Application of the 160-acre limitation in the development and operation of farms on irrigation projects
by Paul A Pilati
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Agricultural Economics
Montana State University
© Copyright by Paul A Pilati (1959)
Abstract:
This thesis analyzes the problem of maladjustment in the use of resources in Reclamation resulting
from restrictions imposed by the 160-acre limitation. It develops suggestive analyses of the problem
with respect to size of farms and shows what alternatives in size in various sites would accomplish in
terms of efficiency, income producing ability, and the family farm concept as a basis for legislative and
administrative decisions.
In developing the problem, a series of farm budgets were prepared. These show typical organizations,
output, and costs in relation to various land classes in four Reclamation study areas. The study areas are
the East Bench Unit, Greenfields Division, Huntley Project, and Heart Mountain Division.
Size of farm was the controlling variable, with net returns per acre and net hourly returns to farm
family labor and management the principal indicators of efficiency. Total net returns per acre and an
income goal of $3,000 were the measures of income producing ability.
The family farm concept was defined in terms of labor utilization.
In order to reflect the income producing ability of land, all crops, including pasture, were sold. For the
same reason, no livestock enterprises were utilized.
In terms of efficiency, income producing ability, and the family farm concept, the findings suggest a
farm size of 320 acres. At one extreme is the Huntley Project with a modal group of 240 acres while at
the other extreme is the East Bench Unit with a modal group of 480 acres. APPLICATION QF THE 16 0 -ACRE LIMITATION IN THE
DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION QF FARMS ON IRRIGATION PROJECTS
by
PAUL A. PILATI
A THESIS
S u b m itte d t o th e G ra d u a te F a c u l ty
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e r e q u i r e m e n t s .
f o r th e d e g re e o f
M aster o f S c ie n c e i n A g r i c u l t u r a l E conom ics
at
M ontana S t a t e C o lle g e
A pproved:
Head-,
C hairm an
• »->
i o r D ep artm en t
^ m in in g Com m ittee
D ean, G ra d u a te d i v i s i o n
Bozeman, M ontana
May, 1959
M3^
f b iH *
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF
ILLUSTRATIONS..............................................................................................
LIST OF
TABLES..............................................
ACKNOWLEDGMENT............................ .... ...................................................................................
ABSTRACT..................................................................................................................................
H i
iv
v
vi
I.
INTRODUCTION..................................... . .............................................................
The P ro b le m ...........................................................................................................
H i s t o r i c a l S e t t i n g ........................................................................................
P r e v io u s Work. . .............................................................................................
R e s e a rc h P roblem .............................................................................................
O b j e c t i v e s ...........................................................................................................
I
I
2
7
Q
IO
II.
ANALYSIS OF RECLAMATION ACT. . . .............................................................
M ajor W e a k n e s s e s .............................................................................................
M ajor P o i n t s .......................................................................................................
S u p p lem en tary L e g i s l a t i o n ...................................................................... ....
P ro p o se d M o d if ic a tio n ....................................................................................
E x c e p tio n s , M o d if ic a tio n s , C irc u m s ta n c e s T h e re to
B a s ic A rgum ents f o r E x c e p tio n s . .......................................................
C irc u m v e n tio n o f R u le ...................................................................................
Need f o r R e s e a r c h ........................................................
12
12
14
15
17
17
24
25
26
III.
STUDY AREAS— SETTING AND PRESENT STATUS...............................................
E a s t Bench U n i t ..................................................................................................
G r e e n f ie ld s D iv is io n ....................................................................................
H u n tle y P r o j e c t ..................................................................................................
H e a rt M ountain D i v i s i o n ...............................................................................
27
27
29
30
30
IV.
PROCEDURE.....................................................................................................................
Method o f A n a l y s i s .........................................................................................
A ssu m p tio n s..........................................................................................................
S o u rc e s o f D a ta .........................................
32
32
34
36
V.
ANALYSIS OF PROBLEM.............................................................................................
Components o f A n a ly s is ...............................................................................
E f f i c i e n c y .......................................................................................................
Income P ro d u c in g A b i l i t y .....................................................................
F am ily F arm ......................................................................................................
S tu d y A rea D i f f e r e n c e s ...............................................................................
Land C l a s s e s ...............................................................................
. . .
H eat U n i t s .......................................................................................................
S iz e o f F arm s. .............................................................................................
38
39
39
41
42
43
43
45
47
I
135432
V.
V I.
'
V II.
(C o n tin u e d )
E f f i c i e n c y ...........................................................................................................
R e tu rn s P e r A cre.
............................
E a s t B ench U n ity . . ...........................................................................
G r e e n f ie ld s D i v i s i o n ...........................
H u n tle y P r o j e c t
H e a rt M ountain D i v i s i o n .........................................
R e tu r n s P e r H our.......................................................................... . . .
Income P ro d u c in g A b i l i t y . . ........................■ ................................. .
E a s t B ench U n i t ............................................................
G r e e n f ie ld s D i v i s i o n ...................• ..........................................................
H u n tle y P r o j e c t .......................................... ' ...........................................
H e a rt M o u n tain D i v i s i o n ....................... .... ......................................... •
F am ily F a r m ...................................................
49
49
'49
53
53
54
55
59
59
60
64
66
69
CONCLUSIONS................... ' . . '............................................... ...........................
P o lic y I m p l i c a t i o n s .......................................... - ......................................
Need f o r F u r th e r R e s e a r c h ......................................................................
73
'APPENDIX..................................................................... .... . .................................
A ppendix A. . ; ............................................................ '...............................
A ppendix B............................................................
74
75
83
V I I I . BIBLIOGRAPHY. . . . . .
. . . . ; ........................................................•
ii
70
84
LIST 01' ILLUSTRATIONS
F ig u r e
1
P age
C om parison Of S i t e L o c a tio n s , E l e v a ti o n s And F r o s t
F re e P e r io d s Of Y a rio d s R e c la m a tio n S tu d y A r e a s .......................
28
2
The C o m p e titiv e F irm And The I n d u s t r y !Market P la c e . . . .
40
3
T o ta l C ost And T o ta l R evenue U nder P u re C o m p e titio n .
40
4
C om parison Of O r ig in a l O w nership, 1957 O w nership, And
1957 O p e ra tin g S i z e s Of Farm s l f i t h i n And B etw een T hree
R e c la m a tio n S tu d y A r e a s ..................................... .........................................
48
C om parison Of P e r A cre R e tu rn s To L ab o r And Management
On V a rio u s S iz e Farm s I n T hree S o i l C la s s e s On F our
R e c la m a tio n S tu d y A re a s , 1958. ........................................................ ....
51, 52
C om parison Of P e r Hour R e tu rn s To L abor And Management
On V a rio u s S iz e Farm s I n T hree S o i l C la s s e s On F o u r
R e c la m a tio n S tu d y A re a s , 1958. ........................................................ ....
57, 58
C om parison Of R e tu r n s To L abor And Management On V a rio u s
S iz e Farm s I n T hree S o i l C la s s e s On The P ro p o se d E a s t
Bench R e c la m a tio n U n i t ' . . . . .................................................................
61
C om parison Of R e tu r n s To L abor And Management On V a rio u s
S iz e Farm s I n T hree S o i l .C la s s e s On The G r e e n f ie ld s
D i v i s i o n , Sun R iv e r P r o j e c t . ............................ ....
63
C om parison Of R e tu r n s To Labor And Management On V a rio u s
S iz e Farm s I n T hree S o i l C la s s e s On The H u n tle y
R e c la m a tio n P r o j e c t . . . . .
................................................... ....
'6 5
5
6
7
8
9
10
. . .
C om parison Of R e tu r n s To L abor And Management On V a rio u s
S iz e Farm s I n T hree S o i l C la s s e s On The H e a rt M o u n tain
D iv is io n , S hoshone R e c la m a tio n P r o j e c t ............................ . . .
iii
68
LIST OF TABLES
T a b le
I
II
III
IV
V
P age
COMPARISON OF (IRRIGABLE ACREAGE)' LAND CLASSES I , I l ,
AND I I I WITHIN AND BETWEEN THREE RECLAMATION STUDY AREAS. . .
44
COMPARISON OF AVERAGE NUMBEEt" OF HEAT UNITS AT SELECTED
...............................................? . o . ' . .
POINTS. ................................... ....
46
FINANCIAL.SUMMARIES—PROPOSED EAST BENCH RECLAMATION UNIT . .
60
FINANCIAL SUMMARIES— GREENFIELDS DIVISION, SUN RIVER
PROJECT..................................... .................................................................................. 62
FINANCIAL SUMMARIES— HUNTLEY RECLAMATION Et OJ ECT. . . . . . . .
66
FINANCIAL SUMMARIES— HEART MOUNTAIN DIVISION, SHOSHONE
PRO JECT............................ . ................................................................. ....
. . .
67
I
FARM BUDGET SUMMARIES—PROPOSED EAST BENCH RECLAMATION UNIT .
75
II
FARM BUDGET SUMMARIES— GREENFIELDS DIVISION, SUN RIVER
RECLAMATION PROJECT .......................................... ....
o . . .
77
FARM BUDGET SUMMARIES— HUNTLEY RECLAMATION PROJECT. . . . . .
79
VI
A ppendix A
III
IV
FARM BUDGET SUMMARIES— HEART MOUNTAIN DIVISION, SHOSHONE
RECLAMATION PROJECT . ...................................................................................
. . dl
A ppendix B
1 I
RETURN PER HOUR TO FARM FAMILY LABOR AND MANAGEMENT IN
VARIOUS RECLAMATION STUDY AREAS . a ........................................................83
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
T h is s tu d y was made p o s s i b l e by a j o i n t r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t c a r r i e d
o u t by th e A g r i c u l t u r a l A d ju stm e n ts R e s e a rc h B ran ch , FERD, ARS .
( f o r m e r ly B u reau o f A g r i c u l t u r a l E co n o m ics), U. S. D e p artm en t o f
A g r ic u lt u r e and th e M ontana S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p erim en t S t a t i o n .
The a u th o r w is h e s t o e x te n d s i n c e r e a p p r e c i a t i o n to th e v a r io u s
s t a f f members, o f M ontana S t a t e C o lle g e f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e and
g u id a n c e ' th ro u g h o u t h i s g r a d u a te t r a i n i n g pro g ram .
E s p e c i a l l y a p p r e c ia te d was th e en co u ra g em en t, tim e ly c o u n c i l, and
a s s i s t a n c e g iv e n by D r. D . C. % r i c k , o f th e A g r i c u l t u r a l A d ju stm e n ts
R e s e a rc h B ran ch and P r o f e s s o r s R elm er 0 . H o lje , W illia m J . Ewagiuk,,. and
G eorge D o u g las o f th e M britana S t a t e A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p erim en t S t a t i o n .
F i n a l l y , many th a n k s a r e due Mary Lee D andro f o r th e many H ours o f
o f p a i n s t a k i n g w ork i n ty p i n g th e num erous d r a f t s o f t h i s : m a n u s c r ip t.
E rro p s o f o m iss io n -a n d com m ission r e m a in s o f c o u r s e , my s o le
re s p o n s ib ility .
v
ABSTRACT
T h is t h e s i s a n a ly z e s th e p ro b lem o f m a la d ju s tm e n t i n th e u s e o f
r e s o u r c e s i n R e c la m a tio n r e s u l t i n g from r e s t r i c t i o n s im posed by th e 1 6 0 ac)re l i m i t a t i o n . I t d e v e lo p s s u g g e s tiv e a n a ly s e s o f th e p ro b lem w ith
r e s p e c t to s i z e o f fa rm s and shows w hat a l t e r n a t i v e s i n s i z e i n v a r io u s
s i t e s w ould a c c o m p lish i n te rm s o f e f f i c i e n c y , incom e p r o d u c in g a b i l i t y ,
and th e f a m ily farm c o n c e p t as a b a q is f o r l e g i s l a t i v e and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e
d e c isio n s .
I n d e v e lo p in g th e p ro b lem , a s e r i e s o f farm b u d g e ts w ere p r e p a r e d .
These show t y p i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , o u tp u t, and c o s t s i n r e l a t i o n to
v a r io u s la n d c l a s s e s i n f o u r R e c la m a tio n s tu d y a r e a s .
The s tu d y a r e a s
a r e th e E a s t B enphM Jnit, G r e e n f ie ld s D i v i s i o n , H u n tle y P r o j e c t , and
H e a rt M oun tain D i v i s i o n .
S iz e o f farm was th e c o n t r o l l i n g v a r i a b l e , w ith n e t r e t u r n s p e r
a c re and n e t h o u r ly r e t u r n s to farm f a m ily la b o r and management th e
p r i n c i p a l i n d i c a t o r s o f e f f i c i e n c y . T o ta l net. r e t u r n s p e r a c r e and an
incom e g o a l o f $3 ,0 0 0 w ere th e m e asu re s p f incom e p ro d u c in g a b i l i t y .
The fa m ily farm c o n c e p t was d e f in e d i n te rm s o f la b o r u t i l i z a t i o n .
I n o rd e r to r e f l e c t th e incom e p r o d u c in g a b i l i t y o f l a n d , ' a l l
c r o p s , i n c lu d in g p a s t u r e , w ere s o ld . F o r th e same r e a s o n , no l i v e s t o c k
e n t e r p r i s e s w ere u t i l i z e d . '
I n te rm s o f e f f i c i e n c y , income p r o d u c in g a b i l i t y , and th e fa m ily
fa rm c o n c e p t, th e f in d i n g s s u g g e s t a fa rm s i z e o f 320 a c r e s . At one
e x tre m e i s th e H u n tle y P r o j e c t w ith a m odal gro u p o f 240 a c r e s w h ile
a t th e o t h e r . ex tre m e i s th e E a s t Bench U h it w ith a m odal g ro u p o f 480
a c re s.
vi
APPLICATION OF THE 1 6 0 -ACRE LIMITATION IN THE
DEVELOPMENT AND OPERATION OF FARMS ON IRRIGATION PROJECTS
I.
INTRODUCTION
E a r l L. B u tz , D ean o f A g r ic u lt u r e a t P u rd u e U n iv e r s it y a s k s :
W ill t h e p e o p le who - man th e farm s o f A m erica be p e r m i tt e d to
s h a r e f u l l y i n th e b e n e f i t s g ro w in g .o u t o f m odern s c ie n c e
and te c h n o lo g y , o r m ust th e y l i v e w ith a c e i l i n g o v er o p p o r­
t u n i t y im posed by g o v e rn m e n ta l p ro g ram s d e s ig n e d t o m a in ta in
s m a ll, I n e f f i c i e n t , o f t e n p e a s a n t ty p e p r o d u c tio n and l i v i n g
u n i t s on th e la n d ? J ./
The P roblem
S e t t l e r s on R e c la m a tio n p r o j e c t s hav e b e e n and a re e x p e r ie n c in g
econom ic and s o c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s — d i f f i c u l t i e s w hich a r e , a t l e a s t i n
p a r t , due to th e i n i t i a l ^ s h o r t c o m i n g s o f our la n d s e tt le m e n t p o lic ie s =
Any p o l i c y , o r la c k o f o n e, .im pinges d i r e c t l y on th e farm f i r m s , and
th ro u g h th e f ir m s i t w i l l r e s u l t i n a d ju s tm e n ts i n i r r i g a t e d a g r i c u l t u r e .
F or t h i s r e a s o n th e R e c la m a tio n farm u n i t w i l l become th e p rim a ry u n i t
o f s tu d y , b o th i n a p p r a i s i n g th e e f f e c t s o f th e s e i n s t i t u t i o n a l s t i m u l i
on th e i n d i v i d u a l fa rm , and th e a g g re g a te e f f e c t s on p r o j e c t s and
R e c la m a tio n as. a w h o le.
A lth o u g h th e r e s e r v o i r s and c a n a ls b u i l t by R e c la m a tio n a r e a
Success in an engineering Sense and have created wealth in land,
•—
.
“ -
'
’
I / E a r l Li B u tz , U n ite d PbeSS r e l e a s e , May 7 , 1958.
— — —-
' ”
- 2 much l e s s can b e s a i d o f th e econom ic and s o c i a l v iew s w h ich have
s y m b o liz e d R e c la m a tio n . 2 /
I n i t i a l l y , i t was assum ed t h a t th e s o le r e s p o n s i b i l i t y o f
R e c la m a tio n was th e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f s u p p ly and d i s t r i b u t i o n w orks and
t h a t t h i s i n t u r n w ould be fo llo w e d by s u c c e s s f u l s e t t l e m e n t .
m ent was opened t o an y o n e.
S e ttle ­
Terms su c h a s e x p e r ie n c e , e f f i c i e n c y , and
c a p i t a l r e s e r v e w ere a s u n f a m i li a r as was th e p r a c t i c e o f l a n d - l e v e l i n g .
S u c c e s s was m easu red i n te rm s o f sw eat and e n d u ra n c e . 3 /
As tim e p r o g r e s s e d , th e n e c e s s a r y i n g r e d i e n t s o f h ig h e r c i v i l i ­
z a t i o n su ch as s u i t a b l e hom es, r o a d s , and s c h o o ls re d u c e d th e s e t t l e r ' s
d ev elo p m en t c a p i t a l t o a lm o s t n i l .
T h is made i t n e c e s s a r y f o r th e g o v ern ­
m ent t o i n s t i g a t e r e p e a t e d a m o r tiz a tio n s and le n ie n c y a c t s i n o rd e r to
b a i l th e s e t t l e r o u t o f f i n a n c i a l s t r a i t s , Lk/
H is to r ic a l S e ttin g
C o lo n ia l A m erica was th e s e t t i n g f o r an o p p r e s s iv e la n d monopoly
t h r u s t upon i t by E n g la n d .
C h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f t h i s E n g lis h p o l i c y w ere
2 / D o ro th y Dampen, Economic and S o c i a l A sp e c ts o f F e d e r a l R e c la m a tio n .
B a ltim o r e ; The Jo h n H opkins P r e s s , 1930, p . 5.
I / Ib M ,
V
U. S. S t a t u t e s At L arg e X L II, 4 ; X L II, 4 8 9 , 1324; X L II, 116. '
)
- 3 th e re m n a n ts o f th e a n t iq u a te d f e u d a l sy ste m in c lu d in g e s t a t e s t i l l e d
by in d e n tu r e d s e r v a n t s , p r im o g e n itu r e , and e n t a i l . ,5 /
The Crown
r e s t r i c t e d w estw ard e m ig r a tio n beyond th e A lle g h e n ie s and d is p o s e d o f
la n d i n l a r g e e s t a t e s .
T h is i n t u r n l e d t o econom ic and s o c i a l d i f f e r ­
e n c e s among th e c i t i z e n r y th ro u g h d ev elo p m en t o f a s m a ll la n d e d g e n try
and a l a r g e l a n d l e s s c l a s s — a c l a s s w h ich was th e m ain s u p p o r t o f th e
R e v o lu tio n a r y War and fro m whom o r i g i n a t e d th e f a m ily farm p h ilo s o p h y .
C o n f is c a tio n o f th e Tory e s t a t e s and v a s t dom ain o f th e Crown
w ith i n th e C o lo n ie s by th e C o lo n ia l l e g i s l a t u r e s , to g e th e r w ith a g re e ­
m ent t h a t th e la n d s w e st o f th e A lle g h e n ie s s h o u ld be common C o lo n ia l
p r o p e r ty , le d to th e breakdow n o f th e l a r g e e s t a t e 's and c r e a t i o n o f th e
o r i g i n a l P u b lic Domain. 6/
T h is P u b lic Domain c o u ld mean re v e n u e f o r a
n e a r l y b a n k ru p t n a t i o n o r a new way o f l i f e f o r th e p q v e r ty s t r i c k e n
la n d le s s .
j ) / The m odern A nglo-A m erican law o f la n d d e r iv e d from E n g lis h F e u d a lism
was e s t a b l i s h e d a f t e r th e Norman C onquest o f 1066. T h e o r e t i c a l l y , th e
k in g was th e u l t i m a t e owner o f a l l la n d ; i n p r a c t i c e , ho w ev er, c e r t a i n
la n d was h e ld a c c o r d in g t o e a r l i e r cu sto m — f e u d a l t e n a n t s alw ays h e ld .
la n d o f a n o th e r to whom o b l i g a t i o n s w ere p a id . W ith p r im o g e n itu r e ,
t h e e x c l u s i v e r i g h t o f i n h e r i t a n c e b e lo n g e d to th e f i r s t b o rn m ale
w h ile th ro u g h e n t a i l an e s t a t e was g iv e n t o th e donee and t o h i s i s s u e
o r a c l a s s o f h i s i s s u e . As a r e s u l t , a l i e n a t i o n o f th e la n d o u t o f
th e p r e s c r i b e d l i n e o f s u c c e s s io n was p r e v e n te d .
6 / TI. S . D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r - , Land O wnership. .Survey on F e d e r a l
R eel ama t io n P r o lI e c t s _ ..B u re a u . o f ....Reel amat i o n . W ash in g to n ; G overn‘m ent P r i n t i n g O f f ic e , 1933, pp. 64.-65.
- 4 At f i r s t th e d o m in ia l p o l i c y o f s e l l i n g l a r g e u n i t s f o r com para­
t i v e l y h ig h p r i c e s p r e v a i l e d .
T h is d id n o t p ro v e s a t i s f a c t o r y , so i n
1796 th e a l i e n a t i o n th e o r y o f s e l l i n g i n s m a ll p l o t s and th e 1 6 0 -a c re
id e a s w ere c o n c e iv e d .
T h is , to o , p ro v ed o n ly h a l f s u c c e s s f u l due to
th e l a c k o f rep ay m en t a b i l i t y oh th e p a r t o f th e l a n d l e s s <
The P re -e m p tio n A ct o f 1841 m arked th e end o f th e o ld c o n s e r v a tiv e
la n d p o l i c y and i n i t C o n g ress r e c o g n iz e d f o u r im p o r ta n t p r i n c i p l e s : 2 /
I;
S e ttle m e n t o f th e p u b lic dom ain was more d e s i r a b l e th a n
r e v e n u e from i t s s a l e .
2.
The p u b lic dom ain s h o u ld h o t f a l l i n t o th e h an d s o f th o s e
a lr e a d y h a v in g s u f f i c i e n t l a n d . •
3.
The u n e a rn e d in c re m e n t s h o u ld b e s p r e a d w id e ly , i . e . , th e
p r i n c i p l e Of a c re a g e l i m i t a t i o n was embedded i n A m erican
la n d p o l i c y .
4.
P r o t e c t i o n o f th e s e t t l e r s was im p o r ta n t and a " r e a s o n a b le
tim e " f o r rep ay m en t whs a llo w e d ,
A grow ing s e n tim e n t f o r w id e s p re a d o w n ersh ip Of la n d by la n d
s e t t l e r s was e v id e n c e d by th e many a tte m p ts a t p a s s a g e o f b i l l s . c o n ­
t a i n i n g many o f th e p r o v i s i o n s l a t e r in c lu d e d i n th e Homestjbad Act o f
1862, th e D e s e r t Land A ct o f 1877, and th e . R e c la m a tio n A ct o f 1902, £ /
2 / Ib ic U
p . '69.
8/ C o n g re s s io n a l R e c o rd , p a S im ., V o l. 3 5 , P a r t 7 , 5 7 th C o n g re ss, 1 s t
S e s s io n , p p , 6678-79; s e e a l s o p p . 1383 -1 3 8 6 , 2 2 1 8 U 2 2 4 , 2276 -2 2 8 5 ,
2381, 3812, 6669, 6674-6708, 6722-6779, 6794, 6892-6895, and 6977.
-
5
-
The H om estead A ct made b o n a f i d e r e s i d e n c e a c o n d i tio n f o r o b ta in ­
in g t i t l e , th e r e b y s u p p la n tin g th e s a l e s sy stem — th e ch an g e from u s e o f
la n d a s a s o u rc e o f re v e n u e t o en co u rag em en t o f h o m e b u ild in g .
The
D e s e r t Land A ct m arks th e f i r s t a tte m p t on th e p a r t o f th e F e d e r a l
Governm ent to a id i n th e r e c la m a tio n o f a r i d la n d .
