The utilization of all the colostrum produced by a dairy herd for feeding the calves
by Earl J Peace
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Dairy Production
Montana State University
© Copyright by Earl J Peace (1953)
Abstract:
Thirty-six Holstein calves were fed in three groups from birth for eighty days. Group I was fed
colostrum and whole milk intermittently, Group II was fed whole Holstein milk intermittently from
different, cows, and Group III was fed whole Holstein milk from one cow continuously.
Colostrum was substituted for milk by equal weight in Group I with no scouring effect due to the
colostrum. The calves, at the beginning of every sixteen-day cycle, were changed from their regular
milk to 100 percent first milking colostrum.
Total digestible nutrients were computed for each calf every four days for the milk, hay, and grain. The
calves were weighed every four days.
Analysis based on total digestible nutrients consumed and gains in weight indicate no significant
difference between the groups. The results reveal that considerable saleable milk can be saved if the
surplus colostrum is utilized in feeding calves. THE UTILIZATION OF ALL THE COLOSTRUM PRODUCED
BI A DAIRY HERD FOR FEEDING THE CALVES
by
■
EARL J. PEACE
A THESISSubmitted to the Graduate Faculty
. i»
partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Master of Science in Dairy Production
at
Montana State .College
Approved:
-Kbad3 Maj o K Department
Chairman 3 Examining Cdmmittee
Bozeman 3 Montana
January 3 1953
'f/
V.
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITIE P A G E .....................................................
I
TABLE OF C O N T E N T S ............................................
2
LIST OF T A B L E S ................................................
3
LIST OF F I G U R E S ...............................................
6
A C K N O W I E D G M E N T S ...............................................
7
A B S T R A C T .......................................................
8
INTRODUCTION ...................................................
9
REVIEW OF L I T E R A T U R E ..........................................
11
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE .........................................
30
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS ..........................................
Ul
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
........................................
8U
C O N C L U S I O N S ...................................................
86
LITERATURE C I T E D ...............................................
8?
APPENDIX . .....................................................
97
10673(5
3
LIST OF TABLES
Table
I.
Page
Specific Gravity .and Concentration of Various,
Constituents.in Colostrum and Early. Milk from
Samples of 111.Cows of. -Holstein, Ayrshire,
Jersey, and Guernsey Breeds ........ . . . . . . . . . . . e
0
2o
Percent of Albumin and Globulin in Colostrum
3e
The Essential ."Amino Acids in Colostrum and Milk
Proteins. Samples from Fifteen Cows, Percent
of Total Protein .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
Effect of Colostrum on Blood Plasma Vitamin A
and Carotene of Calves for the First Week . . . . . . . . . .
16
Uo
$0
6«,
7o
8.
9o
IOo
Ho
e c . . . . .
12
The Carotene Content of Cows’. Colostrum and Milk
.at Successive Milkings
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..
The Vitamin A,Content of Cows’ Colostrum and Milk
at Successive Milkings .......................... ..
13
17
17
Effect of"Feeding Various Milks Upon the Blood of
Newborn Calves
^
.
21
Apparent Coefficients of Digestion of Colostrum
and.Milk Constituents Fed to Calves . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
Calves Raised on a Colostrum Substitute . . . . . . . . . . . .
2U
Group I Feeding"Schedule by Period, Days, and
Type of Milk Fed 0 . . * . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30*a
. . .
Group II Feeding S1Chedule by Period, Days, and
Type of Milk Fed © . . . • . .- » . . * . . $ . . . . . . .■©
12 0 Group III Feeding Schedule by Period, Days, and
Type of Milk Fed . . . - . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13 0 Blood Plasma Values for Calf
810
.......... ......
IUo
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 822
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15©
Blood Plasma Values for Calf Ul2
. . . . . . . . .
16©
Blood Plasma Values for Calf
3U 6
. . .
31
32
.. Ul
Ul
. ., . . ■©, U2
U2
Table
17o
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 834
18e
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 849
19o
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 4ll
20o
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 4l4
21c
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 4l5
22o
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 4l8
23o
Blood Plasnm Values for Calf 423
24c
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 4o4
2^c
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 811
26c
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 8l4
27*
Blood Plasma Values for Calf.341
28c
Blood Plasma Values for Galf 8l5>
29o
Blood Plasma Values for Calf
30*
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 340
31o
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 4l6
32*
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 8^9
33o
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 417
34c
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 4l9
3^o
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 421
36o
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 4o£
8£6
37 0 Blood Plasma Values for Calf 4l3
380
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 409
39*
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 4lO
5
Table_____
Page
835
53
111*
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 871
5i|
'1|2.
Blood Plasma Values for Calf i|02
li3o
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 1|03
55
Wi 0
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 1|07
.
IlO0 Blood Plasma Values for Calf
^
U5e
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 3U5
e
56
1|6»
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 1|20
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
1|7.
Blood Plasma Values for Calf l|2l| . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
1|8.
Average Daily Milk Consumption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
58
1*9e
Average Daily Total Digestible Nutrients
Consumed in Milk, Hay, and Grain .......................... .
59
5 0 0 Saleable Milk Consumed Per Calf
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
51 0
Saleable Milk Saved Per Calf ..................... ..
60
52.
Calcium Consumed Daily .................................... ..
6l
53»
Phosphorus Consumed Daily
62
51|.
Carotene and Vitamin A in Colostrum and Milk . . . . . . . .
63
55«
Average Weights
61*
.............................. ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56.
Average Daily Gain . . ......................
65
57«
Total Digestible Nutrients Consumed Per Found
of Gaxn
73
■58.
Feed and Weight Comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7^
59«
Summary of Average Daily Gain in Relation
to Time of Colostrum .............................. ..
81
Incidence of Scours in Relation to Time of
Scrubbing Barnr® . . . . . . .
........ ..
82
60o
.........
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure
1»
Group I-F.
Growth and Consumption Curves * *
2o
Group
I-Ee
Growth and Consumption Curves « .
3o
Group
II-Fo
Ito
Group H - E e
5®
Group
III-F0
Growth and Consumption Curves »
66
Group
III-Mo
Growth and Consumption Curves ®
7o
Blood Plasma Fxtamxn J3L
8®
Blood Plasma Carotene « « « • • * . e « o * .
9o
Blood Plasma Calcium Levels »
Growth and Consumption Curves
»
Growth and Consumption Curves
«
o e o e o e o e ® ® *
IOo Blood Plasma Phosphorus Levels
0
«.
««*<>«
**«,.»
* „
H o Age of Calves in Group I TMhen Scoured or Loose
7
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The author wishes to express appreciation to the following for
their guidance and help in conducting this experiment«,
Dr* E« A* Keyes for aid in setting up and guidance in conducting
the experiment and the preparation of the manuscript*
D r e J e A* Nelson for assistance in the procurement of the calves'
used in this study*
Mr* John E e Brence for the vitamin A and carotene analysis of the
milk and suggestions for care of the colostrum*
Dr* John W* Safford for suggestions and aid in controlling dis­
ease and maintaining the health of the calves*
8
ABSTRACT
Thirty-six Holstein calves were fed in
for eighty days® Group I was fed colostrum
mittently^ "..Group II was fed whole Holstein
different cows, and Group III was fed whole
cow continuously®
three groups from birth .
and whole milk inter­
milk intermittently from
Holstein milk from one
Colostrum was substituted for milk b y equal weight in Group I
with no scouring effect due to-the. colostrum. The. calves, at the
beginning of every sixteen-day cycle, were changed from their regular
milk to 100 percent first milking colostrum®
... . Total digestible nutrients, were computed for each calf every four
days for the milk, hay, and grain® The calves were weighed every four
days®
Analysis based on. total digestible nutrients consumed and gains
in weight indicate no significant difference, between the groups® The
results reveal that considerable saleable milk can be saved if the
surplus colostrum is utilized in feeding calves®
INTRODUCTION
Milk is the main cash crop of the dairy fanner*
Most dairy calves are fed normal whole saleable.milk starting
immediately after the colostrum feeding period and sometimes con­
tinuing up to six months of age*
If a satisfactory substitute of less
value than milk can be used as a replacement for feeding calves, the
dairy farmer could market more milk and thus increase his income*
Many dairymen who market Grade A milk do not separate any of it.
