o r i n s e t t i n g up p h y s i c a l e x p e r i m e n t s .
The a r e a s
s e t by t h e s e p o i n t s d e n o t e c e r t a i n r a n g e s o f t e c h n o l o g i c a l e f f i c i e n c y .
The i r r a t i o n a l a r e a o f r e s o u r c e u s e u n d e r t h e c o m p le m e n ta ry r a n g e o f t h e
o p p o r tu n ity cu rve i s th e p o r ti o n w ith th e p o s i t i v e s lo p e .
W ith in th e
s u p p l e m e n t a r y r a n g e , optimum r e s o u r c e c o m b i n a t i o n c a n n o t b e a t t a i n e d ,
b e c a u s e l a r g e r o u t p u t may b e o b t a i n e d by m oving o f f t h e s u p p l e m e n t a r y
range o f th e o p p o rtu n ity c u rv e .
Econom ic c r i t e r i a m u st b e u s e d t o
d e t e r m i n e t h e optimum p o i n t a t w h ich to p r o d u c e w i t h i n t h e c o m p e t i t i v e
ran g e o f th e o p p o rtu n ity c u rv e .
a tta in e d
I n o t h e r w o r d s , maximum p r o f i t s a r e
( w i t h r e s o u r c e s f i x e d i n q u a n t i t y ) when t h e m a r g i n a l r a t e o f
p ro d u c t s u b s t i t u t i o n i s i n v e r s e l y e q u a l to th e p ro d u c t p r i c e r a t i o .
Range e x p e r i m e n t s s h o u l d b e d e s i g n e d t o d e t e r m i n e t h e r a t e a t w hich
r a n g e s c a n be s t o c k e d f o r i n an y .one g i v e n t i m e p e r i o d w i t h o u t d i m i n i s h ­
i n g t h e am ount p r o d u c e d i n an y g i v e n f u t u r e
tim e p e r i o d .
T hen p r o d u c t
s u b s t i t u t i o n e f f e c t s may b e e v a l u a t e d and w e a t h e r f l u c t u a t i o n s a v e r a g e d
o u t i f th e exp erim en t i s o f s u f f i c i e n t d u r a tio n .
T h i s p a p e r i s n o t w r i t t e n t o p r e s s t h e u s e o f eco n o m ic c r i t e r i a
i n t o p h y s i c a l and b i o l o g i c a l r e s e a r c h , e s p e c i a l l y w here t h a t r e s e a r c h
may be f u n d a m e n t a l o r b a s i c ; b u t w h e re t h e r e s e a r c h i s d i r e c t e d to w a rd s
a p r a c t i c a l o r a p p l i e d e n d , u s e o f econom ic c r i t e r i a
is e s s e n t i a l because
d e c i s i o n s c o n c e r n i n g r e s o u r c e u s e a r e d e t e r m i n e d by e q u a t i n g t h e p h y s i c a l
55 -
r e l a t i o n s h i p s w ith economic c h o ice in d i c a t o r s .
A re a so n a b le m arriag e
o f th e p h y s ic a l r e l a t i o n s h i p s and economic c h o ice in d ic a to r s can ( u s u a lly )
o n ly be made i f th e re has been c lo s e c o o p e ra tio n between th e ran g e te c h ­
n ic ia n and th e econom ist in th e fo rm u la tiv e s ta g e s o f th e proposed
re s e a rc h p r o j e c t .
I t i s hoped t h a t t h i s s e c tio n o f th e t h e s i s w ill serv e
to p o in t up th e need fo r te c h n ic a l e f f ic ie n c y in range re s e a rc h and th e
u s e f u ln e s s o f economic c r i t e r i a f o r dec isio n -m ak in g in re s o u rc e combina­
tio n .
i
-
56 -
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A 1 o
1
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF PRODUCTION FROM THE TYPICAL BEEF HERD WITH
ANIMAL WEIGHTS, CALVING PERCENTAGE, FEEDING RATES VARIABLE— PR IC ES CONSTANT
T y p ic a l B e e f H erd_____________________
Hbo
2 y r„
Year
1932
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
T o ta l
A vg0
A reas
Grazed
3,558
to
.
45
58
■88
81
88
80
50
80
.
•
Beef
Cow
7 9 .4
Ofi
Sfi
80
86
Sfi
80
SO
SO
■ 80
Old
H eifT
17.2
80
18
SO
80
08
SO
Noo
No.
S te e r
— ™
— — *
----
No.
B u ll
2 .7
SO
SB
----
Sfi
SB
Sfi
88
Sfi
—
— —
—
Y rlg .
H e if .
2 0 .4
Sfi
SO
80
fifi
80
OS
Sfi
50
SO
SO
OO
fifi
fifi
SO
Sfi
58
00
00
80
flfi
SO
CJ
so
so
80
so
so
58
00
OS
45
so
so
80
00
so
Sfl
Ofi
96
Sfl
so
Ifi
Al
80
09
Sfi
so
60
80
00
SO
50,
CO
SO
M
80
00
— — —
— — —
SO
09
so
Sfi
AO
Sfi
fifi
fifi
10
fifi
Sfi
to
so
fifi
16
80
—
Sfi
68
—— —
Sfl
fifi
so
SB
so
SB
so
fifi
—
—
—
—
—
—
— — —
—
— -------
— ——
—
—
3,558
7 9 .4
17.2
2 .7
2 0 .4
%
'
Noo
C a lf
No. ’ C alves
, Crop
C alves
Sold
72 .0 '
3 6 .4
5 7 .2
7 2 .0
5 7 .2
3 6 .4
69.3
5 5 .0
3 4 .2
6 1 .7
4 9 .0
2 8 .2
6 8 .0
54.0
3 3 .2
63 .3
50.3
29 .5
76.1
6 0 .4
39.6
6 1 .2
4 0 .4
77.1
7 6 .4
6 0 .7
39 .9
6 2.6
4 1 .8
78 .9
6 4 .2
80 .9
4 3 .4
80.3
6 3 .8
4 3 .9
78.1
6 2.0
4 1 .2
79 .6
4 2 .4
6 3 .2
7 3 .8
58.6
3 7 .8
6 2.6
4 1 .8
78.9
6 2 .6
4 1 .8
78 .9
6 1 .0
4 0 .2
76 .9
7 9 .6
6 3 .2
4 2 .4
82 .0
4 4 .3
65.1
4 3 .4
64 .2
80.9
78 .3
4 1 .4
6 2 .2
79 .0
62 .7
41 .9
81.0
64.3
4 3 .5
1 , 823.0 1 , 4 4 7 .3 949.0
60 .3
39 .5
75.9
W eig h t
P er
C alf
T o ta l
W e ig h t
Pounds
P ric e
( c w t .)
IC alves
C alves
Sold
C o n stan t
13,941 $13.86
.. .. 383
Sfi
380
13,832
Sfl
338
11,560
so
364
10,265
fifi
318
10,558
so
359
10,591
fifi
371
14,692
fifi
381
15,392
so
387
15,441
fifi
388
16,218
Sfi
386
16,752
fifi
385
16,555
fifi
388
15,986
fifi
378
16,027
AO
395
14,931
80
400
16,720
10
403
16,845
69
394
15,839
88 .
390
16,536
fifi
412
18,252
00
380
16,492
fifi
410
16,974
fifi
390 ' 16,341
fifi'
380
16,530
9,160
363,270
13.86
381.7 15,136
APPENDIX A1 ( C o n t i n u e d ) ,
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF PRODUCTION FROM THE TYPICAL BEEF HERD
. ANIMAL WEIGHTS; CALVING PERCENTAGE, FEEDING RATES VARIABLE— PRICES '
CONSTANT '
Y ear
1932
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
■50
51
52
$ 1,932
1,917
1,602
1,423
1,463
1,468
2,036
2,133
2,140
2,249
2,322
2,295
2,216
2 ,2 2 1
2,069
2,317
2,335
2,195
2,291
2,530
2,286
53
2,353
54
2,265
55
2,291
T o t a l 50,349
Avg o
2,098
W eig h t
Per
Cow
( lb s .)
<
V a lu e
of
Ca I v e s
Cows
S o ld
16.1
1,059
1,051
933
1,006
924
1,026
1,053
1,070
1,073
1,073
1,065
1,073
1 ,0 5 5
1 ,0 9 3
1 ,1 0 6
1 ,1 1 4
$ 13.33
1 6 ,9 2 1
SO
06
15,021
60
flO
1 6 ,1 9 7
60
66
14,876
15,955
16,519
16,953
17,227
17,275
17,275
16,147
17,275
60
00
00
00
OO
00
00
60
00
.
17,018
P ric e o f
Cows
C o n s ta n t
■06
60
991
P ou n d s
Cows
S o ld
SO
60
00
60
00
SO
so
1 6 ,9 8 6
00
16,597
so
00
1 7 ,8 0 7
1 7 ,9 3 5
1 6 ,8 4 1
80
60
1,046
00
1 ,0 8 6
60
17,485
1,053
SO
1 ,0 5 0
1 ,0 5 0
60
1 6 ,9 5 3
1 6 ,9 0 5
16,905
OD
1,040
1,020
60
1 6 ,7 4 4
CO
60
16,422
402,239
16,759
CO
2 5 ,1 1 0
1 ,0 4 6
00
—
16.1
$ 2 ,2 6 8
2,256
2,002
2,159
1,983
2,127
2,202
2,260
2,296
2,303
2,303
2,286
2 ,3 0 3
00
60
V a lu e
of
Cows
60
SO
SO
60
13.33
2,264
2,346
2,374
2,391
2,245
2,331
2,260
2,253
2,253
2,232
2,189
W eight No. Pound
P e r B u l l s B u ll
S o ld S o ld
B u ll
1,460
1,451
0 .8
1,168
60
1 ,3 3 7
60
1 ,1 6 1
1 ,0 7 0
1 ,1 1 1
1 ,0 1 8
1 ,0 9 4
1 ,1 3 4
1 ,1 6 3
1,389
1,273
1,367
1 ,4 1 7
1 ,4 5 4
SO
10
60
1,478
60
1 ,4 8 2
60
1,472
00
1 ,4 7 0
1 ,4 8 2
SO
1,449
1,509
1,527
1,538
60
1 ,5 0 0
1 ,5 3 0
1 ,5 3 0
1 ,5 2 0
SO
1,530
1,530
1,510
5 3 ,8 8 6 3 5 ,2 0 5
2,245 1 ,4 6 7
I n c l u d e s a g e c l a s s e s two y e a r s o ld and o v e r .
SO
60
60
SO
1,182
1,185
1 ,1 7 8
1 ,1 7 6
1 ,1 8 6
1 ,1 5 9
1 ,2 0 7
SO
1,222
60
1 ,2 3 0
1 ,2 0 0
■ «i
1,224
OS
1 ,2 2 4
1 ,2 1 6
1 ,2 2 4
10
00
60
80 .
P ric e
B u lls
C o n s ta n t
V alu e
B u lls
S o ld
T o ta l
V alu e
B eef
S o ld
$ 13.33
$156
$ 4,356
155
143
148
136
4 ,3 2 8
3 ,7 4 7
3 ,0 3 0
60
146
3 ,7 4 1
60
151
155
158
158
157
157
158
60
60
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
to
SO
154
to
161
163
164
160
163
163
162
163
OO
80
to
to
90
08
to
1,225
BO
. 163
1 ,2 0 8
OO
161
™=™ 2 8 , 165
0 .8
1 ,1 7 4
■— ™ ™
13.33
3,582
4,889
4 ,5 4 8
4 ,5 9 4
4 ,7 1 0
4 ,782
4 ,7 3 8
4,677
4,639
4 ,5 7 6
4 ,8 5 4
4,890
4 ,6 0 0
4 ,7 8 5
4,963
4 ,7 0 1
4 ,7 6 9
4 ,6 6 0
4 ,6 4 1
3 ,7 5 5 :1 07,990
156
4,500
APPENDIX A2 O
SUMMARY RANCH EXPENSES FOR TYPICAL RANCH— PR IC ES CONSTANT— FEED (QUANTITY)
VARIABLE
L iv e s to c k
E x p en se
D o lla rs
$195% /
Y ear
1932
33
34
35
36
37
s
Pow er & Mach.,
E x p en se
D o lla rs '
$ 1,346
M is c .
E x p en se
D o lla rs
$514
Gfi
SG
CO
50
90
60
GG
fig
B ld g .& R e p a ir
E x p en se
D o lla rs
$226
•i
T ax es
D o lla rs
Wages
E xpense
D o lla rs
$454
$280
$ 3 ,8 2 0
Ge
809
3 ,8 2 4
GD
99
820
69
96
19
69
852
819
3,835
3,867
3,834
3,859
3,835
89
60
99
OB
98
IO
GO
SO
OS
99
60
69
38
IC
OG
99
99
99
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
SC
ID
06
n .
88
•
54
55
T o ta l
Avq.
Gl
Cl
SG
M
99
99
90
■09
SC
GO
00
GD
99
GD
SG
50
M
18
98
99
SO.
95
89
99
GD
90
GC
DO
90
86
89
19
10
00
50
00
90
19
00
09
90
GD
i?
GD
00
GD
00
05
00
18
ee
OS
to
09
SS
OO
•
866
866
90
06
99
90
86
915
90
GG
66
08
GD
to
SB
99
90
98
ID
SC
GO
60
09
11
18
to
09
96
99
H
SI
951
939
934
941
to
OD
09
99
68
99
CO
90
BD
10
08
99
195
1 ,3 4 6
514
226
454
F e e d v a r i e d by y e a r l y r e q u i r e m e n ts
iV
I n c l u d e s a n im a l p u r c h a s e s .
3 ,8 5 9
3 ,8 6 5
3 ,8 5 9
839
839
866
866
SG
• 280
3,841
844
820
844
850
844
St)
a/
T o ta l
E x p en se
D o lla rs
$805
826
Ge
-
Feeda/
E xpense
D o lla rs
920
990
3 ,8 5 4
3 ,8 5 4
3 ,8 8 1
3 ,8 8 1
3,881 ^
■
.
3 ,8 8 1
3 ,9 3 0
3 ,9 6 6
3 ,9 5 4
3,949
3,956
2 0 ,8 6 5
3 ,9 3 5
4 ,0 0 5
9 3 ,2 2 5
869
3 .884
APPENDIX A3 O INCOME BY YEARS (1 9 3 2 -5 5 ) FOR TYPICAL RANCH— PRICES CONSTANT
G r a in
S a le s
D o lla rs
Y ear
1932
. 33
34
35
$455
*8
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
O th e r Ranch
' ™
T o ta I a /
P ro d ,
B eef
G o v t,
C ash
S a le s
S a le
P a y t„
In c.
D o lla rs
D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs
$544
SB
48
Ol
Il
SB
Sff
OS
SB
SB
SB
Off
SB
08
49
• SI
BI
61
SB
SI
SB
M
SI
W
45
SI
SI
46
47
48
49
50
51
SB
SI
Ii
SB
M
SI
W
Sfl
09
tfl?
SI
52
SI
08
53
54
SI
SB
SB
55
T o ta l
Avg.
a/
b/
c/
SB
SB
455
W'
90
544
$ 4 ,3 5 6
4 ,3 2 8
3 ,7 4 7
3 ,7 3 0
3 ,5 8 2
3 ,7 4 1
4 ,3 8 9
$145
4 ,5 4 8
4 ,5 9 4
4 ,7 1 0
4 ,7 8 2
4 ,7 3 8
■ 4 ,6 7 7
4 ,6 3 9
4 ,5 7 6
4 ,8 5 4
4 ,8 9 0
BI
It
SB
SI
BI
BI
SB
SB
SB
It
SB
5 ,8 2 1
5,783
5,720
Sff
Iff
SB
SB
SB
IB
BI
BI
IB
5 ,9 9 8
6 ,0 3 4
SB
Il
SI
.