The l a s t 30 y e a r s o f th e 19t h C e n tu ry was u sed to d e v e lo p a
c o h e r e n t p u b lic mind on i r r i g a t i o n and was d iv id e d i n t o 3 p e r io d s o f
em p h a sis: 2 /
1.
P e r io d o f d ev elo p m en t by p r i v a t e e n t e r p r i s e — c h a r a c t e r i z e d
by en co u rag em en t o f i n d i v i d u a l e f f o r t w ith p a s s a g e o f th e
f i r s t i r r i g a t i o n d i s t r i c t law i n U tah i n 1865 as a means o f
f in a n c in g i r r i g a t i o n d e v elo p m en t.
2.
P e r io d o f s t a t e c o n t r o l — c h a r a c t e r i z e d by p a s s a g e o f th e C arey
A ct i n 1894 and i t s p la c in g o f p u b lic la n d s i n am ounts n o t to
ex ceed I ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 a c r e s , i n t o th e h an d s o f c e r t a i n s t a t e s .
For
t h e i r p a r t i n th e t r a n s a c t i o n , th e s t a t e s w ere t o c a u s e th e
la n d s t o b e s e t t l e d , i r r i g a t e d , and a p o r t i o n o f them c u l t i - t ;•
v a te d .
3.
P e r io d o f f e d e r a l R e c la m a tio n — c h a r a c t e r i z e d by F e d e r a l c o n t r o l
and f in a n c e d fro m a r e v o lv i n g fu n d s e t up i n i t i a l l y from th e
s a l e o f p u b lic la n d s i n 16 w e s te r n s t a t e s .
d a t e s from p a s s a g e o f th e R e c la m a tio n A ct.
2 / D o ro th y Dampen, op. c i t . . p . 20.
F e d e ra l c o n tro l
- G I n th e 160 y e a r s d u r in g w hich th e la n d p o l i c y o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s
was f o r m a liz e d , th e s e two b a s ic p r i n c i p l e s e v o lv e d :
1.
Maximum number o f s e t t l e r o w n ersh ip o p p o r t u n i t i e s on fa m ily ­
s iz e d fa rm s .
2.
P r e v e n tio n o f Ia p d s p e c u la tio n and la n d m onopoly th ro u g h a
p o l i c y w h ich was d e s ig n e d to d i s t r i b u t e th e b e n e f i t s o f
P u b lic D.omain w id e ly and w h ich a c t u a l l y f a v o re d s e t t l e r s
a g a i n s t s p e c u l a t o r s and m o n o p o lis ts o f th e d ay .
These fu n d a m e n ta l p r i n c i p l e s hav e b e e n r e i t e r a t e d tim e and tim e
a g a in , n o t o n ly th ro u g h a c t s o f g e n e r a l and s p e c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n , b u t
a l s o th ro u g h s t a t u t o r y p r o v i s i o n s , a d m i n i s t r a t i v e r u l i n g s and o p in io n s
o f th e o f f i c i a l S o l i c i t o r and th e c o u r t s . 10/
T h is b a s ic p r i n c i p l e
o f w ide o w n ersh ip and p r e v e n tio n o f s p e c u l a t i o n h a s b een s u p p o rte d by
m a jo r and m inor p o l i t i c a l p a r t i e s a l i k e , by R e p u b lic a n and D em o cratic
c o n g r e s s e s , and by many o f our p r e s i d e n t s . 1 1 /
He even f i n d a h i s t o r i ­
c a l p r e c e d e n t i n th e h i s t o r y o f th e Roman E m p ire.
The U ra c c h a h re fo rm s
1 0 / F . Hf E o n d e ll, C o n g re s s io n a l R e c o rd , V o l. 3 5 , P a r t 7, 5 7 th C o n g re ss,
1 s t S e s s io n , p p . 6 6 7 8 -7 9 . The 1 6 0 -a c re l i m i t a t i o n i s th e d e v ic e
e n a c te d by C o n g ress t o e x te n d th e h i s t o r i c A m erican la n d p o li c y to
th e c o m b in a tio n o f la n d and w a te r i n th e a r i d and s e m i - a r id w e st.
See a ls o pp. 1383-1386, 2218-2224, 2276-2285, 2381, 3812, 6669,
6674-6798, 6722-6779, 6794, 6892-6895, 6077.
1 1 / U. S. D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r op. c i t . . p . 61. TM s i s e s p e c i a l l y t r u e
o f p r e s i d e n t s su ch a s Thomas J e f f e r s o n , Abraham L in c o ln and Theodore
R o d s e v e lt who a b o lis h e d r e l i c S o f f e u d a lis m , and s ig n e d th e Homestead
and R e c la m a tio n A c ts , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
- 7 o f 133-122 B .C . p a r a l l e l th e d ev elo p m en t i n o u r la n d p o l i c y .
T ib e r io u s
G racchus w anted econom ic and s o c i a l r e f o r m t h a t w ould b r i n g th e sm a ll
la n d o w n er fa rm e r b a c k t o a g r i c u l t u r e . 12/
P r e v io u s Work
A lth o u g h s c o r e s o f a u th o r s have w r i t t e n h u n d re d s o f volum es b o th
e u l o g iz in g th e t r a d i t i o n a l 1 6 0 -a c re p r i n c i p l e as a b u lw a rk o f our
dem ocracy and b i t t e r l y d e n o u n c in g i t as c o n t r a r y to th e A m erican
t r a d i t i o n o f f r e e e n t e r p r i s e , 1 3 / none h av e managed to s u c c e s s f u l l y
s h a rp e n th e i s s u e s w ith r e s p e c t to e v a l u a t i o n u n d er any g iv e n
c irc u m s ta n c e . 14/
1 2 / A lb e r t A. Tc e v e r , H is to r y .of A n c ie n t C i v i l i z a t i o n . New Y o rk ; H a r c o u r t,
B race and Company, 1939, p p . 1 3 5-170.
/
1 3 / S ee, f o r exam p le, P a u l S., T a y lo r , The 160-A cre W ater l i m i t a t i o n and
th e IT ater R e s o u rc e s C om m ission. The W e s te rn P o l i t i c a l Q u a r te r l y , V o l.
I l l , No. 3 , Septem ber. 1950, p p . 4 3 5 -4 4 9 ; se e a ls o F . W. M o n d ell,
C o n g re s s io n a l R e c o rd , on. -iC i t .
P a u l S. T a y lo r, The E x c e ss ..Land..Law; l e g i s l a t i v e E r o s io n o f P u b lic
P o l i c y . R e p r i n t , V ol.. 3 0 , No.. .4, Rocky M o u n tain Law R eview , Ju n e
1958, pp. 1-35.
U. S. C o n g re ss, S e n a te , Subcom m ittee on I r r i g a t i o n and R e c la m a tio n
o f th e C om m ittee on I n t e r i o r and I n s u l a r A f f a i r s , A creag e L i m ita tio n
R eview . S en ate. R e p o r ts 1425. 2541 and 3 4 4 8 . 8 5 th C o n g re ss,. 2d S e s s io n ,
W ash in g to n ; ..Government P r i n t i n g O f f ic e , 1958.
Angus McLonald., One H undred 'and S i x t y A cres o f W a te r. th e S to r y o f th e
A ntim onopoly Law. '- P u b lic . A f f a ir s .. I n s t i t u t e . W a sh in g to n , 1958.
1 4 / U. S. C o n g re ss, S e n a te , S ubcom m ittee on I r r i g a t i o n 'a n d R e c la m a tio n o f
th e Com m ittee on I n t e r i o r and I n s u l a r A f f a i r s , op. c i t . : se e a ls o
C a l i f o r n i a L e g i s l a t u r e , J o i n t C om m ittee on W ater P ro b le m s, T r a n s c r ip t
o f H e a rin g o f 16 0 -A cre L i m i t a t i o n . F e b ru a ry 19, 1947, S acram en to .
—8 —
The g r e a t e s t p a r t o f th e work done t o d a te a v o id s th e e s s e n t i a l
econom ic p ro b lem s and h a s d e a l t l a r g e l y w ith l i m i t e d o w n ersh ip and i t s
econom ic and s o c i a l p ro b lem s co n c e rn e d w ith th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e
u n e a rn e d in c re m e n t i n la n d v a lu e s c r e a t e d by F e d e r a l R eclam atio n =
G e n e r a lly th e w r i t i n g s do n o t d i s t i n g u i s h b etw een ( l ) th e e x te n t
o f o w n ersh ip u n i t s as com pared t o o p e r a t in g u n i t s on F e d e r a l p r o j e c t s ,
(2) th e e x t e n t t o w h ich o p e r a t in g u n i t s on th e s e p r o j e c t s a c t u a l l y
a r e l i m i t e d to o w n ersh ip u n i t s ,
(3) th e t e n u r e s i t u a t i o n in c lu d in g
e x t e n t o f a b s e n te e o w n ersh ip and e f f e c t s t h e r e o f i n r e g a r d to c ro p p in g
p r a c t i c e s and c o n s e r v a t io n ,
(4 ) th e e f f e c t o f th e law i n r e l a t i o n to
e f f i c i e n c y and o r g a n i z a t i o n o f th e i n d i v i d u a l farm f ir m an d , f i n a l l y {$)
th e a d ju s tm e n ts n eeded i n th e i n s t i t u t i o n s t h a t l i m i t th e dev elo p m en t
o f e f f i c i e n t and a d e q u a te l y - s i z e d farm s on i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t s .
These
a r e th e e s s e n t i a l p ro b lem s as r e g a r d s t o th e 16 0 -a c re r u l e .
A lth o u g h many o f th e a u th o r s have a tte m p te d to p r e s e n t s c i e n t i f i c
s t u d i e s i n r e g a r d to th e m y ria d s o f f a c e t s c o n c e rn in g th e 1 6 0 -a c re r u l e ,
m ost f a i l to r e t a i n o b j e c t i v i t y i n t h e i r a n a ly s e s .
The r e s u l t seems to
b e a t r e n d to w ard e i t h e r b u s in e s s o r s o c i a l o b j e c t i v e s , w ith s u b j e c t i v i t y
r e f l e c t i n g th e w r i t e r s ' b i a s e s .
R e s e a rc h P roblem
The f a c t t h a t s e t t l e r s on R e c la m a tio n P r o j e c t s a r e h a v in g s e r io u s
econom ic ahd s o c i a l d i f f i c u l t i e s g iv e s r i s e t o th e q u e s tio n o f w h eth er
- 9 o r n o t th e s e p ro b lem s a r e , i n p a r t , due t o some d e f ic ie n c y i n R e c la m a tio n
law .
We c a n c o n c lu d e t h a t th e b a s ic p h ilo s o p h y b e h in d R e c la m a tio n i s to
p ro v id e a s many f a m ily fa rm s as i s p o s s i b l e .
E s s e n t i a l t o t h i s p h il o s o ­
phy i s a d e f i n i t i o n o f th e f a m ily farm and s ta te m e n t o f th e 1 6 0 -a c re
lim ita tio n .
F am ily fa rm : The f a m ily farm may b e d e f in e d a s one f o r w hich
th e p r i n c i p l e s o u rc e o f la b o r i s th e farm f a m ily , and one
w hich i s o f s u f f i c i e n t s i z e and p r o d u c ti v it y , t o pay e x p e n s e s ,
i n c lu d in g fo o d and s h e l t e r , m d d ic a l c a r e , e d u c a tio n and
r e c r e a t i o n , and p e r m it th e a c c u m u la tio n o f a r e s e r v e s u f f i c i e n t .
t o m eet th e n e e d s o f o ld ag e. 1 5 /
R e c la m a tio n h a s n o t , how ever, a c c o m p lish e d th e ends em bodied w ith in
th e f o r e g o in g d e f i n i t i o n .
I t h a s , on th e o th e r h an d , te n d e d to a s c r ib e
t o th e m a x im iz a tio n o f . s e t t l e r , num bers.
T h is i s r e f l e c t e d i n th e
e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a sy stem o f farm s w hich y i e l d minimum r a t e s o f r e t u r n
t o farm r e s o u r c e s , e s p e c i a l l y t o o p e r a t o r , f a m ily m anagem ent, and
la b o r. 16/
1 6 0 -a c re l i m i t a t i o n : No r i g h t t o th e u s e o f w a te r f o r la n d
i n p r i v a t e o w n ersh ip s h a l l be s o ld f o r a t r a c t e x c e e d in g 160
a c r e s t o any one la n d o w n e r, and no su ch s a l e s h a l l b e made
t o any owner u n le s s he be ian a c t u a l b o n a f i d e r e s id e n t , on
15 / Sherman E. Jo h n so n , e t a l . , M anaging a Farm . New Y ork; E . Van
N o stra n d C o ., I n c . , 1946, p . 23.
1 6 / Anonymous, S iz e o f Farm s on F e d e r a l R e c la m a tio n P r o j e c t s .
( A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a r c h S e r v ic e , U n ite d S t a t e s D ep artm en t ,of
A g r ic u lt u r e ) Decem ber 1957 ( d i t t o e d ) , p . 5.
10 su ch la n d , o r o c c u p a n t t h e r e o f r e s i d i n g . i n th e n e ig h b o rh o o d
o f s a id la n d , and no su ch r i g h t s h a l l p e rm a n e n tly a t t a c h
u n t i l a l l paym ents t h e r e f o r e a r e m ade. ' 1 7 /
We m ust k eep i n mind t h a t when th e p r o p o s a l was a d o p te d to d ev e lo p
th e s e m i- a r id W est, C o n g ress u s e d th e r u l e s t h a t had e v o lv e d f o r th e
s e tt le m e n t o f th e humid E a s t 0
These r u l e s , .e s p e c i a l l y th e i d e a o f th e
1 6 0 -a c re l i m i t a t i o n w h ich was c o n c e iv e d i n 1796 by Congressm an F in d le y
o f P e n n s y lv a n ia , w ere q u itA a p p r o p r ia te to im plem ent the" p r i n c i p l e s o f
o u r la n d p o l i c y d u r in g o u r e a r l y a g r i c u l t u r e .
They l a c k , how ever, th e
f l e x i b i l i t y n eed ed to a d j u s t t o d i f f e r i n g e n v iro n m e n ta l c o n d i t i o n s ,
t e c h n o l o g i c a l ch an g e and ch an g e s i n demand.
Q bie c t i v e s
The g e n e r a l o b j e c t i v e s o f t h i s s tu d y a r e :
I.
To sum m arize th e t r e n d s and p ro b lem s w ith r e s p e c t t o s i z e s
o f farm s and t h e i r r e l a t i o n t o th e o b j e c t i v e s o f r e c l a m a t i o n . .
2«
To show th e econom ic c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f a l t e r n a t i v e s i z e s i n
■ v ario u s s i t e s .
S p e c ific o b je c tiv e s a re :
I.
To show why th e l i m i t a t i o n was im posed—why 160 a c r e s .
2o
To show how th e law h a s b een i n t e r p r e t e d and a d m in is te re d
and how i t a p p l i e s to d a y .
X lI
U. S, D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n , F e d e r a l
R e c la m a tio n Laws A n n o ta te d . 2nd E d i t i o n , W ash in g to n ; Government
P r i n t i n g O f f ic e , 1947, p . 53.
11
3o
To show w hat e x c e p tio n s have b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d by c o n g r e s s io n a l
a c t i o n and upon w hat c irc u m s ta n c e s th e y w ere b a s e d .
4.
To show th e e f f e c t o f th e a p p l i c a t i o n o f th e I,aw i n r e l a t i o n
t o e f f i c i e n c y and o r g a n iz a ti o n o f th e i n d i v i d u a l firm-=
5o
Tb make reco m m en d atio n s f o r a d ju s tm e n ts i n th e i n s t i t u t i o n s
t h a t l i m i t th e dev elo p m en t on i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t s o f farm s
th a t.w o u ld b e e f f i c i e n t and p ro d u c e a d e q u a te income=
II.
ANALYSIS QF RECLAMATION ACT
When th e R e c la m a tio n A ct was p a s s e d i n 1902, i t s t r e s s e d l i m i t a t i o n
o f la n d m onopoly th ro u g h ( l )■ p ro m o tio n o f fa m ily -^ siz e d fa rm s owned and
o p e r a te d by th e i n d i v i d u a l fa r m e r , and ( 2 ) p r e v e n tio n o f la n d sp ecu ­
la tio n . J /
Mai o r W eaknesses
The R e c la m a tio n A ct was b a s e d upon arg u m en ts w hich em p h asized th e
im p o rta n c e o f h o m e b u id lin g , c o n s e r v a t io n , and r e l i e f o f c o n g e s te d a r e a s —
m a tte r s in v o lv in g s o c i a l r a t h e r th a n econom ic e n d s.
F a i l u r e to p ro v id e
f o r d i f f e r e n c e s t h a t e x i s t b etw een p r o j e c t s a s s o c ia t e d w ith s i t e su ch as
grow ing s e a s o n , b a s ic s o i l m a t e r i a l s , l o c a t i o n w ith r e s p e c t to m a rk e ts ,
and o th e r f a c t o r s t h a t d e te rm in e p r o d u c tio n l e v e l s , c o s t s and a l t e r n a t i v e s
o r even th e d i f f e r e n c e s i n p r o d u c t i v i t y o f v a r io u s s i t e s w ith i n p r o j e c t s ,
h a s l e d to s o c i a l a s w e ll a s econom ic d i s t r e s s w ith i n R e c la m a tio n .
F a i l u r e to a n t i c i p a t e th e n e c e s s i t y o f in c r e a s e d c a s h r e q u ir e m e n ts (due
to t e c h n o l o g i c a l ch an g e) f o r farm o p e r a tio n and f a m ily l i v i n g h a s
in c r e a s e d t h i s d i s t r e s s .
F u r t h e r , u n a v a i l a b i l i t y o f c a p i t a l th ro u g h
I / F . Wo M o n d ell, C o n g r e s s io n a l R e c o rd , op. c i t : . th e seco n d aim was o f
m a jo r im p o rta n c e due t o th e la n d e d m o n o p o lies w hich f l o u r i s h e d i n th e
w e s te rn U n ite d S t a t e s d u r in g th e l a t t e r p a r t o f th e 1 9 th c e n tu r y . The
p o l i c y was d e s ig n e d to d i s t r i b u t e t h e b e n e f i t s , o f p u b lic dom ain w id e ly
by a c t u a l l y f a v o r in g s e t t l e r s a g a i n s t s p e c u l a t o r s and m o n o p o lis ts o f
th e d ay .
I
- 13 c r e d i t s o u rc e s to s m a ll u n i t s i n new ly d e v e lo p e d o r h i g h - r i s k a r e a s 2/
s t r e s s e s th e n eed f o r i n t r o d u c in g f l e x i b i l i t y i n t o r e c la m a tio n law .
The p o l i t i c a l l y p o p u la r m o tiv e f o r p e r p e t u a t i o n o f th e 1 6 0 -a c re
r u l e m a n if e s ts i t s e l f d i r e c t l y i n th e n e c e s s i t y o f " s e l l i n g " a R e c la ­
m a tio n p r o j e c t to C o n g re ss.
The t r a d i t i o n a l lo g i c u se d i n c o n v in c in g
th e House o f R e p r e s e n t a ti v e s i n o rd e r t o r e c e i v e a p p r o p r ia tio n s i s to
(1 ) s t r e s s c r e a t i o n o f th e maximum number o f s e t t l e r o p p o r t u n i t i e s , and
(2 ) s t r e s s th e a c c e p te d p r i n c i p l e o f s p r e a d in g th e u n e a rn e d in c re m e n t
c r e a t e d by R e c la m a tio n a s w id e ly a s p o s s i b l e — h e n c e , th e s t r e s s on th e
t r a d i t i o n a l 16 0 - a c r e r u l e by o u r law m akers.
F irm n e ss o f p r i n c i p l e w ith f l e x i b i l i t y t o a llo w a d ju s tm e n t t o ch an g in g
c o n d i t i o n s was th e i n t e n t o f th e l e g i s l a t o r s i n p a s s a g e o f th e R e c la m a tio n
.
A ct a s e v id e n c e d by C o n g r e s s io n a l h e a r i n g s , i j
2 / TI. S . C o n g re ss, S e n a te .C om m ittee on I n t e r i o r and I n s u l a r A f f a i r s >
S e n a te R e p o rt 1682. 8 5 th C o n g re ss, 1 s t S e s s i o n , W ash in g to n ; Govern­
m ent P r i n t i n g O f f ic e , 1957.
3 / The I ? w e s te r n R e c la m a tio n s t a t e s have s t r e n g t h i n th e S e n a te w ith
r e p r e s e n t a t i o n t o t a l i n g 34 o f th e .96 members. .A p p r o p r ia tio n s '
o r i g i n a t e , i n th e House o f R e p r e s e n ta tiv e 's , how ever, w h e re in th e
R e c la m a tio n s t a t e s a r e w eak.
•
4 / F. W. M b n d e ll, op. c i t . . p . .6679. I n q u o tin g P r e s i d e n t R o o s e v e lt,
Mr. M bndell shows t h a t t h e r e s h o u ld b e a d ju s tm e n t p o s s i b i l i t i e s i n
th e R e c la m a tio n A c t, I i e . , f l e x i b i l i t y .
-UMaj o r P o i n t s
S e c tio n 3 o f th e R e c la m a tio n A ct s p e c i f i e s t h a t ea c h e n t r y m ust n o t
be l e s s th a n 40 n o r more th a n 160 a c r e s .
I t a ls o p r o v id e s t h a t th e commu­
t a t i o n p r o v is io n s ( s u b s t i t u t i o n o f money paym ent f o r u s u a l w ork and
r e s i d e n t r e q u ir e m e n ts ) o f th e Hom estead Laws s h a l l n o t a p p ly to e n t r i e s
made h e re u n d e r. 5 /
S e c tio n 4 p r o v id e s t h a t when th e S e c r e t a r y d e te r m in e s t h a t an
i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t i s p r a c t i c a b l e , he m ust e s t a b l i s h th e a r e a p e r e n t r y
a t su ch a c re a g e w ith i n th e above l i m i t s as he c o n s id e r s n e c e s s a r y f o r
th e s u p p o rt o f a f a m ily . £ /
I n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f s e c t i o n 5 p r o v id e s t h a t a f t e r e s t a b l i s h i n g th e
i n i t i a l farm u n i t i t i s n e c e s s a r y to r e l i n q u i s h t h a t p a r t o f th e farm
w hich i s i n e x c e s s o f one farm u n i t . j J
D e p artm en t d e c i s i o n s o f th e
S e c r e t a r y o f I n t e r i o r p e r m itte d a h u sb an d who was f o r c e d to r e l i n q u i s h
t h a t p o r t i o n o f h i s h o ld in g i n e x c e s s o f one farm u n i t to a s s i g n a
p o r t i o n o f t h a t farm t o h i s w if e . 8/
TI. S . D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n , F e d e r a l R e c la ­
m a tio n Laws A n n o ta te d , op. c i t . . p p . 16 -7 7 .
t / L bid.., p. 40.
2 / I n s t r u c t i o n s o f th e A c tin g S e c r e t a r y , A ugust 5, 1904, 33 L.D. 159.
8 / Case o f .S a d i e H aw ley, 1914, 43 L.D . 364.
- 15 S u p p lem en tary L e g i s l a t i o n
I n 1912 th e S e c r e t a r y o f I n t e r i o r was a u th o r iz e d by C o n g ress to
i s s u e a p a t e n t t o a s e t t l e r upon c o m p le tio n o f th e r e s i d e n c e , r e c l a ­
m a tio n and c u l t i v a t i o n r e q u ir e m e n ts , and paym ents th e n d u e. 2 /
T his
was an im provem ent i n R e c la m a tio n Law b e c a u s e i t allo w e d an en try m an to
m o rtg ag e h i s la n d f o r c r e d i t p u rp o s e s , th e r e b y rem o v in g an i n h i b i t i n g
h a r d s h ip .
The s e t t l e r , h ow ever, was s t i l l l i m i t e d to 160. a c r e s .