They find it much simplier to feed saleable whole milk to young
calves regardless of the expense*
Shortening the milk feeding period by the use of dry calf
starters is probably the most popular present day method of overcoming
the high consumption of marketable whole milk*
Colostrum is not marketable.
wasted*
On many dairy farms it is'usually
If a satisfactory method of calf feeding could be devised to
utilize colostrum, it would result in saving Grade A whole milk that
could be sold*
Allen (3) found that during the first three days following calving
a cow will produce approximately l*lj? times the birth weight of the
calf in colostrum*
9h pounds
An average Holstein calf will weigh approximately
at birth, according to Eckles (25)«
produce about 108 pounds of colostrum*
Therefore, its dam will
If the calf is started b y
feeding 8 percent of the body weight of the calf in colostrum daily
during the first three days and the remaining 85 pounds can be
10
satisfactorily substituted for whole milk pound for pound, there would
be
8£> pounds
of saleable whole milk saved for every cow freshening
in the herd*
Several investigators have fed colostrum continuously (I,
86, 93)
to calvest, However, this requires the colostrum to be Stordde
This stucfy- was undertaken to determine if all the colostrum pro­
duced by the dairy herd can be used to feed calves without incurring
the problem of storing the colostrum*
In this investigation, an attempt
was made to determine if it is economical, feasible, and practical to
feed all surplus colostrum produced to calves intermittently as a
substitute for whole normal milk during the milk feeding period*
factors considered were whether colostrum possesses any particular
growth-promoting properties not contained in whole milk.
Other
11
REVIEW OF LITERATURE '
Colostrum is generally considered, according to Sutton and
Kaeser (93), to be the secretion produced by the cow during the first
three days following parturition*
Studies of the principal consti­
tuents during the transition period from colostrum to normal milk
indicate rapid changes at first, with relatively smaller changes after
the third day (32, 39»
Zhs 6£, 66,
72,
7hf 80,
82)«
In this discussion
the term '"colostrum" will refer to all secretion obtained during the
first four days following parturition*
The Food and Drug Department (99) has defined milk as "«.,the
•
whole, fresh lacteal secretion obtained by the complete milking of '
one or more healthy cows, excluding that obtained within fifteen days
before or five days after calving or such longer period as may be
necessary to render the milk practically colostrum-free•
This definition implies that the secretion produced by. a cow the
first five days after calving is a mixture of colostrum and milk®
The
constituents of the secretion as shown in Table. I show a continuous
progression from colostrum to milk*
The constituents on the first day
represent colostrum, whereas on the fourth day they very nearly repre­
sent milk.
In most cases, colostrum contained more nutrients than normal
milk due to a higher concentration of proteins, minerals," and sometimes
fat.
Considerable variation was found in values for yield and for the
properties of colostrum collected from different individuals at the
same postpartal period*
Fat was the most variable constituent®.
12
Variability in secretions from different.individuals decreased as
transition to normal milk progressed.
Table I shews specific gravity,
total solids, solids-not-fat, total protein and ash decreased rapidly
during the first three days, but only a relatively small decrease
■was noticed throughout the remainder of the transition period (32,
66,
72, ?U, 80, 82).
Lactose changed in approximately an inverse
ratio to the other constituents.
Table I.
%■■■'
I
1,062
2
IoOliS
1,038
.1,035
1.03b
1.03b
S & 6
k
7 & 8
15 & 16
27 & 28
The first milking postpartum is about
Specific Gravity and Concentrations of Various Constituents
.i n .Colostrum and. Early Milk from Samples of 1 1 1 -Goes of
Holstein, Ayrshire, Jersey, and Guernsey Breeds (66)
Humber of Specific
Milking ' Gravity
3
39»
1.033
1,032
Solids
%
SolidsNot-Fat
% '
i
25.3
20.b
15.5
.IboS'.
Ibob
IboS
lb.3
13 o9
2f> percent total solids.
Fat
5.7
5.6
bo7
b,6.
b,6
b.8
b.9
%■
19.3
lb.S
10.8
b.8
Total ..
Protein
9 .9
9.8
9.7
9 .b
9.1
l6.o
10.0
5.7
' b.5
b.2
bel
3.6
3.3
Lactose
Ash
%
2.b
3.5
.b.3
b.6
b .8
b, 9
b.9
5.o
%
1.16
1.02
0.91
0.86 .
0.8b
0,8b
0.81
0.79
This is rapidly reduced to about l£ percent
on the second day.
Parish, e t „a l (66) found that on an energy basis proteins con­
tribute two to three times more to the total nutritional value of
colostrum than to that of normal milk.
sticky consistency.
Albumin gives colostrum a thick
The immunizing functions of colostrum are closely
associated with the protein globulins.
albumin and globulin in colostrum.
Table 2 shows the percent of
13
Percent of Albumin and Globulin in Colostrum (?6)
Table 2,
Time After Calving
At Once
Albumin &
Globulin %
il*3U
6 Hrs.
12 H ra
2h Hrs.
30 Hrs.
2,98
1*18
1©20
6*30
36
Hra
1*03
W
Hra
72 ffi
0.97
0,99
Hibbs 5 et al (39)'found there was no significant difference in the
composition of colostrum between cows that freshened normally and those
which developed milk fever*
The qualitative and quantitative distribution of fatty acids in
the fat from colostrum collected during the first four days after
parturition closely resembles that customarily found for mature cow
milk fat, according to Baldwin, et al (9)«
Table 3 shows that there was no essential difference between the
amino acid pattern of the.first colostrum and that obtained 2k hours
postpartum. (23, 72)»
Table 3®
The."Essential Amino, Acids in Colostrum and Milk Proteins*
Samples from Fifteen Cows, Percent of Total Protein (23).
Colostrum
Amino Acid
Arginine
Histidine.
Isoleucine
Eeucine
lysine
Methionine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophane
Valine
0 Hours
____
2U Hours
%■
U®89
%
Ue 82
2.63
2.76
2 .85
5o32
8 0 UO
7 .#
1,80
U.26
7*U3
.1,76
8*31
Milk
60 Days
%
U.07
Terminal
%
3.99
2 .8 0
2.76
6*69
8.57
9.58
6. 8U
8.72
. 7.65
1.88
7.89
2.18
7.51
2.33
U,6l
7*U5
U. 7 1
U.66
1,50
7.36
Uo80
. 5.Uo
1*66
8*17
1.36
7.U9
lit
The high protein content of colostrum is due to its high content
of globulin*
Shttqn and Esh (91) found that colostrum globulin is
similar but not the same as blood globulin which carries the pro­
tective antibodies*
Colostrum is also a'potent source of riboflavin (91)*
Immune
globulins are absent in the blood of newborn calves but are present
,in. colostrum and have appeared in the circulation of the newborn as
early as three hours after feeding colostrum, according to Smith and
Little (85)o
EBnith (83) reported that the principal proteins of
milk, casein, and B lactoglobulin or lactalbumin are present only in
the mammary secretion, and these proteins are distinct from any known
plasma proteins®
Casein 1is the only milk protein which on coagulation
forms a curd in the stomach®
Espe (27) stated that why milk should
be so low in globulin and high in casein is difficult to explain un­
less it is important physiologically to the calf that a curd mass form
in the stomach and act as a reserve food supply until the rumen begins
to function®
Parrish, et al (6U) reported that the decrease in concentrations
of the protein fractions of mammary secretions during the transition
period tend to follow a logarithmic curve for the first four to six
milkings*
In general, the longer the dry period of the cow, the more
potent the colostrum, according to SUttoti (91)®
Parrish, et al (6U)
found that feeding low and high protein rations for the seven weeks .
previous to parturition does not effect a significant difference in
the levels of total protein, of casein, and of albumin-globulin
fractions of colostrum and early milk*
A simple turbidity test for serum has been developed®
This test
was sensitive to the presence of the immune lactoglobulins after in­
gestion by a newborn calf of
200
ml® of the non-fatty fraction of the
colostrum, according to Aischafferiburg (7)*
Immune lacto globulins are
not present in the blood serum at birth.