SB
BI
SI
18
SB
5,744
BI
Iff
5 ,9 2 9
SB
SB
6 ,0 9 7
5,845
5 ,913
5,804
SB
5 ,7 8 5
SI
SB
4 ,6 4 1
S i-
Sum o f colum ns 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 .
Sum o f co lu m n s 6 , 7 , a n d 8 .
D i f f e r e n c e o f colum ns 9 and 1 0 .
Bt
5j738
5 ,854
5,926
5 ,882
SB
SB
$632
5 ,5 3 3
5 ,6 9 2
SB
4 ,6 0 0
4 ,7 8 5
4 ,9 5 3
4,701
4,769
4,660
107,800
4,500
$5,500
5 ,472
4,891
4 ,8 7 4
4,726
4 ,8 8 5
”
" Hay
G ro ssh /
Ranch
In v ,
Ranch
T o ta l
P e rq .
C hange Incom e E x p e n se s
D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs
BI
SB
SB
It
BI
SB
135,446
145
5 ,6 4 4
■ 632
'$ -13
245
189
-244
74
-367
-10
123
3
87
149
175
116
71
71
66
$6,119
6,349
5 ,7 1 2
5 ,2 6 2
5,432
5,150
6,155
6,447
6,373
6,573
6,707
6,689
6,569
6,486
6,423
6,696
6,729
6,400
6,534.
6,752
6,512
6,506
6,439
63
24
-27
23
35
-39
3
6 ,0 9 8
-319
498 151,112
21
6 ,2 9 7
c/
N. R. I .
D o lla rs
$3,820
3,841
3,824
3,835
3,867
3,834
$2,299
2,508
1,888
1,427
3 ,8 5 9
2,296
2,612
2,514
2; 708
2,848
2,835
2,715
3,835
3,859
3,865
3,859
3,854
3,854
1 ,5 6 5
1 ,3 1 6
3 ,8 8 1
2 ,6 0 5
3,881
3,881
3,881
3,930
3,966
2 ,5 4 2
3 ,9 5 4
2 ,7 9 8
3,949
3,956
3 ,9 3 5
4,005
93,225
3,884
2 ,8 1 5 '
2,848
2 ,4 7 0
2,568
2,563
2,550
2,504
2,093
57,886
2,413 •
■
APPENDIX B 1 O
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF PRODUCTION FROM THE HEAVILY GRAZED BEEF HERD
ANIMAL WEIGHTS, CALVING PERCENTAGE, FEEDING RATES VARIABLE— PRICES'CONSTANT
.
Y ear
1932
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
T o ta l
Avg»
A c re s
G ra z e d
H e a v ily G ra z e d B e e f H e r d ____________
Noo
No o
2 ,y r »
No.
%
O ld
B eef
No.
No.
Y rlg .
C a lf
No.
Cow c H e i f o • S t e e r B u l l He i f .
C rop
C a lv e s
3 ,5 5 8
■66
40
Of •
107
CO
40
CO
2 3 .2
49
48
66
—
3 ,5 5 8
66
50
66
60
Cf
40
60
'----107
09
06
86
60
M
—
2 3 .2
M
.66
66
08
48
60
60
—
—
—
3 ,5 5 8
66
CO
66
60
66
——
3,558
09
---- —
—
—
—
—
—
107
46
86
66
09
66
2 3 .2
—
107
——
60
68
to
90
06
2 3 .2
------- —
—
—--——
———
—
—--—
—
—
—
—
—
---- —--—--—
—
—
—
—
—
—
----—
3 .6
48
10
18
———
3 .6
44
. Ifl
M
19
18
16
48
—
—--—
———
3 .6
16
48
to
18
00
2 7 .5
48
16
01
——
2 7 .5
88
' 89
18
18
IB
66
66
90
60
60
80
———
75
90
70
■ 95
95
75
70
85
------- —
—
———
---- 2 7 .5
69
«8
.M
06
. 89
—--—
------- —
——
3 .6
2 7 .5
—
7 6 .3
No.
Ca I v e s
S o ld
W eig h t
Per
C a lf
9 6 .3
6 4 .2
6 4 .2
8 5 .6
6 8 .4
3 6 .3
3 6 .3
5 7 .7
293
219
314
173
8 0 .3
9 6 .3
7 4 .9
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .7
8 0 .3
7 4 .9
9 0 .9
———
5 2 .4
6 8 .4
4 7 .0
-7 3 .8
7 3 .8
5 2 .4
4 7 .0
6 3 .0
———
——
—
—' —
80
60
85.6
6 4 .2
80
8 5 .6
6 4 .2
60
75
75
354
404
365
407
423
' 425
452
. 374
———
———
—
P ounds
C a lv e s .
2 0 ,0 4 1
7 ,9 5 0
1 1 ,3 9 8
9 ,9 8 2
$ 1 3 .8 6
18
11
16
___
1 8 ,5 5 0
2 7 ,6 3 4
1 7 ,1 5 5
3 0 ,0 3 7
3 1 ,2 1 7
2 2 ,2 7 0
2 1 ,2 4 4
2 3 ,5 6 2
1 3 .8 6
18
tfl
88
18
19
16
88
——
———
___
——
339
361
392
1 9 ,5 6 0
1 3 ,1 0 4
2 2 ,6 1 8
401
386
380
14,556
20,226
8 0 .3
5 7 .7
3 6 .3
5 7 .7
3 6 .3
5 2 .4
5 2 .4
1 ,4 7 1 .5
8 1 .7
969.3
5 3 .8
6 ,4 6 2
359
3 5 1 ,0 1 6
8 0.3
P ric e
( c w t.)
Ca Iv e s
C o n s ta n t
1 9 ,9 1 2
19,501
13.86
19
99
88
99
99
1 3 .86
APPENDIX B 1 ( C o n t i n u e d ) .
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF PRODUCTION FROM THE HEAVILY GRAZED
BEEF HERD WITH ANIMAL WEIGHTS, CALVING PERCENTAGE, FEEDING RATES
VARIABLE— PR IC E S CONSTANT
___________________ '___
Y ear
W eight
Per
Cow
( lb s .)
>
V a lu e
of
C a lv e s
Cows
S o ld
P ounds
Cows
S o ld
P ric e of
Cows
C o n s ta n t
V a lu e
of
Cows
$ 1 3 .3 3
$ 2 ,7 1 5
W eight No. Pound
P e r B u l l s B u ll
B u ll
S o ld S o ld
T o ta l
V alu e
B eef
S o ld
P ric e
B u lls
C o n s ta n t
V alu e
B u lls
S o ld
$ 1 3 .3 3
$218
$ 5 ,7 1 1
200
208
191
4 ,5 0 9
1932
33
■
$ 2 ,7 7 8
34
35-
1,580
36
1 ,3 8 4
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51 '
52
53
54
55
2,571
3 ,830
2,378
4 ,163
947
1 ,0 1 3
1 ,0 6 2
1 ,0 4 1
4 ,3 2 7
3 ,0 8 7
2 ,9 4 4
3 ,2 6 6
2 1 .0 -' 20,370
18
1 8 ,5 6 4
•88
10
'
—--------
--------—
20,412
19,383
—
2 1 .0
88
18
90
1 9 ,8 8 7
2 1 ,2 7 3
2 ,5 8 4
1 ,3 0 9
1 ,2 0 3
1 ,2 5 0
1 ,1 4 6
— — —
— — —
2 ,6 5 1
2 ,8 3 6
2 ,9 7 3
2 ,4 7 4
2,721
—
1 3 .3 3
1 ,6 3 6
1 ,5 0 4
1 ,5 6 3
1 ,4 3 3
--------—
18
19
Ifi
88
22,302
99
2 1 ,8 6 1
10 '
2,914
1,086
SO
3 ,0 4 0
1,325
10
1 ,6 5 6
19
1 ,1 1 6
1 ,1 0 3
1 ,0 1 2
22,806
23,436
09
10
18
3,124
3,088
2,833
1 ,3 2 3
1 ,3 3 4
1 ,3 0 4
88
1,654
1,668
10
-88
-80
88
2 3 ,1 6 3
80
IO
21,252
99
-------- —
—
—
—
—
—
—
--------—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
— — —
—
—
- c - —
.
'9 2 0
908
1 ,0 5 4
1 ,1 2 2
897
1 ,0 6 5
18,095
1 ,0 0 5
2 1 .0
18
<8
At
19
90
— ------
2 1 .0
19,320
1 9 ,0 6 8
.2 2 ,1 3 4
13.33
IS
18
23,562
4)0
1 8 ,8 3 7
2 2 ,3 6 5
90
18
379,995
2 1 ,1 1 1
13.33
——
—
1 ,5 9 4
1 ,6 3 6
1 ,6 6 3
1 3 .3 3
212
19
99
1,668
19
218
222
222
221
220
222
217
18
18
19
19
1 ,6 3 0
Ifi
Ifi
18
—
—
--------—
—
--------—
— --------
— — —
— —
-------- —
— —
— --------
— — —
— '____
—
—— —
—— —
2 ,5 7 5
2 ,5 4 2
2 ,9 5 0
3 ,1 4 1
2 ,5 1 1
2 ,9 8 1
1 ,3 7 7
1 ,3 7 7
1 ,3 6 8
1 ,3 7 7
1 ,3 7 7
1 ,3 5 9
5 0 ,6 5 3 2 3 ,6 7 7
2,814 1 ,3 1 5
In c lu d e s age c la s s e s two y e a rs o ld and o v e r.
1 .2 5
1.25
19
98
88
89
to
—» — —
1 .2 5
3,776
4,159
—— —
-68
—
2 ,7 1 1
1 ,8 1 6
3 ,1 3 5
2 ,0 1 7
2 ,8 0 3
1.25
10
18
18
1 ,2 7 5
1 ,3 0 9
1 ,3 3 0
1 ,3 3 4
— — —
2 ,7 6 0
T o t a l 48,652
Avg .
2,703
l/
970
884
972
923
1 ,1 0 2
.
229
18
229
228
229
1,699
98
2 9 ,5 9 8
1,644
If i
— — ■»
1 3 .3 3
7,588
6,431
6 ,2 5 4
6 ,3 1 6
— ■ —
1 3 .3 3
19
5,573
7 ,2 9 9
— M
1 ,7 2 1
1 ,7 2 1
1 ,7 1 0
1 ,7 2 1
1,7 2 1
If i
5 ,4 3 4
6 ,8 8 4
229
226
5 ,5 1 5
4 ,5 8 7
6 ,3 1 3
5 ,3 8 7
5 ,5 4 3
5,967
3 ,9 4 1 :1 03,246
219
5 ,7 3 6
APPENDIX B2 .
L iv e sto c k
E x p e n se
D o lla rs
Y ear
1932
33
34
35
36
O'?Z
O
38
39
40
41
. 42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
T o ta l
A vg.
s/
SUMMARY OF EXPENSES FOR A HEAVILY GRAZED. CATTLE RANCH^CONSTANT PRICES
Pow er & M ach,
E x p en se
D o lla rs
M is c .
E x p en se
D o lla rs
$ 1 ,3 4 6
to
It
Ot
$590
to
Ot
O
Q
fit
ta
it
fit
1 ,3 4 6
to
to It
fit
It
It '
to
281
fit
fit
«1
fit
. ««
$281 .
fiq
W
M
281
It
tt
M
. 281
B ld g . & R e p a ir
E x p e n se
T axes
D o lla rs
D o lla rs
Wage
E x p en se
D o lla rs
Feeda/
E x p en se
D o lla rs
It
It
$497
IO
00
fit
$518
It
fit
fit
$687
fit
11
It
$ 4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
590
It
It
Ii
Il
It
IO
It
226
It
Il
It
It
It
It
Il
497
It
It .
Il
Ot
It
fit
It
518
fit
Ii
'll
to
to
fit
fit
1 ,2 2 2
687
fit
fit
SO
fit
4 ,6 8 0
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,4 8 2
4 ,1 4 5
1 ,3 4 6
It
It
Q
Q
It
IO
590
- It
It
Qt
Ot
to
226
It
It
Il
09
.1 1
497
It
It
Il
Ol
' It
518
fit
Il
Il
11
fit
687
fit
fit
——
1 ,3 4 6 .
■
———
590
———
497
———
518
E x c l u s i v e o f h a y b o u g h t.
'
$226
———
226
1 ,0 2 4
687
T o ta l
E x p e n se
D o lla rs
V
to
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
1 3 ,2 3 8
735
7 5 ,4 8 2
4 ,1 9 3
fit
.
APPENDIX B3 ,
G r a in
S a le s
D o lla rs
Y ear
1932
33
34
35
36
37
38
$455
<9
it
it
—
455
it
it
it
it
it
it
it
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
—
—
——
—
455
54
55
T o ta l
Avg.
y
b/
c/
it
it
it
it
it
SUMMARY OF INCOME FOR A HEAVILY GRAZED CATTLE RANCH— CONSTANT PRICES
O th e r R anch
T o ta ls /
P ro d .
B eef
G o v t.
Ca sh
S a le s
S a le
P a y t.
In c .
D o lia rs
D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs
3,776
4,509
4,159
$145
fit
91
19
———
5 ,4 3 4
6 ,8 8 4
——
544
fit
fit
fit
SI
fit
fit
68
5,573
7,299
7 ,5 8 8
6 ,4 3 1
6 ,2 5 4
6,316
• ——
“ ——
—
—
544
te
fit
H
ft
fit
—r —
455
$ 5,711
$544
91
It
fit
'
5,515
4 ,5 8 7
6 ,3 1 3
5 ,3 8 7
5 ,5 4 3
5 ,9 6 7
103,246
544
5 ,7 3 6
Sum o f columns 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5„
Sum o f columns 6 , 7, and 8.
D iffe re n c e o f columns 9 and 10.
™—
145
it
fit
99
fit
tl
it
11
—
-----—
—---’
14.5
Il
11
U
$ 6 ,8 5 5
4 ,9 2 0
5 ,6 5 3
5 ,3 0 3
6 ,5 7 8
8 ,0 2 8
6 ,7 1 7
8 ,4 4 3
8 ,732
7,575
7 ,3 9 8
7 ,4 6 0
—
—
—
—--6 ,6 5 9
5 ,7 3 1
7,457
6 ,5 3 1
6 ,6 8 7
7 .1 1 1
—r — 1 2 3 ,8 3 8
145
6 ,8 8 0
99
Il
Hay
G ro ssA /
Ranch
In v .
Ranch
T o ta l
P e rq .