S e c t io n 46 o f th e Omnibus A d ju stm en t A ct o f 1926 r e q u i r e s c o n t r a c t s
w ith i r r i g a t i o n d i s t r i c t s to p r o v id e t h a t i r r i g a b l e la n d s h e ld i n
p r i v a t e o w n ersh ip by any one owner i n e x c e s s o f 160 i r r i g a b l e a c r e s s h a l l
n o t r e c e i v e w a te r u n l e s s th e owner s h a l l e x e c u te a c o n t r a c t f o r s a l e o f
th e e x c e s s a c r e a g e . 1 0 /
By i t s v e r y n a t u r e , su ch a c o n t r a c t n e c e s s a r i l y
im p o ses a j o i n t l i a b i l i t y on a l l th e la n d o w n e rs o f a d i s t r i c t .
Payment
i n f u l l o f th e j o i n t o b l i g a t i o n assumed by th e d i s t r i c t w ould b e e s s e n t i a l
t o e f f e c t f r e e i n g th e e x c e s s la n d from l i m i t a t i o n r e s t r i c t i o n s .
S h o u ld
th e owner who h a s c o n t r a c t e d w ith th e i r r i g a t i o n d i s t r i c t f a i l to s e l l
th e e x c e s s la n d w ith i n th e p r e s c r ib e d tim e l i m i t o f one y e a r , th e S e c r e ta r y
-of I n t e r i o r i s g iv e n power o f a t to r n e y t o s e l l th e e x c e s s la n d a t th e
a p p r a is e d v a l u e .
2 / U. S. D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n , F e d e r a l R e c la ­
m a tio n Laws' A n n o ta te d , op. c i t . . . p . 150.
l f i / I b i d .. p p . 3 1 8 -1 9 . T h is was one o f th e reco m m en d atio n s o f th e F a c t
F in d e r s C om m ittee w hich was a p p o in te d by th e S e c r e t a r y o f I n t e r i o r
i n 1923 to s tu d y a l l a s p e c t s o f R e c la m a tio n .
— 16 —
On S ep tem b er 24, 1948, th e A c tin g C om m issioner t r a n s m i t t e d a memo­
randum from th e C h ie f C o u n sel o f th e B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n s t a t i n g t h a t
i t i s p o s s i b l e f o r an i n d i v i d u a l lan d o w n er h o ld in g e x c e s s la n d s ' to pay
i n f u l l c o n s t r u c t i o n c h a rg e s a d m i n i s t r a t i v e l y a s s ig n a b le t o h i s h o ld in g s
and th u s f r e e th e la n d s o f a c re a g e l i m i t a t i o n .
However, s in c e th e p u rp o se
o f C o n g ress i s c o n t r o l l i n g i n d e te r m in in g m eaning o f a la w , th e Supreme
C o u rt r u l e d t h a t " th e U n ite d S t a t e s i s n e i t h e r bound n o r e s to p p e d by a c t s
o f i t s o f f i c e r s o r a g e n ts i n e n t e r i n g i n t o an arra n g e m e n t o r agreem ent
t o do o r c a u s e to b e done w hat th e law d o es n o t s a n c ti o n o r p e r m i t." 11/
T h is r u l i n g makes i t v e r y p l a i n t h a t w here C o n g ress h a s d i r e c t e d a
c o u rs e o f a c t i o n , a s i n S e c tio n 46 o f th e Omnibus A d ju stm e n t A ct o f 1926,
th e S e c r e t a r y i s bound t o com ply w ith t h a t d i r e c t i o n n o tw ith s ta n d in g any
p o l i c y c o n s i d e r a t i o n m o tiv a te d e i t h e r by r e a l i s m o r id e a lis m . 1 2 /
T h ere­
f o r e , th e i n d i v i d u a l c a n n o t r e l e a s e h im s e lf from th e e x c e s s la n d s l i m i ­
t a t i o n r e s t r i c t i o n s u n t i l paym ent i n f u l l o f th e j o i n t o b l i g a t i o n i s
assum ed by th e d i s t r i c t a s a w h o le.
1 1 / U. S. - v s - C. I .
0 . , 335 U. S. 106, 112 (1 9 4 8 ).
1 2 / U0 S. D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , O ffic e o f th e S o l i c i t o r , S o l i c i t o r ' s .
O p in io n on K ings R iv e r C o n t r a c t . Memorandum, W ashington, D. C . ; J u ly
10, 1957.
- 17 P ro p o se d M o d if ic a tio n
The e v o l u tio n a r y p r o c e s s o f in t r o d u c in g f l e x i b i l i t y i n t o r e c la m a tio n
law h a s b e e n c h a r a c t e r i s e d by many a tte m p ts to p la c e a g r e a t e r amount o f
d i s c r e t i o n a r y a d m i n i s t r a t i v e power f o r s e t t i n g s i z e o f fa rm i n t o th e h ands
o f th e S e c r e t a r y o f I n t e r i o r .
The a p p a r e n t d is a d v a n ta g e o f f l e x i b i l i t y i n
/
t h i s form i s t h a t i t w ould in c r e a s e th e p r e s s u r e s e x e r te d upon th e S e c r e t a r y
by o u ts id e i n t e r e s t s .
13/
E x c e p tio n s and M o d if ic a tio n s , and C irc u m s ta n c e s T h ere to
1.
B o u ld e r Canvon P r o j e c t C A ll-A m erlcan C a n a l. I m p e r ia l I r r i g a t i o n
D i s t r i c t . C a lifo rn ia )
P r o v id e s t h a t th e 16 0 - a c re l i m i t a t i o n d o es n o t a p p ly to la n d s
i n th e d i s t r i c t now i r r i g a t e d and h a v in g a p r e s e n t w a te r r i g h t . V±J
2.
C o lo ra d o — B ig Thompson F r o 1Ie c t f C o lo r ado)
P r o v id e s t h a t th e e x c e s s la n d p r o v is io n s a re n o t a p p l ic a b l e to
la n d s h a v in g an i r r i g a t i o n w a te r s u p p ly from S o u rces o th e r th a n a
1 3 / P u b lic O f f i c i a l s o f t e n r e l i e v e o u ts id e p r e s s u r e s by p o i n t i n g to a
s t a t u t e i n s e a r c h o f a u t h o r i ty 1 f o r a c t i o n or i n a c t i o n .
IA / L e t t e r d a te d E e b ru a ry 24, 1933 from th e S e c r e t a r y o f th e I n t e r i o r ,
Ray Lyman "W ilbur, t o th e I m p e r ia l I r r i g a t i o n D i s t r i c t , E l C e n tro ,
C a lifo rn ia .
— 18 —
F e d e r a l R e c la m a tio n p r o j e c t and t h a t th e s e la n d s w i l l r e c e i v e a
s u p p le m e n ta l s u p p ly fro m th e C o lo ra d o —B ig Thompson P r o j e c t . 15 /
3.
W ater C o n s e rv a tio n and U t i l i z a t i o n P r o j e c t s
S e c tio n 4 (c)
(5.) o f t h i s a c t g r a n t s a u t h o r i t y to th e S e c r e ta r y
o f I n t e r i o r t o Me s t a b l i s h th e s i z e o f fa rm u n i t s o f i r r i g a b l e la n d s
on ea c h p r o j e c t i n a c c o rd a n c e w ith h i s f i n d i n g s o f th e a r e a s u f ­
f i c i e n t i n s i z e f o r th e s u p p o r t o f a f a m ily on la n d s to be i r r i ­
g a t e d ."
I t f u r t h e r p r o v id e s t h a t "no w a te r may be d e l i v e r e d to o r f o r
more th a n th e fa rm u n i t a r e a o f i r r i g a b l e la n d s i n th e p r o j e c t
owned by a s i n g l e la n d o w n e r." 1 6 /
U nder t h i s a u t h o r i z a t i o n farm
u n i t s have b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d on th e Eden P r o j e c t , Wyoming, c o n t a in ­
in g 200 i r r i g a b l e a c r e s more o r l e s s , d e p en d in g upon la n d c l a s s e s .
4.
T ruckee R iv e r S to ra g e P r o j e c t (N evada— C a l i f o r n i a ) and
5.
Humboldt P r o j e c t (N evada)
P r o v id e s t h a t e x c e s s la n d p r o v is io n s a r e n o t a p p l ic a b l e to la n d s
i n Washoe County W ater C o n s e rv a tio n D i s t r i c t , Nevada ( i r r i g a t e d from
15 / U. S. C o n g re ss, S e n a te R e p o rt 1 0 2 7 . 7 5 th C o n g ress, 3d S e s s io n ; see
a ls o D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r R e p o rt d a te d June 6 , 1938 and P u b lic Law
6 6 5 . 7 5 th C o n g re ss, 3d S e s s io n , Ju n e 16, 1938.
1 6 / U. S. C o n g re ss, House R e p o rt 10122. 7 6 th C o n g ress, 3d S e s s io n , and
I b i d . , House R e p o rt 2 9 4 4 . se e a ls o P u b lic Law 8 4 8 . 7 6 th C o n g re ss,
3d S e s s io n , O cto b er 14» 1940.
- 19 B oca R e s e r v o i r ) , n o r to la n d s i n P e r s h in g C ounty W ater C o n s e rv a tio n
D i s t r i c t , N evada ( i r r i g a t e d fi*om th e Humboldt R iv e r R e s e r v o i r ) . 1 7 /
6.
Ban L u is V a lle y P r o j e c t (C o lo rad o )
P r o v id e s t h a t th e e x c e s s la n d p r o v is io n s a r e n o t a p p l ic a b l e to
la n d s o r t o o w n ersh ip o f la n d s r e c e i v i n g s u p p le m e n ta l o r a r e g u la te d
s u p p ly o f w a te r fro m th e San L u is T a l l e y P r o j e c t , C o lo ra d o , p ro v id e d
t h a t i n l i e u o f a c re a g e l i m i t a t i o n s no landow ner s h a l l r e c e i v e a
s u p p ly g r e a t e r i n q u a n t i t y th a n t h a t r e a s o n a b ly n e c e s s a r y to
.
i r r i g a t e 480 a c r e s o f la n d . 18/
7.
Owl C reek U n it fMRBP, Wyoming)
P r o v id e s t h a t th e e x c e s s la n d p r o v is io n s a r e n o t a p p l ic a b l e to
la n d s i n th e Qwl C reek U n it, M is s o u ri R iv e r B a s in P r o j e c t , 1 2 /
8.
S a n ta M ari a P ro j e c t ( C a l i f o r n i a )
P r o v id e s t h a t S e c t io n 46 o f th e Omnibus A d ju stm e n t A ct o f May
o
2 5 ,. 1926, w h ich c o n c e rn s c o n t r a c t f o r S a le o f e x c e s s ..a c r e a g e , and
aqy o th e r s i m i l a r p r o v i s i o n a p p l ic a b l e to S a n ta M a ria P r o j e c t la n d s
1 7 / U. S. C o n g re ss, House R e p o r t 10543. se e a ls o P u b lic Law 8 8 3 , 76t h
C o n g ress, 3d S e s s io n , November 29, 1940.
1 8 / U. S. C o n g re ss, S e n a te R e p o rt 2 6 1 0 . 82nd C o n g ress, 2d S e s s io n and
S e n a te R e p o rt 1 5 9 4 . 82nd C o n g re ss, 2d S e s s io n , May 12, 1952.
1 9 / U. S. C o n g re ss, S e n a te R e p o rt 1790. 8 3 rd C o n g ress, 2d S e s s io n ,
J u ly 12, 1954.
20 d o es n o t a p p ly so lo n g as w a te r u t i l i z e d th e r e o n i s a c q u ir e d by
-
pum ping from u n d e rg ro u n d r e s e r v o i r s . 20/
9.
E x c e ss la n d s a c q u ir e d b y f o r e c l o s u r e , e t c .
Amended th e p r e v io u s p r o v is io n s o f R e c la m a tio n Law w hereunder
p r o p e r ty a c q u ir e d by f o r e c l o s u r e o r o th e r p r o c e s s o f la w , i n h e r i t ­
a n c e , d e v ic e , e t c . , c o u ld b e h e ld f o r o n ly 2 y e a r s b y e x te n d in g
th e p e r m i s s i b le p e r io d d u r in g w h ich su ch p r o p e r ty c a n be h e ld to
5 y e a r s . 21/
1 0 . -- Washoe P r o j e c t [N evada— C a l if o r n ia )
S e c tio n 2 [b) o f P u b lic Law 85 8 , 84t h C o n g ress, 2d S e s s io n ,
d a te d A ugust 1, 1956 p r o v id e s t h a t c o n t r a c t s f o r s u p p le m e n ta l w a te r
s u p p ly [u n d er Washoe P r o j e c t ) may o m it p r o v is io n s o f th e t h i r d
s e n te n c e , p a r a g r a p h (a ) S e c tio n 4 6 , A ct o f May 2 5 , 1926 ( Omnibus
A d ju stm e n t A c t ) .
I n l i e u t h e r e o f , th e c o n t r a c t m ust p r o v id e t h a t
th e p ro r a t a s h a r e o f i r r i g a t i o n a l l o c a t i o n a t t r i b u t a b l e to
f u r n i s h i n g i r r i g a t i o n b e n e f i t s i n ea c h p a r t i c u l a r y e a r to la n d h e ld
■
i n p r i v a t e o w n ersh ip by any one owner i n e x c e s s o f 160 i r r i g a t e d
a cre 's s h a l l b e r e t u r n e d w ith i n t e r e s t com puted i n a c c o rd a n c e w ith
2 0 / U. S. C o n g re ss, House R e p o rt 1-098. 8 3 rd C o n g re ss, 2d S e s s io n , J a n u a ry
7 , 1954, c o n t a in in g D e p artm en t o f I n t e r i o r R e p o rt on House R e p o rt 2235.
2 1 / TI. S. C o n g re ss, House R e p o rt 1748. 84t h C o n g re ss, 2d S e s s i o n , F e b ru a ry
7 , 1956; se e a ls o U. S. C o n g ress, S e n a te R e p o rt 2 3 7 8 . 84t h C o n g ress,
2d S e s s io n , Ju n e 2 8 , 1956 and P u b lic Law 6 9 0 . 84t h C o n g re s s , 2d
S e s s io n , J u ly 11, 1956.
- 21
a p p r o p r ia te p r o v is io n s o f th e a c t .
However, su ch paym ent f o r th e
e x c e s s la n d s s h a l l n o t ex ceed th e amount e q u a l to th e in c r e a s e d
paym ent c a p a c i t y o f th e e x c e s s la n d s ( a s d e te rm in e d by th e S e c r e ta r y )
r e s u l t i n g from th e s u p p le m e n ta l w a te r s u p p ly . 2 2 /
11 .
S m all R e c la m a tio n P r o j e c t s
S e c t io n 5 (o ) (2) o f th e a fo re m e n tio n e d a c t p r o v id e s f o r pay­
m ent o f i n t e r e s t on t h a t p ro r a t a s h a r e o f a lo a n made u n d e r th e a c t
a t t r i b u t a b l e t o f u r n i s h i n g i r r i g a t i o n b e n e f i t s i n ea c h p a r t i c u l a r
y e a r to la n d h e ld i n p r i v a t e o w n ersh ip by any one owner i n e x c e ss
o f 160 i r r i g a b l e a c r e s . 2 3 /
12.
E a s t Bench U n it CMRBP.- M ontana)
P r o v id e s e x em p tio n s o f B eav e rh ead R iv e r V a lle y la n d s from
a c re a g e l i m i t a t i o n o f R e c la m a tio n law e x c e p t t h a t o w n ersh ip o f b en ch
la n d s a l o n e , o r a c o m b in a tio n o f b e n c h and v a l l e y l a n d s , i n e x c e ss
o f 130 c l a s s I e q u i v a le n t a c r e s s h a l l b e deemed a s e x c e s s u nder
R e c la m a tio n la w .
We m ust b e a r i n mind t h a t ' th e b en ch la n d s a re
2 2 / U. S . C o n g re ss, R e b a te R e p o rt 1829. 84t h C o n g ress, 2d S e s s io n , A p r il
24 , 1956,’ s e e a ls o P u b lic Law 8 5 8 . .84t h C o n g re ss, 2d Re's s i on, A ugust
I , 1956. Terms such, as " p ro r a t a s h a r e . . a t t r i b u t a b l e to f u r n i s h i n g
i r r i g a t i o n b e n e f i t s . . . in c r e a s e d paym ent c a p a c ity " a r e so ’ ambiguous
t h a t th e y a r e b e in g u se d i n o rd e r t o c irc u m v e n t th e o r i g i n a l i n t e n t
o f th e R e c la m a tio n A ct.
2 3 / U. S. C o n g re ss, House R e p o rt 2 2 0 0 . 84t h C o n g re ss, 2d S e s s io n , May 23,
1956; se e a ls o P u b lic Law 9 8 4 . 84t h C o n g re ss, 2d S e s s io n , A ugust 6,
1956. S e c t io n 5 (c ) (2) h a s th e e f f e c t o f p r o v id in g an economic
s a n c ti o n to b u i l d i n g up la n d m onopoly i n th e form o f c o r p o r a te ,
a g r i c u l t u r e on R e c la m a tio n p r o j e c t s .
J
- 22 v a r i a b l e i n p r o f i l e w ith th e r e s u l t t h a t m ost farm U n it's w i l l be a
c o m p o site o f la n d c l a s s e s I , I I j and I I I r a t h e r th a n one la n d c l a s s
e x c lu s iv e ly . .
I t a l s o p r o v id e s t h a t W ater may be d e l iv e r e d to SUch e x c S ss '
la n d s i f ( I ) t o t a l o w n ersh ip d o es n o t ex ceed 160 i r r i g a b l e a c r e s ,
o r (2 ) a v a l i d r e c o r d a b l e c o n t r a c t h a s b een e x e c u te d .
The ex­
c e p t io n was made b e c a u s e o f c l i m a t e , h en ce s i t e c o n d i t i o n s , and
in c lu d e s th e e q u i v a le n t o f IjO a c r e s o f c l a s s I la n d , i . e . , 130,
160, and 220 a c r e s o f C lasS eS I , I I , and I I I la n d s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . 2 l /
13..
C olum bia B a s in P r o j e c t TljaShington)Among o th e r p u r p o s e s , P u b lic Law 8 5 -2 6 4 i n c r e a s e s the. a c re a g e .
w hich c a n be owned U nder th e C olum bia B a s in P r o j e c t A ct to ( I )
one o r more fa rm u n i t s h e ld by ah i n d i v i d u a l owner b u t n o t to ex ceed
a t o t a l o f 160 i r r i g a b l e a c r e s , o r (2 ) one o r more fa rm U n its h e ld
by a f a m ily b u t n o t to ex ceed 320 i r r i g a b l e a cres, p r S v iddd t h a t
w a te r s h a l l h o t b e d e l iv e r e d to more th a n one farm u n i t held, by any
i n d i v i d u a l o r f a m ily on S eptem ber 1, 1957, e x c e p t i n th e c a s e o f
p re -1 9 3 7 ow ners Who m a y .h o ld 160 i r r i g a b l e a c r e s aS h e r e t o f o r e
p ro v id e d u n d e r th e P r o j e c t A ct. 2 5 /
The e x c e p tio n WaS g r a n te d
2-4/ U. S. C ongress. S en ate, R e p o rt 57Ai 8 5 th C o n g ress, 1 s t S e s s i o n , J u ly 2,
1957; se e a ls o P u b lic Law 8 5 -1 1 2 . J u l y 2 4 , 1957.
2-5/ U. S. Congress, House R e p o rt 1238.. C o n feren c e R e p o rt oh S e n a te R e p o rt
1482, 8 5 th C o n g re ss, 1 s t S e s s io n , A ugust 2 3 , 1957f s e e a l s o P u b lic
Law. 8 6 -2 6 1 . S eptem ber 2 , 1957.
- 23 b e c a u s e th e o r i g i n a l C olum bia B a s in P r o je c t - A ct was p la n n e d d u rin g
th e d e p r e s s io n Cl 9 3 0 's ) and was b a s e d upon a s u b s i s te n c e a g r i c u l t u r e .
14.
K e n d ric k P r o j e c t (Wyoming)
P r o v id e s t h a t th e a c re a g e l i m i t a t i o n a p p l ic a b l e to th e K e n d ric k
P r o j e c t s h a l l be 480 i r r i g a b l e a c r e s i n l i e u o f 160 a s p r o v id e d ' 1
u n d e r b a s i c R e c la m a tio n law . 2 6 /
15-.
S eed sk ad ee P r o j e c t {Wyoming)
P r o h i b i t s d e l i v e r y o f w a te r to la n d s i n s i n g l e o w n ersh ip i n
e x c e s s o f 160 a c r e s o f c l a s s I la n d s u n le s s th e owner o f e x c e ss
la n d s e x e c u te s a r e c o r d a b l e c o n t r a c t to d is p o s e o f th e e x c e s s h o ld ­
in g s .
I t a l s o p r o v id e s a fo rm u la f o r d e te r m in in g th e " e q u iv a le n t
o f 160 a c r e s o f c l a s s I l a n d ," i . e „ , 182, 225, and 372 a c r e s o f
'c la s s e s I I , I I I , and IV la n d , r e s p e c t i v e l y . - 2 ^ /
16.
M ercedes D iv is io n o f th e Lower R io G rande R e h a b i l i t a t i o n P r o j e c t ■
(T ex as)
P r o v id e s t h a t i n t e r e s t i s t o b e p a id on th e p ro r a t a s h a re o f
th e c a p i t a l c o s t a t t r i b u t a b l e to f u r n i s h i n g b e n e f i t s i n ea c h '
2 6 / U. S. C o n g re ss, S e n a te R e p o rt 838 on S e n a te R e p o rt 1996, 85t h .
C o n g re ss, 1 s t S e s s i o n , A ugust 8 , 1957, c o n ta in in g D ep artm en t o f
I n t e r i o r R e p o rt on S e n a te R e p o rt 1996, se e a ls o P u b lic Law 85-283,
S eptem ber 4 , 1957.
2 7 / U. S. C o n g re ss, S e n a te R e p o rt 1906. 8 5 th C o n g re ss, 2d S e s s io n ,
J u ly 23 , 1958.
- 24 p a r t i c u l a r y e a r to la n d " h e ld i n p r i v a t e .ow nership by any one owner
i n e x c e s s o f 160 i r r i g a b l e a c r e s . 2 8 /
I? .
A d m in is tr a tiv e T o le ra n c e t o V i o l a t i o n s o f th e 160-'A cre R u le
On many p r o j e c t s a d m i n i s t r a t o r s t o l e r a t e v i o l a t i o n o f th e
e x c e s s la n d r u l e so lo n g a s v i o l a t i o n i s i n th e l e t t e r r a t h e r th a n
th e s p i r i t o f th e la w .
T h is i s t o sa y t h a t some e x c e s s farm s a re
o p e r a te d by s e t t l e r s who have l a r g e f a m i l i e s , some members o f w hich
( i n a l l p r o b a b i l i t y ) w i l l s h a re i n th e o p e r a t io n o f and te n d to
a b s o rb th e e x c e s s a c re a g e upon r e a c h in g th e age o f m a j o r i t y .
B a s ic A rgum ents f o r E x c e p tio n s
The arg u m en ts g e n e r a l l y advanced i n s u p p o r t o f th e v a r i o u s ex­
c e p t i o n s t o and m o d i f ic a t io n s o f th e 16 0 - a c r e r u l e a r e :
1.
T hat th e b a s ic R e c la m a tio n law was in te n d e d f o r p u b l i c , n o t '
p r i v a t e la n d .
2.
T h at R e c la m a tio n was d e s ig n e d to s u p p ly w a te r f o r n e w ly d e v e lo p e d l a n d s , n o t s u p p le m e n ta l w a te r f o r p r e v i o u s l y d e v e lo p e d l a n d s .
3.
T hat th e p a r t i c u l a r p r o j e c t d i f f e r s i n some a s p e c t i n r e g a r d
t o s i t e su ch a s l e n g t h o f g ro w in g s e a s o n , s o i l c o n d i tio n s
a n d /o r l o c a t i o n w ith r e s p e c t t o m a rk e ts .
2 8 / U. S. C o n g re ss, P u b lic Law 8 5 -3 7 0 . 72 S t a t u t e 82, A p iril 7 , 1958.
- 25 —
4.
T hat th e co m m u n ities w ere a lr e a d y e s t a b l i s h e d , t h e r e f o r e
th e i n c r e m e n t a l ’v a lu e w ould be s m a ll.
5o
T hat i n t e r e s t w i l l b e p a id on th e p u b lic m onies i n v e s t e d i n
ex cess la n d s .