It has been observed that levels of vitamin A and carotenoids
generally are high in the initial colostra! fat®
Vitamin A is fre­
quently 10 to 100 times greater than in later milk®
about seventy times greater (17,
66)®
They decrease rapidly as the
mammary secretions change to normal milk (17,
71, 73,
88,
And carotene is
22, 30, 39» b&9 5>7» 65,
.89, 90, 9U, 92).
The vitamin A content of blood plasma of the calf is low at birth
but at the end of twenty-four hours usually shows about a fivefold
increase with the intake of colostrum (10, Ul,
1|3 ,
26,
60, 98)«,
Maximum vitamin A and carotene values are shown at about three days of
age, after which there is a gradual decrease (Ul, 26,
60, 93)«
Peirce (68) reported that the mean concentration of vitamin A. in the
blood plasma of lambs increased from
before nursing to as much as
Table
h
70
8
ug. per
ug. -per
100
100
ml. at birth and
ml® following: nursing®
shows the effect of colostrum on blood plasma vitamin A, and
carotene of calves for the first week®
The intake of colostrum probably gives the calf a chance to build
16
Table Iu
Effect of Colostrum on Blood Plasma ,Vitamin
tene of Calves for the First Week (£6)
Age (days)
. Number of Calves
Vitamin A
17
17
2
. 16
.17
. 16
15
6
16
7
13
h
100
ml.
1»8
lh©9
17 oh
18 ©8
.19.ol
18»7
17oh
.16®^
3o3
. 15o6
16® 8
15.9
. 15^0
ih.h
13.2
13.8
up a considerable reserve of vitamin A in the liver©
Caro­
Carotene
.ug© /
.0
I .
2
3 .
A9 and
if the calf does
not receive the colostrum, that reserve is not built up and may have
considerable to do with the health of the calf during the first two
•
months of life before hay is consumed to any great extent©
Cases have been noted b y Moore and Berry (5>6) in which fthe
colostrum was apparently consumed but neither blood plasma
nor carotene values showed an increase©
vitamin A,
These calves died from in­
fection©
■«
Both vitamin A and carotene decrease markedly in the cow
blood plasma at the time of parturition and beginning lactation©
The
maximum decrease in blood plasma carotene is reached one week follow­
ing parturition and amounts to nearly f?0 percent of the three week
prepartum level©
The maximum decrease in blood plasma vitamin A is
reached three days following parturition and is over
prepartum level©
5>0 percent
of the
The total output of vitamin A and carotene in the
colostrum during the first three days postpartum was found b y Sutton (9h)
17
to average ij.8,8do mg® of vitamin
A
and 5>6*5>00 mg® of carotene®
When the dam is fed supplemental vitamin
A. or
feeds high in vita­
min. A before calving, an increase is shown in the blood plasma levels
of vitamin
Ai and
in the calves
A.
there is also a greater liver storage of vitamin
(2hi 60, 91)®
The decrease of vitamin
A. and
carotenoid content of colostra!
fat was rapid during the first eight milkings, both following a similar
logarithmic pattern®
Tables 5 and
6
show the carotene and vitamin
A
content of cows’ colostrum and milk at successive milkings®
Table 5»
The Carotene Content, of Cows’ Colostrum and Milk at Succes­
sive Milkings (9f>) (ug« / 100 ml.)
Number.
I
Breed ..
Ayrshire
Guernsey
Holstein
Jersey
Brown Swiss
All Breeds
Table
6.
2
3
I*
7. 8 9
10
102 058 063 038 0l*2 037
129 102 089 061* 067 063
5
6
S
373
86U
289
335
U97
393 172 123
1*72 260 170
173 .. 113 . 098 085 057 0t*2 01*2 01*1
288 .180 185 .11*8 155 093 065 060
1*20 209 109 109 087 066 053 01*1
• 35
h73
329
9
7
182
136 113. 090 069
057 052
035
052
039
01*6
20
025
052.
030
0l*3
01*1
olil
The Vitamin A Cdntent c>f Cows’ Colostrum and Milk at Successive Milkings (95>) (ug® / lOO ml®)
Breed
Ayrshire
Guernsey
Holstein
Jersey .
Brown Swiss
All.Breeds
6
8
Successive Milkings
iI
Number.
of Corns I
6
8
9
7 ,
5
35
2
182 ...212.
279 129
169 129
136.
ia
3U8 2k7
21*0
162
3
Successive Milkings
.,1*
.5 .6 .7
8.
098
055
073
097
9..
10
20
117
.086
075
105
120
098
071* 01*2 0l*8 039 036 038 . 01*8 • •
ol*o 033 032 027 026 027 021
068 0i*9 01*2 ol*5. ol*5 01*2. 01*5
097 081* 068 01*1* 01*1* .039. 052. .
070 051* ol*l*. 039 035 027 051
096
079
068 051 01*6 038 037
035' ol*o • \
18
Occasionally, cows parturient for the first time secrete
atypical
colostrum in which vitamin A. and carotenoids are nearly twice as high
as normal (17»
3L, 38, 6^)«
There is no marked difference, according to Moore and Berry (£6),
in Vitamin A content of the blood plasma at comparable ages between
breeds of dairy calves, except that the carotene content of the blood
plasma of the Jersey and Guernsey is three to four times higher than
that of the Holstein*
Butter churned from cream obtained from colostrum produced during
the summer contains up to 3,5)00 I 6U 6 of carotene and vitamin A j ItOO
IeU 6 of vitamin D, and 900 I 8U 6 of vitamin E per gram.
This butter was
used as a vitamin supplement and also to treat digestive disorders
(Itli5 79) c
Parrish, et al (63) reported that vitamin A and carotenoids are
concentrated primarily in the fat®
Thomas, et al (96) found indications
that on certain diets plasma vitamin A. levels were not a reliable
indicator of intake*
Calves placed on a diet deficient in carotene and
vitamin A showed the blood plasma level increased temporarily— for four
to twenty-four days--and remained above levels 1that existed when on the
adequate diet, according to Thomas (96).
The.National Research Council (98) stated that healthy calves
under one year of age show
6
to
8 mge
inorganic phosphorus per
100
mle
of blood serum.
The plasma phosphate content of the calf at birth is higher than
19
that of the dam.
Calves* blood phosphorus increases until about six
months, when a decrease sets in and continues until a normal range for
. mature cattle is reached (U,
h2s 5>E>, 6l, 71, 100).
Anderson (4) reported that normal dairy calves under one month of
age had about £. 20,mg. inorganic phosphorus per
100
and 12 to l£ mg. calcium per 100 ml® blood plasma.
ml. blood plasma
Samples were taken
during the summer, fall, and winter months.