Change Incom e E x p e n se s
D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs
$632
$597 $ 8 ,0 8 4
-4 2 7
5 ,1 2 5
- 3 ,6 1 1
2 ,6 7 4
- 1 ,4 3 4
4 ,5 0 1
—■—
632
-5 4 9
6 ,6 6 1
it
—961
7,699
SI
161
7 ,5 1 0
tl
-1 9 7
8 ,8 7 8
/
Il
-8 7 0
8 ,4 9 4
11
-1 3
8 ,1 9 4
tl
147
8 ,1 7 7
tl
532
8 ,6 2 4
---—
——
*—
—--—--—
——
———
—
—
---—
—
———
632
- 1 ,3 9 5
5 ,8 9 4
It
62
6 ,4 2 5
tl
- 1 ,9 0 4
6 ,1 8 5
Il
-5 8 1
6 ,5 8 2
-7 1 5
6 ,6 0 4
tl
-5 8 1
7 ,1 6 2
——— -1 1 ,7 3 1 1 2 3 ,4 7 3
632
-6 5 2
6,859
Il
tl
91
$ 4 ,1 4 5
c/
N. R. I .
D o lla r 's
$ 3,939
4 ,1 4 5
980
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
- 1 ,4 7 1
356
4 ,6 8 0
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,4 8 2
4 ,1 4 5
1,98.1
3 ,5 5 4
3 ,3 6 5
4 ,7 3 3
' 4 ,3 4 9
4,0.49
3 ,6 9 5
4 ,4 7 9
———
———
W
.
4 ,145
1,749
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 ,1 4 5
4 , 145
7 5 ,4 8 2
4 ,1 9 3
2 ,2 8 0
2 ,0 4 0
2 ,4 3 7
2 ,4 5 9
3 .0 1 7
4 7 ,9 9 1
2,666
'
APPENDIX C 1 O
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF PRODUCTION FROM A MODERATELY GRAZED BEEF HERD
ANIMAL WEIGHTS, CALVING PERCENTAGE, FEEDING RATES VARIABLE— PR IC E S CONSTANT
M o d e ra te ly G ra z ed B e e f H erd
Year
1932
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
T o ta l
Avgo
A cres
Grazed
3,558
Hfl
44
41
—
3,558
ie ‘
46
40
41
40
46
No o
B eef
Cow
No o
2 y r.
Old
H e if.
78.1
CO
48
CO
16.9
99
BI
66
7 8 .1
CO
Cl
19
40
49
48
to
—
3,558
40
40
68
48
68
78.1
It
Cl
CO
CO
Cl
——
3,558
———
78.1
16.9
Cl
it
Cl
4618
11
It
—
16.9
Cl
41
Cl
46
IS
16.9
No.
S te e r
---—
—-——
—
——
—
—
—
-- —
—
---—
—
No o
No. . Y rlg .
B u ll H eifo
2 .7
16
It
11
—
2 .7
11
it
16
it
Cl
IB
19
—
—
—
—
—
—
---—
--- —
%
C a lf
Crop
20.1
19
Cl
CO
9 5 .0
9 0 .0
7 5 .0
8 0 .0
20 .1
It
11
Cl
91
11
Cl
It
—
80 .0
90 .0
85.0
80.0
8 5 .0
9 0 .0
8 5 .0
80 .0
:::
:::
2 .7
If
.16
«
18
«
20 .1
It
IB
68
Cl
- 86
—--2 .7
———
20.1
—
No.
C alves
No.
Calves.
S o ld
74 .2
53.7
' 70.3
4 9 .8
58.6 . 38.1
62 .5
4 2 .0
———
———
6 2 .5
4 2 .0
70 .3
4 9 .8
6 6 .4
45 .9
6 2 .5
4 2 .0
6 6 .4
45.9
■70:3
4 9 .8
6 6.4
45.9
6 2 .5
4 2 .0
—
———
———
9 0 .0
70 .3
75 .0
58.6
9 5 .0
74 .2
9 5 .0
7 4 .2
85 .0
66 .4
7 5 .0
58 .6
——
-— 1 ,1 6 5 .2
85.0
6 4 .7
4 9 .8
38.1
53.7
53.7
4 5 .9
38.1
826.2
4 5 .9
We igh t
Per
C a lf
319
281
372
204
———
359
449
428
454
414
433
449
400
——*
—
. 376
417
437
45.8
457
423
7,130
396
Pounds
C alves
P r ic e
(c w t.)
C alves
C o n stan t
17,130
13,994
14,173
8,568
———■
15,078
22,360
19,645
19,068
19,003
21,563
20,609
16,800
———
—
$13.86
11
11
18
18,725
15,888
23,467
24,595
20,976
16,116'
327,758
18,209
13.86
Il
Il
Cl
It
It
13.86
11
It
ti
it
it
U
ft
——
—
13.86
APPENDIX C 1- ( C o n t i n u e d ) ,
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF PRODUCTION FROM A MODERATELY GRAZED"'
BEEF HERD ANIMAL WEIGHTS, CALVING PERCENTAGE, FEEDING RATES VARIABLE—
CONSTANT PRICES
_________■
______________________________ -
Y ear
1932
33
34
35
. 36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
Va Iu e
of
C a lv e s
$ 2 ,3 7 4
1 ,9 4 0
1 ,9 6 4
1 ,1 8 8
2 ,0 9 0
3 ,0 9 9
2 ,7 2 3
2 ,6 4 3
2,634
2,989
2,856
2 ,3 2 8
W eig h t
Per
N o .! / P ounds
Cow . Cows
Cows
S o ld
( l b s . ) S o ld
1 ,0 1 2
900
1,022
946
1 5 .8
16
18
16
1 ,0 1 9
1 ,0 8 8
1 ,1 1 6
1 ,1 7 8
1 ,1 4 0
1 ,1 9 5
1 ,1 6 4
. 1 ,1 2 9
1 5 .8
1 ,0 2 2
1 ,0 3 1
1 ,1 1 7
1 ,1 3 9
1 ,0 6 7
1 5 .8
10
11
60
18
10
16
10
15,990
P ric e of
Cows
C o n s ta n t
V alu e
of
Cows
$ 1 3 .3 3
$ 2 ,1 3 1
1 4 ,2 2 0
1 6 ,1 4 8
1 4 ,9 4 7
18
• 96
18
19
1,389
98
1 ,2 5 0
88
1 ,2 7 3
18
1,146
19
153
1 ,4 1 7
1 ,4 5 4
1 ,4 7 8
1 ,4 8 2
0 .9
1,275
13.33
88
99
170
174
177
2,401
2,517
2,452
1,472
1,470
19
1 ,3 0 9
1 ,3 3 0
1 ,3 3 4
1 ,3 2 5
2 ,1 4 6
18
2 ,3 5 0
2 ,4 8 1
18,391
17,838
16
«6
$174
160
167
1,203
2,291
,
$ 13.33
1 ,3 0 6
11
18
18
V a lu e
B u lls
Sol'd
0 .9
1 3 .3 3
86
P r ic e
B u lls
C o n s ta n t
1 ,4 5 1
1 ,3 3 7
1,896
2,153
■1,992
1 6 ,1 0 0
1 7 ,1 9 0
1 7 ,6 3 3
1 8 ,6 1 2
1 8 ,0 1 2
1 8 ,8 8 1
16
W eight ^No. Pound
P e r B u l l s B u ll
B u ll
S o ld S o ld
88
89
19
T o ta l
V alu e
B eef
S o ld
$ 4 ,6 7 9
3,996
4 ,2 8 4
3 ,3 3 3
4 ,4 0 6
5,564
5,250
19
178
5 ,3 0 2
19
177
176
' 5,212
11
1,323
19
1 ,4 8 2
16
178
5,682
5,486
2 ,3 7 8
1,449
19
1 ,3 3 4
1 ,3 4 0
19
19
174
4 ,8 8 0
1,530
1,530
1,520
0 .9
1 3 .3 3
184
184
182
184
4 ,9 3 2
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
2,595
2 ,2 0 2
3,253
3 ,4 0 9
2 ,9 0 7
2 ,2 3 4
1,148
4
5
,4
2
8
T o ta l
■ 1 9 ,4 3 3
2,524
1 ,0 8 0
Avg =
i/
18
88
80
16
80
1 6 ,1 4 8
13.33
2,153
16,290
17,649
16
2 ,1 7 1
98
1 7 ,9 9 6
1 6 ,8 5 9
M
18,154
98
2 ,3 5 3
2,399
2,247
2 ,4 2 0
3 0 7 ,0 5 8
1 5 .8
17,059
86
— — —
1 3 .3 3
1 ,5 3 0
1 ,5 3 0
1 ,5 1 0
4 0 ,9 3 1 2 6 ,3 0 4
2 ,2 7 4
1 ,4 6 1
i n c l u d e s a g e c l a s s e s two y e a r s o ld and o v e r .
99
99
91
99
19
— — —
0 .9
1 ,3 7 7
1 ,3 7 7
1 ,3 6 8
1 ,3 7 7
1 ,3 7 7
1 ,3 5 9
2 3 ,6 7 4
1 ,3 1 5
18
89
88
89
184
99
181
1 3 .3 3
4,557
5,788
5,992
5,338
3,157
4 ,8 3 5
8 9 ,5 1 6
175
4,973
APPENDIX C2 .
Year
1932
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
- 54
55
T o ta l
Avq =
SUMMARY RANCH EXPENSES FOR A MODERATELY GRAZED CATTLE- RANCH— CONSTANT PRICES
L iv esto c k
Expense
D o lla r s
P ow er.& Mach=
Expense
D o lla rs
Misc»
Experise
D o lla rs
$211
DO
D
O
DS
$1,346
06
00
00
$512
00
00
00
—
B ld g 0 $ R epair
Expense
Taxes
D o lla rs
D o lla rs
$226
$452
to
M
O
S
OS
Wage
Expense
D o lla rs
F e e d a/
Expense
D o lla rs
T o ta l
Expense
D o lla rs
$272
00
$675
$3,694
00
O
S
n
AG
to
to
06
to
60
to
— — —
— — —
— — —
— ——
1,066
675
O
fl
-
—- —» —
211
St
Sfl
W
SG
1,346
BO
O
fl
00
BO
512
80
58
OS
80
226
D
B
00
M
00
452
Ifl
272
HS
to
to
Bfl
10
90
10
to
SO
88
85
88
80
to
00
to
to
to
4 ,0 8 5
3,694
D
O
OS
SO
80
Ofl
80
Bfl
00
to
to
Sfl
00
09
69
80
00
OB
Dfl
—
———
— —
— — —
—
—
—
-------------
—
—
—
------------ *
— — —
—
— --------
"
— —
— — —*
— —* —
— — —
— --------
— e— ™
— -
—
—
— —
.
— --------
—
-------------
—
-
—
211
1,346
512
226
452
272
675
3,694
SO
68
89
60
09
OS
Ofl
00
DB
. BB ■
80
00 .
09
to
96
00
Sfl
00
80
OS
60
99
Ofl
BO
Dfl
50
00
DB
gg
90
80
00
Sfl
00
80
80
68
Ofl
Ofl
09
— — "
211
1.346
E x c l u s i v e o f h a y bought=
t
—»«—I ■
512
226
— — —
452
272
12,541
697
66,883
3,716
APPENDIX C3 -
SUMMARY OF INCOME FOR A MODERATELY GRAZED RANCH— CONSTANT PRICES
O th e r R anch
T o ta la /
P ro d .
G r a in
B eef
G o v t.
C ash
S a le
■S a l e s
P a y t.
S a le s
In c .
D o lla rs D o lla rs
D o lla r s D o lla rs D o lla rs
Y ear
1932
33
.34
$455
35
36
$544
40
00
to
49
M
455
544
61
69
46
89
OB '
$ 4,479
3,996
4 ,2 8 4
3,333
$145
19
$ 5,323
Hay
G ro ssb /
Ranch
In v =
Ranch
T o ta l
P e rq .
Change Incom e E x p e n s e s
D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs
$632
99
. 5 ,1 4 0
5 ,4 2 8
$720
308
98
- 1,783
4 ,4 7 7
*1
90
145
5,550
632
19
6 ,7 0 8
6 ,3 9 4
6 ,4 4 6
6 ,3 5 6
18
98
10
$ 7 , 175
$3, 694'
6 ,0 8 0
4 ,2 7 8
5,-199
3 ,6 9 4
3 ,6 9 4
3,694
c/
N. R. I .
D o lla rs
-$ 3 ,4 8 1
2 ,3 8 6
584
1 ,5 0 5
x3f
38
39
40
41
42
49
49
43
49
44
45
46
47
'
4,406
5,564
99
11
49
5 ,2 5 0 .
5,-302 '
99
5,212
89
99
5 ,6 8 2
5 ,4 8 6 .
89
6,826
96
49
6 ,6 3 0
6 ,0 2 4
'1 9
11
88
M
49
19
49
OB
4 ,8 8 0
48
455
544
6 ,0 7 6
632
00
4 ,9 3 2
4 ,5 5 7
5 ,7 8 8
5,992
5 ,3 3 8
145
44
10
5,701
6,932
7,136
19
It
104
-2 5
6,286
799
956
7,825
8 ,0 3 4
1 ,0 2 3
1 ,0 1 2
735
1 ,0 2 2
8,011
8,470
7,997
7,678
7 ,3 1 5
4 ,0 8 5
3 ,6 9 4
3,694
3,694
3,694
3,694
3 ,6 9 4
3 ,6 9 4
2 ,2 0 1
3 ,6 2 1
4 ,1 3 1
4 ,3 4 0
4 ,3 1 7
4,776
4,303
3 ,9 8 4
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
T o ta l
Avg
=
i/
b/
c/
44
90
46
BO
49
99
=4?
to
— — —
— — —
455
544
4 ,8 3 5
29,516
4 ,9 7 3
Sum o f colum ns 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5=
Sum o f colum ns 6 S 7 , and 8 .
D i f f e r e n c e o f colum ns 9 and 1 0 .
48
11
If
SB
19
6 ,4 8 2
99
U
5,979
99
— — —
145
1 1 0 ,1 0 8
6 ,1 1 7
-
—
—
—
632
-4 1 2 .
528
-2 7 6
-1 7
212
-1 1 9
4 ,8 7 7
271
6 ,2 9 6
6 ,8 6 1
7 ,2 8 8
7 ,7 5 1
7 ,3 2 6
6 ,4 9 2
1 2 6 ,3 6 2
7 ,0 2 0
3 ,6 9 4
3 ,6 9 4
3 ,6 9 4
2 ,6 0 2
3 ,1 6 7
3,694
4 ,0 5 7
3 ,6 3 2
3 ,6 9 4
3,694
6 6 ,8 8 3
3 ,7 1 6
3 ,594
. 2,798
59,479
3 ,3 0 4
1
APPENDIX D l o
______________
Y ear
1932
33
34
35
36
37
.38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
T o ta l
Avg,
A c re s
G ra z ed
3 ,558
Ifl
Al
—
3,55.8
Ifl
Afi
flfl
flfi
68
flfl
flfl
—
——
—
—
3 ,5 5 8
flfl
flfl
CA
flfl
flfl '
----3 ,5 5 8
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF PRODUCTION FROM THE LIGHTLY GRAZED BEEF HERD
ANIMAL WEIGHTS, CALVING PERCENTAGE, FEEDING RATES VARIABLE— PR IC ES CONSTANT
_______________ L i g h t l y G ra z e d B e e f H erd_____________
Noo
No o
2 y r.
No.
No.
%
B e e f Old
No.
No.
Y r lg .
C a lf
No. Ca I v e s
Cow ■H e i f . S t e e r B u l l H eif-.