C irc u m v e n tio n o f R u le
B ecause o f th e te n d e n c y to w ard i n f l e x i b i l i t y i n th e 16 0 - a c re
l i m i t a t i o n , v a r io u s m ethods hav e beep, d e v is e d w ith w hich t o c irc u m v e n t
th e b a s ic r u l e .
One o f th e m ost p o p u la r o f th e s e i s th e "money a l t e r Pai-
t i v e , " i . e . , paym ent i n f u l l o f c o n s t r u c t i o n c h a r g e s so t h a t p a t e n t f o r
th e la n d w i l l b e is s u e d and th e la n d r e v e r t s t o a p r i v a t e s t a t u s .
T h is
m ethod i s u se d i n c o n n e c tio n w ith p u b lic la n d upon w hich th e S e c r e t a r y
o f I n t e r i o r , h a s th e p r e r o g a t i v e o f s e t t i n g farm s i z e s a t l e s s th a n 160
a c r e s , i . e . , from 40 t o 160 a c r e s .
R e v e r s io n from p u b lic to p r i v a t e la n d
th ro u g h p a t e n t a llo w s in c r e a s e d la n d o w n ersh ip up t o 160 a c r e s — th e s i z e
o f fa rm i n i t i a l l y s e t on p r i v a t e la n d .
The e x c e p tio n t o th e r u l e s e t t i n g
fa rm s i z e on p r i v a t e la n d i s th e C olum bia B a s in P r o j e c t w h e re in th e
S e c r e t a r y o f I n t e r i o r i s r e q u i r e d to e s t a b l i s h farm u n i t s on a fa m ily
fa rm c o n c e p t and may e s t a b l i s h th e u n i t a t l e s s th a n 160 a c r e s .
L ess
p o p u la r i s th e seco n d m ethod o f p u t t i n g p r e s s u r e on th e Army E n g in e e rs
t o add i r r i g a t i o n t o t h e i r p r e s e n t n a v i g a tio n and f lo o d c o n t r o l p ow ers. 2 2 /
2 9 / T h is m ethod r e q u i r e s p r e s s u r e i n th e fo rm o f lo b b y a c t i o n i n C o n g ress
on p a r t i c u l a r p r o j e c t s w hich have m u l t i p l e u s e p o s s i b i l i t i e s .
—
26
—
The Army E n g in e e r s a r e n o t bound by th e 1 6 0 -a q re r u l e .
The t h i r d and
l e a s t p o p u la r o f th e m ethods i n c irc u m v e n tio n i s t h a t o f h a v in g th e
i n d i v i d u a l s t a t e ta k e o v e r and pay th e e n t i r e c o s t o f th e p r o j e c t . 3 0 /
A v e ry p o p u la r p r o p o s a l f o r c irc u m v e n tio n i s th e so c a l l e d E n g le fo rm u la
w hich"w ould c o n s i s t o f an i n t e r e s t c h a rg e on e x c e s s la n d h o ld e r s i n l i e u
o f r e q u i r i n g d i s p o s a l o f th e e x c e s s h o ld in g s i n r e t u r n f o r w a t e r .
Meed f o r R e s e a rc h
The g r e a t number o f e x c e p tio n s , m o d i f ic a t io n s , w a iv e r s , s p e c i a l
p r o v i s i o n s , and a d m i n i s t r a t i v e t o l e r a n c e to d e v i a t i o n s w ith r e s p e c t to
a c re a g e l i m i t a t i o n i n r e c l a m a t io n i n d i c a t e s m a la^jiu stm erit i n th e o rg a n ­
i z a t i o n o f la n d r e s o u r c e s r e s u l t i n g from r e s t r i c t i o n s im posed by th e
16 0 - a c r e r u l e .
These c irc u m s ta n c e s make i t n e c e s s a r y to d e te rm in e
w h e th e r th e r u l e a llo w s s e c u l a r a d ju s tm e n t to im p ro v em en ts, te c h n o ­
l o g i c a l c h an g e , and ch a n g e s i n demand.
I n f o r m a tio n i s n eed ed c o n c e rn in g
th e e f f e c t o f a l t e r n a t i v e s i n s i z e , b o th f o r l e g i s l a t i v e p u rp o s e s and
from th e o c c u p a tio n a l s ta n d p o i n t.
3 0 / P ro v e s to b e much to o c o s t l y f o r m ost s t a t e s . An exam ple i n p r o c e s s ,
h o w ev er, i s th e S t a t e ' s l e a t h e r E iv e r P r o j e c t i n C a l i f o r n i a 's C e n tr a l
V a lle y I ia t e r b h e d .
III.
STUDY AREAS— SETTING AND PRESENT STATUS
S in c e th e econom ic p ro b lem S f to o s m a ll fa rm s on i r r i g a t e d p r o j e c t s
i s m ost s e v e r e w here h ig h a l t i t u d e and th e a s s o c ia t e d s h o r t and c o o l
gro w in g s e a s o n s l i m i t th e b a s ic c r o p p in g p a t t e r n to s m a ll g r a i n s , h ay ,
and p a s t u r e , i t i s in te n d e d to c o n c e n tr a te t h i s s tu d y on a r e a s o f su ch
lim ite d a lte r n a tiv e s .
'
These a r e th e p ro p o s e d E a s t B ench U n it o f th e
r
M is s o u ri R iv e r B a s in and th e G r e e n f ie ld s D iv is io n o f th e Sun R iv e r
P r o j e c t w ith mean a l t i t u d e 's o f 5 ,1 0 0 and 4>000 f e e t r e s p e c t i v e l y .
How­
e v e r , f o r co m p ariso n p u rp o s e s and t o p o i n t o u t th e g e n e r a l p ro b lem ,
two a r e a s o f more i n t e n s i v e a g r i c u l t u r e w i l l a ls o be s t u d i e d .
These a r e
th e H u n tle y P r o j e c t and H e a rt M o untain D iv is io n o f th e S hoshone R e c la ­
m a tio n P r o j e c t w ith mean a l t i t u d e s o f 2 ,8 5 0 and 4>700 f e e t r e s p e c t i v e l y .
F or p u rp o s e s o f s i m p l i c i t y th ro u g h o u t th e r e m a in in g t e x t , th e
G r e e n f ie ld s D iv is io n o f th e Sun R iv e r P r o j e c t and th e H e a rt M ountain
D iv is io n o f th e Shoshone P r o j e c t w i l l b e te rm e d th e G r e e n f ie ld s
D iv is io n and th e H e a rt M o u n tain D iv i s i o n , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
E a s t B ench U n it
The p ro p o s e d E a s t B ench R e c la m a tio n U n it l i e s i n th e v a l l e y o f th e
B e av e rh ead R iv e r i n B eav e rh ead and M adison C o u n tie s n e a r D i l l o n , M ontana.
I t e x te n d s from th e p ro p o s e d C la rk Canyon Dam "near A rm stead , M ontana
n o r t h e a s t 40 m ile s to n e a r Twin B r id g e s , a s shown on th e f o llo w in g page
i n F ig u re I .
E l e v a ti o n s w ith i n th e a r e a r a n g e from 5 ,4 5 0 a t th e
p ro p o s e d C la rk Canyon Dam t o 4 ,7 0 0 f e e t a t i t s n o r t h e a s t p o i n t .
MONTANA
Figure I.
Comparison of Site Locations,
Elevations, and Frost Free
Periods of Various Reclamation
Study Areas, 1958.
Legend
East Bench Unit
Elevation..........5,100
Frost Free Period..114
Greenfields Division
Elevation..........4,000
Frost Free Period. .118
Heart Mountain Division
Elevation..........4,700
Frost Free Period. .125
Huntley Project
Elevation........ .2,850
Frost Free Period..135
days
days
days
days
— 29 —
The c lim a te i s s e m i - a r id w ith a n n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f 16 in c h e s .
The
f r o s t - f r e e p e r io d i s 114 d a y s w ith an a v e ra g e ra n g e from May 22nd to
S eptem ber 13.
V a r i a t i o n i s g r e a t , ho w ev er, w ith th e l a t e s t k i l l i n g f r o s t
r e c o r d e d on Ju n e 3 0 th and th e e a r l i e s t k i l l i n g f r t i s t on A u g u st 3 1 s t. J ./
T o ta l a r e a o f th e p r o j e c t c o n s i s t s o f -48,401 a c r e s — 23,4 0 1 a c r e s
b e in g s u p p le m e n ta l w a te r w h ile 2 0 ,0 0 0 a c r e s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s f u l l w a te r
s u p p ly .
G r e e n f ie ld s D iv is io n
The G r e e n f ie ld s D iv is io n i s lo c a te d i n T eto n and C ascade c o u n tie s
a p p ro x im a te ly 35 m ile s n o r th w e s t o f G re a t F a l l s , M ontana a s i n d i c a t e d i n
F ig u re I .
T h is d i v i s i o n c o m p ris e s some 8 3 ,5 0 2 a c r e s — p a r t o f w hich h a s
b e e n i n o p e r a t io n s in c e 1915. 2 /
A verage a n n u a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s 13 in c h e s .
The f r o s t - f r e e p e r io d
i s 118 d ay s w ith th e l a s t k i l l i n g f r o s t r e c o r d e d May 1 0 th and th e f i r s t
k i l l i n g f r o s t S ep tem b er 22nd. 3 / - Mfean e l e v a t i o n i s 4 ,0 0 0 f e e t .
P rin c ip a l
I / U. S. D e p artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n , D e f i n i t e P la n
R e p o rt . A p p en d ix es G. Hf I f J . K. M. N. 0. E a s t "Bench U n it, M ontana
M is s o u ri R iv e r B a s in ..P r o je c t, R eg io n 6 , G re a t F a l l s , M ontana, 1956,
p . G3.
2 / U. S. D e p artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , B ureau o f R e c la m a tio n , Crop P r o d u c tio n
R e p o r t. G r e e n f ie ld s D iv i s i o n , Sun R iv e r P r o j e c t , M ontana, 1957, p . I .
3 / P . L. S la g s v o ld , An A n a ly s is o f th e P r e s e n t S t a t u s o f A g r ic u lt u r e on
th e Sun R iv e r I r r i g a t i o n - P r o j e c t .. B u l l e t i n No. ,3 2 1 , M ontana S ta t e
C o lle g e , A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , Bozeman, M ontana, p p , 9 -1 0 .
— 30 —
c r o p s a r e o f th e e x t e n s i v e ty p e c o n s i s t i n g o f g r a i n s , h ay and i r r i g a t e d
p a s tu re .
I n 1957, t h e r e w ere 509 f u ll- - tim e o p e r a tin g u n i t s and 5 p a r t -
tim e u n i t s on th e d i v i s i o n , i j
H u n tle y P r o j e c t
L o ca ted i n Y e llo w s to n e County i n s o u t h c e n t r a l M ontana, th e H u n tle y
P r o j e c t e x te n d s from 15 t o 45 m ile s n o r t h e a s t o f B i l l i n g s , M ontana a s
i n d i c a t e d i n F ig u r e I .
C o n s tr u c tio n was b eg u n i n 1905 and th e p r o j e c t
VaS opened fb y s e tt le m e n t i n 1907.
P r e c i p i t a t i o n a v e ra g e s 1 3 .7 in c h e s .
The e l e v a t i o n r a n g e s b etw ee n 2 ,7 0 0 and 3 ,0 0 0 f e e t w ith a f r o s t - f r e e
p e r io d o f 126 d a y s .
A verage d a t e s o f th e l a s t and f i r s t k i l l i n g f r o s t s
a r e May 18 and Septem ber 21.
T o ta l a r e a o f th e p r o j e c t i s 3 3 ,1 0 7 a c r e s .
A d i v e r s i f i e d c ro p p in g
p a t t e r n p re d o m in a te s w ith su g a r b e e t s th e p r i n c i p a l c a s h c r o p .
I n 1957
t h e r e w ere 186 f u l l - t i m e and 42 p a r t - t i m e u n i t s on th e H u n tle y P r o j e c t .
H e a rt M ountain D iv is io n
L o c a te d i n P a r k C ounty i n n o r th w e s te r n "Wyoming, th e H e a rt M ountain
D iv is io n e x te n d s from one m ile n o r th o f Cody, "Wyoming n o r t h e a s t a p p ro x i­
m a te ly 18 m ile s as shown i n F ig u r e I .
I t encom passes 2 5 ,9 7 3 a c r e s o f
4 / U. S. D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n , Crop P r o d u c tio n
R e p o r t. op. c i t . . G e n e ra l Summary S h e e t.
j ) / P . L. S la g s v o ld , A g r ic u lt u r e on th e H u n tle y P r o j e c t . B u l l e t i n No. 342,
M ontana S t a t e C o lle g e , A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e rim e n t S t a t i o n , Bozeman,
M ontana, p p . 2 -4 ,
-31
-
i r r i g a b l e la n d , h a s a mean e l e v a t i o n o f 4 ,7 0 0 f e e t , a g ro w in g p e r io d o f
130 d a y s , and a v e ra g e a n n h a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n r a n g in g from 9 . 4 in c h e s a t
Cody t o 5 .9 in c h e s a t P o w e ll, Wyoming, jg/
The d i v i s i o n i s th e l a s t o f
f o u r t o be opened to s e tt le m e n t i n th e Shoshone P r o j e c t .
C o n s tr u c tio n
was i n i t i a t e d i n 1936 and th e f i r s t la n d o f th e d i v i s i o n was opened to
s e t t l e m e n t i n 1946.
A g r ic u lt u r e o f th e d iv is o 'n i s d i v e r s i f i e d .
E x te n s iv e c r o p s su ch as
h a y , g r a i n s and p a s t u r e a r e su p p lem en ted W ith b e a n s , th e p r i n c i p a l c a s h
c ro p .
I n 1957 t h e r e w ere 174 f u l l - t i m e and no p a r t - t i m e fa rm in g u n it s '
on th e H e a rt H b u n ta in D i v i s i o n .
£ / J . R. Toinpkin, Guy B ro ck , J r . , and P a u l P e t z o l t , H iv e rto n -S h o sh o n e
S e t t l e r s - An Economic S tu d y . B u l l e t i n 3 2 3 , Wyoming A g r i c u l t u r a l
E x p erim en t S t a t i o n , A p r i l , 1953,' p . '5.
JJ.
EIOCEDIRE
The o r i g i n s , a p p l i c a t i o n s , g e n e r a l a p p r a i s a l , and e f f e c t s o f th e
160r-acre l i m i t a t i o n w i l l b e a n a ly z e d and c o n c lu s io n s draw n from a re v ie w
o f p u b lic d o cu m en ts, p u b l i c a t i o n s on i r r i g a t i o n and R e c la m a tio n , and
from in t e r v ie w s w ith p u b lic o f f i c i a l s , f a r m e r s , and b u sin e ssm e n c l o s e l y
c o n n e c te d w ith R e c la m a tio n .
Ifethod o f A n a ly s is
I t i s h y p o th e s iz e d t h a t th e a c re a g e l i m i t a t i o n as c u r r e n t l y im posed
c a u s e s p ro b lem s o f to o s m a ll fa rm s on mo'st i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t s i n t h i s •
g e n e ra l a re a .
The p ro b lem i s m ost s e v e r e w here h ig h a l t i t u d e and th e
a s s o c i a t e d s h o r t- a n d c o o l grow ing s e a s o n s l i m i t th e c ro p a l t e r n a t i v e s .
I n su ch s i t u a t i o h s th e b a s ic c r o p p in g p a t t e r n . i s s m a ll g r a i n s , h a y , and
p a s tu re ;
The p r o p o r ti o n o f c a s h c ro p s and hay i s u s u a l l y f u r t h e r
r e s t r i c t e d on th e lo w er g rad e's o f la n d .
I f i s in te n d e d , th e n , to co n cen ­
t r a t e t h i s s tu d y on p ro b lem s a s s o c ia t e d w ith th e s e a r e a s o f l i m i t e d
a l t e r n a t i v e s , a lth o u g h f o r p u rp o s e s o f c o m p ariso n and to p p in t o u t th e
g e n e r a l n a t u r e o f th e p ro b lem , a t t e n t i o n w i l l a l s o be g iv e n t o th e
more i n t e n s i v e ty p e s o f i r r i g a t e d a g r i c u l t u r e .
F our R e c la m a tio n p r o j e c t s w i l l b e s u r v e y e d .
These i n c l u d e ,
( I ) th e
E a s t Bench T Jnit— a p r o j e c t o f l i m i t e d a l t e r n a t i v e s w hich i s i n th e
p la n n in g dnd p r e c o n s t r u c t i o n s ta g e , (2 ) th e G r e e n f ie ld s D i v i s i o n o f th e
Sun R iv e r— an o ld , w e ll d e v e lo p e d , e x t e n s i v e ty p e p r o j e c t w ith l i m i t e d
a lte rn a tiv e s ,
(3) th e H u n tle y — an o ld , w e ll d e v e lo p e d by i n t e n s i v e ty p e
- 33 p r o j e c t , and (4 ) th e H e a rt M ountain D i v i s i o n o f th e S hoshone— a com para­
t i v e l y new, d i v e r s i f i e d p r o j e c t c o n t a in in g e le m e n ts o f b o th e x te n s iv e
and i n t e n s i v e a g r i c u l t u r e .
Thg s u rv e y w i l l o b ta in d a t a on ( I ) th e s i z e o f th e o r i g i n a l t r a c t s
w hich w ere in te n d e d t o b e b o th i n d i v i d u a l o w n e rsh ip s and f a rm s ,
o f th e p r e s e n t o w n e rs h ip s ,
(2) s i z e
(3 ) th e p r e s e n t o p e r a tin g s i z e and te n u r e
p a t t e r n s o f th e farm la n d u s e d , and (4 ) v a r i o u s t r e n d s on e a c h o f th e
p ro je c ts .
A n a ly s is o f th e E a s t Bench U n it, w hich i s s t i l l i n th e
p la n n in g s t a g e , i s b a se d on p la n s and p r o j e c t i o n s .
Farm b u d g e ts w i l l b e p r e p a r e d to show t y p i c a l o r g a n i z a t i o n s , o u tp u t
and c o s t s i n r e l a t i o n t o c l a s s e s I , I I ,
s i z e g ro u p s .
and I I I la n d s and a s e r i e s o f
U n its o f 160, 2 4 0 , 3 2 0 , and 480 a c r e s w i l l b e u sed to
d e te rm in e th e r a n g e s o f e f f i c i e n c y and in c o m e s ra p p r o p r ia te t o th e
p ro b lem .
S e v e r a l c r i t e r i a a p p r o p r ia te to R e c la m a tio n d ev elo p m en t w i l l be
e s ta b lis h e d .
These in c lu d e e f f i c i e n c y o f o p e r a t io n , incom e-’p ro d u c in g
a b i l i t y , and " f a m ily farm " c o n c e p t.
R e tu r n s p e r a c re to fa rm fa m ily
l a b o r and management w ith s i z e o f farm th e c o n t r o l l i n g v a r i a b l e w i l l be
th e p r i n c i p a l i n d i c a t o r o f e f f i c i e n c y , w h ile th e t o t a l o f su ch r e t u r n s
w i l l b e th e m easu re o f in c o m e -p ro d u c in g a b i l i t y .
The " f a m ily farm " c o n c e p t
W ill b e d e f in e d i n te rm s o f la b o r u t i l i z a t i o n .
The fa rm s o f v a r i o u s s i z e s , b o th a s l i s t e d p r e v io u s l y . and th o s e now
fo u n d i n th e a r e a s s t u d i e d . W ill be e v a lu a te d w ith r e s p e c t to th e s e
c rite ria .
F u r t h e r , s i z e s a p p r o p r ia te t o any g iv e n c r i t e r i o n w i l l be
-
e v a lu a te d w ith r e s p e c t to o t h e r s .
34
-
How e f f i c i e n t i s a '" fa m ily farm "?
'
TShat a r e th e in c o m e -p ro d u c in g a b i l i t i e s and th e l e v e l o f e f f i c i e n c y o f
fa rm s as th e y now e x i s t ?
From t h i s a n a l y s i s th e a d ju s tm e n t i n s i z e n e c e s s a r y t o m eet s p e c i f i c
p o l i c y o b j e c t i v e s can b e p o s t u l a t e d f o r th e s tu d y a r e a s .
P r i n c i p l e s and
p r o c e d u r e s w i l l be d e v e lo p e d t h a t can b e a p p lie d i n th e e v a l u a ti o n o f
o th e r a r e a s .
I t w i l l a l s o b e p o s s i b l e t o p o s t u l a t e g e n e r a l p o l i c i e s and
d e m o n s tra te th e r e s u l t s i n te rm s o f t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n to l o c a l a r e a s .
A ssu m p tio n s'
F or p u rp o s e s o f t h i s s tu d y th e farm b u d g e t may be d e f in e d b r o a d ly
a s a s c h e d u le o f th e farm o r g a n iz a ti o n , show ing th e c r o p p in g p a t t e r n ,
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f in v e s tm e n t b etw een r e a l e s t a t e and c h a t t e l s and a n t i c i ­
p a te d incom e and e x p e n d itu r e s f o r th e o p e r a t in g y e a r .
• , Plany p h y s i c a l in p u t f a c t o r s su ch as l a b o r , power r e q u ir e m e n ts , c ro p
y i e l d s , and i n p u t s f o r m a ch in ery and b u i l d i n g s can be b a s e d on e x p e rie n c e
Y ie ld a ssu m p tio n s f o r b u d g e t c o m p u ta tio n on th e G r e e n f ie ld s D iv is io n o f
th e Sun R iv e r , th e H u n tle y , and th e H e a rt M o u n tain D iv is io n o f th e > .. ..
S hoshone R e c la m a tio n P r o j e c t s w i l l b e o b ta in e d from t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e
c ro p p r o d u c tio n r e p o r t s f o r '1 9 5 7 .
A d ju stm e n ts w i l l be made on th e
c o n s id e r e d judgm ent o f p r o j e c t m anagers and p r o c e e d in g c ro p p r o d u c tio n
r e p o r t s i n o r d e r to a c h ie v e a p r o j e c t e d lo n g te rm a v e ra g e y i e l d .
Y ie ld s
- 35 u se d on th e E a s t B ench R e c la m a tio n U n it w i l l b e b a s e d upon a ssu m p tio n s
o b ta in e d fro m th e B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n 's D e f i n i t e F la n R e p o r t. J /
P r i c e s and r a t e s p a id by f a r m e r s , i n c lu d in g ite m s u s e d i n p r o d u c tio n ,
i n t e r e s t , t a x e s , and w ag es, w i l l b e t i e d to an a l l p ro d u c t in d e x o f 265
[1910 - 14 = IOO).
P r i c e s r e c e iv e d by f a r m e r s w i l l be t i e d to an a l l
p ro d u c t in d e x o f 235 a s r e f l e c t e d i n A g r i c u l t u r a l P r i c e and C ost P ro ­
j e c t i o n s . "g/
A ll p r i c e s and c o s t s w i l l be a d ju s te d to r e f l e c t l o c a l c o n d i tio n s as
c lo s e ly as i s p o s s ib le .
The c o n s t r u c t i o n c o s t in d e x u t i l i z e d w i l l be 685
I
(1913 - 1 0 0 ).
Land d ev elo p m en t c h a rg e s f o r t h e v a r io u s la n d c l a s s e s w i l l
b e ta k e n fro m t h e E a s t Bench U n i t 's p la n s and p r o j e c t i o n s a s c o n ta in e d i n
th e D e f i n i t e P la n R e p o r t and w i l l b e a d j u s t e d to a c h ie v e a lo n g - te r m
p ro je c te d le v e l. 3 /
I t i s r e c o g n iz e d t h a t s e t t l e r s c a n i n c r e a s e th e r e t u r n t o farm
■family la b o r and management th ro u g h th e u t i l i z a t i o n o f l i v e s t o c k .
How­
e v e r , i n o rd e r t o r e f l e c t th e incom e p ro d u c in g a b i l i t y o f th e la n d , t h i s
s tu d y h a s b e e n r e s t r i c t e d to th e p r o d u c tio n o f c r o p s .
The c r o p s , in c lu d ­
in g p a s t u r e , w i l l b e s o ld .