Malan (lj.8) found the inorganic blood phosphorus of nine calves to
average £.2 mg. per 100 ml. at birth.
at one week,
6.8
at two weeks,
6.7 at five weeks,
per
100
6.8
7.2
These calves averaged 6.3 mg.
at three weeks,
6.7
at four weeks,
at six weeks, 6.7 at seven weeks, and
6.6
.
mg.
ml. of blood at eight weeks®
Johnson (38) investigated twenty-six calves ranging from one to
seven months of age and averaging lu2 months and found that they had
6.U2
per
mg. inorganic phosphorus per
100
100
ml. with a range of £®U to
7®U
Hgi
ml. blood plasma..
Frequent and large fluctuations occur from day to day (37,
6l)»
The inorganic blood phosphate in individual cattle may vary considerably
from hour to hour, even when the blood is drawn under apparently iden­
tical conditions (61).
The ingestion of carbohydrates causes a decrease in blood phos­
phates (36, £0,
6l, 69,
87).
phosphate of cattle (6l, 37).
Exercise causes marked changes in blood
Feeding (other than carbohydrates)
has a small but significant effect on the inorganic phosphate content.
20
On ah energy basis, colostrum proteins contribute two to three
times'more to the total nutritive value of colostrum than do the proteins of normal milke
0®5> times
On the other hand, lactose contributed 2o5 to
as much to the total energy in milk as it did in colostrum,
whereas fat in the milk constituted
energy than it did in colostrum*
10
to
5>0 percent
more of the total
The ratio of ash to total solids
was higher in milk than in colostrum*.
Colostrum from the Holsteins and Jerseys, according to Parrish,
et al (66) has an energy content of about twice that of normal milk®
•Colostrum from JSyrshires and Guernseys has an energy content of about
lo£ times that of later milk*
There was an immediate- increase in the blood serum gamma globulin
of calves following the ingestion of colostrum during the first twentyfour hours of life*-
If these materials were fed to calves after they
had reached twenty-four hours of age, there was no measurable increase
in this serum protein, according to Hansen, et al (33)®
Table 7 shows
the effect upon the blood plasma of calves receiving milk or colostrum
at varying ages*
Parrish, et al (66) stated that, based on equal weights of dry
matter, milk has an energy value either the same as or higher than
colostrum*
If the calf nurses and, as usual, does not empty the mammacy
gland, it receives the secretion of lower fat content in a variable
quantity, according to Parrish, et al (62). JLpparent absorption of vitamin
A
at all periods was greater than
21
Table 7«
Effect .of Feeding Various Milks Upon the Blood. Plasma o f 'New­
born CalVds (IiO). Results are Expressed ,as Grams of Nitro­
gen in 100 mlo of Blood. .............................
Total
Nitrogen
Calf A - Receiving Colostrum
3> hrso after birth. N o 'colostrum
Age 11 hr. - 6 hr. after colostrum
I day
2 days
Globulin Albumin
Nph-Prdt.
Nitrogen
0.167 ' 0 .3 7 6 ' ' 0.053 ''
0.280
0.053
0.505
0.210
0.765
0.053
0.656
0.053
0.253
0*596
0*838
1.028
0 .9 6 2
Calf B - Tiyhole-Milk First, Colo strum at 21 Hours
5 hra. - nothing
21 hrs. — 16.hrs. after whole milk
26.hrs.- 5.hrs. after, colostrum
li3 hrS0- 17 hrs. after colostrum
0,o668.
0.216
0.222
U days
0.687
0 .3 1 2
0 .3 3 2
0.595
0.625 ■
0.6U7
0.
0 ,6 6 8
0.6U3
0.197
0.157
0.350.
0.U15
.0 . 3 6 3
0.332
0.605
0.633
0.632
.
OoiUi
0 .3 9 0
0 .1 7 3
. 0.386
0 .3 6 3
. .0 . 3 9 3
. 0.07U
0.07U
o.o53
0.053
o.o53
'
Calf G - Mother .Milked Continuously
At birth
6 hrs. - "No.milk
17 hrs. after nursing
U7 hrso old, 2U after nursing
2 days
3 days
that of carotenoids*
0 .6 1 1
0 .2 3 1
.0.-183
0.223
0.225
The averages were 80 to
96
0 .3 6 7
0.323
0.OU8
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.053
0.053
percent for vitamin
A and UO to 60 percent for carotenoids, according to Parrish, et al
(62 )0 Table
8
shows the apparent coefficients of digestion of colostrum
and milk constituents fed to calves*
Table
8«
Apparent Coefficients of Digestion of Colostrum and Milk
Constituents Fed to Calves (62)<»
Days After Calving-
Protein
Ether Extract
Carbohydrates
Ash
I and 2
3 and U
%
93.
97
98
95
%
85
95
97
97
,
5 and 10
90
98
99
95
IU and 18
. ■ % .,.
93
97
100
■ 100
22
According to the literature reviewed, no satisfactory substi­
tute for colostrum has been found®
Mortality is undoubtedly a better measure of the immunizing
fractions in colostrum®
Feeding colostrum to newborn mammals was found
to decrease enormously mortality (lit, 76)®
The death rate.is. ex­
tremely high among animals which do,not receive colostrum; this indi­
cated that it is. essential for newborn calves to receive colostrum
(8, lit, 26, ItO, 70, 8!t, 85, 103)®
-
Although Howe (ItO) in 1921 stated that the most common explan­
ation of the value of colostrum is that it acts as a purgative,
Ehrlich (26) in 1892 found that newborn mammals can directly absorb
the immune bodies from colostrum®
Colostrum serves the special function of increasing the resis­
tance of newborn calves to infectious disease (8, Ih,
7.0, 76, 8h)®
Smith (83) has shown this b y the high concentration of immune lactoglobulins in the colostrum which ares absent in newborn calves (I4.O, 70,
85)
but which have appeared in the circulation as early as three hours .
after, feeding colostrum®
These lactoglobulins pass from the intesti-
nal tract of the calf to its blood stream, where they may persist for
many months (Bh, 85)®
The immune lactoglobulins of bovine milk and
colostrum have been isolated and compared with respect to their physi­
cal and chemical properties®
Ragsdale and Brody (70) reported that
globulins and. immune bodies pass into the blood of newborn calves
unchanged in the alimentary canal®
23
Smith (8U) stated that intestinal infections are among the
major causes of death among newborn calves#
It is against these in­
fections that colostrum gives protection®
The serum of a newborn calf does not possess any gamma globulin,
-and this appears only after the ingestion of colostrum (36,
Colostral
79)«
immune globulin is different from colostral gamma globulin®
The protein which appears in the blood stream of the calf after inges­
tion of colostrum possesses the electrophoretic mobility of the immune
lactoglobulin and not that of gamma globulin®
Smith (81*) reported that
in a calf fed colostrum only during the first day of its life, the
immune component at twenty days had decreased to about one-half its
initial concentration and persisted there for many months®
This calf
showed a large amount of colostral globulin after two days, which
thereafter decreased steadily*
Calves fed two pounds of the non­
fatty fraction of colostrum followed by the standard diet based on
dried skim milk grew normally, according to Aschaffenburg, et al (6)®
. ---—
:
•
•. ■
••
.
'
' '' ■-*/*«
Ihen calves are fed colostrum during the first twenty-four hours
of life, a n immediate increase in the blood serum globulins occurs, but
after
they reach twenty-four hours of age, no measurable increase in
the serum protein was observed by Hansen, et al (33)«
Calves have been raised without colostrum, using as a substitute
skim milk with 25,000 I JJe vitamin
nicotinic acid. (33, 3£)«.
A. supplemented
with ascorbic and
Table 9 shows that this amount of vitamin A.
produced blood levels similar to the colostrum fed calves (35, UO).
2k
.