C rop
C a lv e s S o ld
58.9
80
09
flfl
———
5 8 .9
fifl
flfl
flfl
98
Ofi
00
flfl
—
——
—
58.9
flfl
flfl
flfl
flfl
flfl
———
58.9
1 2 .8
flfl
flfl
flfl
—
1 2 .8
68
flfl
88
flfl
80
flfl
Ofl
---—
—
———
—
—
—
—
———
—
—
—
—
—
—
—--—
—
---—
2 .0
flfl
flfl
19
——
2 .0
flfl
18
flfl
Ifi
Ifl
flfl
16
—
—
———
—
1 2 .8
98
flfl
' flfl
flfl
Ofl
———
—
———
2 .0
16
18
Ifl
Ifi
10
——
1 2 .8
—
2 .0
—
—
—
—
1 5 .1
18
18
fit}
———
1 5 .1
18
18
18
96
19
88 fit)
—--—
—
—
*——
1 5 .1
flfl
flfl
flfl
09
88
---—
1 5 .1
8 5 ;0
7 0 .0
7 5 .0
8 0 .0
———
9 0 .0
9 5 .0
7 0 .0
9 0 .0
9 5 .0
9 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
8 0 .0
——
—r™
—
—
8 5 .0
8 0 .0
9 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 5 .0
9 5 .0
——
86.9
5 0 .1
3 4 .6
4 1 .2
2 5 .7
4 4 .2
2 8 .7
4 7 .1
3 1 .6
—
•»
5 3 .0
3 7 .5
5 6 .0 • 4 0 .5
4 1 .2
2 5 .7
5 3 .0
3 7 .5
5 6 .0
4 0 .5
5 3 .0
3 7 .5
4 3 .4
58 .9
4 7 .1
3 1 .6
———
—--—--—
——
———
*■—■
———
5 0 .1
3 4 .6
4 7 .1
3 1 .6
5 3 .0
37 .5
4 3 .4
5 8 .9
5 6 .0
4 0 .5
5 6 .0
4 0 .5
9 2 1 .9
6 4 2 .9
5 1 .2
3 5 .7
W eight
Per
C a lf
324
P ounds
C a lv e s
362
1 1 ,2 1 0
7 ,4 7 9
1 0 ,3 8 9
213
66,731
291
356
422
421
462
427
13,350
1 7 ,0 9 1
1 0 ,8 2 0
1 7 ,3 2 5
17,"294
1 7 ,1 0 0
456
431
340
———
———
———
—* —
391
449
454
444
467
18,914
425
1 7 ,2 1 3
7 ,1 3 3
258,377
396 . 3
18,705
1 0 ,7 4 4
———
* ——
1 3 ,5 2 9
1 4 ,1 8 8
1 7 ,0 2 5
1 9 ,2 7 0
14^,354
P ric e
( c w t .)
C a lv e s
C o n s ta n t
$ 1 3 .8 6
Ifl
It
Ifl
___
1 3 .8 6
It
Ifl
Ifl
11
flfl
flfl
flfl
i——*
■■
1 3 .8 6
flfl
flfl
flfl
flfl
86
1 3 .8 6
APPENDIX D 1 ( C o n t i n u e d ) »
Y ear
1932
33
34
35
36
O{
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
V a lu e
of
C a lv e s
W eight
Per
Cow
( lb s ,)
$ 1 ,5 5 4
1 ,0 3 7
1,029
946
1,440
1 ,1 1 1
977
It
te
983
1 ,0 4 1
1 ,1 1 0
1 ,1 3 3
1 ,1 5 2
1 ,1 3 5
1 ,1 3 2
1 1 ,9
ft
933
1,850
2,369
1,500
2,401
2,397
2 ,3 7 0
2,593
1,489
1,084
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF PRODUCTION FROM A LIGHTLY GRAZED BEEF
HERD ANIMAL WEIGHT-, CALVING PERCENTAGE, FEEDING RATES VARIABLE— PRICES
CONSTANT
N o J / Pounds
Cows
Cows
S o ld
S o ld
1 1 ,9
<8
88
•40
88
»8
St
12,245
V a lu e
of
Cows
$ 1 3 ,3 3
$ 1 ,6 3 2
1 ,5 0 1
1 ,7 6 2
1 ,5 5 0
1 ,4 5 1
1 ,3 3 7
1 ,3 8 9
1 ,2 7 3
0 .7
It
1,559
1 ,4 1 7
1 ,6 5 1
1 ,7 6 1
1 ,7 9 7
1 ,8 2 7
1 ,8 0 0
1 ,7 9 6
1 ,7 2 0
1,454
0 .7
It
1 1 ,2 5 7
1 3 ,2 2 1
1 1 ,6 2 6
1 1 ,6 9 8
1 2 ,3 8 8
1 3 ,2 0 9
1 3 ,4 8 3
1 3 ,7 0 9
1 3 ,5 0 7
1 3 ,4 7 1
1 2 ,9 0 0
W eig h t No. Pound
P e r B u l l s B u ll
. B u ll . S o ld S o ld
P ric e of
Cows
C o n s ta n t
88
18
18
1 3 .3 3
ft
81
Of
86
it
u
1 ,4 7 8
1 ,4 8 2
1 ,4 7 2
1 ,4 7 0
1 ,4 8 2
1 ,0 1 6
936
P r ic e
-B u lls
C o n s ta n t
V alu e
B u lls
S o ld
$ 1 3 .3 3
ft
if
$135
125
130
119
18
972
18
891
18
992
1 3 .3 3
if
18
11
ft
ft
18
1,449
tl
1 ,5 3 0
1 ,5 3 0
1 ,5 2 0
0 ,7
1 ,0 1 8
1 ,0 3 5
,1 ,0 3 7
1,030
1 ,0 2 9
1 ,0 3 7
1 ,0 1 4
19
it
If
It
ft
ft
T o ta l
V alue
B eef
S a le s
$ 3 ,3 2 1
2,662
3 ,3 3 2
2 ,6 0 1
132
136
138
138
137
137
138
135
4 ,3 0 8
4 ,5 2 6
3 ,3 4 4
143
143
142
143
143
141
3 ,6 8 0
3 ,8 2 4
4 ,2 6 5
4 ,6 1 2
4 ,4 2 2
4 ,3 0 0
2 ,4 5 4
136
6 8 ,9 9 2
3 ,8 3 3
3,542
4 ,1 5 6
3,398
4 ,3 3 7
4 ,362
r ——
1,875
1,966
2,360
2,671
2 ,6 2 L
2,386
1,048
1 ,0 6 6
1 ,1 1 2
18
1,134
18
1 ,0 4 5
1 ,1 1 8
80
T o t a l 3 5 ,8 1 1
1 9 ,3 5 6
1 ,9 9 0 . 1,076
A vq,
V • In c lu d e s
1 1 ,9
ft
SC
1 1 ,9
1 2 ,4 ^ 1
12,685
1 3 ,3 3
if
1 3 ,2 3 3
1 3 ,4 9 5
88
19
ft
to
12,436
1 3 ,3 0 4
2 3 0 ,3 3 8
1 2 ,7 9 7
i,
1 3 .3 3
i
i ■~
1 ,6 6 2
1 ,7 1 5
1 ,7 6 4
1 ,7 9 9
1 ,6 5 8
• 1 ,7 7 4
'
If
1 , 53,0
ft
1 ,5 3 0
1 ,5 1 0
98
3 0 ,7 2 8 26,304
1 ,7 0 7
1 ,4 6 1
a g e c l a s s e s two y e a r s o ld and o v e r .
19
80
— — —
0 .7
1 ,0 7 1
1 ,0 7 1
1 ,0 6 4
1 ,0 7 1
1 ,0 7 1
1 ,0 5 7
1 8 ,4 1 2
1 ,0 2 3
1 3 .3 3
ft
ft
tl
16
88
1 3 .3 3
APPENDIX D2 O
L iv e s to c k
E xp en se
D o lla r s
Y ear
1932
33
34
35
36
$175
80
80
37
—---175
88
•CO
Ofi
fifi
00
00
• CO
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
———
P o w e r & M ach.
E xp en se
D o lla r s
$ 1 ,3 4 6
00
00
”85
———
. .
1,346
00
00
90
00
90
BO
DO
—
M is c .
E x p en se
D o lla r s
B l d g . & R e p a ir
E xp en se
T axes
D o lla r s
D o lla r s
$458
80
00
'90
$226
98
00
G
O
O
O
90
O
O
GO
90
'
226
90 •
90
BO
00
00
90
96
—
—
------■ 175
ee
08
-
50
52
53
54
55
n
Sfl
99
90
*
09
T o ta l
----
Avg .
175
—
1 ,3 4 6
E x c lu siv e o f hay b o u g h t.
F e e d a / ' T o ta l
E x p e n se
E xp en se
D o lla r s
D o lla r s
$107
90
90
Vii ■
_*
420
00
00
90
90
99
BQ
oo
107
98
90
90
90
90
90
90
669
00
•00
00
90
16
O
O
——
———
—----- —
———
———
———
107
00
90 •
96
669
90
90
06
—
—
—
1 ,3 4 6
80
Wage
E xp en se
D o lla r s
$420
06
96
'90
———
458
90
—
51
i/
SUMMARY. OF EXPENSES FOR A LIGHTLY GRAZED .CATTLE RANCH— CONSTANT PRICES
$669
$ 3 ,4 0 1
99
00
08
963
3 ,6 9 5
3 ,4 0 1
90
CO
99
'19
n
98
66
96
90
i ——
—--——*
458
00
90
60
—
——
•
a
226
00 •
60
00
420
00
00
90
00
00
00
00
Ofi
00
00
00
OO
90
00 ■
90
—— —
— ™ —•
420
107
—
458
226
1 2 ,3 3 6
685
' 3 ,4 0 1
00
90
90
6 1 ,5 1 2
3 ,4 1 7
APPENDIX D3 O
SUMMARY OF INCOME FOR A LIGHTLY GRAZED CATTLE RANCH— CONSTANT PRICES
G r a in
S a le s
D o lla rs
O th e r Ranch
• T o ta la /
■ Hay
G ro s s b /
P ro d =
B eef
G o v t.
C ash
Ranch
Inv=
Ranch
T o ta l
S a le s
S a le
Payt =
In c =
Perq=
Change Incom e E x p en se
D o l l a r s . D o l l a r s D o l l a r ’s D o l l a r s D o l l a r s D o l l a r s D o l l a r s D o l l a r s .
Y ear
c/
N. R= I .
D o lla rs
1932
33
34
35
36
37
38
$455
00
■M
00
— —
*0
46
47
544
Ol
Ol
CO
Ol
so
Ot
CO
Ol
00
■ Ol
Ol
--------- -
48
— o—
T o ta l
Avg =
l/
b/
c/
$145
2 ,6 6 2
3 ,3 3 2
2,601
■3,542
4 ,1 5 6
3,398
4 ,3 3 7
4 ,3 6 2
4 ,3 0 8
4,526
3 ,3 4 4
— D-—
—
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
$ 3,321
—
OO
Si
45
Cl
—
455
39
40
41
42
43
44
$544
01
Ol
455
544
AO
Ol
08
69
SO
Ol
CO
CO
CO
CO
—
— B—
455
544
OO
80
00
———
145
00
$ 4 ,4 6 5
3 ,806
4 ,4 7 6
3 ,7 4 5
——
$632
. so
OS
SI
— — —
_
$783
537
1 ,0 3 6
372
———
301
200
813
1 ,0 3 2
931
4 ,6 8 6
5,300
4 ,5 4 2
632
CS
5 ,4 8 1
5 ,5 0 6
5 ,4 5 2
CS
CO
996
CO
5 ,6 7 0
CS
757
• 00
4 ,4 8 8
CO
986
CO
CO
CO
. CJJ
so
CS
——
—
--- -------
—
—
——
—
---------- .
—
—
—
——
—
— —
— — —
— • — ■ ■■
—— —
3 ,6 8 0
3,824
4 ,2 6 5
4 ,6 1 2
4 ,4 2 2
4 ,3 0 0
145
4 ,8 2 4
4 ,9 6 8
5 ,4 0 9
632
5,756
5,566
OS
68,992
3,833
---------- '
—
Sum o f colum ns 2 , 3 , 4, and 5 ,
Sum o f colum ns 6 , 7 an d 8 ,
D i f f e r e n c e o f co lu m n s 9 an d 10«
so
CO
SC
so
40
145
5*444
89,584
4 ,9 7 7
80
OO
CO
OS
— ——
632
$ 5 ,8 8 0
$ 3,401
4 ,975
3 ,4 0 1
3 ,4 0 1
3 ,4 0 1
4 ,0 7 2
4,749
$ 2 ,4 7 9
1 ,5 7 4
671
1 ,3 4 8
— — —
5 ,6 1 9
3 ,6 9 5
3 ,4 0 1
3 ,4 0 1
3 ,4 0 1
6,132
.
5 ,9 8 7
7 ,1 4 5
7,069
7,080
3,401
3 ,4 0 1
3 ,4 0 1
3 ,4 0 1
7 ,0 5 9
6 ,1 0 6
1 ,9 2 4
■ 2,731
2 ,5 8 6
3 ,7 4 4
3 ,6 6 8
3 ,6 7 9
3 ,6 5 8
2 ,7 0 5
—— —
■
—— —
■•j i —
—— —
— — —
v - --------
3,401
1,898
2,831
-1 5 7
632
-3
193
384
124
6,038
6,581
7 ,8 4 5
436
1 0 8,804
6 ,0 4 4
5 ,2 9 9
6 ,2 3 2
6 ,5 8 2
6 ,2 0 0
’
—
3 ,4 0 1
3 ,4 0 1
3 ,4 0 1
3 ,4 0 1
3 ,4 0 1
2 ,6 3 7
3 ,1 8 0
3,1(31
2,799
6 1 ,5 1 2
4 7 ,2 9 2
3,417
2,627
'
APPENDIX E 1 O
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF PRODUCTION FROM THE TYPICALLY GRAZED BEEF HERD
■ANIMAL WEIGHTS, CALVING PERCENTAGE, FEEDING RATES VARIABLE— HISTORICAL PR IC ES
T y p i c a l B e e f H erd
No o
Year
1932
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
. 43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
T o ta l
Avg =
A cres
Grazed
3,558
60
66
66
OS
60
60
2 y r =Old
No.
H e if = S te e r
7 9 .4
CO
CO
O
O
CO
CO
17 =2
00
(to
CO
CO
00
OO
CO
CS
00
00
00
00
00
60
CO
CO
CO
00
60
CO
CO
CO
HO
00
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
60
CO
60
00
00
CO
CO
CO
CO
60
00
CO
CO
CO
CO
00
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
==——
79=4
---—
-- —
No =
B u ll
2 =7
60
CO
CO
CO
CO
00
SB
OS
3,558
P ric e
No.
Beef;
Cow
CO
CO
—
—
CO
—
CD
—
CO
— -----—
— *------
___
—
_
---------—
------ —
— ------—
— — —
--- ------
17 = 2
—— —
No =
Y rlg =
H e if =
20=4
00
00
00
O
O
80
60
00
.CO
00
60
60
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
HO
DB
00
00
CO
CO
60
60
OO
CO
CO
GD
CO
60
00
60
..M
CO
— — -
2=7
2 0 .4
% .