2 / U. S. D ep a rtm e n t o f I n t e r i o r , B ureau o f R e c la m a tio n , D e f i n i t e F la n
R e p o r t. A ppendixes G. H. I . J . E.--D. -H. N. 0. Ea s t Bench U n it, M ontana,
M is s o u ri R iv e r B a s in F r o j e c t , R eg io n 6 , G re a t F a l l s , M ontana, 1956.2 / U. S. D ep artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a rc h S e r v ic e and
A g r i c u l t u r a l M a rk e tin g S e r v ic e , A g r i c u l t u r a l F r i c e and C o st P r o j e c t i o n s
( e s ti m a te s f o r o f f i c i a l u s e o n l y ) , "W ashington; S ep tem b er, 1957.
\
3 / U. S. D e p artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n , o p . c i t .
- 36 E ach b u d g e t w i l l be a c c lim a tiz e d a s n e a r l y as i s p o s s i b l e t o i t s
r e s p e c t i v e p h y s ic a l a r e a and t o th e econom ic p r a c t i c e s and tr e n d s o f t h a t
a re a .
The p r i n c i p a l c r o p s o f eac h s tu d y a r e a w i l l be in c lu d e d i n th e
r e s p e c t i v e b u d g e ts .
N e c e s s a ry equipm ent and im provem ent in v e s tm e n ts w i l l
b e made i n s i m i l a r am ounts f o r eac h o f th e v a r io u s la n d c l a s s e s a t th e
160, 2 4 0 , 3 2 0 , and 480 a c r e farm s i z e s .
The r a t i o o f t i l l e d
and i n t e r t i l l e d c r o p s to sod c r o p s w i l l b e 2 :2
on c l a s s I ," 2 :3 on c l a s s I I and 2 :4 op. c l a s s I I I s o i l s .
No p a s tu r e c ro p s
w i l l b e in tr o d u c e d on c l a s s I la n d s b u t w i l l b e u t i l i z e d i n an in c r e a s in g
p r o p o r ti o n on c l a s s I I and c l a s s I I I la n d s .
The p u rp o s e o f t h i s s tu d y i s to p r o v id e co m p reh en siv e in f o r m a tio n
on th e 16 0 - a c r e r u l e w h ich i s m e a n in g fu l t o l e g i s l a t o r s and a d m i n i s t r a t o r s
so a s , t o c o n t r i b u t e t o a b a s i s f o r l e g i s l a t i v e a c t i o n and a d m in is tr a t iv e
d e c isio n .
The la n g u a g e o f th e s tu d y , t h e r e f o r e , i s n o n te c h n ic a l as i s
p o s s i b l e so a s to b e u s a b le by laym an and t e c h n i c i a n a l i k e .
S o u rc e o f D a ta
M ich o f th e d a t a f o r th e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s w i l l b e s e c u re d from
th e U n ite d S t a t e s R e c la m a tio n o f f ic e 's a t B i l l i n g s , B a l l a n t i n e , and P a i r f i e l d , M ontana and P o w e ll, Yyoming— th e h e a d q u a r te r s o f th e v a r io u s
p r o j e c t s tu d y a r e a s .
R e c o rd s p e r t a i n i n g t o d ev elo p m en t, i r r i g a t i o n , and
c ro p p in g p r a c t i c e s w i l l b e a v a i l a b l e i n th e an n u a l r e p o r t s o f th e
p r o j e c t m a n ag ers.
B a t a c o n c e rn in g th e o r i g i n a l and p r e s e n t o w n ersh ip
-
37
-
s i z e s w i l l b e d e r iv e d fro m th e fa rm u h i t p l o t s o f th e p r o j e c t s a s fou n d
i n th e r e g i o n a l h e a d q u a r te r s o f f i c e a t B i l l i n g s , M ontana. ■
S u p p le m e n ta ry d a t a w i l l b e o b ta in e d from f a rm e rs and l e a d e r s i n
each a re a .
S o i l , to p o g ra p h y , and c l i m a t o l o g i c a l d a t a w i l l b e s e c u re d
fro m v a r io u s s o i l s u rv e y s and M ontana S t a t e C o lle g e A g r i c u l t u r a l E x p e ri­
m ent b u l l e t i n s .
Tax d a t a w i l l be s e c u re d fro m r e p o r t s o f th e M ontana
S t a t e B oard o f E q u a l i z a t i o n .
M is c e lla n e o u s ..d a ta w i l l be d e r iv e d .from ■
num erous p u b lic docum ents and p u b li c a ti o n s , on i r r i g a t i o n and r e c la m a tio n .
D a ta on w ork r e q u ir e m e n ts , s e a s o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f l a b o r , b u i l d i n g s ,
im p ro v em en ts, farm m a c h in e ry n eed ed f o r v a r io u s c r o p p in g p r a c t i c e s , and
su n d ry b u d g e t e s s e n t i a l s w i l l b e d e r iv e d fro m th e Earm B u d g et S ta n d a rd s
1
f o r I r r i g a t i o n F a rm in g . 4 / T h is d a t a w i l l b e a d ju s te d by th e p r o je c te d
■
lo n g te rm a v e ra g e s f o r M ontana.
Land c l a s s T l w i l l s e r v e a s a s ta n d a r d
f o r work re q u ir e m e n t d a t a , w h ile work r e q u ir e m e n ts w i l l b e a d ju s te d i n
a c c o rd a n c e w ith y i e l d f o r la n d c l a s s e s I and I I I . '
D a ta f o r th e E a s t B ench R e c la m a tio n U n it w i l l be d e r iv e d c h i e f l y
fro m th e B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n 's D e f i n i t e P la n R e p o r t. 6 /
4 / U. S. D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n , Farm B udget
S ta n d a rd s f o r I r r i g a t i o n F a rm in g . R e g io n 6 , B i l l i n g s , 1948.
j>/ U. S . D ep artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , op. c i t .
4 / U. S. D e p artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n , op. c i t .
V.
ANALYSIS OF PEOBLEM
The p ro b lem o f to o s m a ll fa rm s on m ost i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t s i s
/
m a g n ifie d when c o u p le d w ith h ig h a l t i t u d e and th e a s s o c ia t e d s h o r t and
c o o l grow in g s e a s o n s w h ich l i m i t c ro p a l t e r n a t i v e s to s m a ll g r a i n s , h ay ,
and p a s t u r e .
T h is s i t u a t i o n i s a g g ra v a te d by c a s h c ro p r e s t r i c t i o n on
lo w e r g ra d e s o f la n d ;
The r a t i o o f t i l l e d
and i n t e r t i l l e d c ro p t o so d c r o p s i n th e R eclam a­
t i o n s tu d y a r e a s i s g e n e r a l l y 2 :2 on c l a s s I , 2 ;3 on c l a s s T I, and 2 :4 on
c la s s I I I s o ils .
W h ile p a s t u r e c ro p s a r e g e n e r a lly n o t in tr o d u c e d on
c l a s s I l a n d s , th e y a r e u t i l i z e d i n an i n c r e a s i n g p r o p o r ti o n on c l a s s I I
and I I I la n d s .
I n a d d i t i o n , la n d c l a s s e s I , I I , and I I I v a r y i n i n i t i a l d e v e lo p ­
m ent c o s t i n su ch a m anner t h a t t h e r e i s an econom ic r e n t i n c l a s s I ,
v e r y l i t t l e r e n t i n c l a s s I I , and no r e n t i n c l a s s I I I l a n d s .
Economic
r e n t i s d e f in e d as th e s u r p lu s r e t u r n above p r o d u c tio n e x p e n se s in c lu d in g
c h a r g e s f o r l a b o r and m anagem ent.
C la s s I la n d h a s no d e f i c i e n c y f o r u s e i n i r r i g a t e d a g r i c u l t u r e .
The developm en t c h a rg e was e s tim a te d on th e E a s t Bench U n it a t a p p ro x i­
m a te ly $3 1 .0 0 p e r a c r e . I /
C la s s I I la n d u s u a l l y h a s a s i n g l e d e f ic ie n c y
i n s o i l , to p o g ra p h y , o r d r a in a g e t h a t e i t h e r somewhat r e d u c e s th e p ro ­
d u c t iv e c a p a c i t y o r r e q u i r e s a m o d e ra te ly h ig h e r in v e s tm e n t f o r th e
J / U. S. D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n , D e f i n i t e P la n
R e p o r t. A ppendixes G. H. I . J . K. L. JL N. 0 . E a s t Aench U n it,
M ontana, !M issouri R iv e r B a s in P r o j e c t , R e g io n 6 , G re a t F a l l s ,
M ontana, 1956.
-
d ev elo p m en t o r management o f la n d .
39
-
C om parable d ev elo p m en t c h a rg e s
a v e ra g e d # 4 6 .0 0 p e r a c r e on c l a s s I L ,la n d , 2 /
C la s s .I I L la n d u s u a l l y h as
two o r t h r e e . d e f i c i e n c i e s a s m en tio n ed i n c l a s s I I la n d b u t in .so m e
c a s e s h a s a s i n g l e d e f i c i e n c y t h a t m a rk e d ly r e d u c e s th e p r o d u c tiv e
c a p a c i t y o f th e la n d o r r e q u i r e s an e x p e n s iv e b u t f e a s i b l e in v e s tm e n t
f o r d ev elo p m en t o r o p e r a t io n .
C om parable d ev elo p m en t c h a rg e s
h e r e w ere e s tim a te d a t #4 2 .0 0 p e r a c r e , j /
¥ e m ust b e a r i n mind t h a t i n many i n s t a n c e s th e la n d s a r e v a r i a b l e
i n p r o f i l e w ith th e r e s u l t t h a t th e fa rm u n i t s w i l l be a c o m p o site o f
la n d c l a s s e s I , I I , and. I l l r a t h e r t h a n , one la n d c l a s s q k c l u s i v e ly .
Components o f A n a ly s is
E f f i c i e n c y , in c o m e -p ro d u c in g a b i l i t y , and th e f a m ily fa rm c o n c e p t
a r e th. e c r i t e r i a w h ich w i l l b e u t i l i z e d i n o rd e r to e v a lu a te th e farm s
o f v a r io u s s iz e s ^ b o th a s found i n ea c h o f th e R e c la m a tio n a r e a s and i n
th e r e l a t e d s e r i e s o f p r e p a r e d farm b u d g e ts .
F q iith e r , s i z e s a p p r o p r ia te
t o any g iv e n c r i t e r i a w i l l b e e v a lu a te d w ith r e s p e c t to th e o th e r
c rite ria .
E ffic ie n c y
E f f i c i e n c y i s e s s e n t i a l l y th e r a t i o o f u s e f u l in p u t t o o u tp u t.
U nder p u re c o m p e titio n th e f ir m i s c o m p elle d by th e f o r c e s o f th e m ark et
2 / Ib id .
I / Ib M .
—
4.0
—
t o o p e r a te a t th e minimum p o i n t on i t s a v e ra g e c o s t c u rv e a t z e ro p r o f i t
i n th e lo n g r u n .
T h is i s shown by F ig u r e 2.
J,
P ric e
Q u a n tity
F ig u re 2 .
Q u a n tity
The C o m p e titiv e F irm and The I n d u s tr y M arket P la c e
S in c e th e demand c u rv e o f th e farm f ir m i s a s t r a i g h t h o r i z o n t a l
l i n e , th e t o t a l re v e n u e c u rv e o f th e p u r e ly c o m p e titiv e f ir m w i l l be
a s t r a i g h t l i n e , th e s lo p e o f w hich i s e q u a l t o th e m a rg in a l re v e n u e .
B ecause th e f ir m i s j u s t c o v e r in g c o s t , th e t o t a l c o s t c u rv e w i l l be
ta n g e n t t o th e t o t a l re v e n u e c u rv e i n a p e r f e c t l y c o m p e titiv e e q u i­
l i b r i u m a s shown i n F ig u r e 3 .
T o ta l
R ev en u e,
C ost, and
O utput
T o ta l
C ost
R evenue
E q u ilib r iu m O utput
Q u a n tity
P r o f i t Curve
F ig u r e 3 .
T o ta l C ost and T o ta l R evenue U nder P u re C o m p e titio n
-41
-
E q u a l it y and ta n g e n c y o f th e s lo p e s o f th e t o t a l c o s t curve, and t o t a l
re v e n u e c u rv e i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e m a rg in a l c o s t e q u a ls th e m a rg in a l re v e n u e .
Optimum e f f i c i e n c y o f th e f ir m i s r e a c h e d , g iv e n th e f a c t o r s o f p r o d u c tio n
and te c h n o lo g y , when m a rg in a l c o s t e q u a ls th e m a rg in a l re v e n u e i n th e lo n g
r u n e q u i lib r i u m .
However, f o r p u rp o s e s o f t h i s s tu d y , i t i s i m p r a c t i c a l to e x e c u te a
m a rg in a l a n a l y s i s i n o r d e r to e q u a te th e m a rg in a l c o s t w ith th e m a rg in a l
re v e n u e .
T h e r e f o r e , th e te rm e f f i c i e n c y w i l l be u se d h e r e a f t e r to i n d i c a t e
th e a r e a o f optimum c o m b in a tio n o f r e s o u r c e s r a t h e r th a n e f f i c i e n c y i n th e
s t r i c t s e n s e o f th e w ord.
N et r e t u r n s p e r a c r e and n e t h o u r ly r e t u r n s to
fa rm f a m ily la b o r and management w ith th e s i z e o f farm a s th e c o n t r o l l i n g
v a r i a b l e have b e e n u se d a s m e asu re s o f e f f i c i e n c y .
Income P ro d u c in g A b i l i t y
C onsen su s o f th e R e c la m a tio n p r o j e c t m anagers i s t h a t incom e p r o - '
d u c in g a b i l i t y i s l i m i t e d by la c k o f s u f f i c i e h t m a n a g e r ia l a b i l i t y on
th e p a r t o f th e farm f ir m o p e r a to r to a maximum mean a v e ra g e o f 320 a c r e s
on th e G r e e n f ie ld s and H e a rt E o u n ta in D i v i s i o n s , and 240 a c r e s on th e
H u n tle y P r o j e c t .
I t i s b e l ie v e d t h a t th e e a r n in g c a p a c i t i e s o f f a r m e r s a r e e q h a l to
th o s e o f s e m i - s k i l l e d and s k i l l e d w o rk e rs i n n o n -fa rm em ploym ent. 4 /
I t i s a ls o b e l ie v e d t h a t i n a c o m p e titiv e economy, th e g r e a t e s t t o t a l o f
4 / D. G. Jo h n so n , C o m p a ra b ility o f L ab o r C a p a c iti e s o f Earm and Nonfarm
L a b o r. Amer. Econ. R ev. 4 3 : 2 9 6 -3 1 3 .
— 42 —
goods and s e r v i c e s a v a i l a b l e t o th e consum er i s ach iev ed , a s th e e a r n in g s
i n a l l em ploym ents a p p ro a c h e q u a l i t y f o r th e same k in d 's o f p r o d u c tio n
fa c to rs
l a b o r , c a p i t a l , and la n d . $ ]
I f t h i s i s t r u e , i t w ould fo llo w
t h a t an incom e g o a l t o u s e as a t o o l i n a n a ly z in g th e incom e p ro d u c in g
a b i l i t i e s o f th e v a r io u s farm s i z e s i n th e b u d g e t S e r ie s w ould b e t h a t
w hich i s e q u a l t o th e a n n u a l d o l l a r r e t u r n o f th e w o rk e rs i n s e m i - s k i l l e d
and s k i l l e d nonefarm em ploym ent.
T h is amount i s § 3 ,0 0 0 arid w i l l be
r e f e r r e d to a s th e § 3 ,0 0 0 s ta n d a r d h e r e a f t e r i n t e x t d i s c u s s i o n .
T o ta l o f n e t r e t u r n s p e r a c re to farm f a m ily la b o r and management
w ith s i z e o f fa rm th e c o n t r o l l i n g v a r i a b l e and an incom e g o a l o f § 3 ,0 0 0
have b e e n u se d a s th e p r i t i c i p a l i n d i c a t o r s o f incom e p ro d u c in g a b i l i t y .
F am ily Farm
The f a m ily fa rm c o n c e p t h a s b een d e f in e d i n te rm s o f la b o r u t i l i ­
z a tio n .
F u l l u t i l i z a t i o n o f farm f a m ily la b o r and management i s b a se d
upon th e Farm B u d g et S ta n d a rd s f o r I r r i g a t i o n F a rm in g .
The s u p p ly i s
s e t a t a maximum o f 2 ,0 0 0 h o u rs on th e p a r t o f th e o p e r a to r and 420
h o u rs on th e p a r t ' o f th e f a m ily — a t o t a l o f 2 ,4 2 0 h o u rs i n a c ro p p in g
o p e r a t io n f o r u s e i n a n a ly z in g t h i s p ro b lem . 2 /
The 2 ,4 2 0 h o u rs a re
2 / TI. S. D ep artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , A g r i c u l t u r a l R e s e a rc h S e r v ic e , Farm
R e s o u rc e s Needed f o r S p e c i f i e d Income L e v e ls . A g r ic u lt u r e In f o r m a tio n
B u l l e t i n No. 180, W ash in g to n ; D ecem ber, 1957, p . I .
Ib id .
2 / U. S . D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n , Farm B udget
S ta n d a rd s f o r I r r i g a t i o n F a rm in g . R eg io n 6 , B i l l i n g s , 1948.
_ 43 th o s e s p e c i f i c a l l y la b e l e d as p r o d u c tiv e w ork and a r e a s s ig n a b l e to
p a r tic u la r cro p s.
I n a d d i t i o n t o t h i s d i r e c t l y p r o d u c tiv e work w i l l be some la b o r o f
a n a t u r e w hich c a n n o t b e d i r e c t l y a s s ig n e d to any one c ro p su c h as fe n c e
m a in te n a n c e and r e p a i r and upkeep o f fa rm r o a d s .
The n o n - a s s ig n a b le .
l a b o r , s i t e c o n d i tio n s o f su ch a n a t u r e t h a t work m ust b e c o m p lete d w ith i n
r i g i d tim e l i m i t s , and tim e o f f f o r s ic k n e s s and bad w e a th e r a r e re a s o n s
why a l a r g e r number o f man h o u rs a r e n o t u t i l i z e d even u n d e r a w e ll p la n n e d farm o r g a n i z a t i o n .
S tu d y A rea D i f f e r e n c e s
The p ro b lem o f to o s m a ll farm s on i r r i g a t i o n p r o j e c t s i n th e R e c la ­
m a tio n s tu d y a r e a i s m dst s e v e r e w here h ig h a l t i t u d e and th e a s s o c ia te d
s h o r t and c o o l g row ing s e a s o n s , and o th e r f a c t o r s , l i m i t c ro p a l t e r n a ­
tiv e s .
I n o rd e r to p o i n t o u t th e s e d i f f e r e n c e s i n th e v a r io u s R e c la ­
m a tio n u n i t s , a co m p a riso n w i l l be made o f th e s o i l t y p e s , h e a t u n i t s ,
and th e e v o l u tio n a r y g ro w th o f o w n ersh ip farm u n i t s .
The g ro w th o f th e
o w n ersh ip farm u n i t s w i l l a ls o b e com pared w ith th e 1957 o p e r a t in g farm
u n it s iz e .
Land C la s s e s
Land c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i n R e c la m a tio n i s c o n d u c te d p r i m a r i l y f o r th e
p u rp o s e o f e s t a b l i s h i n g th e d e g re e o f s u i t a b i l i t y o f la n d s f o r s u s ta in e d '
ir r ig a tio n a g ric u ltu re .
I t i s one o f th e b a s ic f u n c ti o n s n e c e s s a r y f o r
s e l e c t i n g p r o p e r la n d u s e , la n d d ev elo p m en t n e e d s , and s i z e o f farm u n i t s .
- 44 A d e t a i l e d s o i l s u rv e y is ; n o t a v a i l a b l e ' f o r th e H u n tle y P rO j e c t .
I r r i g a b l e la n d i s l i s t e d i n la n d c l a s s e s I th ro u g h IV (1 9 ,6 1 8 a c r e s ) o r
i n la n d c l a s s V (1 2 ,8 6 9 a c r e s ) . 8 / ■ D e t a i l e d s o i l s t u d i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e
f o r th e E a s t Bench U n it and th e G r e e n f id ld s and H e a rt H b u n ta in D iv is o n s ,
how ever.
F o llo w in g i s a t a b l e co m p arin g la n d c l a s s e s I , I I , and I I I o f
th e s e u n its .
TABLE I .
I.'
-
Land C la s s
I
II
III
-
.
COMPARISON OF (IRRIGABLE ACREAGE) LAND CLASSES I , I I , AND I I I
WITHIN AND BETWEEN THREE RECLAMATION STUDY AREAS
E a s t Bench
. U n it . a /
6.6%
53.5%
39.9%
G r e e n f ie ld s
D iv is io n b /
62.3%
26! 4%
3.8%
' H e a rt M ountain
D iv is io n c /
7.2%
5 0 . 0%
35.4%
a / U. S. D e p artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n , D e f i n i t e P la n
R e p o r t. op. c l t . . p . G 2 4 .
b / P . L. S la g s v o ld , An A n a ly s is o f th e . P r e s e n t S ta t u s o f A g r ic u lt u r e on
t h e Sun R iv e r I r r i g a t i o h P r o j e c t , op. c i t . . p . 12,.
c / U. S. D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n , Economic R e p o rt
and Repaym ent P la n . H e a rt M ountain D i v i s i o n . Shoshone P r o j e c t , Wyoming,
Y e llo w s to n e -B ig Horn P r o j e c t s O f f ic e , Cody, Wyoming, 1958, p.. 1.
The E a s t B ench U n it and th e H e a rt M o u n tain D iv is io n hav e s i m i l a r
p r o p o r ti o n s o f c l a s s e s I , I I , and I I I la n d s w ith a p p ro x im a te ly 7 , 50, and
8 / U. S. D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n , C rops P ro d u c tio n
- R e p o r t. H u n tle y P r o j e c t , M ontana, 1957.
- 45 40% o f e a c h , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The G r e e n f ie ld s D iv is io n has* on th e o th e r
h a n d , a 62, 2 6 , and 4% d i v i s i o n o f la n d c l a s s I , I I , and I I I .
H eat U n its
I n one way o r a n o th e r , te m p e r a tu r e in f lu e n c e 's e v e ry c h e m ic a l and
.
p h y s i c a l p r o c e s s c o n n e c te d w ith p l a n t s — s o l u b i l i t y o f m i n e r a ls , a b s o r p tio n
o f w a te r , g a s e s and m in e r a l n u t r i e n t s , d i f f u s i o n , s y n t h e s i s —-as w e ll as
th e v i t a l p r o c e s s e s su ch a s g ro w th and r e p r o d u c t io n .
S in c e th e s e p r o c e s s e s
a r e n e c e s s a r y f o r p l a n t s t o s u r v iv e , te m p e r a tu r e l i m i t s th e d i s t r i b u t i o n
o f p l a n t s i n th e v a r io u s r e g i o n s .
More th a n t h i s , te m p e r a tu r e l i m i t s th e
a r e a s o f s u c c e s s f u l p r o d u c tio n o f m ost a g r i c u l t u r a l c r o p s .
F o r ea c h v a r i e t y o f c ro p t h e r e i s a te m p e r a tu r e below w h ich grow th
i s n o t p o s s i b l e — th e minimum g row th te m p e r a tu r e .
maximum te m p e r a tu r e above w hich g row th c e a s e s .
T here i s a ls o a
B etw een th e s e l i m i t s
t h e r e i s an optimum te m p e r a tu r e a t w h ich g ro w th p ro c e e d s w ith g r e a t e s t
ra p id ity .
The g ro w th r a t e o f p l a n t s d o u b les f o r e v e ry 18° F . r i s e i n
te m p e r a tu r e from th e minimum t o th e optimum g row th p o i n t s .
Above th e
optimum te m p e r a tu r e , th e g ro w th r a t e f a l l s o f f r a p i d l y u n t i l th e m axi-mum i s 'r e a c h e d w here g ro w th c e a s e s . 2 /
G ra in c r o p s , f o r exam p le, have
a minimum grow ing te m p e r a tu r e o f 3 2 -4 1 ° F . , an optimum o f 7 7 -8 8 ° F . ,
and a maximum o f 8 8 -9 9 ° F .