Table. 9»
Calves Raised on
&
I
Colostrum Substitute (35))
2
*
3
10,000 I «U, Vit. A
VittA
Only
Treatment
Humber ..of calves.
Blood Plasma vit. A
Concentrate ug/100 m L
. Birth...
1-2 Days.
6-llj. D a y s .
Ho* cases diarrhea.
Ho* cases given
sulfathiazole
Ho* cases survived
Percent Survival
Hicotihic
Acid
6
3
2
U*5
—*■
3
.
3
I
33
$
5
$0
U
.9 ■
11
9
5
3 •
6
5
25*000 IJJ* Vit A " •‘
ColoHicostrum
Hicotinic
and
tinic
Acid & • "Whole
VittA.
Biotin
Milk
Only
Acid
13
6.
12 .
U
7
9
69
-
16
7 •■
•- t
h
.k
.10
11
11
9
h
12
6
86
75
10
10
— ■
5 •.
•
.
—
k
100
Sschaffenburg (5) reported that calves receiving only reconstituted
colostra! powder failed to grow satisfactorily and many of .them died*
Gamble, et al (31) had partial success from feeding blood serum
from animals of the same species*
Blood serum contains antibodies
similar to those found in colostrum and gives a passive resistance
to disease*
In calves without access to colostrum, the various blood serum
fractions do not approach normal values until about eight weeks of age,
•according to Hansen (33)«
Bustad, et al (Ilj.) removed pigs from the mother at birth and
placed them on a synthetic milk diet containing all the known vitamins
with plasma or serum as colostrum*
two days*.
Hone ,survived longer than twenty-
A*, severe diarrhea developed in all the pigs, however*
taining extremely sanitary conditions made it possible to raise
Main­
82^25
22
percent of the pigs born in a control laboratory without any colostrum,
according to Young, et al (103)»
This, substantiated by the raising
of human babies without colostrum, indicates the major, function of
colostrum is to give a resistance to disease and that to raise young
mammals without colostrum, extremely sanitary conditions are necessary®
The average pH.of first colostrum from fifty-seven cows was
with a range of 6*00 to 6*61*
6®28
The pH of the early postpartum mammary
secretion from twenty cows was found b y McIntyre, et al (2U) to increase
gradually from an average of
6*32
in the first colostrum to
6*20
in the
milk produced fourteen days after calving®
Pasteurization does not change the properties of colostrum to any
appreciable extent, according to Ragsdale and. Brody (70)«
However, it
is advisable to pasteurize at a low temperature, since proteins coagulate
at high temperatures*
'■Easkowski, et al (lj.6) discovered the presence of large amounts
of trypsin inhibitor in bovine'colostrum*
This offers an explanation
for the mechanism of transmission of the immune globulins from the
colostrum to the blood.
Howe (Ii-O) stated that it explains how the
immune globulins can escape proteolytic digestion, particularly if
one takes into account the low gastric acidity in the stomach of the
newborn and consequently the impaired peptic digestion*
In comparing the tocopherol concentration of the first mammary
secretion with that of the eighth day, it was found that for cows
receiving no supplemental tocopherols, the average level'of these
26
'
substances was seven times higher in the first lactation than in the
later.
Decreases in concentrations were logarithmic for the first
four days (63,
93).
Colostrum stored in a frozen condition is entirely satisfactory
as a substitute for marketable milk for feeding calves during a%y part
of the.milk feeding period, according to Allen, et al (2)®
' Crawford (16) stated that hydrogen peroxide, when added to milk,
will prevent spoilage for an extended time (l6)»
"Winger Process"
milk is preserved for human consumption b y adding hydrogen peroxide
(6?)® . Milk with the addition of O eI to 0.15 percent hydrogen pero­
xide kept three to four times as long as milk which was pasteurized
one-half hour at 70° C®
The same milk without bydrpgen peroxide
spoiled regularly in twenty-four to forty-eight hours, according to
Mueller (58)«
Hydrogen peroxide must be of high purity, of 30 percent
concentration, stable and free from lead, arsenic, or any other heavy
metals.
Add 0.2 percent of hydrogen peroxide b y weight to the milk
and stir thoroughly (28).
Mainardi (4?) stated that milk centrifuged and preserved with
hydrogen peroxide constitutes a. practical and economical method for
preserving milk.
Feeding experiments demonstrate that calves fed with
hydrogen peroxide preserved milk .show normal increases in weight.
Much attention has been given to keeping the colostrum in a sweet
condition until fed, but sour milk which is somewhat comparable to
colostrum has been fed with good results (21, 49, 77» 78).
If the
27
colostrum could be fed within seven to ten days, there is little need
to keep it sweet.
Sweet cows * milk is capable of neutralizing to a
great extent the acid of the gastric juice, and in this way seriously
impairing normal digestive functions
(k93
52,
53$ 77$ 78,
81).
Souring of the milk does not affect the nutritive value" of the milk to
any extent (97)»
Fermented milks are considered to be of some thera­
peutic value in special diets, and they do have increased digestibility,
according to a statement b y the National Dairy Council (59)«
Dann (21) found that soft curd milk, buttermilk and evaporated
milk travel farther more rapidly and disappear more quickly in the
intestines than does hard curd milk.
Curd tension has received much'
attention as an important factor in feeding calves.
There are several
ways of reducing.curd tension, such as adding water (101), boiling (13),
and acidifying (20).
Weight gains of calves fed colostrum continuously closely paralleled
those of whole milk calves (lp.,
86),
when the amount of colostrum fed
was based bn its dry matter content.
Comparing continuous colostrum feeding with conventional feeding
caused a greater incidence of scours among the calves in the colostrum
group.
The feces were abnormally soft for a longer period than were
those in the whole milk group®
Apparently the extra antibodies of
immunizing fractions which are contained in colostrum did not prevent
scours, but the mortality was less.
Jacobson, et al (Ul) reported on
one trial that five out of twenty-six Calves on whole milk died, while
no colostrum-fed calves died.
28
Undiluted, colostrum has been fed continuously for nine weeks
with good results»
Calves getting colostrum made a pound gain on 805
pounds of colostrum, whereas those fed a conventional way required
10»6 pounds of milk for one pound of gain.
Calves fed colostrum by
Smith (86) appeared sleek and typical of whole milk calves.
The rate
of gain was essentially the same.
Extending the colostrum feeding period to ten or fifteen days
has produced calves with more vitality than those fed colostrum the
usual three day period (I,
93),
•At the Ohio Experiment Station, the general herd of calves is
being fed colostrum as it is produced, according to Sutton and
Kaeser (93)«
Ihen colostrum is not available, the herd is fed whole
Holstein milk without digestive disturbances.
However, where it is
available, its inclusion in the diet to the point of
100
percent of the
feed caused no digestive disturbances, even when of very high test
value,
In weight gains, Kaeser (1*3) reports 1,76 pound daily for calves
fed colostrum under this method, as compared to
the usual way*-
1,£8
for calves fed
Calves will not scour from colostrum (ij.3).
Wise, et al (102) reported that reconstituted skim milk may serve
as a liquid with which to dilute colostrum on a half and half basis.
This mixture may be interchanged abruptly with some slight physiologi­
cal upsets.
This mixture is slightly laxative, but nob to the extent
of being objectionable.
This is a good substitute to use during the
29
whole milk period®
Using this system, a cow’s colostrum will last
twenty to twenty-five days ,for her calf, after which skim milk or other
milk substitutes may b e 'successfully used®
30
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
Thirty-six dairy calves from birth to twenty-four hours of age
were divided into three groups»
Each group consisted of six bull and
six heifer calves and were fed for an eighty day experimental period©
These groups were subdivided into females and males©
Group I females
were designated by I-F, Group I males by I-M, Group II females by II-F 5
Group II males by II-M 5 Group III females by III-F5 and Group III males
by III-Mo
The calves were designated for a group b y placing consecutive num­
bers on them in the order of their arrival and applying these to. a
table of random numbers (19)»
. Each four consecutive days were called sections©
The first four
sections were grouped together and formed a complete cycle©
,
One cycle
consisted of four sections each of four days in length or a total of
sixteen days.