C a lf
Crop
72 =0
72 =0
6 9 .3
' 61 =7
6 8 .0
63 .3
76 =1
77=1
76=4
78.9
80 .9
8 0 .3
7 8.1
79:6
7 3 .8
7 8.9
7 8.9
7 6.9
7 9.6
82 .0
8 0.9
7 8 .3
7 9 .0
81 = 0
1 , 823.0
75 = 9
No =
■ No. C alves
C alves Sold
5 7 .2
57 =2
44=0
4 9 .0
54 =0
50 =3
60=4
6 1 .2
6 0 .7
62 .6
64=2
6 3 .8
6 2 .0
63 =2
58 .6
62=6
62 .6
6 1 .0
63 = 2
65 .1
64 .2
36 =4
36=4
34 =2
2 8 .2
3 3 .2
2 9 .5
39 =6
40=4
39.9
41 =8
4 3 .4
4 3 .0
4 1 .2
42 .4
37 =8
41 =8
4 1 .8
40 =2
42=4
44=3
4 3 .4
4 1 .4
6 2 .2
6 2 .7
4 1 .9
64 = 3
4 3 .5
1 , 4 47 . 3 ' 949.0
60 = 3
39 = 5
Weight
P er
Pounds
C a lf C alves
( c w t.)
C alves
C o n stan t
383
13,941 $ 5.0 5
380
13,832
4 .63
338
11,560
4 =66
364
10,265
6 .9 5
318
10,558
6 =90
359
10,591
7 .7 8
371
14,692
7.8 3
381
15,392
8.34
387
15,441
8 =50
388
16,218
1 0 = 1 1
386
16,742
12 =07
385
16,444
12.28
. 388
15,986
11 =59
378
16,027 . 12=40
395
14,931
14.39
400
16,720
19 = 59
403
16,845
24 =32
394
15,839
22 =71
390
16,536
26.15
412
' 18,252
31 = 88
380
16,492 ■ 25.61
410
16,974 . 16.89
390
16,341 ■15=95
380
16,530
16.00
9,160
363,270
381 = 7 15,136'
13=86
APPENDIX E 1 ( C o n t i n u e d ) ,
Y ear
1932
33
34
V a lu e
of
C a lv e s
$ .7 0 4
640
W e ig h t '
Per
N o J l/
C ovj
-OB
35
713
36
729
37
824
■ 991
38
1,150
39
40
41
42
1 ,2 8 4
1 ,3 1 2
' 1 ,6 4 0
1,026
1,053
43
44
45
2 ,0 3 3
1 ,8 5 3
1 ,9 8 7
46
2,149
47
48
49
50
51
3 ,2 7 5
.4 ,0 9 7
52
53
4 ,2 2 4
2 ,8 6 7
2 ,6 0 6
3 ,1 4 1
2 ,0 2 2
3,597
4 ,3 2 4
5,819
1 ,0 7 0
1 ,0 7 3
1 ,0 7 3
1,065
1 ,0 7 3
1 ,0 5 5
1 ,0 9 3
1 ,1 0 6
1 ,1 1 4
1 ,0 4 6
1 ,0 8 6
1 ,0 5 3
1 ,0 5 0
1 ,0 5 0
1 ,0 4 0
1,020
T o t a l 53 , 529 . .2 5 ,1 1 0
Avg o
1 ,0 4 6
2,230
i/
Cows
( l b s , ) S o ld
1 ,0 5 7 ' 16.1
1 ,0 5 1
933
1,006
924
54
55
539
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF PRODUCTION FROM THE TYPICALLY GRAZED
BEEF HERD ANIMAL WEIGHT, CALVING PERCENTAGE, FEEDING RATES VARIABLE—
HISTORICAL PRICES______________________________
' ___________ ___________
Pounds
Cows
~
"
P ric e o f
Cows
S o ld
C o n s ta n t
1 7 ,0 1 8 ■ $ 4 .9 4
1 6 ,9 2 1
4 .1 4
15,021
16,197
4 .5 5
DO
1 4 ,8 7 6
6 .26
D8
15,955
7 .4 2
DO
1 6 ,5 1 9
1 6 ,9 5 3
1 7 ,2 2 7
- 1 7 ,2 7 5
1 7 ,2 7 5
1 7 ,1 4 7
1 7 ,2 7 5
1 6 ,9 8 6
7 .0 5
7 .6 7
7 .9 5
9 .1 4
10.98
12.22
11.08
SB
SO
se
DO
so
DB
OS
SO
Sfl
SO
DO
SO
60
M
SO
si)
«
so
---
16.1
17,597
1 7 ,8 0 7
1 7 ,9 3 5
16,841
17,485
1 6 ,9 5 3
1 6 ,9 0 5
1 6 ,9 0 5
1 6 ,7 4 4
1 6 ,4 2 2
=
2 0 .7 4
2 4 .0 6
29.69
25.71
17.66
17.44
1 5 .6 0
. 4 0 2 ,2 3 9
16,760
Dfl
SB
6 .5 4
1 2 .4 1
14 66
1 8 .8 8
2 3 .2 9
‘
V a lu e W eig h t No.Pound
P r ic e
of
P e r B u l l s B u ll
B u lls
Cows
B u ll S o ld
S o ld C o n s ta n t
841 1 ,4 6 0 0 .8
1 ,1 6 8 $ 4 .9 4
701 1 ,4 5 1
1 ,1 6 1
4 .1 4
683 1,337
1,070
4 .5 5
1,059 1,389
1 ,1 1 1
6 .5 4
931 1 ,2 7 3
1 ,0 1 8
6 .2 6
1,184 1 ,3 6 7
1 ,0 9 4
7 .4 2
1,165 1 ,4 1 7
1 ,1 3 4
7 .0 5
1 ,3 0 0 1 ,4 5 4
1 ,1 6 3
7 .6 7
1 ,3 7 0 1 ,4 7 8
1 ,1 8 2
7.9 5
1 ,1 8 6
1,579 1 ,4 8 2
9 .1 4
1 ,8 9 7 1,472
1 ,1 7 8
1 0 .9 8
2 ,0 9 5
1 ,4 7 0
1 ,1 7 6
12.22
1 ,9 1 4 1,482
1,186
11.08
2 ,1 0 8 1 ,4 4 9
1 2 .4 1
1,159
88
2,580 1,509
1,207
1 4 .6 6
3,362 1,527
1,222
1 8 .8 8
4 ,1 1 7
1 ,5 3 8
1 ,2 3 0
2 3 .2 9
3 ,4 9 3
1 ,5 0 0
1 ,2 0 0
2 0 .7 4
4 ,2 0 7 1 ,5 3 0
1 ,2 2 4
2 4 .0 6
90
5,033 1,530
1 ,2 2 4
29.69
4 ,3 4 6 1 ,5 2 0
1 ,2 1 6
2 5 .7 1
2,985 1 ,5 3 0
1,224
1 7 .6 6
2 ,920 1 ,5 3 0
1 ,2 2 4
1 7 .4 4
88
1 ,2 0 8
2 ,562 1 ,5 1 0
1 5 .6 0
5 4 ,4 3 2 3 5 ,2 0 5
2 8 ,1 6 5
2 ,2 6 8 1 ,4 6 7 .0 .8
1 ,1 7 4
13.33
1 ,2 7 1
1,389
73
1,845
1 ,7 2 4
96
81
DB
80
89
2,089
2,395
2,673
94
108
2 ,7 7 6
3 ,3 2 7
DB
129
BA
144
131
144
177
231
4 ,0 4 8
4,272
3,898
Dfl
DB
DB
I n c l u d e s a g e c l a s s e s two y e a r s o ld and o v e r =
$ 1 ,6 0 3
48
49
64
BA
DB
286
4 ,2 3 9
4 ,9 0 6
6,868
8,500
Ifl
249
DB
294
363
DB
313
216
213
188
8,883
159
4,658
SB
DB
— ——
13.33
$ 58
M
DB
'
. T o ta l
V a lu e
B eef
S a le s
tfl
Afl
'
V alu e
B u lls
S o ld .
—— —
7 ,3 3 9
8 ,8 2 5
1 1 ,2 1 5
6 ,0 6 8
5 ,7 3 9
5 ,8 9 1
3 ,8 2 2 1 1 1 ,7 8 3
APPENDIX E2 O
L iv e s to c k
E x p e n se
D o lla rs
Y ear
1932
33
34
35
36
37
$ 62
56
57
95
38
39
4041
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
• 52
53
54
55
T o ta l
A vg.
V.
SUMMARY- OF RANCH EXPENSES FOR- A TYPICALLY GRAZED CATTLE RANCH— HISTORICAL PRICES
91
103
102
113
116
131
153
174
164
180
Pow er & M ach,
E x p en se
D o lla rs
$
988
973
- 1 ,0 2 7 '
1 ,0 3 5
1 ,0 6 5
1 ,0 8 9
1 ,1 2 8
1 ,0 9 7
1 ,0 8 1
1 ,1 1 3
$343
319
336
341
359
366
356
391
431
482
504
511
514
279
328
1 ,8 5 7
398
333
236
2 ,0 5 9
2 ,1 2 7
1 ,8 8 4
240
236
2 ,1 5 4
2 ,1 9 4
4 ,4 1 8
3 4 ,4 7 4
184
1 ,4 3 6
1 1 ,7 7 8
491
E x c l u s i v e o f h a y b o u g h t.
158
160
171
^366
254
314
1 ,9 1 1
$138
143
160
157
156
162
160
336
1 ,1 9 0
1 ,2 3 7
1 ,2 9 9
1 ,3 2 3
1 ,3 5 9
1 ,5 3 4
1 ,7 5 0
203
Bldg= & R e p a ir
E x p e n se
T ax es
D o lla rs
D o lla rs
M isc =
E x p en se
D o lla rs
188
196
208
214
233
303
339
334
555
591
617
617
663
704
714
341
380
382
■
Wage
E xpense
D o lla rs
Feeda/
E xpense
D o lla rs
T o ta l■
E x p en se
D o lla rs
$558
$ 77
486
414
392
396
65
$271
317
438
458
$ 2 ,4 3 9
2 ,3 5 9
2 ,5 0 6
2 ,5 5 3
2 ,6 2 2
2 ,7 4 2
2 ,6 7 4
2 ,6 2 3
2 ,6 7 2
399
410
403
410
412
416
408
408
423
468
522
608
658'
704
740
776
384
817
689
384
673
396
863
903
5 ,8 4 7
244
1 2 ,9 4 4
541
■
74
80
85
96
97
94
96
112
146
195
236
267
288
311
328
319
316
350
372
381
378
489
535
413
401
444
483
587
2 ,8 1 3
3 ,1 1 1
989
3 ,3 8 1
3 ,5 8 4
3 ,7 0 2
3 ,9 7 5
4 ,5 5 3
5 ,0 7 3
5 ,1 0 8
1 ,0 5 5
5 ,2 1 8
1 ,1 6 4
5 ,7 5 4
1 ,2 3 2
1 ,1 2 0
5 ,5 3 7
690
765
784
909
1 ,0 7 4
1 ,1 4 4
1 ,0 9 4
5 ,9 2 7
■
5 ,8 0 1
384
1 ,1 0 9
5 ,8 9 5
5 ,1 4 7
1 7 ,9 6 5
9 2 ,5 9 2
214
- 749
3 ,8 5 9
APPENDIX E3 .
Y ear
G r a in
S a le s
Do l i a r s
1932
33
$109,
164
O th e r Ranch
T o ta ls /
Hay
G ro s s b /
P ro d ,
B eef
Ca sh
G ovt o
Ranch
Inv=
R anch
T o ta l
. S a le s
S a le •
P a y to
In c =
P erq=
Change Incom e E x p e n se s
D o lla rs
D o lla r s D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs
34
223
$190
185
212
35
36
37
38
39
241
299
268
296
310
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
$ 1 ,6 0 3
1 ,3 8 9
1 ,2 7 1
1 ,8 4 5
1 ,7 2 4
2 ,0 8 9
2 ,3 9 5
2 ,6 7 3
2 ,7 7 6
3 ,3 2 7
1 4 ,0 4 p
332
294
187
117
277
209
283
241
423
364
452
522
517
555
496
'6 3 6
669
756
827
718
734
3 ,8 9 8
4 ,2 3 9
4 ,9 0 6
6 ,8 6 8
8 ,5 0 0
7 ,3 3 9
8 ,8 2 5
887
1 1 ,2 1 5
296
364 '
410
619
541
555
601
605
573
573
564
T o ta l 9 ,3 3 4
Avg.
389
a/
b/
c/
SUMMARY OF INCOME FOR TYPICAL GRAZED CATTLE RANCH— HISTORICAL. PRICES
865
718
718
626
1 2 ,2 3 4
510
$ ----16
82
79
103
61
180
229
315
246
361
5 ,5 1 7
236 ■ 5 , 3 9 4
165
4 ,9 9 0
134
5 ,3 5 1
65
6 ,1 0 3
136
8 ,4 2 9
100
1 0 ,0 4 6
90
8 ,6 8 8
92
1 0 ,2 0 6
139
1 2 ,8 4 2
175
1 0 ,5 2 8
186
7 ,5 4 5
186
7 ,1 2 3
165
7 ,2 4 6
4 ,2 7 2
■
8 ,8 8 3
6 ,0 6 8
5 ,7 3 9
5 ,8 9 1
1 1 1 ,7 8 3
4 ,6 5 8
$ 1 ,9 0 2
1 ,7 5 4
1 ,7 8 8
2 ,4 6 4
2 ,4 0 5
2 ,7 7 8
3 ,0 5 6
3 ,2 9 6
3 ,5 8 3
4 ,1 7 8
3 ,4 9 1
Sum o f co lu m n s 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 .
Sum o f colum ns 6 , V9 and 8 .
D i f f e r e n c e o f colum ns 9 and 10»
145
1 3 6 ,8 5 2
5 ,7 0 2
$243
236
254
321
327
362
354
300
323
351
402
523
458
520
597
909
1 ,0 3 5
924
929
1 ,1 1 3
1 ,0 9 3
1 ,0 1 3
$ -5
94
102
-1 3 6
42
-2 4 0
-5
60
I
49
104
144
106
64
75
82
83
26
-3 0
29
46
981
854
-4 6
4
-3 5 7
1 4 ,5 2 2
292
605
12
$ 2 ,1 4 0 '
2 ,0 8 4
2 ,1 4 4
2 ,6 4 9
2 ,7 7 4
2 ,9 0 0
3 ,4 0 5
3 ,6 5 6
3 ,9 0 7
4 ,5 7 8
5 ,6 6 3
6 ,0 6 1
5 ,5 5 4
5 ,9 3 5
6 ,7 7 5
9 ,4 2 0
1 1 ,1 6 4
9 ,6 3 8 .
1 1 ,1 0 5
1 3 ,9 8 4
1 1 ,6 6 7
$ 2 ,4 3 9
2 ,3 5 9
2 ,5 0 6
2 ,5 5 3
2 ,6 2 2
2 ,7 4 2
2 ,6 7 4
2 ,6 2 3
2 ,6 7 2
2*813
3 ,1 1 1
3 ,3 8 1
3 ,5 8 4 •
3 ,7 0 2
3 ,9 7 5
4 ,5 5 3
5 ,0 7 3
5 ,1 0 8
5 ,2 1 8
5 ,7 5 4
5 ,9 2 7
5 ,5 3 7
V
N= R= I
D o lla rs
•
$ -2 9 9
r-275
-3 6 2
96
152
158
731
1 ,0 3 3
1 ,2 3 5
1 ,7 6 5
2 ,5 5 2
2 ,6 8 0
1 ,9 7 0
2 ,2 3 3
2 ,8 0 0
4 ,8 6 7
6 ,0 9 1
4 ,5 3 0
5 ,8 8 7
8 ,2 3 0
5 ,7 4 0
5 ,8 0 2
2 ,9 7 5
2 ,3 0 6
7 ,8 4 3
5 ,8 9 5
1 ,9 4 8
1 5 1 ,6 6 6
6 ,3 1 9
9 2 ,5 9 2
5 9 ,0 4 3
2 ,4 6 0
8 ,5 1 2
8 ,1 0 8
3 ,8 5 9
APPENDIX F lo PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF PRODUCTION FROM THE HEAVILY GRAZED BEEF HERD
■
_________ ANIMAL WEIGHTS, CALVING PERCENTAGE, FEEDING RATES VARIABLE— PRICES HORIZONTAL
H e a v ily G ra z ed B e e f H e r d ____________
No=
P ric e
Acres
Grazed
Year
1932
33
34
35
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
T o ta l
Avg0
2 y r,
Old
H e if „
107
69
2 3 .2
No.