.
2 / U. S . D ep artm en t o f A g r i c u l t u r e , C lim a te and Man. Y earbook o f A g ri­
c u l t u r e , Government P r i n t i n g O f f ic e , W ash in g to n ; 1941, p . 294.
-
4-6
—
U sin g as a b a s e th e minimum te m p e r a tu r e a t w hich g ro w th o c c u r s , h e a t
u n i t s c a n b e computed, by a d d in g th e number o f d e g r e e -h o u r s ( a d e g re e -h o u r
b e in g 1 d e g re e o f te m p e r a tu r e above th e b a s e f o r th e d u r a t i o n o f an h o u r)
d u r in g th e g row ing s e a s o n .
A lth o u g h th e f r o s t - f r e e p e r io d v a r i e s b u t e i g h t d a y s b etw een th e
e x t e n s i v e c r o p - ty p e G r e e n f ie ld s D i v i s i o n . (118 d ay s) and th e i n t e n s i v e
c r o p - ty p e H u n tle y P r o j e c t ( 1 2 6 .d a y s ) , h e a t u n i t s v a r y a g r e a t d e a l and
a r e much more im p o r ta n t i n s o f a r as c r o p p in g a l t e r n a t i v e s a r e c o n c e rn e d .
T ab le I I i l l u s t r a t e s th e ex trem e d i f f e r e n c e s i n grow ing c o n d i tio n s a t
F a i r f i e l d , M ontana ( G r e e n f ie ld s D iv is io n ) w ith grow ing s e a s o n h e a t u n i t s
t o t a l i n g 2,121 and H u n tle y , M ontana w ith grow ing s e a s o n h e a t u n i t s t o t a l ­
in g 50% more o r 3 ,1 7 3 .
TABLE I I .
COMPARISON OF AVERAGE NUMBER OF HEAT UNITS AT SELECTED POINTS*
Aug.
S e p t.
706
642
239
2121
886
802
420
3173
L o c a tio n
A p r il
May
Ju n e
J u ly
F a irfie ld
0
84
450
75
364
626
H u n tle y
T o ta l
* P . L. S la g s v p ld , An A n a ly s is o f th e P r e s e n t S t a t u s o f A g r ic u lt u r e on
t h e Sun R iv e r I r r i g a t i o n P r o j e c t , on. c i t . . p . 11.
-
47
-
' S iz e o f Farm s
A co m p ariso n o f th e o r i g i n a l o w n e rs h ip , 1957 O w nership, and th e 1957
o p e r a t in g s i z e o f fa rm s i n th e G r e e n f ie ld s D iv i s i o n , th e H u n tle y P r o j e c t
and th e H e a rt H b u n ta ih d i v i s i o n show a s u b s t a n t i a l i n c r e a s e i n s i z e o f
fa rm .
T h is i n c r e a s e i s e s p e c i a l l y m arked i n b o th o f th e o ld e r p r o j e c t s ,
i . e . , th e e x te n s iv e ty p e G r e e n f ie ld s D i v i s i o n , p a r t o f w hich h a s b een i n
o p e r a t io n s in c e 1915, and th e i n t e n s i v e ty p e H u n tle y P r o j e c t w hich h as
b e e n i n o p e r a t io n s in c e 1907.
Farm s i z e co m p a riso n s f o r th e v a r io u s R e c la ­
m a tio n s tu d y a r e a s a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n F ig u r e Lf .
The 1957 ownership farm unit on the Greenfields Division was 99%
larger (l65 acres)
than the original ownership size of 83 acres.
OpeitT ,
ating size in 1957 was 152% (251 acre's) of the 1957 ownership unit.
T h is i n d i c a t e s t h a t 34% o f th e 1957 o p e r a t in g u n i t was le a s e d la n d — a
d e v i a t i o n from th e o r i g i n a l i n t e n t o f C ongresp w hich a d v o c a te d farm u n i t s
owned and o p e r a te d by th e farm f a m ily .
O w nership s i z e f o r 1957 on th e H u n tle y P r o j e c t was 38% l a r g e r (64
a c r e s ) th a n th e o r i g i n a l o w n ersh ip farm u n i t s i z e o f 46 a c r e s w h ile th e
1957 o p e r a t in g s i z e o f 116 a c r e s was 82% l a r g e r th a n th e 1957 o w n ersh ip
fa rm s i z e .
T h is i n d i c a t e s t h a t 45% o f t h e o p e r a tin g u n i t i n 1957 was
l e a s e d la n d — a g a in a d e v i a t i o n from th e o r i g i n a l i n t e n t o f C o n g ress.
B ecau se th e H e a rt H b u n ta in D iv is io n i s a c o m p a r a tiv e ly new p r o j e c t
(d ev elo p m en t p e r io d c o n c lu d e d i n 1957) , o w n ersh ip farm u n i t s i z e h a s
in c r e a s e d o n ly 2% d u r in g th e p e r io d 1949 t o 1957.
The 1957 o p e r a tin g
.
- 48 -
(A cres)
(A cres)
O r ig in a l O wnership S iz e
G r e e n f ie ld
- 1939
H u n tle y
- 1933
H e a rt M ountain - 1949
300
-3 0 0
1957 O w nership S iz e
-250
Iljjjj^jjj 1957 O p e ra tin g S iz e
-
G r e e n f ie ld s D iv „
(Sun R iv e r P r o j e c t )
F ig u r e 4*
H u n tle y P r o j e c t
200
H e a rt M tn. D iv .
(S hoshone P r o j e c t )
C om parison Of O r ig in a l O w nership, 1957 O w nership, Apd 1957
O p e ra tin g S iz e Of Farm s W ith in And Betw een T hree R e c la m a tio n
S tu d y A re a s , 1958.
-
-49
-
s i z e o f 149 a c r e s was 20% l a r g e r th a n th e 1957 o w n ersh ip s i z e , h o w ev er.
L eased la n d , t h e r e f o r e , c o n s t i t u t e s 17% o f th e 1957 o p e r a t in g u n i t s .
I n R e c la m a tio n p r o j e c t s su ch a s th e G r e e n f ie ld s D i v i s i o n w here th e
o w n ersh ip farm u n i t s i z e h a s d o u b le d s in c e i n i t i a l s e t t l e m e n t , in v e s tm e n t
i n and d is in v e s tm e n t o f one o r b o th o f th e o r i g i n a l f a r m s te a d s r e s u l t s i n
a m o n e tary l o s s t o th e s e t t l e r .
The a l t e r n a t i v e 's t o th e s e t t l e r a r e to
( l ) o p e r a te l e s s e f f i c i e n t l y from one o r b o th o f th e f a r m s te a d s o r (2)
i n v e s t i n an e n la r g e d , c e n t r a l l y lo c a te d f a r m s te a d c a p a b le ' o f s e r v i c i n g
th e e n t i r e fa rm u n i t more e f f i c i e n t l y .
I n i t i a l u n it s o f la r g e r s iz e
w ould re d u c e t h i s c o s t l y p ro b lem .
E ffic ie n c y
B u d g ets hav e b e e n p r e p a r e d f o r ea c h o f th e f o u r R e c la m a tio n s tu d y
a r e a s f o r la n d c l a s s e s I , I I , and I I I i n a fa rm s i z e s e r i e s o f 160, 240,
320, and 480 a c r e 's .•
H e r e a f t e r , f o r s i m p l i c i t y i n d i s c u s s i o n , th e s e
b u d g e ts' w i l l b e r e f e r r e d to a s th e b u d g e t s e r i e s . 1 0 /
N et r e t u r n s p e r a c r e and n e t h o u r ly r e t u r n s to farm f a m ily la b o r and
management w ith s i z e o f fa rm a s th e c o n t r o l l i n g v a r i a b l e hav e b e e n u sed
a s m e a su re s o f e f f i c i e n c y .
R e tu r n s F e r A cre
E a s t Bench U n i t :
F ig u r e 5 (a ) i l l u s t r a t e s th e r e s u l t i n r e t u r n t o
in c re m e n t o f s i z e on th e E a s t Bench U n it.
The n e t r e t u r n to la b o r and
1 0 / F o r v a lu e s u se d s e e Farm B udget S um m aries, T a b le s I , I I , I I I , and
IV, A ppendix A.
/
r- 50 management in c r e a s e s fro m $10.41 p e r a c r e on c l a s s I la n d a t ' t h e 160 a c r e
fa rm s i z e , t o $ 14-20 and $ 1 4-90 p e r a c r e on th e 320 and 480 -a c r e farm
u n its , re s p e c tiv e ly .
As a p e r c e n ta g e o f n e t 'r e t u r n p e r a c r e to th e 160
a c re fa rm u n i t , th e i n c r e a s e i n n e t r e t u r n p e r a c r e to th e 480 a c re farm
u n i t i s 43% on c l a s s I la n d .
T h is p e r c e n ta g e in c r e a s e s many tim e s on
c l a s s I I I la n d s w here n e t r e t u r n p e r a c r e v a r i e s from a m inus 7^ f i g u r e
on th e 160 a c r e farm u n i t t o p lu s $ 5 .6 2 on th e 480 a c r e fa rm u n i t .
T h is
p o i n t i l l u s t r a t e s th e im p o rta n c e o f la n d c l a s s e s and th e n e c e s s i t y o f
l a r g e r fa rm u n i t s i n a r e a s o f h ig h a l t i t u d e and th e a s s o c ia t e d s h o r t and
c o o l grow in g s e a s o n s w h ich l i m i t c ro p a l t e r n a t i v e s to s m a ll g r a i n s , h ay ,
and p a s t u r e .
The co m p a riso n o f p e r a c r e r e t u r n t o la b o r and management as shown
i n F ig u r e 5 Ca) i n d i c a t e s t h a t on c l a s s I la n d th e c u rv e te n d s to f l a t t e n
s l i g h t l y more b etw ee n t h e 320 and 480 a c r e fa rm u n i t s i z e th a n i t d o es i n
th e c l a s s I I and I I I s o i l s .
T h is seem s to i n d i c a t e t h a t th e r a t e o f
e f f i c i e n c y o f fa rm r e s o u r c e s on th e E a s t Bench U n it d e c r e a s e s somewhat
so t h a t th e optimum c o m b in a tio n i s n e a r e r th e 320 a c re s i z e on c l a s s I
la n d and a p p ro x im a te ly 480 a c r e s on c l a s s I I and I I I s o i l s , d ep e n d in g
upon ( I ) th e p o in t w here th e c u rv e w i l l f l a t t e n , and (2 ) th e a c re a g e
w h ich c o n s t i t u t e s a maximum management lo a d on th e p a r t o f th e s e t t l e r .
I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t o n o te t h a t i n t h i s e x tre m e , e x te n s iv e c r o p - ty p e
p r o j e c t th e optimum fa rm r e s o u r c e c o m b in a tio n s i z e a p p e a rs t o b e two •
and th re e " tim e s th e t r a d i t i o n a l 160 a c r e farm ..
- 51 (a ) P ro p o se d E a s t B ench R e c la m a tio n U n it
( d o l. p e r )
( a c r e n e t)
C la s s I I
C la s s I I I
(A cres)
160
(b ) G r e e n f ie ld s D iv is io n , Sun R iv e r R e c la m a tio n P r o j e c t
C la s s I
C la s s I I
C la s s I I I
(A cres)
F ig u re 5.
160
C om parison Of P e r A cre R e tu rn s To Labor And Management On
V a rio u s S iz e Farms In Three S o i l C la s s e s On F our R eclam a­
t i o n S tu d y A re a s, 1958.
(D a ta o b ta in e d from T a b le s I , I I ,
I I I , and IV , A ppendix A ).
—
52
—
(c ) H u n tle y R e c la m a tio n P r o j e c t
CLASS I
(a c re n e t)
CLASS I I
CLASS I I I
(A cres)
160
(d) H e a rt M ountain D iv is io n , Shoshone R e c la m a tio n P r o j e c t
( d o l. p e r)
(a c re n e t)
CLASS I
20
-
CLASS I I
CLASS I I I
10 -
(A cres)
160
240
320
480
- 53 Ikg.ejlf-ig.M s .R iv is io a :
F ig u r e 5 (b) i l l u s t r a t e s th e r e s u l t i n r e t u r n
t o in c re m e n t i n s i z e on th e G r e e n f ie ld s D iv is o n ., . The n e t r e t u r n t o la b o r
and management in c r e a s e s fro m $ 1 2 .0 5 p e r a c r e n e t on th e c l a s s I 160
a c r e farm s i z e t o $ 1 5 .9 8 and $ 1 6 .7 2 on th e 320 and 480 a c r e farm u n i t s ,
re s p e c tiv e ly .
As a p e r c e n ta g e o f th e n e t r e t u r n p e r a c r e to la b o r and management
on th e 160 a c r e farm u n i t , th e in c r e a s e i n n e t r e t u r n p e r a c r e to th e 48O
a c re s i z e i s 39% on c l a s s I s o i l s .
T h is p e r c e n ta g e i n c r e a s e s many tim e s
on c l a s s I I I s o i l s w here n e t r e t u r n p e r a c r e v a r i e s from 6 5 ^ on th e 160
a c r e farm t o $ 6 .3 6 on th e 480 a c r e fa rm .
These f i g u r e s i l l u s t r a t e th e
im p o rta n c e o f la n d c l a s s e s to th e s e t t l e r and th e n e c e s s i t y o f l a r g e r
fa rm u n i t s i n R e c la m a tio n w here s i t e c o n d i t i o n s l i m i t c ro p a l t e r n a t i v e s
t o g r a i n , h a y , and p a s t u r e .
C om parison o f p e r a c r e r e t u r n s to la b o r and management a s shown i n
F ig u r e 5 (b)- i n d i c a t e s t h a t th e c u rv e te n d s t o f l a t t e n more b etw ee n th e
320 and 480 a c r e farm u n i t s i z e on c l a s s I th a n i t d o e s on t h e c l a s s 11
and I I I la n d s .
A g ain , t h i s seem s to i n d i c a t e a need f o r l a r g e r u n i t s on
th e p o o re r s o i l s — a 320 a c r e farm u n i t on c l a s s I and more th a n 320 a c r e s
on c l a s s I I and I I I s o i l s .
The optimum c o m b in a tio n o f fa rm r e s o u r c e s
p a t t e r n f o llo w s t h a t o f th e E a s t Bench U n it, how ever, i t i s n o t so
c l e a r l y m ark ed .
■H u n tle y P r o j e c t :
In c re m e n t i n r e t u r n t o s i z e o f farm on th e H u n tle y
P r o j e c t i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F ig u r e 5 ( c ) .
The n e t r e t u r n t o la b o r and
management in c r e a s e s fro m $ 3 3 .7 3 p e r a c r e on c l a s s I la n d a t th e 160 a c re
-
fa rm s i z e to
re s p e c tiv e ly .
5 k
-
and § 4 3 .2 4 p e r a c r e on th e 320 and 4.80 fa rm u n it 's ,
As a p e r c e n ta g e o f n e t r e t u r n p e r a c re t o th e 160 a c re
fa rm u n i t , th e in c r e a s e i n n e t r e t u r n p e r a c r e to th e 480 a c r e farm u n i t
i s 28% on c l a s s I la n d .
T h is p e r c e n ta g e in c r e a s e s to 63 on c l a s s I I I
la n d s w here n e t p e r a c r e in c r e a s e s from § 1 6 .4 0 to § 2 6 .7 9 on th e 160 and
480 a c re farm u n i t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Even on t h i s i n t e n s i v e c r o p - ty p e
R e c la m a tio n u n i t w h ich h a s a lo n g e r f r o s t f r e e p e r io d and h e a t u n i t s
t o t a l i n g 50% more th a n th e G r e e n f ie ld s D i v i s i o n , i t i s q u i t e e v id e n t
t h a t th e in c re m e n t i n r e t u r n t o s i z e o f fa rm i s in c r e a s e d t o a g r e a t e r
d e g r e e , b o th r e l a t i v e l y and a b s o l u t e l y , on th e lo w er g ra d e s o f la n d .
W ith p e r c e n ta g e s o f 7 , 54, and 40 o f la n d c l a s s e s I , I I , and I I I i n th e
H u n tle y P r o j e c t , in c re m e n t i n r e t u r n t o farm s i z e i s s i g n i f i c a n t .
C om parison o f r e t u r n p e r a c re t o l a b o r and management a s shown i n
■
F ig u r e 5 (c ) i l l u s t r a t e s a much lo w e r, a lth o u g h s te a d y , i n c r e a s e a f t e r
th e 240 a c r e fa rm s i z e .
C o n s id e rin g th e l i m i t a t i o n im posed b y la c k q f
m a n a g e ria l a b i l i t y on th e p a r t o f m ost s e t t l e r s , i t w ould seem t h a t t h b ;
optimum c o m b in a tio n o f fa rm r e s o u r c e s w ould be b etw een 240 and 320 a c r e s ,
d e p e n d in g upon la n d c l a s s and s e t t l e r m a n a g e ria l a b i l i t y .
H e a rt M ountain D i v i s i o n :
In c re m e n t i n r e t u r n to s i z e o f farm on th e
H e a rt M ountain D iv is io n i s i l l u s t r a t e d i n F ig u r e 5 (d) „■ The n e t r e t u r n
t o la b o r and management in c r e a s e s from § 2 0 .7 2 on c l a s s I la n d a t th e 160
a c re fa rm s i z e t o § 2 2 .7 3 and § 2 3 .6 6 on th e 320 and 48Q a c r e farm u n i t s ,
re s p e c tiv e ly .
As a p e r c e n ta g e o f n e t r e t u r n p e r a c re t o th e 160 a c re
farm u n i t , th e i n c r e a s e i n n e t r e t u r n s p e r a c r e to th e 48O a c r e farm i s
- 55 V $ on c l a s s I la n d .
T h is p e r c e n ta g e i n c r e a s e s t o 40 on c l a s s I I I la n d s
w here n e t p e r a c r e i n c r e a s e s from § 9 .1 8 t o $ 1 2 .8 3 on th e 160 and 480
a c r e farm u n i t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
A g ain , i t i s q u i t e e v id e n t t h a t th e
in c re m e n t i n r e t u r n to s i z e o f farm i s in c r e a s e d t o a g r e a t e r d e’g r e e ,
b o th i n th e r e l a t i v e and a b s o lu te s e n s e , on th e lo w er g r a d e s o f la n d .
W ith p e r c e n ta g e s o f 7 , 50, and 35 on la n d c l a s s e s I , I I , an d I I I i n th e
H e a rt M ountain D iv i s i o n , in c re m e n t i n r e t u r n t o s i z e becom es ev en more
s ig n ific a n t.
Due t o a d i v e r s i f i e d c r o p p in g p a t t e r n in c lu d in g a c o m p a ra tiv e ly
■
h ig h v a lu e c ro p w ith a r e l a t i v e l y low f i x e d c o s t , th e in c re m e n t i n
'
\
r e t u r n t o s i z e i s aTmqst a s t r a i g h t l i n e i n c r e a s e on c l a s s I la n d s and
■
'■
o n ly s l i g h t l y c u ry e d on la n d c l a s s e s I I and I I I .
The l i m i t a t i o n i n s i z e
o f fa rm , t h e r e f o r e , w ould b e t h a t due to l i m i t a t i o n i n m a n a g e r ia l a b i l i t y
on th e p a r t o f th e s e t t l e r .
R e tu rn s P e r Hour o f Farm F a m ily Labor and Management
The com ponent p a r t s o f F ig u r e 6 i l l u s t r a t e th e t h e o r e t i c a l n e t
h o u r ly r e t u r n s t o farm f a m ily la b o r and management due t o in c re m e n t i n
s i z e o f fa rm .
I n r e a l i t y , h o w ev er, r e t u r n s a r e l i m i t e d by la c k o f
s u f f i c i e n t m a n a g e r ia l a b i l i t y on p a r t o f th e farm f ir m o p e r a to r to an
a p p ro x im a te maximum fa rm s i z e o f 320 a c r e s , w ith v a r i a t i o n o f 240 and
480 a c r e s on th e H u n tle y P r o j e c t and E a s t Bench U n it,’ r e s p e c t i v e l y .
A n a l y s i s 'o f F ig u r e 6 shows i n c r e a s i n g r e t u r n s to s c a le , th ro u g h o u t
t h e fo u r R e c la m a tio n s tu d y a r e a s .
A lth o u g h i t w ould be d e s i r a b l e to
- 56 f i n d th e p o in t o f d e c r e a s i n g r e t u r n s to s c a l e , i t i s n o t p o s s i b l e a t t h i s
p o i n t t o c o r r e l a t e d e c r e a s in g r e t u r n t o s c a l e w ith so l i t t l e known o f th e
l i m i t a t i o n s on m a n a g e r ia l a b i l i t y .
R e tu rn s p e r h o u r t o in c re m e n t i n s i z e a r e r e l a t i v e l y more v a r i a b l e
i n th e lo w er g ra d e s o f la n d and i n th e p r o j e c t s w here s i t e c o n d i tio n s
p r e c lu d e i n t e n s i v e a g r i c u l t u r e i
The a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r e x p a n s io n t h e r e ­
f o r e , a r e ( l ) i d e a l s i t e c o n d i tio n s and i n t e n s i v e a g r i c u l t u r e o r (2)
e x t e n s i v e a g r i d u l t u r e on a l a r g e r s c a l e .
S in c e t h i s s tu d y d e a l s l a r g e l y
w ith a r e a s o f l i m i t e d a l t e r d a t i v e s , we m ust r e i t e r a t e th e need: f o r
l a r g e r farm u n itfe i n a r e a s o f h ig h a l t i t u d e and a s s o c ia t e d s h o r t and
c o o l gro w in g s e a s o n s .
F ig u r e 6 i s tyaSed on T ab le I , A ppendix B.
- 57(a ) P ro p o se d E a s t Bench R e c la m a tio n U n it
( d o l. r e t u r n p e r h o u r)
( o f farm fa m ily )
CLASS I
160
CLASS I I
(A cres)
240 320 48O
160
(A cres)
240 320
CLASS I I I
480
(A cres)
160 240 320
480
(b) G r e e n f ie ld s D i v i s i o n , Sun R iv e r R e c la m a tio n P r o j e c t
( d o l. r e t u r n p e r h o u r)
( o f farm fa m ily )
CLASS I I
CLASS I
160
F ig u re 6.
(A cres)
240 320
480
160
(A cres)
240 320
CLASS I I I
48O
(A cres)
160 240 320
480
C om parison Of P e r Hour R e tu rn s To Labor And Management On V a rio u s
S iz e Farm s I n T h ree S o il C la s s e s On F our R e c la m a tio n S tu d y A re a s ,
1958.
(D a ta o b ta in e d from T a b le s I , I I , I I I , and IV, A ppendix A)
— 58 —
Ce) H u n tle y R e c la m a tio n P r o j e c t
Cdol. r t n . per hour)
( o f farm fa m ily )
CLASS I
CLASS I I
CLASS I I I
10 -
(A cres)
(A cres)
(A cres)
240 320 480
160 240 320 48O
160 240 320 48O
,
(d ) H e a rt M ountain D iv i s i o n , Shoshone P r o j e c t
( d o l . r t n . p e r h o u r)
( o f farm fa m ily )
160
CLASS I
160
F ig u re 6.
(A cres)
240 320
(C o n tin u ed )
CLASS I I I
CLASS I I
480
(A cres)
160 240 320
480
160
(A cres)
240 320 48O
- 59 Income F ro d u o ln g A b i l i t y
N et d o l l a r r e t u r n s t o farm f a m ily l a b o r and management f o r th r e e
la n d c l a s s e s and f o u r fa rm s i z e s i n th e v a r io u s R e c la m a tio n s tu d y a r e a s
a r e i l l u s t r a t e d i n F ig u r e s 7 , 8 , 9 , and 10. 1 1 /
F i n a n c i a l sum m aries
show ing th e r e l a t i o n o f farm r e c e i p t s , e x p e n s e s , n e t incom e, i n t e r e s t on
in v e s tm e n t, and r e t u r n t o fa rm f a m ily la b o r and management f o llo w each
f i g u r e i n T a b le s I I I , IV , V, and V I. 1 2 /
The n e t d o l l a r r e t u r n s to farm f a m ily la b o r and management w i l l , i n
tu rn -, b e com pared to th e § 3 ,0 0 0 income g o a l.