The feeding methods were identical for each of the cycles*
Group I was fed alternately colostrum and fresh Holstein whole milk
■
as indicated in Table 10 to determine the feasibility of feeding fresh
colostrum when available©
Group II was fed alternately fresh whole Holstein milk from one
cow for a four-day period, followed by fresh whole Holstein milk from
another cow for three consecutive four-day periods to determine the
effect of changing from one cow’s milk to that of another®
Table 11
shows the relationship of the period, days, and the feeding schedule©
30~a
Table IO0
Cycle
I
2
Group I Feeding Schedule by Period, Days, and Type of Milk
Fed*
Period
«=
Section
A
I.- U
Feed
B.
G.
D
5 - 8
9-12
13 - 16
D a m ts Colostrum
Holstein Whole Milk.
Holstein Whole Milk
Holstein Whole Milk
A.
17 - 20
21 -; 2U
25 - 28
29 - 32
Colostrum
Holstein Whole Milk
Holstein Whole Milk
Holstein Whole Milk
33 - 36
37 - ItO
id - Wt
it5 - U 8
Colostrum
Holstein Whole Milk
Holstein Whole Milk.
Holstein Whole Milk
h9 -
52
53 - 56.
57 - 60
6l - 6it
Colostrum
Holstein Whole Milk
Holstein. Whole Milk
Holstein Whole Milk
65 - 68
- 72
73 - 76
. 77-80
Colostrum
Holstein Whole Milk
Holstein Whole Milk
Holstein Whole Milk
B
C
D
3
■
Days
A
B
G
D
h
A
B
C
D
5
A
B
G
D-
69
31
Table 11©
Group H
Fed.
Feeding Schedule b y Period, Days, and Type of Milk
‘Period
Section
Days
I
A
B
G
D
. I ** U
2-8
9 -1 2
13 - 16
2
A.
B
C
D
.17
20
21:— 2k
22 - 28
29 - 32
Holstein.
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Milk
Milk
Milk
Milk
Cow
Cow
Cow
Cow
#2
#1
#1
#1
3
A
B
C
D
33 - 36
37
ItO
U l-Itlt
U2 - U8
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Milk
Milk
Milk
Milk
Cow
Cow
Cow
Cow
#3
#1
#1
#1
A
B
C
D
U9
23
27
61
- 22
26
- 6o
- 6U
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Milk Cow
Milk Cow #1
Milk. Cow #1
Milk Cow #1
A
B
G
D
65
69
73
77
-
•Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Milk
Milk
Milk
Milk
Cycle
®
,
h
Feed
-
68
72
76
80
Dam? s Colostrum
.Holstein Whole Milk Gow #1
Holstein Whole Milk Cow #1
Holstein Whole Milk Cow #1
Cow
Cow #1
Cow #1
Cow #1
Group III was the check group and was fed a conventional method
of feeding under similar conditions©
It was fed.colostrum for four
days, and whole Holstein milk from one cow for the remainder of the
experimental period©
Table 12 shows the relationship of the period,
days, and the feeding schedule*
The calves were fed milk or colostrum that had been carefully
warmed to 98° F at 5 a*m. and
p.m*
They were fed milk or colostrum
.
in open pails*
Grain, followed b y hay, was. fed immediately after the milk was
<
32
Table 120 Group III Feeding Schedule by Period, Days, and Type of Milk
...........Fed,...
........
, -.
. . ............
Period
Cycle
-
I
Section
Days
I-U
A
B
C
D
2
20
21
2U
23 - 28
33 - 36
37 - UO Ui - UU
U3. — U8
.
A '
B
C
D
3
consumed.
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Milk
Milk
Milk
Milk
Cow
Cow
Cow
Cow
#1
#1
#1
#1
Holstein.Whole
. Holstein Whole
Holstein W o l e
Holstein Whole
Milk
Milk
Milk
Milk
Cow
Cow
Cow
Cow
#1
#1
#1
#1
.29 - 32
B
C
D
'A
B
C
D
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
' .17
A
h.
Dam's Colostrum
Holstein Whole.Milk Cow #1
Holstein Whole Milk Cow #1
Holstein Whole Milk Cow #1
3 - 8
9 T- 12
13 - 16
A.
B
C
D
3
Feed
••
U9
33
37
6l
-
32
36
60
6U
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Milk
Milk
Milk
Milk
Cow
Cow
Cow
Cow
#1
#1
#1
#1
63
69
73
77
-
68
72
76
80
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Holstein
Whole
Whole
Whole
Whole
Milk
Milk
Milk
Milk
Cow
Cow
Gow
Cow
#1
#1
#1
#1
All feeds were weighed carefully.
The unconsumed hay was
weighed at the end of every day.
Much care was exercised that the calves not receive any feed other,
than the regular milk, hay, and grain that had been carefully weighed
for each individual calf.
The calves had fresh water available at all times except when they
were tied for their regular feedings*
The calves were turned loose
for exercise each day except for a two or three hour period after feed­
ing.
33
Only clean dry straw was used for bedding e
The stalls were care­
fully cleaned once a day, and when they were tied the manure was
cleaned from under them and replaced with clean straw as necessary*
The barn was fairly well lighted and ventilated®
It was also
used for maternity cases and other cows when it was desirable to keep
them in 9 which created a few drafts when doors were opened for the
cows to enter and leave®
However, these cows helped to provide warmth
in the b a m which had. no other source of heat®
When spring came, the calves were turned out afternoons for
exercise onto
a dry lot®
The first calves were started on experiment December 2£, 1951®
Some of these calves scoured.
In an attempt to keep them away from
drafts, they were placed in a different part of the b a m which happened
to have a wooden floor but which was near a good source of heat."While several calves were in this location, one died of an unknown
cause on January
12, 1952
at six days of age and another died of white
scours on January 15, 1952 at eight days of age.
Since this area had
a wooden floor and was impossible to disinfect satisfactorily, the
calves were again moved.
The healthy calves were moved back into the
regular calf barn, and the sick ones were moved .when they became
healthy.
All calves b o m after January 19, 1952, were placed in a large
stall and isolated as well as possible for about two weeks before they
were moved to the general calf b a m .
Four calves were started in each
3k
large stall, one tied in each c o m e r *
This large stall was thoroughly-
scrubbed.with lye water before and after each group of calves.
A
serious attempt was made not to contaminate the calves in this stall
or these calves with others*
A pan of lye water was placed in the
doorway to help prevent carrying contamination on a person's boots
from one pen to another.
About the time this method of starting the calves' was working
satisfactorily, a high rate of general scouring appeared in the main
calf herd*
This was controlled when the calves were fed only three to
three and one-half pounds of milk twice a day, although several of the
calves weighed over
100
pounds and should -have been getting over five
pounds of milk twice a day.
The entire calf barn Vas thoroughly scrubbed with lye water, and
on February 2it, 1952, the calves were moved into these cleaned stalls*
Four days after this, there were less calves scouring than had been
for several days, and on the tenth day there was a definite decrease
in the incidence of scours among the calf herd (Table 60)*
The last week in April, the incidence of scours rose very sharply^
until, bn May 2, 1952, one calf became ill with white scours.
calf was saved, although it was not used on the experiment.
This '
The next
day the entire calf b a m was scrubbed with lye water, and again it
produced very significant lowering of the incidence of scours*
One calf died January 18, 1 9 5 2 , at eight days of age from a navel
infection.