S te e r
No.
B u ll
No.
Y rlg .
He i f .
3 .6
2 7 .5
flfl
———
60
—
06
———
—
-- —
———
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
——
—
—
—
—
—
—
----------- ;
— — —
—
—
—
Zh-
3 ,5 5 8
36
No o
Beef
Cow
Ifl
Ofl
01
———
3,558
Ofl
A
O
.W
-- 107
00
«1.
60
f lfl
flfl
O
fl
69
60
«9
At
60
f lfl
f lfl
flfl
f lf l
flfl
f lfl
flfl
flfl
flfl
———
2 3 .2
AO
—
AO
88
60
—
3 .6
2 7 .5
flfl
flfl
86
AO
A
O
f lfl
AO
.80
10
—
—
—
— --------
— — —
2 3 .2
—
3 .6
2 7 .5
f lfl
flfl
I
I
AO
—
09
O fl
flfl
flfl
AO
06
O fl
f lfl
6»
-------- —
A fl
00
O fl
flfl
SO
—
60
80
f lf l
flfl
00
—
flfl
—
3,558
107
—
85
—
-
107
flfl
95
—
—
'
08
—
—
—
— --------
2 3 .2
—
3 .6
2 7 .5
9 6 .3
6 4 .2
6 4 .2
95
75
70
96
—
-
90
-- —
75
90
70
M
,
No.
No. C alves
C alves Sold
60
60
80
19'
Afl
80
66
98
3,558
™
%
C alf
Crop
8 5 .6
——
6 8 .4
3 6 .3
3 6 .3
57 .7
———
8 0 .3
9 6 .3
7 4 .9
5 2 .4
6 8 .4
4 7 .0
101.7
101.7
73 .8
8 0 .3
7 4 .9
9 0 .9
——
7 3 .8
5 2 .4
Weight
P er Pounds
C a lf C alves
293
219
314
173
•Mv*—
354
404
365
407
423
$ 4 .6 3
9 ,9 8 2
6 .9 0
1 8 ,5 5 0
7.83
8 .3 4
8 .5 0
425
2 2 ,2 7 0
21,244
23,562
——M
374
—
—
-------- —
— — *—
—
-------- —
— — —
«— — —
— — _
8 5 .6
57.7
6 4 .2
3 6 .3
8 5 .6
5 7.7
36.3
6 4 .2
80.3
80.3
1 ,4 7 1 .5
9 6 9 .3
8 1 .7
53 .8
5 2 .4
5 2 .4
339
361
392
401
386
380
6,462
359
4.66
6.95
27,634
17,155
30,037
31,217
452
—
80
60
80
60
75
75
1,375
76 .3
20,041
7,950
11,398
4 7 .0
63.0'
---—
---—
(c w t.)
C alves
C onstant
— — —•
10.11
1 2 .0 7
1 2 .2 8
1 1 .5 9
12.40
M
■*.
19,560
26.15
1 3 ,1 0 4
3 1 .8 8
22,618
25.61
1 4 ,5 5 6
2 0 ,2 2 6
1 9 ,9 1 2
1 6 .8 9
1 5 .9 5
1 6 .0 0
351,016
19,501
2 3 8 .7 4
13.26
APPENDIX F 1 ( C o n t i n u e d ) „
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF PRODUCTION FROM THE HEAVILY GRAZED
BEEF HERD ANIMAL WEIGHTS, CALVING PERCENTAGE, FEEDING RATES VARIABLE—
__________________________________PR IC ES HISTORICAL________________________
Y ear
1932
33
34
35
36
$
928
370
970
2 1 .0
792
689
972
10
923
18
884
|a ^
Cows
S o ld
§=•
W eig h t
Per
Cow
( lb s .)
V a lu e
of
C aI v e s
te
P ounds
Cows
S o ld
2 0 ,3 7 0
1 8 ,5 6 4
2 0 ,4 1 2
1 9 ,3 8 3
P ric e o f
Cows
C o n s ta n t
V alu e
of
Cows
$ 4 .1 4
4 .5 5
6 .5 4
6 .2 6
W eig h t No. P ound
P e r B u l l s B u ll
S o ld . S o ld
B u ll
843
844
1 ,3 3 5
1 ,3 0 9
1 ,2 0 3
1 ,2 0 5
1 ,2 1 3
1 ,1 4 6
1 ,4 0 2
1 ,6 3 2
1 ,7 7 3
1 ,2 7 5
1 ,3 0 9
1 ,3 3 0
1 ,3 3 4
1 ,3 2 5
1 .2 5
•
18
10
Il
1 ,6 3 6
1 ,5 0 4
1 ,5 6 3
1 ,4 3 3
P ric e
B u lls
C o n s ta n t
V a lu e
B u lls
S o ld
T o ta l
V alu e
B eef
S o ld
$ 4 .1 4
4 .5 5
6 .5 4
6 .2 6
$ 68
68
$ 1 ,8 3 9
102
90
2 ,2 2 9
112
125
132
152
182
202
185
202
2 ,9 6 6
414
511
440
304
300
1 0 ,1 7 7
1 0 ,3 5 0
1 ,2 8 2
1 ,9 9 2
0 7
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
1 ,4 5 2
2 ,3 0 5
1 ,4 5 8
3 ,0 3 7
3 ,7 6 8
2 ,7 3 5
2 ,4 6 2
2 ,9 2 2
5 ,1 1 5
947
1 ,0 1 3
2 1 .0
to
1 ,0 6 2
HO
1 ,0 4 1
1 ,0 8 6
80
1 ,1 1 6
to
1 ,1 0 3
■60
1 ,0 1 2
SO
920
908
1 ,0 5 4
BO
2 1 .0
2 1 ,2 5 2
12.41,
1 9 ,3 2 0
2 4 .0 6
2 9 .6 9
61
2 2 ,1 3 4
2 3 ,5 6 2
1 8 ,8 3 7
2 2 ,3 6 5
2 5 .7 1
3 7 9 ,9 9 5
2 3 0 .1 5
2 1 ,1 1 1
1 2 .7 9
1 ,1 2 2
897
80
1 ,0 6 5
OS
T o ta l 4 6 ,8 7 4
Avg =
2 ,6 0 4
1 8 ,0 9 5
1 ,0 0 5
a/
2 3 ,1 6 3
2 2 ,8 0 6
2 3 ,4 3 6
1 9 ,0 6 8
SB
52
53
54
55
7 =05
7 .6 7
7 .9 5
9 .1 4
1 0 .9 8
1 2 .2 2
1 1 .0 8
IS
4 ,1 7 8
5 ,7 9 2
2 ,4 5 9
3 ,2 2 6
3 ,1 8 6
'
1 9 ,8 8 7
2 1 ,2 7 3
2 2 ,3 0 2
2 1 ,8 6 1
2 1 .0
1 ,9 9 8
2 ,5 0 4
2 ,8 6 4
2 ,5 6 6
2 ,6 3 7
4 ,6 4 8
5 ,6 6 1
5 ,6 9 1
4 ,1 6 1
1 7 .6 6
1 7 .4 4
3 ,2 8 5
3 ,4 8 9
1 5 .6 0
7 .0 5
1 ,6 3 6
7 .6 7
Il
1 ,6 6 3
1 ,6 6 8
1 ,6 5 6
1 ,6 5 4
1 ,6 6 8
1 ,6 3 0
7 .9 5
Il
19
1 ,3 2 3
18
1 ,3 3 4
1 ,3 0 4
16
1 ,3 7 7
1 ,3 7 7
1 ,3 6 8
Il
1 .2 5
88
89
1 ,7 2 1
1 ,7 2 1
1 ,7 1 0
9 .1 4
1 0 .9 8
1 2 .2 2
1 1 .0 8
1 2 .4 1
2 4 .0 6 .
2 9 .6 9
4 ,0 6 2
3 ,3 6 3
5 ,1 8 7
6 ,4 5 4
5 ,8 0 1
5 ,2 1 3
5 ,7 6 1
1 ,3 7 7
88
1 ,3 7 7
88
1 ,7 2 1
2 5 .7 1
1 7 .6 6
1 7 .4 4
1 ,3 5 9
91
1 ,6 9 9
1 5 .6 0
265
6 ,8 1 1
6 ,9 4 0
2 9 ,5 9 8
2 3 0 .1 5
1 ,6 4 4
1 2 .7 9
3 ,8 5 4
214
9 9 ,2 7 4
5 ,5 1 5
4 8 ,5 4 6 2 3 , 6 7 7
2 ,6 9 7 1 ,3 1 5
I n c l u d e s a g e c l a s s e s two y e a r s o ld and o v e r
1 ,5 9 4
11
1 .2 5
— — —
1 .2 5
1 ,7 2 1
1 1 ,9 2 3
6 ,9 2 4
APPENDIX F 2 O
SUMMARY OF EXPENSES FOR A HEAVILY GRAZED CATTLE RANCH— HISTORICAL PRICES
L iv e sto c k
E x p en se
D o lla rs
Y ear
Pow er & Mach=
E x p en se
D o lla rs
M isc =
E x p en se
D o lla rs
Bldg= & R e p a ir
E x p en se
T ax es
D o lla rs
D o lla rs
Wage
E x p en se
D o lla rs
Feeda/
E xpense
D o lla rs
T o ta l
E xpense
D o lla rs
1932
33
34
$ 81
82
, 137
131
35
36
37
38
39
146
163
167
40
41
42
43
44
1 89
53
54
220
250
236
259
—
—----------- 472
.5 7 3
481
340
346
55
340
45
46
47
■ 48 ■
49
50
51
52
T o ta l
Avg =
4 ,6 1 3
256
$
973
1 ,0 2 7
1 ,0 3 5
1 ,0 6 5
—
1 ,1 2 8
1 ,0 9 7
1 ,0 8 1
1 ,1 1 3
1 ,1 9 0
1 ,2 3 7
1 ,2 9 9
1 ,3 2 3
—
——”
———
1 ,8 5 7
■ 2 ,0 5 9
2 ,1 2 7
ro
-Z-
391
———
420
409
420
449
495
553
578
587.
—
—
———
708
761
808
1 ,8 8 4
• 820
2 ,1 5 4
2 ,1 9 4
2 5 ,8 4 3
1 ,4 3 6
. 791
E x c l u s i v e o f h a y bought=
GD
CO
$366
386
386
773
1 0 ,1 0 1
561
$143
160
157
156
---—
160
158
160
171
188
196
208
214
—
——
—
—
*——
341
380
. 382
384
384
396
4 ,3 3 8
241
$532
453
429
434
■
———
448
441
448
451
456
446
446
463
—
—--—
——
—
770
810
850
895
944
989
1 0 ,7 0 5
595
$121
136 .
147
156
———
179
175
177
208
271
360
437
493
—--——
—--———
585
648
689
704
699
710
6 ,8 9 5
383
$239
372
383
394
•—
——
$ 2 ,4 5 5
2 ,6 1 6
2 ,6 7 4
2 ,7 2 7
598
3 ,0 7 9
336
361
390
477
558
2 ,7 7 9
939
622
—-----—
———
—
■——
763
852
907
818
818
769
1 0 ,5 9 6
589
2 ,8 1 4
2 ,9 7 1
3 ,2 9 7
3 ,6 0 0
4 ,1 4 3
3 ,9 6 1
--- —
———
5 ,4 9 6
6 ,0 8 3
6 ,2 4 4
5 ,8 4 5
6 ,1 3 6
6 ,1 7 1
1 3 ,0 9 1
4 ,0 6 1
APPENDIX F 3 O
SUMMARY OF INCOME FOR A HEAVILY GRAZED CATTLE RANCH— HISTORICAL PR IC ES
O th e r R anch
T o ta la /
Hay
G ros s b /
P rod,
B eef
G o v t,
C a sh
R an ch
In v,
Ranch
T o ta l
S a le
P erq,
P a y t.
S a le s
In c,
C h an ge
In com e E x p e n s e s
D o lla r s
D o lla r s D o lla r s D o lla r s
D o lla r s D o lla r s D o lla r s
D o lla r s
G r a in
S a le s
D o lla r s
Y ear
1932
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
$164
223
241
$185
268
187
117
209
241
296
364
410
423
' $ 16
82
79
$ 2 ,2 0 4
1 ,7 9 9
2 ,8 4 8
310
$1,839
1,282
2,229
1,992
103
2 ,673
294
„ 277
2 ,9 6 6
4 ,0 6 2
283
3,363
5,187
180
229
315
246
361
3,627
4 ,6 8 5
4 ,1 7 0
6,038
236
.
212
299
.
364
452
6 ,4 5 4
5 ,8 0 1
5 ,2 1 3
5 ,7 6 1
522
517
555
165
134
$208
-231
-2 ,0 1 5
-823
$ 2 ,6 4 8
254
321
327
-268
-470
85
-112
-605
-11
135
481
3,713
4,515
4,578
6,277
7,360
6,923
6,305
6,873
354
300
323
351
. 402
523
458
520
11,558
11,977
13,568
929
1,113
1,093
-1 ,5 5 1
77
1 ,0 1 3
10,936
13,167
12,148
8,723
981
8 ,3 2 5
7 ,5 6 3
$236
1,822'
1,154
2,177
7 ,4 3 5
6 ,8 9 8
7,874
$2,455
2,616
2 ,6 7 4
2 ,7 2 7
3,079
' c/
N. R» I ,
D o lla r s
$
193
-794
-1 ,5 2 0
-550
2 ,7 7 9
634
1,736
2,814
2,971
3,297
3,306
4 ,063
3 ,6 0 0
1 ,7 6 4
3 ,8 3 5
2 ,7 5 5
4 ,1 4 3
3,961
3,913
5 ,4 9 6
5 ,4 4 0
48
49
50
51
555
601
605
52
573
53
573
54
564
55
T o t a l 6 ,6 1 4
A vg»
367
a/
b/
c/
734
887
865
718
675
10,177
626
8 ,7 7 5
488
92
13 9
1 0 ,3 5 0
1 1 ,9 2 3
'
175
186
136
6 ,9 2 4
6,811
6 ,9 4 0
99,274
165
8 ,4 0 1
8 ,1 9 5
8 ,2 9 5
3 ,0 3 9
1 1 7 ,7 0 2
5 ,5 1 5
169
6,539
Sum o f columns 2, 3, 4 , and 5.
Sum o f columns 6, 7 , and 8.
D iffe re n c e o f columns 9 and 10»
- 2 ,5 1 3
-691
-851
-651
954
10,452 -9 ,8 0 6
581 . -545
8,598
118,348
6,575
6,083
6,244 .
5 ,8 4 5
6 ,1 3 6
6,171
7 3 ,0 9 1 .