A gain, i n a n a l y s i s , we m ust
b e a r i n mind th e incom e l i m i t a t i o n im posed by la c k o f m a n a g e r ia l a b i l i t y .
E a s t Bench U n it
The t o t a l incom e to fa rm f a m ily la b o r and management on th e E a s t
Bench U n it f o r th e 1.60 a c r e farm s i z e i n la n d c l a s s e s I , I I , and I I I ,,
i s $ 1 ,6 6 6 .0 0 , § 7 2 8 .0 0 , and § - .1 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
I t i s q u i t e a p p a re n t
t h a t th e r e t u r n to farm f a m ily la b o r and management on th e E a s t Bench
U n i t 's 160 a c r e farm u n i t s d o es n o t ap p ro a c h th e § 3 ,0 0 0 g o a l.
C la s s I la n d r e q u i r e s 240 a c r e s i n o rd e r to r e a c h t h i s f i g u r e , c l a s s
I I r e q u i r e s 320 a c r e s and c l a s s I I I r e q u i r e s i n e x c e s s o f 480 a c r e s ,
1 1 / F o r v a l u e s u se d se e Farm B udget S um m aries, T ab les I , I I , I I I and IV,
A ppendix A.
1 2 / Ib id .
— 60 —
F ig u re 7 i l l u s t r a t e s r e t u r n s to farm f a m ily la b o r and management to
in c re m e n t i n s i z e w h ile T ab le I I I i s a f i n a n c i a l summary o f th e E ag t Bench
U n it.
TABLE I I I .
FINANCIAL SUMMARIES— PROPOSED EAST BENCH RECLAMATION UNI%*
Land C la s s I :
(Farm S iz e - a c r e s )
Farm R e c e ip ts
Farm E x p en ses
Net Income
I n t e r e s t on In v e s tm e n t
R e tu rn to Labor and Mgmt.
160
5959
2739
3220
1554
1666
240
9070
4114
4956
1908
3048
22a
1 2 ,1 2 6
5330
6796
2251
4545
ASQ
1 8 ,3 0 4
8220
1 0 ,0 8 4
2930
7154
Land C la s s I I :
Farm R e c e ip ts
Farm E x p en ses
N et Income
I n t e r e s t on In v e s tm e n t
R e tu rn to Labor and Mgmt.
5078
2686
2392
1664
728
7721
3597
4142
2064
2060
10,3 7 9
4837
5542
2470
3072
15,5 5 9
7258
8301
3242
5059
Land C la s s I I I :
Farm R e c e ip ts
Farm E x p en ses
N et Income
I n t e r e s t on In v e s tm e n t
R e tu r n to Labor and Mgmt.
4237
2629
2392
1620
-1 2
6449
3665
4142
2006
778
8614
4762
5542
2385
1467
13 ,0 6 2
7236
8301
3130
2696
*For v a lu e s u se d s e e T ab le I , A ppendix A.
G r e e n f ie ld s D iv is io n
A g ain , a s on th e E a s t Bench U n it, th e 16 0 - a c re (a v e ra g e G r e e n fie ld s '"
farm u n i t o w n ersh ip = 165 a c r e s ) farm u n i t f a l l s s h o r t o f th e $ 3 ,0 0 0
g o a l i n r e t u r n to farm f a m ily la b o r and management on th e G r e e n f ie ld s
D iv is io n w ith i t s r e t u r n o f $ 1 ,9 2 8 .0 0 , $ 8 9 3 .0 0 , and $ 1 0 4 .0 0 f o r la n d
CLASS I I
CLASS I
10,000
-
5 ,0 0 0
-
CLASS I I I
1
1
0 160
F ig u r e 7 .
(A cres)
240 320
480
160
(A cres)
240 320
480
160
(A cres)
240 320
480
C om parison Of R e tu rn s To L abor And Management On V a rio u s S iz e Farms I n Three
S o i l C la s s e s On The P ro p o se d E a s t Bench U n it, M ontana, 1958.
(D ata
o b ta in e d from T able I , A ppendix A)
— 62 —
c l a s s e s I , I I , and I I I r e s p e c t i v e l y .
To m eet th e d e s i r e d g o a l a c l a s s I
la n d u n i t r e q u i r e s 240 a c r e s , a c l a s s I I u n i t 320 a c r e s , and a c l a s s I I I
u n i t 480 a c r e s .
F ig u re 8 i l l u s t r a t e s th e r e t u r n s to farm f a m ily la b o r and management
to in c re m e n t i n s i z e f o r t h r e e s o i l c l a s s e s w h ile T able IV i s a f i n a n c i a l
summary o f th e G r e e n f ie ld s D iv is io n .
TABLE IV.
FINANCIAL SUMMARIES— GREENFIELDS DIVISION, SUN RIVER PROJECT*
Land C la s s I :
(Farm S i z e - a c r e s )
Farm R e c e ip ts
Farm E xpen ses
N et Income
I n t e r e s t on In v e s tm e n t
R e tu rn t o Labor and Mgmt.
m
6222
2739
3483
1555
1928
240
9437
4116
5321
1910
3411
120
12,705
5335
7370
2256
5114
4S0
19,203
8232
10,971
2943
8028
Land C la s s I I :
Farm R e c e ip ts
Farm E xpen ses
N et Income
I n t e r e s t on In v e s tm e n t
R e tu rn t o Labor and Mgmt.
5236
2682
2554
1661
893
7993
3600
4393
2067
2326
10,7 3 2
4840
5892
2473
3419
1 6 ,0 7 2
7269
8805
3253
5550
Land C la s s I I I :
Farm R e c e ip ts
Farm E x p en ses
N et Income
I n t e r e s t on In v e s tm e n t
R e tu rn to L abor and Mgmt.
4357
2631
1726
1622
104
6663
3669
2994
2009
985
8863
4767
4096
2390
1706
13,435
7243
6192
3138
3054
*For v a l u e s u se d se e T ab le I I , A ppendix A.
CLASS LI
CLASS I
(d o l)
CLASS I I I
',0 ,0 0 0 -
5,000
-
0 160
F ig u r e 8.
(A cres)
240 320 480
160
(A cres)
240 320 480
(A cres)
C om parison Of R e tu rn s To Labor And Management On V a rio u s S iz e Fafms In
T hree S o i l C la s s e s On The G r e e n f ie ld s D i v i s i o n , Sun R iv e r P r o j e c t ,
M ontana, 1958.
(D ata o b ta in e d from T ab le I I , A ppendix A)
— 64 —
H u n tle y P r o j e c t
The 160 a c r e H u n tle y P r o j e c t farm u n i t e x c e e d s th e 1 3 ,0 0 0 income
g o a l t o f a m ily fa rm la b o r and management i n a l l e x c e p t th e c l a s s I I I
la n d w ith i t s r e t u r n o f $ 2 ,6 2 4 .
and $ 3 ,9 4 6 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Land c l a s s e s I and I I r e t u r n $ 5 ,3 9 6
The g r e a t l y in c r e a s e d r e t u r n i s due t o s i t e
c o n d i tio n s w hich a r e c o n d u civ e to i n t e n s i v e c u l t i v a t i o n o f th e h ig h
v a lu e su g a r b e e t c r o p .
I n r e a l i t y , h o w ev er, th e 1957 o w n ersh ip s i z e i s b u t 64 a c r e s — 40%
o f th e 160 a c r e fa rm .
R e tu r n , t h e r e f o r e , t o farm f a m ily la b o r and manage­
m ent f a l l s much b elow th e $ 3 ,0 0 0 g o a l oh th e H u n tle y P r o j e c t .
T h is p o in t
s e r v e s t o em p h asize one o f th e i n j u s t i c e s r e s u l t i n g b e c a u s e o f i n i t i a l
to o s m a ll (46 a c r e s ) R e c la m a tio n farm u n i t s — p e r p e t u a t i o n o f u n i t s (64
a c re 's i n 1957) below s ta n d a r d i n a b i l i t y t o r e a c h a d e s i r e d incom e g o a l.i
F ig u r e 9 i l l u s t r a t e s n e t d o l l a r r e t u r n t o farm f a m ily la b o r and
m anagement t o in c re m e n t i n s i z e f o r th e v a r io u s la n d c l a s s e s w h ile T ab le
V i s a f i n a n c i a l summary o f th e H u n tle y P r o j e c t .
CLASS I I
CLASS I
(d o l)
CLASS I I I
2 0 ,0 0 0
£>
O
CV
1 5 ,0 0 0
CV
O
CTs
P
CV
12,861
10,000
NO
o
UN
ON
S
Z>
UN
UN
5,000
UN
z>
IA
l>
NO
ON
NO
NO
0
160
F ig u r e 9.
(A cres)
240
320
160
(A cres)
240 320
480
160
(A cres)
240 320
480
C om parison Of R e tu rn s To Labor And Management On V a rio u s S iz e Farms In
T hree S o i l C la s s e s On The H u n tle y R e c la m a tio n P r o j e c t , M ontana, 1958.
( L a ta o b ta in e d from T ab le I I I , A ppendix A)
— 66 —
TABLE V.
FINANCIAL SUMMARIES— HUNTLEY RECLAMATION PROJECT*
Land C la s s I :
(Farm S iz e - a c r e s )
Farm R e c e ip ts
Farm E xpen ses
Net Income
I n t e r e s t on In v e s tm e n t
R e tu rn t o Labor and Mgmt.
m
11,8 8 6
4589
7277
1881
5396
26Q
1 8 ,0 3 0
6315
11,725
2209
9506
320
2 3 ,9 8 5
8161
15,821
2581
13,2 4 3
4S0
36,291
1 2 ,2 8 4
2 4 ,0 0 7
3253
2 0 ,7 5 4
Land C la s s I I :
Farm R e c e ip ts
Farm E x p en ses
N et Income
I n t e r e s t on In v e s tm e n t
R e tu r n to Labor and Mgmt.
10,3 7 2
4440
5932
1986
3946
15,7 7 5
5890
9885
2366
7519
2 1 ,0 1 4
7683
13,331
2791
1 0 ,5 4 0
3 1 ,7 3 5
11,581
2 0 ,1 5 4
3562
1 6 ,5 9 2
Land C la s s I I I :
Farm R e c e ip ts
Farm E xpen ses
N et Income
I n t e r e s t on In v e s tm e n t
R e tu rn t o Labor and Mgmt.
9029
4456
4573
2949
2624
13,741
5894
7847
2310
5537
18,1 7 0
7580
1 0 ,5 9 0
2691
7899
2 7 ,6 1 2
11,229
16,313
3452
12,861
*For v a lu e s u sed s e e T a b le I I I , A ppendix A.
H e a rt M ountain D iv is io n
S in c e i t i s a d i v e r s i f i e d R e c la m a tio n a r e a , th e H e a rt M ountain
D iv is io n o f th e Shoshone P r o j e c t r e t u r n s more th a n th e $ 3 ,0 0 0 income
g o a l t o farm f a m ily la b o r and management on C la s s I la n d w ith i t s r e t u r n
o f $ 3 ,3 1 5 t o th e 160 a c r e fa rm .
I t f a l l s s h o r t o f th e $ 3 ,0 0 0 g o a l, how­
e v e r , i n i t s c l a s s I I and I I I s o i l s w ith r e t u r n s o f $ 2 ,3 5 9 and $ 1,4 6 8
re s p e c tiv e ly .
Land c l a s s I I r e q u i r e s a lm o st 240 a c r e s t o r e a c h th e
$ 3 ,0 0 0 g o a l w h ile la n d c l a s s I I I r e q u i r e s b etw een 240 and 320 a c r e s .
a l 1957 o w n ersh ip farm s i z e i s 124 a c r e s , h o w ev er, so t h a t n e t d o l l a r
A ctu­
- 67 r e t u r n s to farm f a m ily la b o r and management i n th e H e a rt l b u n t a i n D iv is io n
i s much below th e d e s i r e d incom e g o a l.
F ig u r e 10 i l l u s t r a t e s n e t d o l l a r r e t u r n s to farm f a m ily la b o r and
management to in c re m e n t i n s i z e o f farm f o r th e v a r io u s la n d c l a s s e s
w h ile T ab le VI i s a f i n a n c i a l summary o f th e H e a rt M ountain D iv is io n .
TABLE V I.
FINANCIAL SUMMARIES— HEART MOUNTAIN DIVISION, SHOSHONE PROJECT*
Land C la s s I :
(Farm S i z e - a c r e s )
Farm R e c e ip ts
Farm E xpen ses
N et Income
I n t e r e s t on In v e s tm e n t
R e tu rn to L abor and Mgmt.
m
8305
3391
4914
1599
3315
240
1 2 ,5 8 7
5441
7146
1945
5201
320
16,803
7207
9546
2323
7273
480
2 5 ,3 7 9
1 1 ,0 4 7
14,332
1976
1 1 ,3 5 6
Land C la s s I I :
Farm R e c e ip ts
Farm E xpen ses
N et Income
I n t e r e s t on In v e s tm e n t
R e tu rn t o Labor and Mgmt.
7398
3333
4065
1706
2359
1 1 ,1 4 9
5U 7
6002
2100
3902
14,890
6878
8012
2559
5473
2 2 ,4 4 0
10,433
1 2 ,0 0 7
3297
8710
Land C la s s I I I :
Farm R e c e ip ts
Farm E xpen ses
Net Income
I n t e r e s t on In v e s tm e n t
R e tu rn t o Labor and Mgmt.
6423
3283
3140
1672
1468
9762
4972
4790
2048
2742
1 2 ,9 9 6
6722
1 6245
2467
3778
19,671
1 0 ,3 1 8
9353
3193
6160
*For v a l u e s u sed s e e T ab le IV, A ppendix A.
CLASS I
10,000
CLASS I I I
-
160
F ig u r e 10.
CLASS I I
(A cres)
240 320 48O
160
(A cres)
240 320
48O
160
(A cres)
240 320 48O
C om parison Of R e tu rn s To Labor And Management Oi V a rio u s S iz e Farms In
T hree S o i l C la s s e s Qn The H e a rt M ountain D iv is io n , Shoshone P r o j e c t ,
"Wyoming, 1958.
(D ata o b ta in e d from T able IV, A ppendix A)
-
69
-
F am ily Farm
The f i n a l com ponent o f a n a l y s i s i s th e f a m ily farm — a c o n c e p t w hich
h a s b e e n d e f in e d i n te rm s o f la b o r u t i l i z a t i o n su ch t h a t f u l l u t i l i z a t i o n
o f fa rm f a m ily la b o r i n a c ro p p in g o p e r a t io n w ith i n th e v a r io u s R e c la ­
m a tio n s tu d y a r e a s h a s b e e n s e t a t 2 ,4 2 0 h o u r s . J J ./
S e a s o n a l c r o p s demand t h a t work be co m p leted w ith i n r i g i d tim e
lim its .
T h e r e f o re , f u l l u t i l i z a t i o n o f fa rm f a m ily la b o r i s n o t made
i n any o f th e b u d g e t s e r i e s .
The 2 ,4 2 0 h o u r l i m i t i s r e a c h e d o n ly i n
two i n s t a n c e s — on th e H u n tle y P r o j e c t s ' 480 a c re farm u n i t s i n la n d
c l a s s e s I I and I I I . 1 4 /
I n eac h o f th e o th e r 46 farm u n i t s i z e s o n ly
p a r t i a l u t i l i z a t i o n o f fa rm f a m ily la b o r i s b a d .
E x trem es v a r y from a
61% u t i l i z a t i o n on a c l a s s I I I 160 a c re E a s t Bench farm u n i t t o a 95%
u t i l i z a t i o n on a c l a s s I I I 320 a c r e H u n tle y P r o j e c t farm u n i t .
U t i l i z a t i o n o f farm f a m ily la b o r b e a r s a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p to
i d e a l s i t e l o c a t i o n and s o i l c l a s s .
T h is r e l a t i o n s h i p r e i t e r a t e s th e
n eed f o r l a r g e r farm u n i t s on p o o r e r s o i l s and i n a r e a s o f l i m i t e d cro p
a l t e r n a t i v e s '.
1 3 / See p . 41 o f t e x t f o r d e f i n i t i o n o f f a m ily farm and r e a s o n f o r u se
o f 2^420 h o u rs'.
1 4 / See p . 2 , T a b le s I , I I , I I I , and 17, A ppendix A.
■
V I.
'GONCLUSIQNS
To be m ost u s e f u l , la w s m ust r e f l e c t co n tem p o rary econom ic and
s o c i a l c o n d i tio n s te m p ered w ith j u s t i c e and e q u i ty .
To a d h e re to th e
t r a d i t i o n a l 160 a c r e l i m i t a t i o n w ith o u t d e v i a t i o n as th o u g h i t w ere
im m utable i s as much a f o l l y as would be a v a c i l l a t i n g p o l i c y .
The U n ite d S t a t e s C o n g ress i n e s t a b l i s h i n g p o li c y and th e B ureau o f
R e c la m a tio n i n a d m in is te r in g th e program seem to have s o u g h t t o d e v e lo p
a s many fa rm s a s p o s s i b l e on R e c la m a tio n p r o j e c t s r a t h e r th a n t o d ev e lo p
p r o j e c t s composed o f e f f i c i e n t u n i t s w h ich c o u ld pay o f f in d e b te d n e s s i n
th e s h o r t e s t tim e p o s s i b l e .
T h is i s r e f l e c t e d i n th e e s ta b lis h m e n t o f a
s y ste m o f farm s w hich y i e l d minimum r a t e s o f r e t u r n t o farm r e s o u r c e s ,
e s p e c i a l l y t o o p e r a t o r , f a m ily m anagem ent, and l a b o r .
I t i s due to b a s in g
th e R e c la m a tio n A ct upon arg u m en ts w hich em p h asized th e im p o rta n c e o f
home b u i l d i n g , c o n s e r v a t io n and r e l i e f o f c o n g e s te d a r e a s — m a tte r s in v o lv in g
s o c i a l r a t h e r th a n econom ic e n d s .
The r e s u l t n o t o n ly r e d u c e s th e r e p a y ­
m ent p o s s i b i l i t i e s b u t a l s o in c r e a s e s t h e t o t a l rep ay m en t c o s t s .
Many
p r o j e c t s hav e b e e n prom oted t o b r in g b u s in e s s t o n e a rb y co m m u n ities w ith
little
a t t e n t i o n b e in g g iv e n t o th e p r o d u c tio n p o s s i b i l i t i e s o r w e lf a r e
o f th e s e t t l e r .
The r e c o r d o f ch an g e s made i n rep ay m en t p e r i o d s — from
10 y e a r s i n 1902 t o 40 y e a r s ' p lu s a 1.0 y e a r d ev elo p m en t p e r io d i n 1939—
b e a r s te s tim o n y t o t h i s i n j u s t i c e .
-
71
S e v e r a l u n f a v o r a b le f a c t o r s c a s t d o u b t upon th e econom ic j u s t i f i d ­
e a t i o n f o r b u i l d i n g i r r i g a t i o n w orks i n a r e a s o f e x tre m e ly l i m i t e d c ro p
a lte rn a tiv e s .
These f a c t o r s h in g e upon s i t e and s o i l c o n d i tio n s such
t h a t t h e r e e x i s t s a r e l a t i v e l y low v a lu e c ro p and h ig h f i x e d c o s t — a
d i s t i n c t d is a d v a n ta g e when com pared to a r e a s o f more f a v o r a b l e e n v iro n ­
m e n ta l c o n d i t i o n s .
I f b u i l t , a sy ste m o r i e n t e d t o l a r g e r fa rm s w ould b e more a p p r o p r ia te
th a n one o r i e n t e d to th e t r a d i t i o n a l 160 a c r e farm .
T h is w ould allo w th e
s e t t l e r to in c o r p o r a te a more e x t e n s iv e o p e r a t io n , th e r e b y r e d u c in g h i s
fix e d c o s t.
I n i t i a l u n i t s o f s i z e s o r i e n t e d to e f f i c i e n c y and ad e q u a te
econom ic r e t u r n s w ould re d u c e many o f th e p erm an en t p ro b lem s a s s o c ia t e d
w ith R e c la m a tio n , su ch as p h y s ic a l farm r e s o u r c e r e o r g a n i z a t i o n s and th e
n e c e s s i t y f o r r e p e a te d a m o r tiz a tio n s and le n ie n c y a c t s i n o rd e r to b a i l
th e s e t t l e r o u t o f f i n a n c i a l s t r a i t s .
P o lic y I m p l ic a t io n s
T h is s tu d y h a s sum m arized th e p ro b le m s , t r e n d s , and econom ic c h a ra c .-'
t e r i s t i c s o f a l t e r n a t i v e s i z e s o f fa rm s i n v a r io u s s i t e s i n r e g a r d to
t h e i r r e l a t i o n t o th e o b j e c t i v e s o f R e c la m a tio n .
The f i n d i n g s a r e as
f o llo w s :
I.
P o s t u l a t e d fa rm u n i t s i z e s as e v a lu a te d th ro u g h th e c r i t e r i a o f
.
e f f i c i e n c y , incom e p ro d u c in g a b i l i t y , and th e f a m ily farm c o n c e p t
a re :
- 72 (R e c la m a tio n U n its )
G reenH u n tle y
fie ld s
H e a rt
M tn.
Land
C la s s
E ast
Bench
a . E ffic ie n c y :
(E v a lu a te d by
n e t / a c r e r e t u r n s and
n e t h o u rly r e t u r n s )
I
II
III
320
480
480
320
7-320
»320
240
> 240
>240
^ 320
320
>320
b . Income P ro d u c in g A b i l i t y :
(E v a lu a te d by t o t a l
n e t r e t u r n s and a
$ 3 ,0 0 0 incom e g o a l)
I
II
III
240
320
7480
240
320
480
z 160
160
240
160
7160
^320
7480
320
240
320
I n te rm s o f
c . F am ily Fapnj1 C o n cep t:
(E v a lu a te d i n te rm s o f la b o r
u t i l i z a t i o n t o maximum o f
m a n a g e ria l a b i l i t y )
2.
I n te rm s o f e f f i c i e n c y , income p ro d u c in g a b i l i t y , and th e fa m ily farm
c o n c e p t, th e f i n d i n g s s u g g e s t a farm u n i t s i z e o r i e n t e d to e f f i c i e n c y ,
and a d e q u a te econom ic r e t u r n s r a t h e r th a n a r i g i d 160 a c r e l i m i t a t i o n .
3.
The farm s i n th e s tu d y a r e a s and th e 160 a c r e farm i n a r e a s o f
l i m i t e d c ro p a l t e r n a t i v e s a re to o s m a ll to u t i l i z e c o m p le te ly th e
a v a i l a b l e la b o r r e s o u r c e .
R e tu r n s to farm fa m ily la b o r and manage­
m ent a r e e s p e c i a l l y low i n a r e a s w here a l t i t u d e and th e a s s o c ia t e d
s h o r t and c o o l g ro w in g s e a s o n s l i m i t th e b a s ic c ro p p in g p a t t e r n to
s m a ll g r a i n s , hay and p a s t u r e .
4.
One im p o r ta n t m ethod o f in c r e a s in g r e t u r n s to la b o r and management
i s to d e c r e a s e farm e x p e n s e s .
management f u n c t i o n .
T h is in v o lv e s an i n c r e a s e i n th e
Second o n ly to farm s i z e i n r e d u c in g farm
incom e i s la c k o f m a n a g e ria l a b i l i t y on p a r t o f th e o p e r a t o r .
- 73 S h o u ld s i z e o f fa rm b e in c r e a s e d on R e c la m a tio n p r o j e c t s , th e need .
f o r th e s e r v i c e s o f a management c o n s u l t a n t w i l l i n c r e a s e .
M a n a -.
g e r i a l a b i l i t y i s l i m i t e d a t p r e s e n t to a farm s i z e o f 320 a c re 's .
5.
A d m i n i s t r a t i v e . f l e x i b i l i t y i n farm s i z e l i m i t a t i o n s h o u ld b e i n t r o ­
duced i n o rd e r to p r o v id e an o w n ersh ip farm s i z e r a n g e to accommodate
v a r i a t i o n s due to s i t e l o c a t i o n , la n d c l a s s , m a n a g e r ia l a b i l i t y ,
p r o x im ity to m a rk e t, and o p e r a t i o n a l en d s o f th e farm f a m ily .