Another was lost January 28, 1952, at 35 days of age due to
3?
strangling*
One died from an unknotm cause on March
days of age*
June l£s 1952*
6, 19$2,
at 37
Pneumonia caused the death of a calf 13 days old on
It did not appear to be ill and Tvas apparently breath­
ing and eating normally a few hours before death;
A
total of forty-four calves were started.
thirty-eight were raised.
Six were lost, and
Thirty-six were used on the experiment, and
the other two were raised, partly in accordance with the above agree­
ment and partly to be used for records in the event that other calves
died®
The colostrum was stored in covered paper containers placed in a
cold storage compartment where a temperature of - 15° F was maintained®
Twelve hours before feeding, it was removed from the freezer and kept
at room temperature until feeding time; the milk was then rapidly,
warmed to 98° F and fed at this temperature®
It was fed in chronolog­
ical order, i,e®., milk produced the first day after calving was fed
the first day in the colostrum feeding period, the second day's pro­
duction fed the second day, e.tc.
The colostrum for the first day after freshening was mixed to­
gether and saved as first day milk.
The same procedure was used for
the second day, the third, and the fourth day milk.
The daily colostrum production for each cow was well mixed and a
sample taken for analysis.
*
Each sample was analyzed for carotene,
> - -
vitamin A, fat, protein, ether extract, ash, moisture, phosphorous, and
calcium.
The vitamin .A and carotene determinations were made following
36
the procedure explained by Boyer, et al (Il)e
The calves were seldom fed more than eight pounds of milk per ,
day, although many of them attained a final neeight of
more*
180
pounds or
All of the calves were Holsteins, and the initial weights sel­
dom were less than 90 or more than 100 pounds*
With this uniform
group of calves most of them were fed five to six pounds of milk daily
for the first five to ten days*
Most calves were getting eight pounds
per day before the end of the first cycle or at sixteen days of age®
It has been previously explained that most of the calves would scour
when fed at the rate of one pound of milk for ten pounds of body weight.
However, these calves maintained satisfactory health and growth rates
when fed a smaller quantity of milk.
After this tendency to scour was
discovered, no calves were fed more than eight potihds of milk per day.
The following grain mixture was fed for the duration of the experi­
ment:
. Rolled Oats
Rolled Barley
Wheat Bran '
Linseed Oil Meal
Salt”
■ Steam Bone Meal
UO pounds
30 pounds
20 pounds
10 pounds
I pound
I pound
After receiving their milk, the calves were immediately fed in
individual feed boxes all the grain they would eat in a few minutes.
They were not fed grain until they were 20 days of. age.
A small representative sample was taken from several parts of
each batch of feed mixed and was kept together until the final
batch had been, sampled®
This was thoroughly mixed, by rolling a portion
37
of the complete sample back and forth on a large piece of wrapping
paper until it was well mixed*
This well-mixed portion was quartered,,
and one pair of opposite quarters were saved while the other pair were
cast off*
This procedure was continued until the whole sample had
been divided in two portions, the one saved and the one cast off®
Now the procedure was repeated for the portion saved, and again re­
peated several times until only one small sample remained for analysis.
After the original amount had been divided once, it was jground through
a coarse mill and after being divided again several times, it was
ground very fine*
The sample was analyzed by the Montana Agricultural Experiment
Station Chemistry Department*
tein,
8*9
The sample contained lluli percent pro­
percent water, li@0 percent ash,
crude fiber,
phorus, and.
6l »7
0*l£
3*8
percent fat,
percent nitrogen-free extract,
0ȣl
7*2
percent
percent phos- '
percent' calcium*
From this, the total digestible nutrients were calculated at 73*65
percent*
Since digestion coefficients for the entire ration, were not
available, the coefficients were taken from Morrison (57) for the
component parts of the ration*
The percentage of the component part
of the ration was multiplied by the digestion coefficient given by
Morrison; this was done for each component of the ration and the
results added*
The sum gave the digestion coefficient used*
38
Example:
Component parts
of ration by '%
Oats
Barley
Bran
LSOM
W
3#
Dig® Coeff*
of Protein
(Morrison)
.
20%
10%
W
30%
20%
10%
100%
. 78
79
81
87
of 78 =
of 79. =
of 81 =
of 87 =
31®20
23*70
16*20
8*70
79.80
The digestion coefficient for protein in the ration equals 79®80®
This procedure was repeated, which gave digestion coefficients for
fat
85o00
percent, fiber ii7®70.percent, and nitrogen-free extract
83®UO percent®. Using these coefficients and the analysis of the ration
determined b y the Chemistry Department^ total digestible nutrients,
were figured by the method stated b y Morrison.
The hay was graded and described b y M. M. Kuper, Inspector
Division, Production and Marketing Administration, Grain Branch,
Washington 25, D. C®, as U® S® Number 3 Extra Green Mixed Hay; it had
57
percent green color, and contained
.(rakings)®
16.5
percent foreign material
The hay plants in the mixture consisted of clover 56*9
percent, alfalfa
22»5.percent,.and 20*6
chard grass combined*
percent of bromegrass and or­
Leafiness is not a. grading factor, but the
leafiness of the clover was U 6®3 percent and the leafiness of the
alfalfa was
1|0®8
percent®
It was observed that calves having an abundance of hay before them
would consume more than when the estimated amount of consumption was
placed in the manger for each calf®
Therefore, about 150 percent of
39
the estimated hay the calves would eat was weighed out to them at each
feeding, which assured that they would always have an abundance of
good quality hay for their feeds
Starting at 13 days of age they were
fed hay at the regular feeding period 0
The hay came from one field the first year following seeding and
was uniform throughout the experiment®
The hay was sampled by taking about an inch cross-section from
- every tenth bale*
These flakes were stored together, and after the
last bale had been sampled, the sample was chopped in a forage
grinder.
This was separated and ground, following the same procedure
as described above in relation to sampling the grain.
This sample
was analyzed by the Chemistry Department, Montana Agricultural Experi­
ment Station®
The hay was computed as explained previously to have U5®13 percent
total digestible nutrients, 6.7 percent water, 7@5> percent ash, 13.U
percent protein,
26,7
percent crude fiber, l e7'percent fat, Ui®00
percent nitrogen-free extract, 0,20 percent phosphorus, and 1,$0
percent calcium®
, The hay remaining in the manger was weighed at the end of every
.day.
About every ten days' the total weigh-back for the day was put
in a burlap sack, weighed accurately, and hung in the hay mow to dry.
There is more moisture in the hay weighed back than in the original hay
fed due to the saliva and moist air being expelled by the calf onto'
the hay®
At the close of the experiment, these sacks were weighed .
Uo
again and showed 6 e38 percent shrinkage*
figures were reduced by
gun*
6*38
Therefore> all weigh-back
percent before any calculations were be­
It was this hay that was used for a sample.
The final sample
was taken from it by the means described above in sampling the hay.
The same digestion coefficients were used as those for the hay6
All
analyses were made by the Chemistry Department of the Montana Agri­
cultural Experiment Station,
follows?
The composition of the weigh-back is as
water 6*£ percent, ash 7,2 percent', protein 12,1 percent,
crude fiber
29,-3 percent,
fat 1,6 percent, nitrogen-free extract U3®3
percent, phosphorus 0,17 percent, and calcium 0,75 percent®
-With the
exception of crude fiber these are all slightly lower than the hay, '
The calves were weighed at birth and every fourth day thereafter
or at the end of every period.
The calves were weighed in a crate on
a 1,000 pound platform scale, „ Usually three readings were taken and
the average recorded.
Blood analyses were made for vitamin A, carotene, calcium, and
phosphorus.
days.