4,061
7,084
5,904
2,878
2,189
• 2,427
45,237
2,514
APPENDIX Gl o
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF PRODUCTION FROM A MODERATELY GRAZED BEEF HERD
_______ ___________ ANIMAL WEIGHTS, CALVING PERCENTAGE, FEEDING RATES VARIABLE— HISTORICAL PRICES
Year
1932
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
A cres
Grazed
3 ,5 5 8
00
CO
fit?
—
=™“
3 ,5 5 8
00
08
M od erately .G razed B eef Herd
No.
No.
No = 2 y r .
%
Y rlg = C alf
Beef Old
No.
No.
Cow
Heif= S te e r B u ll H e if = Crop
'
—
95 =0
20.1
78 =1 16.9
2 .7
■66
00
00
00
—— —
9 0 .0
C
O'
.C
O
00
CO
——
7 5 .0
CO
CO
CO
CO
———
.80 =0
———
. —--—— —— —
8 0 .0
—
—
—
20=1
8 0 .0
7 8 .1
2 .7
1 6 .9
CO
CO
CO
CO
— —
—
9 0 .0
CO
00
CO
ce
———
85 = 0
CO
00
CO
“ — "
CO
CO
CO
08
CO
———
00
CO
43
CO
CO
CO
— — —
CO
CO
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
CO
00
CO
— — “
W
«5
CO
CO
60
CO
CO
52
. 53
54
55
T o ta l
Avg =
.
P r ic e
No =
No = C alves
CaIves Sold
74 =2
7 0 .3
5 8 .6
6 2 .5
6 2 .5
6 2 .5
5 3 .7
4 9 .8
38=1
Weight
Per Pounds
C alf C alves
319
281
372
204
359
8 0 .0
6 2 .5
85 = 0
9 0 .0
8 5 .0
66=4
70 .3
66 .4
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 2 .0
4 9 .8
4 5 .9
4 2 .0
4 5 .9
4 9 .8
4 5 .9
80 = 0
6 2 .5
42 =0
400
9 0 .0
70 .3
49 =8
75 =0
95 =0
95 =0
5 8 .6
3 8 .1
5 3 .7
7 0.3
66=4
359
449
428
454
414
433
( CWt=)
Ca Ives
C o n stan t
1 7 ,1 3 0
1 3 ,9 9 4
$ 4 .6 3
4 .6 6
14,173
8,568
15,078
6 .9 5
6 .9 0
7 .8 3
1 5 ,0 7 8
2 2 ,3 6 0
7 = 83
19,645
8 .3 4
8 .5 0
2 0 ,6 0 9
1 6 ,8 0 0
10.11
12 = 07
12.28
11.59
12.40
18,725
15,888
23,467
26.15
31.88
25=61
53 =7
376
417
437
458
2 4 ,5 9 5
4 5 .9
457
1 6 .8 9
1 5 .9 5
38=1
862=2
45=9
423
20r 976
16,116
7 ,1 3 0
3 2 7 ,7 5 8
396
18,209
449
1 9 ,0 6 8
1 9 ,0 0 3
21,563
—
—
3 ,5 5 8
78 =1
16 =9
CO
CO
00
20=1
2 .7
«—
——
^—
———
DB
CO
CO
CO
CO
BO
00
CO
00
00
CO
CO
CO
CO
CO
69
CO
00
CO
00
80
■3 ,5 5 8
7 8 .1
1 6 .9
— ------
-
no
———
2 .7
2 0 .1
74=2
7 4 .2
66=4
58 =6
75 =0
——— 1,165=2
85 = 0
64 =7
8 5 .0
16 =00
238.74
13 =26
APPENDIX G1 ( C o n t i n u e d ) ,
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
793
652
1 ,Q 1 2
900
985
1 ,0 2 2
. 591
>
38
$
W eig h t
Per
Cow
( lb s ,)
2
Y ear
1932
33
■34
35
36
37
V alu e
of
C a lv e s
—
------------- -
—
1 ,0 1 9
1 5 ,8
2 ,6 4 8
2 ,3 8 9
2 ,0 8 3
——
1 4 ,2 2 0
OD
1 6 ,1 4 8
$ 4 ,1 4
4 ,5 5
6 ,5 4
00
1 4 ,9 4 7
6 .2 6
OS
1 7 ,6 3 3
1 8 ,6 1 2
1 8 ,0 1 2
80
50
46
1 7 ,8 3 8
AC
— ------
— — —
—
------ —
—
■■■ ......
— — —
— — —
2 4 .0 6
3 ,3 4 6
1 ,0 6 7
80
1 ,1 4 8 .
90
1 ,1 1 7
88
1 ,1 3 9
90
1 9 ,4 3 3
1 ,0 8 0
1 5 ,8
2 9 .6 9
2 5 .7 1
1 7 .6 6
1 7 .4 4
1 5 .6 0
1 6 ,8 5 9
1 8 ,1 5 4
— — —
■
3 0 7 ,0 5 8
1 7 ,0 5 9
1 ,4 0 2
1 ,7 0 1
1 ,9 7 8
2 ,2 1 4
— ------
1 6 ,1 4 8
1 6 ,2 9 0
1 7 ,6 4 9
1 7 ,9 9 6
2 3 0 .1 5
a / ' In c lu d e s age c la s s e s two y e a rs o ld
1 ,3 1 8
1 2 .4 1
------ —
86
.
1 2 .7 9
W eight No. Pound
P e r B u lls B u ll
S o ld S o ld
B u ll
1 ,4 5 1
1 ,3 3 7
1 ,3 8 9
1 ,2 7 3
— —
1 1 .0 8
—
1 5 ,8
—
1 ,1 3 5
2 ,3 0 7
2 ,0 3 8
—
■ 1 ,0 2 2
1 ,0 3 1
662
647
1 ,0 5 6
936
9 .1 4
1 0 .9 8
1 2 .2 2
1 8 ,8 8 1
- 1 8 ,3 9 1
10
4 ,8 9 7
5 ,0 6 5
6 ,0 1 0
4 ,1 5 4
T o t a l 45', 130
Avg =
2 ,5 0 7
7 .0 5
7 .6 7
7 .9 5
1 7 ,1 9 0
-so
V a lu e
of
Cows
—
—
—
— ■ ■—
2 ,5 7 9
"
1 6 ,1 0 0
— -------
—
'
—
1 5 ,8
1 ,1 1 6
1 ,1 7 8
1 ,1 4 0
1 ,1 9 5
1 ,1 6 4
1 ,1 2 9
1 ,9 2 8
2 ,2 9 4
1 5 ,9 9 0
AO
- -------------
1 ,0 8 8
P ric e o f
Cows
C o n s ta n t
P ounds
Cows
S o ld
Cows
S o ld
946
1 ,1 8 1
1 ,8 6 5
1 ,6 7 0
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE OF PRODUCTION FROM A MODERATELY GRAZED "
BEEF HERD ANIMAL WEIGHTS, CALVING PERCENTAGE, FEEDING RATES V A R IA B L E HISTORICAL PRICES
—
—
—
18
IS
,
"
--------- —
1 ,3 0 6
1 ,2 0 3
1 ,2 5 0
1 ,1 4 6
—
——
V alu e
B u lls
S o ld
$ 4 .1 4
$ 54
4 :5 5
55
6 .5 4
82
72
6 .2 6
— — —
— —
90
7 .6 7
7 .9 5
9 .1 4
1 0 .9 8
1 2 .2 2
100
1 ,3 3 4
1 ,3 0 4
1 1 .0 8
1 2 .4 1
— -------
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
— ------
1 ,4 8 2
Sfl
1 ,4 7 2
1 ,4 7 0
1 ,4 8 2
86
Sfl
SB
18
88
flfl
1 ,4 4 9
106
122
145
162
148
162
— ------
— ------
—
— ------
------ —
—
—
—
—— —
— — —
—— —
— — —
—
3 ,8 8 5
4 ,8 3 7
1 ,5 3 0
1 ,5 3 0
1 ,5 2 0
0 .9
1 ,3 7 7
1 ,3 7 7
1 ,3 6 8
1 ,3 7 7
1 ,3 7 7
2 4 .0 6
331
2 9 .6 9
2 5 .7 1
1 7 .6 6
409
1 ,3 5 9
1 5 .6 0
2 3 ,6 7 4
1 ,3 1 5
2 3 0 .1 5
1 2 .7 9
4 ,5 3 8
3 ,1 7 8
2 ,9 4 0
2 ,8 3 2
flfl
flfl
1 ,5 3 0
flfl
1 ,5 3 0
1 ,5 1 0
3 9 ,6 0 4 2 6 ,3 0 4
1 ,4 6 1
2 ,2 0 0
AS
and o v e r.
$ 1 ,5 0 9
1 ,3 5 4
2 ,1 2 3
1 ,5 9 9
. 7 .0 5
0 .9
-
T o ta l
V alu e
B eef
S o ld
1 ,2 7 5
1 ,3 0 9
1 ,3 3 0
1 ,3 3 4
1 ,3 2 5
1 ,3 2 3
1 ,4 1 7
1 ,4 5 4
1 ,4 7 8
— ——
—
.
0 .9
P ric e
B u lls
C o n s ta n t
flfl
—
0 .9
—
1 7 .4 4
2 ,4 0 6
3 ,2 8 3
3 ,1 7 8
3 ,7 5 1
4 ,4 1 7
5 ,1 1 7
4 ,5 7 5
4 ,4 5 9
—— —
352
243
240
212
3 ,0 8 5
171
9 ,1 1 3
1 0 ,311
1 0 ,9 0 0
7 ,5 7 5
6 ,5 2 6
5 ,6 2 3
8 7 ,8 1 9
4 ,8 7 8
APPENDIX G2 Q
'L i v e s t o c k
E x p en se
D o lla rs
Y ear
1932
. 33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
. 52
53
54
55
T o ta l
Avg „
V
SUMMARY-RANCH EXPENSES FOR A MODERATELY GRAZED CATTLE RANCH— HISTORICAL PRICES
$ 61
62
103
99
—
HO
122
126
142
165
188
177
194
---——
——
—
354
430
.361
255
260
255
3 ,4 6 4
192
Pow er & Macho
E x p en se
D o lla rs
$
973
1 ,0 2 7
1 ,0 3 5
1 ,0 6 5
” ——
. 1 ,1 2 8
1 ,0 9 7
1 ,0 8 1
1 ,1 1 3
1 ,1 9 0
1 ,2 3 7 .
1 ,2 9 9
1 ,3 2 3
———
———
---—
———
1 ,8 5 7
2 ,0 5 9
2 ,1 2 7
1 ,8 8 4
2 ,1 5 4
2 ,1 9 4
2 5 ,8 4 3
1 ,4 3 6
•
E x c lu siv e o f hay bought
M is c .
E x p en se
D o lla rs
$317
335
335
339
---—
365
355
365
390
430
480
502
509
—--———
B ld g . & R e p a ir
E x p e n se
ta x e s
D o lla rs
E x p e n se s
$143
160
157
156
—«
160
158
160
171
188
196
208
214
” --——
$484
412
391
395
408
401
408
410
414
406
406
421
—
—
Wage
E xpense
D o lla rs
Feeda/
E xpense
D o lla rs
T o ta l
E xpense
D o lla rs
$ 63
72
77
82
$235
366
378
387
$ 2 ,2 7 6
2 ,4 3 4
2 ,4 7 6
'2 , 5 2 3
94
92
93
109
142
189
230
259
———
——
521
330
355
383
469
548
615
611
———
———
2 ,7 8 6
2 ,5 5 5
2 ,5 8 8
2 ,7 1 8
2 ,9 9 8
3 ,2 4 4
3 ,4 3 7
3 ,5 3 1
———
Ihim,^
___
307
340
362
370
367
373
749
837
891
803
803
756
4 ,9 2 3
5 ,4 4 3
5 ,5 9 7
5 ,2 2 2
5 ,5 1 3
5 ,5 4 4
3 ,6 2 1
201
1 0 ,0 3 7
558
6 5 ,8 0 8
3 ,6 5 6
—
V
614
660
701
712
686
671
—■M
341
380
382
384
384
396
899
8 ,7 6 6
487
4 ,3 3 8
241
9 ,7 3 9
701
737
773
814
859
541
APPENDIX G3 O
Y ea r
1932
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
SUMMARY OF INCOME FOR A MODERATELY GRAZED RANCH— H I STORICAL PRICES
------ — --------- -----------------O th e r R anch
T o ta la /
Hay
G rossb /
G r a in
P rod.
B eef
G o v t ..
C ash
Ranch
In v.
R anch
T o ta l
S a le s
S a le
P a y t.
S a le s
In c.
P erq.
C h an ge
In com e E x p e n s e s
D o lla r s
D o lla r s
D o lla r s D o lla r s D o lla r s
D o lla r s D o lla r s D o lla r s
D o lla r s
$164
223
241
268
$185
212
$1,509
1,354
$ 16
• 79
103
299
2 ,1 2 3
310
1,599
—
—--2 ,4 0 6
3 ,2 8 2
—
3,178
3,751
4 ,4 1 7
5,117
4,575
4,459
315
246
187
117
209
241
294
277
283
364'
296
364
452
410
423
82
522
517
555
—---
180
229
254
$ 2 5 1 ..
167
-994
321
327
—
— —
———
,354
300
323
351
402
523
458
520
51
• -12
420
543
711
822
670
925
3,067
3,906 '
3 ,9 8 5
165
134
5 ,5 7 1
361
$236
2 ,2 8 0
4 ,6 0 2
5,526
5,239
5 ,6 6 7
236
” ---
$1,874
1,871
2,742
—
—
52
$2,361
2,292
$ 2 ,2 7 6
2,434
2 ,0 6 9
2 ,6 5 9
———
2 ,4 7 6
.3,472
4 ,194 ,
2,786
2,555
2,5882,718
4 ,7 2 8
5 ,4 9 6
6 ,6 3 9
7,584
6,795
7,016
2,523
V
$
85
-142
-407
• 136
«■—
686
1,639
2,140
2,778
2 ,9 9 8
3 ,6 4 1
3,244
3 ,4 3 7
4 ,340
3,358
3,531
3 ,4 8 5
———
—
-
N. R . I .
D o lla r s
—---
4A-P0
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
555
601
734
9 ,1 1 3
887
605
573
573
564
865
718
675
10,311
10,900
T o ta l 6 ,6 1 4
A vq,
367
a/
b/
c/
626
8 ,7 7 5 .
488
. 7 ,5 7 5
6,526
5,623
87,819
4 ,8 7 8
92
139
175
186
136
165
3,039
169
Sum o f co lu m n s 2 , 3 , 4 , and 5 .
Sum o f co lu m n s 6 , 7 , an d 8 .
D i f f e r e n c e o f co lu m n s 9 and 10,
10,494
457
929
1,113
655
12,545
1,093
-364
9,052- 1,013 -20
7,910
981
252
6 ,9 7 8
954
-133
106,247 10,452
4 ,4 5 3
581
5 ,9 0 2
247
1 1 ,9 3 8
11,880
13,706
13,274
10,045
9 ,1 4 3
4,923
5,443
5,597
5,222
5,513
7 ,7 9 9
5 ,5 4 4
121,152
65,808
3,656
6 ,7 3 1
6 ,9 5 7
8 ,2 6 3
7,677
4,823
3,630
2,255
55,344
3,075
APPENDIX H l o
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND VALUE O F PRODUCTION FROM THE LIGHTLY GRAZED BEEF HERD
ANIMAL WEIGHTS,"CALVING PERCENTAGE,-FEEDING RATES VARIABLE— HISTORICAL PRICES
L i g h t l y G ra z ed B e e f H erd
Y ear
A c re s
G ra z ed
No.