•
T h is
w ould more n e a r l y p r o v id e an econom ic u n i t .
Need f o r F u r th e r R e s e a rc h
The c r i t e r i a u se d i n e v a l u a ti o n — e f f i c i e n c y , incom e p ro d u c in g a b i l i t y ,
and th e fa m ily farm c o n c e p t—w ere a p p lie d i n e v a l u a ti o n o f farm r e t u r n s
o n ly .
I n r e a l i t y , h o w ev er, farm incom e c o n s i s t s n o t o n ly o f farm r e t u r n s ,
b u t a ls o o f s u p p le m e n ta l incom e.
A s tu d y , t h e r e f o r e , s h o u ld be co n d u cted
t o d e te rm in e th e p r o p o r ti o n o f income d e r iv e d from th e fa rm , p a r t - t i m e o f f
fa rm w ork, and m is c e lla n e o u s s o u r c e s .
T h is s tu d y s h o u ld a l s o in c lu d e th e
e f f e c t on farm e f f i c i e n c y o f p a r t - t i m e farm w ork by th e p r i n c i p a l o p e r a t o r .
R e s e a rc h s h o u ld a l s o b e done on th e f e a s i b i l i t y o f p l a c i n g sam ple
fa rm s w ith i n R e c la m a tio n u n i t s as an e d u c a tio n a l te c h n iq u e i n p r o v id in g
t e c h n i c a l g u id a n c e .
Many s e t t l e r s do w e ll i n m anaging a p a r t i c u l a r e n t e r ­
p r i s e b u t f a l l down i n g r a s p in g th e o v e r a l l farm management c o n c e p t.
O b s e rv a tio n o f s u c c e s s f u l o v e r a l l farm o p e r a t io n may b e th e ariswer to
i n c r e a s i n g th e s e t t l e r ' s l i m i t e d know ledge o f co m p lete fa rm m anagem ent.
74
AEPEMDIX
TABLE I .
FARM BUDGET SUMMARIES— PROPOSED EAST BENCH RECLAMATION UNIT
Ite m
U n it
Land C la s s I I
Land C l a s s I
160
240
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
40
18
18
76
O
8
160
60
30
27
114
0
9
240
Crop Value
D o l.
5959
9070
320
48O
160
120
60
60
228
0
23
480
30
15
15
56
36
8
160
12,126 18,304
5078
219
892
224
2,286
795
560
181
116
2,4 0 4
362
81
8,220
103
288
54
0
502
406
100
75
934
197
27
2,686
82
38
38
152
0
10
320
2Z.0
320
/8 0
D o l.
D ol.
D o l.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
162
106
442
291
70
108
568
0
591
504
408
446
100
109
90
75
987 1,338
171
219
17
41
2,739 4,1 1 4
213
593
146
906
709
502
129
.104
1,708
267
53
5,330
2 /0
96
45
45
168
114
12
480
22
15
15
50
50
88
160
34
23
23
76
75
9
240
7721 10,379 15,559
4237
6449
206
586
119
568
722
498
128
104
1,539
319
48
4,8 3 7
106
289
49
0
496
400
99
75
,900
189
26
2,629
159
442
77
272
579
434
108
90
1,222
246
36
3,665
45
24
24
84
54
9
240
60
33
33
112
72
10
320
Farm E xp.
Seed
Fer t .
M isc. Crop
Hrd. L br.
D eprec.
R ep airs
In s .
E le c .
Motor Veh.
Taxes
MLsc.
T o ta ls
160
115
438
87
204
584
440
109
90
1,236
258
36
3,597
313
886
173
1,589
783
547
179
116
2,162
438
72
7,258
320
44
30
30
102
104
10
320
480
68
46
46
155
153
12
480
8614 13,062
216
590
100
60 6
695
488
127
104
1,486
303
47
4,762
325
892
153
1,657
773
539
178
116
2,116
415
72
7,236
Appendix A
S ize o f Farm
Land use;
B arley
Oats
Vheat
A lf . Hay
I r r . P a s t.
Farm stead
T o ta ls
Land C la s s I I I
TABLE I . — C o n tin u e d
I te m
S ize o f Farm
Investm ent
Land
B ldgs. &
Improv.
E quip.
Seed
T o ta l In v .
FgrrF Work
Crops
Man
T rc tr.
M isc.
T o tal
Work by:
Oper. &
Fam.
H ired
U n it
D ol.
I f iQ
D ol.
5,838
24Q
32Q
Land C la s s I I I
Land C la s s I I
Land C l a s s I
A2Q
8,758 17,677 17,515
D o l. 13,237 14,143 15,350 17,305
D ol. 11,904 15,104 17,791 23,461
211
321
D ol.
102
157
45,029
58,602
D ol. 31,081 38,162
160
242
320
240
4SQ
8,160 12,240 16,320 24,480
320
ABQ
7,758 11,338 1-5,117 22,675
13,135 13,830 15,043 16,149 12,866 13,560 14,643 16,247
11,904 15,104 17,866 23,461 11,904 15,104 17,791 23,461
80
124
170
249
71
109
141
216
33,279 41,288 49,499 64,839 32,339 40,111 47,692 61,599
H rs.
H rs.
H rs.
H rs.
1,583
630
109
2,322
2,307
1,005
165
3,477
2,814
1,235
203
4,2 5 2
4,5 1 6
1,902
321
7,739
1,485
526
100
2,111
1,922
827
137
2,886
2,470
1,022
176
3,668
3,744
1,552
265
5,561
1,414
469
94
1,977
1,984
730
136
2,850
2,470
894
169
3,533
3,913
1,386
165
5,564
H rs.
H rs.
1,662
1,732
690
1,998
1,116
1,923
2,819
1,559
1,766
252
1,896
698
2,014
1,917
1,485
1,741
342
1,846
748
2,065
2,044
D ol.
D ol.
5,959
2,739
9,070 12,126 18,304
4,1 1 4 5,330 8,220
5,078
2,686
7,721 10,379 15,559
3,597 4,837 7,258
4,237
2,629
6,449
3,665
8,614 13,062
4,762 7,236
D ol.
D ol.
3,220
1,554
4,9 5 6
1,908
6,796 10,084
2,251 2,930
2,392
1,664
4,1 2 4
2,064
5,542
2,470
8,301
3,242
1,608
1,620
2,784
2,006
3,852
2,385
5,826
3,130
D ol.
1,666
3,048
4,545
7,1 5 4
728
1,060
3,072
5,059
-12
778
1,467
2,696
F in a n c ia l
S m n m flW
Farm Rec.
Farm Exp.
Net Farm
Income
I n t . on I n v .
R etu rn to
Ikir. & Mgmt.
I
a
1
TABLE I I . — FARM BUDGET SUMMARIES
Ite m
U n it
160
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Crop Value
D o l.
6,222 9,4 3 7
Farm Exo.
Seed
F e rt.
MLsc. Crop
Hrd. L br.
D eprec.
R ep airs
In s .
E le c .
Motor Veh.
Taxes
MLsc.
T o ta ls
D o l.
D o l.
D o l.
D o l.
D o l.
D ol.
D o l.
D ol.
D o l.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
162
106
291
442
108
70
O 568
592
504
408
447
100
109
90
75
987 1,338
171
219
27
41
2,739 4,1 1 6
40
18
18
76
O
8
160
240
60
30
27
114
O
9
240
320
82
38
38
152
0
10
320
480
160
320
480
16Q
240
320
480
22
15
15
50
50
8
160
34
23
23
76
75
9
240
5,236
7,993 10,732 16,072
4,357
6,663
8,863 13,435
103
288
54
0
500
404
100
75
934
197
27
2,682
115
438
87
204
586
441
109
90
1,236
258
36
3,600
206
586
119
586
722
499
129
104
1,539
320
48
4,840
106
289
49
0
497
401
99
75
900
189
26
2,631
159
442
77
272
581
436
100
90
1,222
246
36
3,669
216
590
100
606
697
490
128
104
1,486
303
47
4,767
30
15
15
56
36
8
160
12,705 19,203
319
892
224
2,286
800
565
181
116
2,4 0 4
363
81
8,232
240
69
45
45
168
114
12
480
120
60
60
228
0
12
480
213
593
146
906
711
504
129
104
1,708
268
53
5,335
Land C la s s I I I
Land C la s s I I
Land C la s s I
S ize o f Farm
L%q& Uge:
B arley
Oats
Wheat
A lf. Hay
I r r . P a s t.
Farm stead
T o ta ls
Acre
GREENFIELDS DIVISION, SUN RIVER RECLAMATION PROJECT
45
24
24
84
54
9
240
60
33
33
112
72
10
320
313
886
173
1,589
786
552
180
116
2,162
440
72
7,269
44
30
30
102
104
10
320
68
46
46
155
153
12
480
325
892
153
1,657
776
542
178
116
2,116
416
72
7,243
TABLE I I . — C o n tin u e d
Ite m
TTn i t
2A0
320
Land C la s s I I I
Land C la s s I I
Land C la s s I
ABQ
160
2A0
320
480
160
240
120
420
S ize o f Farm
In v estm en t
Land
B ldgs. &
D ol.
160
D ol.
5,038
Im prov.
E q u ip .
Seed
T o ta l I n v .
D o l. 13,267 14,184 15,441 17,553 13, 067 13 ,875 15,104 16,878 12,916 13.,636 14,742 16,400
D o l. 11,904 15,104 17,791 23,461 11, 904 15 ,104 17,866 23,461 11,904=15 ,104 17,791 23,461
80
211
321
170
102
71
109
216
D o l.
157
124
249
141
D o l. 3 1 ,1 0 8 38,203 45,120 58,850 33, 211 41 ,343 49,460 65,068 32,449 40 ,177 47,791 62,752
Farm Work
Crops
Man
T rc tr.
M isc.
T o ta l
Work by:
Oper. Sc.
Fan.
H ired
Fi n a n e laI
Summary
Farm R ec.
Farm Exp.
Net Farm
Income
I n t . on INv.
R etu rn to
L b r. & Mgt.
8,7 5 8 11,677 17,515
8,,160 12 ,240 16,320 24,480
7,558 11 ,338 15,117 22,675
H rs.
Hr s.
H rs.
H rs.
1,583
630
111
2,3 2 4
2,307
1,005
165
3,4 7 7
2 ,8 1 4
1,235
203
4 ,2 5 2
4 ,5 1 6
1,902
221
6,640
1,485
526
100
2,111
1,922
827
147
2 ,8 9 6
2,470
1,022
175
3,667
3,744
1,552
265
5,561
1,414
469
94
2,977
1,984
730
136
1,850
2,470
894
169
3,533
3,913
1,386
265
5,564
H rs.
H rs.
1,662
1,732
690
1,998
1,116
1,923
2,8 1 9
1,559
1 ,7 6 6
252
1,894
698
2,0 1 4
1,917
1,485
1,741
342
1,846
748
2,065
2,044
D el.
D el.
6,222
2,739
9 ,4 3 7 12,705 19,203
4 ,1 1 6 5,335 8 ,2 3 2
5,236
2,682
7,993 10,732 16,072
3,600 4,840 7,269
4 ,3 5 7
2,631
6,663
3,669
8,863 13,435
4,767 7,243
D e l.
D e l.
3,483
1,555
5,321
1,910
7,370 10,971
2 ,2 5 6 2,9 4 3
2 ,5 5 4
1,661
4,393
2,0 6 7
5,892
2,473
8,803
3,253
1,726
1,622
2,994
2,009
4,096
2,390
6,192
3,138
D e l.
1,928
3,411
5,114
893
2,3 2 6
3,419
5,550
104
985
1,706
3,054
8 ,0 2 8
TABLE I I I . — FARM BUDGET SUMMARIES— HUNTLEY RECLAMATION HlOJECT
I te m
U n it
IAO
2 /0
S ize o f Farm
Land Use:
B arley
Oats
Wheat
A lf. Hay
Sug. B ts .
B eet Tops
I r r . P a s t.
Farm stead
T o ta ls
Acre
Crop Value
Acre 11,866 iap 30
Farm Exnt
Seed
F e rt.
MLsc. Crop
Hprl, L h r.
D ep rec.
R e p a irs
TriiS.
I b to r Veh.
Taxe s
T o ta ls
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
D o l.
D o l.
D o l.
D o l.
D o l.
D o l.
D o l.
D o l.
D o l.
D o l.
D o l.
D o l.
23
15
15
76
23
23
O
8
160
35
23
24
114
35
35
O
9
240
250
164
768 1,122
761
526
O
586
843
757
565
529
176
175
90
75
1,354 1,617
242
196
63
45
4,589 6,315
320
46
33
33
152
46
46
0
10
320
Land C la s s I I I
Land C la s s I I
Land C l a s s I
/8 0
70
52
48
228
70
70
0
12
480
160
13
12
12
56
23
0
36
8
160
2 /0
20
20
18
84
35
0
54
9
240
320
27
27
26
112
46
0
72
10
320
/8 0
40
36
40
168
70
0
114
12
480
23,985 36,291 10,372 15,775 21,014 31,735
328
494
1,485 2,295
1,017 1,534
1,022 2,663
999 1,111
712
655
178
191
116
104
1,998 2,700
386
242
122
81
8,161 12,284
103
735
515
0
753
525
174
75
1,295
221
44
4,440
243
1,117
783
216
857
558
175
90
1,533
280
58
5,890
321
448
1,481 2,248
987 1,497
724 1,970
991 1,097
698
649
189
177
116
104
1,830 1,700
465
343
76
115
7,683 11,581
160
10
19
10
50
23
0
50
8
160
2/.0
15
15
15
76
35
0
75
9
240
320
20
20
18
102
46
0
104
10
320
/80
30
30
30
155
70
0
153
12
480
9,029 13,741 18,170 27,612
164
739
507
0
750
523
174
75
1,266
214
44
4,456
247
1,121
771
272
832
554
174
90
1,506
269
58
5,894
500
331
1,485 2,255
965 1,476
699 2,007
985 1,089
690
634
187
175
104
116
1,802 2,427
325
439
112
75
7,580 11,299
TABLE I I I . — C o n tin u e d
Ite m
S ize o f Farm
Investm ent
Land
B ldgs. &
Improv.
E q u ip .
Seed
T o ta l In v .
Farm Work
Crops
Man
T rc tr.
Mi sc .
T o tal
Work by:
Oper. &
Fam.
H ired
U n it
Land C la s s I I
Land C l a s s I
D ol.
IfiQ
D o l.
5,838
240
320
480
8,7 5 8 11,677 17,515
160
240
320
Land C la s s I I I
480
8,160 12,240 16,320 24,480
160
240
320
480
7,558 11,338 15,117 22,675
D o l. 13,072 13,881 15,124 16,969 12,867 13,576 24,710 16,266 12,735 13,364 13,961 15,856
D o l. 18,644 21,434 24,671 30,341 18,644 21,434 24,671 30,341 18,644 21,434 24,671 30,341
111
50
D o l.
72
109
157
40
160
62
79
151
229
79
D o l. 37,626 44,184 51,623 65,054 39,721 47,329 55,810 71,244 38,977 46,198 53,828 69,032
H rs.
H rs.
H rs.
H rs.
1,802
731
127
2,660
2,66u
1,153
191
4 ,0 0 4
3,317
1,462
239
5,018
5,269
2 ,2 3 8
375
7,882
1,702
626
116
2,4 4 4
2,315
975
165
3,455
3,0 2 7
1,249
213
4,489
4,666
1,954
331
6,951
1,641
573
111
2,325
2,349
883
161
3,399
3,002
1,135
207
4,344
4,745
1,780
326
6,851
H rs.
H rs.
1,892
1,070
723
2,22,1
1,262
2,247
3,285
1,789
2,165
266
2,285
893
2,469
2,430
1,723
2,128
338
2£291
861
2,508
2,474
F1n an o iml
SnTmnmrv
Farm Recp.
Farm Exp.
Net Farm
Income
I n t . on In v .
R etu rn to
L br. & Mgt.
D o l. 11,866 18,030 23,985 36,291 10,372 15,775 21,014 31,735
D o l. 4,589 6,315 8,161 12,284 4,440 5,890 7,683 11,581
9,019 13,741 18,170 27,612
4,456 5,894 7,580 11,299
D o l.
D o l.
7,277 11,715 15,821 24,007
1,881 2,209 2,581 3,253
5,932
1,986
9,885 13,331 20,254
2,366 2,791 3,562
4,573
1,949
7,847 10,590 16,313
2,310 2,691 3,452
D o l.
5,396
3,9 4 6
7,519 10,540 16,592
2,624
5,537
9,4 0 6 13,243 10,754
7,8%) 12,861
TABLE I V .— FARM BUDGET SUMMARIES— HEART MOUNTAIN DIVISION, SHOSHONE RECLAMATION PROJECT
U nit
Land C lass I
S ize o f Farm
L^rtG Up$:
B arley
Oats
Wheat
A lf . Hay
Beans
I r r . P a s t.
Farm stead
T o ta ls
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Acre
Crop Value
D o l.
8,30$ 12287
16,803 25,379
Farm Exd .
Seed
F e rt.
M isc. Crop
Hrd. L b r.
D eprec.
R e p a irs
In s .
E le c t.
Motor Veh.
Taxes
Mi sc.
T o ta ls
D o l.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
D ol.
650
429
306
465
188
129
0 1,017
670
588
467
434
107
99
90
75
1,123 1,513
220
174
34
54
3,391 5,441
858 1,295
619
935
270
179
1,650 3,4 9 6
908
831
545
594
177
127
116
104
1,951 1,783
272
364
109
71
7,207 11,047
160
10
11
12
76
43
O
8
160
260
16
18
18
114
65
0
9
240
320
24
24
24
152
86
0
10
320
Land C lass I I I
Land C lass I I
Item
680
37
38
36
228
130
0
12
480
160
260
320
10
15
15
112
86
72
10
320
680
160
2/0
120
.10
10
10
155
130
153
12
480
18
18
20
168
130
114
12
480
3
3
3
50
43
50
8
160
7,3 9 8 11,149 14,890 22,440
6,423
9,762 12,996 19,671
426
404
116
0
585
431
99
75
1,065
200
33
3,333
429
303
104
0
583
430
99
75
1,035
192
33
3,283
647
461
161
704
663
460
107
90
1,381
249
49
4,972
3
4
10
56
43
36
8
160
9
9
10
84
65
54
9
240
643
457
279
715
666
462
107
90
1,418
259
51
5,147
851 1,289
611
928
218
147
1,439 3,019
898
797
585
539
176
126
104
116
1,873 2,261
440
323
68
103
6,878 10,433
4
5
6
76
65
75
9
240
6
7
6
102
86
104
10
320
680
861 1,301
620
935
126
193
1,378 3,042
821
893
480
535
100
175
104
116
1,831 2,562
308
419
102
67
6,751 10,318
TABLE I V .— C o n tin u e d
Ite m
Size of. Farm
Investment
Land
Bldgs. &
Improv.
Equip.
Seed
T otal In v .
Farm Work
Crops
Man
T rc tr.
MLsc.
T o tal
Work by:
Oper. Sc
Fam.
Hired
U n it
Dol.
D ol.
Land C la s s I I I
Land C la s s I I
Land C la s s I
1 £ 0 2 £ 0 3 2 0 A B Q 1 6 Q 2 A Q 2 2 a A 2 Q l £ 0 2 £ 0 2 2 0 £ 8 0
5,838
8,758 11,677 17,515
8,160 12,240 16,320 24,480
7,558 11,338 15,117 22,675
D ol. 12,749 13,392 14,463 15,965 12,600 13,171 14,171 15,477 12,532 13,052 13,947 15,235
D o l. 13,342 16,542 20,229 :2 5,899 13,342 16,542 20,229 25,899 13,342 16,542 20,229 25,899
21
38
76
13
25
41
98
55
23
144
D o l.
204
45
D ol. 31,974 32 ,8 9 6 46,467 59,523 34,125 41,991 50,775 65,932 33,445 40,953 49,345 63,850
H rs.
H rs.
H rs.
H rs.
2,087
874
148
3,109
3,106
1,365
223
4 ,6 9 4
3,942
1,772
286
6,000
6,200
2,695
445
9,340
1,989
770
138
2,897
2,795
1,187
199
4,181
3,700
1,560
263
5,523
5,626
2,377
400
8,403
1,936
720
133
2,789
2,805
1,100
195
4,100
3,622
1,440
253
5,315
5,637
2,197
392
8,226
H rs.
H rs.
2,191
2,008
1,253
2,103
2,036
2,192
4 ,3 1 8
2,088
2,053
882
2,110
1,775
2,172
3,735
2,033
2,075
870
2,103
1,700
2,173
3,746
D ol.
D ol.
8,305 12,587 1 6 # 0 3 25,379
3,391 5,441 7,207 11,047
7,398 11,149 14,890 22,440
3,333 5,147 6,878 10,433
6,423
3,283
9,762 12,996 19,671
4,972 6,722 10,318
D ol.
D ol.
4,914
1,599
7 ,1 4 6
1,945
9,5 9 6 14,332
$,323 2,976
4,065
1,706
6,002
2,100
8,012 12,007
2,539 3,297
3,140
1,672
4,790
2,048
6,245
2,467
9,353
3,193
D ol.
3,315
5,201
7,273 11,356
2,359
3,902
5,473
8,710
1,468
2,742
3,778
6,160
F in an o ial
Rnmmapv
Farm Recp.
Farm Exp.
Net Farm
Income
I n t . on In v .
R eturn to
L br. Sc Mgt.
TABLE I . *
RETURN PER HOUR TO FARM FAMILY LABOR AND MANAGEMENT IN THE VARIOUS
RECLAMATION STUDY OAREAS
R e c la m a tio n S tudy A reas
H e a rt Mtn.
D iv is io n
Dol1l
Dol1l
S o l 1.
1 .0 0
1 .7 6
2 .2 7
3 .7 2
1 .1 6
1 .9 7
2 .5 6
4 .1 7
2 .8 5
4 .5 9
5 .9 6
9 .2 4
1.51
2 .5 9
3 .4 9
5 .1 8
160
240
320
480
.4 7
1 .1 7
1 .6 2
2.51
.5 7
1 .3 2
1.81
2 .7 6
2.21
3 .4 7
4.61
6 .7 2
1.13
1.90
2 .5 9
4.01
160
240
320
480
- .0 1
.45
.7 9
1.31
.0 7
.5 7
.9 2
1 .4 8
1 .5 2
2 .6 0
4 .6 2
5 .1 3
.72
1 .3 2
1 .8 0
2 .8 3
E a s t Bench U n it
A cre
Dol1,
I
160
240
320
480
II
III
G r e e n f ie ld s
D iv is io n
*For v a lu e s u sed i n c o m p u ta tio n , see T a b le s I - IV, A ppendix A,
A ppendix B
H u n tle y
P ro je c t
Farm S iz e
Land C la s s
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S ta n d a r d s f o r I r r i g a t i o n F a rm in g . R eg io n 6 , B i l l i n g s , 1948.
TI. S . D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , -B u reau o f .R e c la m a tio n , Land .Ownership
S u rv ey on F e d e r a l .R e c la m a tio n P r o j e c t s . W ash in g to n ; Government
P r i n t i n g O ffice., 1.933.’
.................
H. S. D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , B u reau o f R e c la m a tio n , F e d e r a l R e c la m a tio n
Laws A n n o ta te d . 2nd E d i t i o n , W ash in g to n ; Government P r i n t i n g
O f f ic e , 1947.
TI. S . .D ep artm en t o f I n t e r i o r , O ffic e o f th § S o l i c i t o r , S o l i c i t o r ' s
Qp.1nj.on on R in g s R iv e r C o n tr a c t, memorandum, W ash in g to n D. C .,
'J u l y 10, 1957.
.
TI. S. S t a t u t e s a t L arg e Y L II, 4 ; X L II, 4 8 9 , 1324; X L II, 116.
U. S . v s C. I .
O ., 335 U. S. 106, 112 (1 9 4 8 ).
33 L. D. 159, I n s t r u c t i o n s o f th e A c tin g S e c r e t a r y , A ugust 5 , 1904.
43 L. D. 3 6 4 , Case o f S a d ie Hawley, 1914-
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