B eef
Cow
1932
33
3,558
58.9
•
34
86
35
CO
06
36
61
OO
O
No.
2 y r.
O ld
H e if.
12.8
08
*
68
98
No.
S te e r
— — —
No.
B u ll
No.
Y rlg .
H e if=
2 .0
1 5 .1
CO
98
-------- —
■09
08
—
*0
os
— — —
%
C a lf
C rop
;
No.
No. C aI v e s
C a lv e s S o ld
8 5 .0
7 0 .0
7 5 .0
8 0 .0
5 0 .1
4 1 .2
4 4 .2
4 7 .1
34 .6
2 5 .7
9 0 .0
9 5 .0
5 3 .0
5 6 .0
4 1 .2
5 3 .0
5 6 .0
5 3 .0
5 8 .9
4 7 .1
3 7 .5
4 0 .5
2 5 .7
5 0 .1
4 7 .1
5 6 .0
3 4 .6
3 1 .6
3 7 .5
4 3 .4
4 0 .5
4 0 .5
9 2 1 .9
. 5 1 .2
6 4 2 .9
3 5 .7
2 8 .7
3 1 .6
W eig h t
• P e r P ounds
C a l f C a lv e s
324
291.
362
213
P ric e
( c w t .)
C a lv e s
C o n s ta n t
1 1 ,2 1 0
7,479
10,389
66,731
4 .6 3
4 .6 6
6 .9 5
6 .9 0
I
38
3,558
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
CO
06
CO
M
M
M
CO
M
M
M
08
60
7 0 .0
89
9 0 .0
9 5 .0
9 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
8 0 .0
52
53
54
55
T o ta l
Avg
.
5 8 .9
12.8
M
2 .0
OS
1 5 .1
68
eg
60
CO
OQ
BQ
M
M
M
OS
CO
06
SQ
M
M
M
00
88
M
so
00
M
M
M
CO
69
OS
SO
80
M
M
M
98
18
OS'
OS
80
06
58
37 .5
4 0 .5
3 7 .5
4 3 .4
3 1 .6
356
422
421
462
427
1 3 ,3 5 0
1 7 ,091
1 0 ,8 2 0
1 7 ,3 2 5
17,294
7 .8 3
8 .3 4
8 .5 0
1 0 .1 1
1 2 .0 7
456
1 7 , IOQ
1 8 ,7 0 5
1 0 ,7 4 4
1 1 .5 9
1 2 .4 0
431
340
12.28
—
3,558
58.9
12.8
2 .0
1 5 .1
88
CO
SO
00
M
M
M
18
OS
OS
58
M
M
M
OS
SO
08
SO
SO
M
M
M
50
so
M
M
M
-SS
88
99 •
SB
OS
SO
so
08
68
CO
— — —
— — —
3,558 . 58.9
—
— — —
M
M
M
—
M
M
12.8
—
2 .0
M
M
M
1 5 .1
8 5 .0
8 0 .0
9 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 5 .0
9 5 .0
M
M
M
86.9
5 3 .0
5 8 .9
5 6 .0
391
449
454
444
467
425
13,529
1 4 ,1 8 8
1 7 ,0 2 5
1 9 ,2 7 0
1 8 ,9 1 4
1 7 ,2 1 3
7 ,1 3 3
2 5 8 ,3 7 7
3 9 6 .3
1 4 ,3 5 4
2 6 .1 5
3 1 .8 8
2 5 .6 1
1 6 .8 9
1 5 .9 5
1 6 .0 0
238.74
1 3 .2 6
APPENDIX H 1
(C o n tin u e d )o
_________________________
Y ear
1932
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
V a lu e
of
C aI v e s
$
519
349
722
464
———
1,045
1,425
40
41
42
43
44
• 45
46
47
48
49
50
51
' 920
—
■ "7--3 ,5 3 8
4 ,5 2 3
52
4 ,3 6 0
1,752
2 ,087
2 ,1 0 0
2 ,1 6 8
1,332
—
53
3 ,2 5 5
54
3 ,0 1 7
55
2 ,754
T o t a l 3 6 ,3 3 0
2 ,0 1 8
A vg0
W eig h t
Per
Cow
.( lb s .)
No . V
Cows
S o ld
P ounds
Cows
S o ld
1 1 .9
«0
10
19
.. 1 2 ,2 4 5 $ 4 .1 4
1 1 ,2 5 7
4 .5 5
1 3 ,2 2 1
6 .5 4
1 1 ,6 2 6
6 .2 6
———
———
1 1 ,6 9 8
7 .0 5
1 2 ,3 8 8
7 .6 7
7 .9 5
1 3 ,2 0 9
1 3 ,4 8 3
9 .1 4
1 0 .9 8
1 3 ,7 0 9
1 3 ,5 0 7
1 2 .2 2
1 3 ,4 7 1
1 1 .0 8
1 2 .4 1
1 2 ,9 0 0
—
———
—
—
---—
—
---—
——
•—
1 2 ,4 7 1
2 4 .0 6
1 2 ,6 8 5
29,69
1 3 ,2 3 3
2 5 .7 1
1 3 ,4 9 5
1 7 .6 6
1 2 ,4 3 6
1 7 .4 4
■ 1 3 ,3 0 4
1 5 .6 0
2 3 0 ,3 3 8 2 3 0 .1 5
1 2 ,7 9 7
1 2 .7 9
1,029
946
1 ,1 1 1
977
—— ——
983 1 1 .9
ie
1 ,0 4 1
M
1 ,1 1 0
1
6
1 ,1 3 3
M
1 ,1 5 2
■68
1 ,1 3 5
10
1 ,1 3 2
1 ,0 8 4
—
—
—--- —
“ — —
——— —
1 ,0 4 8 11.9
■ag
1 ,0 6 6
1 ,1 1 2
1 ,1 3 4
1 ,0 4 5
1 ,1 1 8
1 9 ,3 5 6
88
‘
IB
40
46
48
1,076
PHYSICAL PRCDUCTION AND VALUE OF PRODUCTION FROM A LIGHTLY GRAZED
BEEF HERD ANIMAL WEIGHTS, CALVING PERCENTAGE, FEEDING RATES, AND
PR IC ES VARIABLE
11.9
P ric e of
Cows
C o n s ta n t
V alu e
of
Cows
$
.
W eight No. Pound
P e r B u lls B u ll
B u ll
S o ld S o ld
V a lu e
B u lls
S o ld
T o ta l
V alu e
B eef
S o ld
1,45.1 o .7 _
1 ,0 1 6 $ 4 .1 4
$ 42 $ 1 ,0 6 8
88
1 ,3 3 7
936
4 .5 5
43
903
89
1 ,3 8 9
972
6 .5 4
64
1 ,6 5 0
18
1 ,2 7 3
6 .2 6
891
56
1 ,2 4 8
---—
---—
—»
I=IM
l—
1 ,4 1 7 0 .7
7 .0 5
992
70
1 ,9 4 0
99
1 ,4 5 4
1 ,0 1 8
7 .6 7
78
2 ,4 5 4
19
1 ,4 7 8
1 ,0 3 5
7 .9 5
82
2 ,0 5 2
88
1 ,4 8 2
1 ,0 3 7
9 .1 4
95
3 ,0 7 9
Il
1 ,4 7 2
1 ,0 3 0
1 0 .9 8
113
3 ,7 0 6
10
1 ,4 7 0
1 ,0 3 9
1 2 .2 2
126
3 ,8 7 6
88
1 ,4 8 2
1 ,0 3 7
1 1 .0 8
115
.3 ,7 7 5
98
1 ,4 4 9
1 ,0 1 4
1 2 .4 1
.126
3 ,0 5 9
—
—
—
---—
. —--—■=■»
—
—
—
—--—
—--———
———
—
—
———
---—--———
———
—
——— ———
——
———
3 ,0 0 1
1 ,5 3 0 0 .7
1 ,0 7 1
2 4 .0 6
258
6 ,7 9 6
3 ,7 6 6
1 ,5 3 0
1 ,0 7 1
2 9 .6 9
318
8 ,6 0 7
3 ,4 0 2 1,520
1 ,0 6 4 ■ 2 5 .7 1
274
8 ,0 3 6
2 ,3 8 3
1 ,5 3 0
1 ,0 7 1
1 7 .6 6
189
5 ,8 2 7
1 ,5 3 0
2 ,1 6 9
1 ,0 7 1
1 7 .4 4
187
5 ,3 7 2
1 ,5 1 0
2 ,0 7 5
1 ,0 5 7
1 5 .6 0
165
4 ,9 9 4
2 9 ,7 1 5 2 6 ,3 0 4 - ——— 1 8 ,4 1 2 2 3 0 .1 5 2 ,3 9 9 6 8 ,4 4 3
1 ,6 5 1 1,461 0 .7 . 1 ,0 2 3
133
12.79
8 ,8 0 2
I n c l u d e s a g e c l a s s e s two y e a r s o l d and o v e r
507
512
865
728
——
825
950
1 ,0 5 0
1 ,2 3 2
1 ,5 0 5
1 ,6 5 1
1 ,4 9 3
1 ,6 0 1
—
P ric e
B u lls
C o n s ta n t
18
88
-
SB
90
16
APPENDIX H2 O' SUMMARY OF EXPENSES FOR A LIGHTLY GRAZED CATTLE RANCH— HISTORICAL PRICES'
L iv e sto c k
• E x p en se
D o lla rs
Y ear
1932
33
34
35
36
0-7i
O
Pow er & M ach0
E x p en se
D o lla rs
$ 50
51
85
38
39
40
41 .
42
43
44
45
46
47
.
$
.
973
1 ,0 2 7
1,035
MisCo
E xpense
D o lla rs
B ld g 0 & R e p a ir
E x p en se
T ax es
D o lla rs
D o lla rs
$284
300
300
304
$143
160
157
156
$449
383
363
367
326
317
160
158
160
171
188
379
373
379
381
385
377
377
82
1 ,0 6 5
91
105
104
117
137
156
147
161
1 ,1 2 8
1 ,0 9 7
1 ,0 8 1
1 ,1 1 3
1 ,1 9 0
1 ,2 3 7
429
196
1,299
1,323
449
456
208
214
294
357
1,857
2,059
299
2 ,1 2 7
1 ,8 8 4
550
591
627 .
637
614.
326
349
384
Wages
E xpense
D o lla rs
Feeda/
E xpense
D o lla rs
$ 25
$257
363
373
384
28
30
32
37
36
T o ta l
E x p en se
D o lla rs
$ 2 ,1 8 1
2 ,3 1 2
2 ,3 4 3
2 ,3 9 0
471
327
352 -
391
37
43
56
74
90
102
651
685
718
756
• 798
836
121
134
142
146
144
147
830
883
796
796
9 ,048
1,424
9,929
503
79
551
2 ,5 9 2
2 ,4 1 3
2 ,4 3 9
380
2,554
465
543
610
2 ,8 0 5
3,013
3 ,1 8 0
3 ,2 5 3
606
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
212
215
212
T o ta l
Avg o
V
2 ,8 7 5
160
2,154
2,194
2 5 ,8 4 3
1,436
E x c lu siv e o f hay b o u g h t
' 341
380
382
384
384
600
396
7 ,8 4 3
436
. 4 ,3 3 8
241
743
750
-
4 ,5 5 7
5 ,0 3 6
5 ,1 7 8
4 ,8 1 5
5 ,1 0 5
5,135
61,301
3,406
APPENDIX H3
0
G r a in
S a le s
D o lla rs
Y ear
SUMMARY OF INCOME FOR A LIGHTLY GRAZED CATTLE R A N CH -H ISTO RICA L PRICES
O th e r Ranch
' T o ta L a/
Hay
G ro ssb /
P ro d .
B eef
G o v t.
C ash
Ranch
In v .
Ranch
T o ta l
P e rq .
S a le s
P a y t.
In c.
C hange Incom e E x p e n se s
S a le s
D o lla rs
D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs D o lla rs
c/
N. R. I .
D o lla rs
'
1932
33
34
35
36
QV
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47'
$164
223
$185
212
241
268
310
299
$ 1 ,0 6 8
903
1 ,6 5 0
1 ,2 4 8
$ 16
1 ,9 4 0
2 ,4 5 4
. 2 ,0 5 2
3 ,0 7 9
3 ,7 0 6
3 ,8 7 6
180
229
315
246
361
236
82
79
103
$ 1 ,4 3 3
1 ,4 2 0
2 ,2 6 9
1,929
187
117
209
241
296
364
410
423
294
277
283
364
452
517
555
3,775
165
3 ,0 5 9
134
555
601
605
573
573
564
734
6,796
92
8,177
887
865
718
675
8 ,6 0 7
139
175
186
136
165
1 0 ,2 3 4
3,039
8 6 ,8 7 0
169
4 ,8 2 6
522
2 ,6 0 1
3 ,0 7 7
2 ,8 5 9
3 ,9 3 0
■ 4 ,8 1 5
4 ,9 9 8
4 ,8 6 7
4 ,1 7 1
$236
■
254
321
327
354
300
323
351
402
523
458
520
$301
291
-5 7 8
214
$ 1 ,9 7 0
1 ,9 6 5
2,012
2 ,4 7 0
$ 2 ,1 8 1
2 ,3 1 2
2 ,3 4 3
2 ,3 9 0
147
3,102
98
428
586
3 ,4 7 5
3 ,6 1 0
4 ,8 6 7
647
5 ,8 6 4
809
6 ,3 3 0
690
892
6 ,015
929 ■ - 1 7 4
1 ,1 1 3 ■
784
1 ,0 9 3
-4
1 ,0 1 3
230
981
457
954
139
1 0 ,4 5 2
5,957
581
331
8 ,9 3 2
1 2 ,1 3 1
1 0 ,7 7 0
8 ,5 4 7
8 ,1 9 4
7 ,4 4 2
1 0 3 ,2 7 9
61,301
5 ,738
3 ,4 0 6
5 ,5 8 3
2 ,5 9 2
2 ,4 1 3
2 ,4 3 9 -
2,554
2 ,8 0 5
3 ,0 1 3
3,180
3,253
$ -2 1 1
-3 4 7
-3 3 2
81
509
1 ,0 6 2
1 ,171
2 ,3 1 2
3,060
3 ,3 1 7
2 ,8 3 5
2 ,3 3 0
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
T o t a l 6 ,6 1 4
Avg.
367
a/
b/
c/
626
8*775
488
8,036
5 ,827
5 ,3 7 2
4 ,9 9 4
' 68,442
3 ,8 0 2
Sum o f co lu m n s 2 , 3 , 4 , a n d 5=
Sum o f co lu m n s 6 , 7 , and 8 .
D i f f e r e n c e o f co lu m n s 9 and 10.
9,681
7 ,3 0 4
6 ,7 5 6
6 , 349.
4 ,5 5 7
5 ,0 3 6
5 ,1 7 8
4 ,8 1 5
5 ,1 0 6
5 ,1 3 5
4 ,3 7 5
7 ,0 9 6
5,591
3 ,7 3 2
3 ,0 8 8
2 ,3 0 9
4 1 ,9 7 8
2 ,3 3 2
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