Samples were taken on the fourth, sixteenth, and twentieth
The fourth day sample followed immediately the initial colostrum
feeding.
The sixteenth day sample came after the twelve day fresh
whole Holstein milk period and before the first intermittent colostrum
feeding period.
The final and twentieth day sample was taken immedi­
ately following the first intermittent colostrum feeding period.
la
EXPERDflSNTAL RESULTS
Discussion of Individual Calves in Group I-F
6,
Calf 810, a purebred Holstein, was born January
1952„
On
.
January 16 at 11 days of age its feces became watery, thus manifesting
a scoured or diarrhea tendency.
On January 22 at 17 days of age it
was badly scoured; on January 31 and February
6
at 26 and 32 days
of age, respectively, its feces again became watery.
at 50 days of age its feces became slightly watery.
blood levels.
k
16
20
Table 13 shows the
.
Table 13.
Age-Days
On February 2it
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 810
Vitamin A
Hg.
Carotene
Hg.
Phosphorus
mg.
22
18
17
0
10
13
It.8
5®4
6.2
Calf 822, a grade Holstein, was born February 3, 1952.
ary 7 at 11 days of age. its feces became watery.
blood levels.
k
16
20
8.6
8.6
10.8
-
On Febru-
Table lit shows the
x
Table lU»
Age-Days
Calcium
mg.
Vitamin A
Hg.
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 822.
Carotene
Hg.
Phosphorus
mg.
17
18
3
I
6.2
Ht
5
5.1
S o k
Calcium
mg.
9.U
9 Jt
9.0
Calf 1(12, a grade Holstein, was born Februaiy lU, 195>2»
8
at 2k days of age, its feces became watery, thus manifesting a scoured
or diarrhea tendency®
Table 15> shows the blood levels®
Table 15®
Vitamin A
ug®
Age-Days
.
On larch
Blood Plasma Values for Calf Ul2
Carotene
ug.
12
11
IU
.U
16
20
Calf
March U at
Phosphorus
mg®
Calcium
mg.
6®6
6®U
5el
3
3
16
10®8
8.7
10®6
3U6, a purebred Holstein, was b o r n February 2U, I1952®
8
Oh
days of age its feces became slightly watery. thus mani-
festing a scoured or diarrhea tendency®
On March
5 and 30 at 9 and 3U
days of age, respectively , its feces became watery.
Table 16 shows the
blood levels«
Table 16®
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 3U6
Age-Days
Vitamin A
ug®
Carotene
ug®
U
17
3
. IU
20
Phosphorus
mg.
-
I
A
XO
20
Calf 83h, a grade Holstein, was born March
23 through March 27 at IU through
watery.
18
Calcium
mg®
5oU
8.8
5®1
8 .5
8,
1952.
From March
days of age, its feces became
On March 25 at 16 days of age, its body temperature was 103®6°.
On March 28 at 19 days of age its feces were slightly wateryj on March
29 at 20 days of age its bocfy" temperature was 102»7° F® On April 9,
h3
phlegmones appeared in the jaw, which were probably the initial stage
of abscesses*
to recede*
Administration of anti-biotics caused the phlegmones
Ori March
administered*
2$
and on April 11, ten grams of sulmet were
Table 17 shows the blood levels*
Table 17*
Age-Days
Vitamin A
ug*
h
Blood Plasma Values for Calf
Carotene
ug*
10
0
16
9
20
13
I
3
Calf
8U 9,
83I4.
Phosphorus
mg*
Calcium
mg*
8*0
9*2
5eU
UoU
a purebred Holstein, was born March 25, .1952*
On
April 25 and 26 at 30 and 31 days of age, it became scoured; on April
29 at
3k
days of age its feces became watery and its body temperature
was 103*2° Fe
Table 18 shows the blood levels*
Table 18*
Blood Plasma Values for Calf
Age-Days
Vitamin A
ug.
Carotene
ug*
1|.
17
19
17
13
13
16
20
10
8I4.9
Phosphorus
mg*
Calcium
mg*
6.1
5*2
5*1- .
9.7
9.2
11*5
Discussion of Individual Calves in Group I-M
Calf IiLl, a grade Holstein, was born February 9, 1952«
On
February 25 and April 9 at 16 and 60 days of age, respectively, its
feces became slightly watery*
Table 19 shows the blood levels*
Wi
Table 19*
Age-Bays
Vitamin A
Ugi
Il
25
12
22
16
20
Blood Plasma Values for Calf WLl
Carotene
Ugi
____
Calcium
mg.
Phosphorus
mgb
6®1
5.0
U®6
16
3 ’,
16 f
9.W
7.6
9.2
Calf Iilii, a grade Holstein, was born February 22, 1952»
February 26 at Ii days of age, its feces became slightly watery*
On
On
March 27 at 3ii days of age it became scoured with a body temperature
of 102®U0 F®
Table 20 shows the blood levels®
Table 20»
Age-Days
Il
16
. 20
Vitamin A
Ugi
Blood Plasma Values for Calf Iilii
Carotene
Ug »
Phosphorus
mg*
I
13
lla-9
5.1
it.9
’ 15
18
19
26
Calf WL5>* a grade Holstein, was born March 3, 19J>20
Calcium
mg*
9.U
8.3
9.9
On March 5
at 2 days of age, its feces, became watery; on March 6 and 7 at 3 and U
days of age, it became sCourede
Gn March 26 at 23 days of age its
feces were watery and its body temperature was 10i;e0o F e
7oj? grams of sulmet were administered®
Table 21®
Vitamin A
ug»
Carotene
ug.
Il
9
111
22
16
20
Table 21 shows- the blood levels*
Blood Plasma Values for Calf itl£
Age-Days
16
On March 6,
0
17
Phosphorus
'mg.
Ii»6
5.1:
5.6
Calcium
mg®
8eit
9.8
8.0
Calf ltl8, a grade Holstein, was born April 16, 19^2«
lU days of age, it became scoured.
feces became watery.
On May
On May 29 at
k2
Age-Days
Vitamin A
ug,
10
7
12
Ii
16
20
37 days of age its
days of age it was constipated
and had a body temperature of 10li,0° F,
Table 22»
2k at
On May I at
Table 22 shows the blood levels.
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 1+18
Carotene
ug „
Phosphorus
mg.
Calcium
mg.
10
I
10
li©6
Ii,5
5,1
IO9It
8.0
Calf li23. a grade Holstein, was born April 28, 1952»
9.2
On May I at
2 days of age its feces became slightly watery,, Table 23 shows the
blood levels©
Table 23»
Age-Days
Vitamin A.
ug,
Ii
Hi
16.
16
20
19
Calf
b25,
.
Blood Plasma Values for Calf ii23
Carotene
ug,
Phosphorus
mg.
3
8
13
5.9
6.9
10.8
7.8
6,8
9.5
a grade Holstein, was born April 30, 1952*
Calcium
mg 0
On May 9
and Ili at 8 and 13 days of age, its feces became watery; on June 6 at
36
days of age its body temperature became 103,U 0 F»,, .There are no
blood analyses available for calf li25®
Discussion of Individual Calves in Group II-F
Calf iiOli, a grade Holstein, was born January ii, 1952»
On January
■
Table 2 b
I? at 13 days of age, its feces became slightly Watexy-*
shows the blood leyels©
Table 2lu
Age-Days
Blood Plasma Values for Calf I4.0U
Vitamin A
Carotene
ug .
Uga
16
16
U
16
20
Phosphorus
mg.
0
3
13
21
Calcium
mg.
5.5
IOeU
■ 6.2
8.8
9.6
5.o
Calf 811, a purebred Holstein, was born January
9,
1952«,
On
January 13 at 5 days of age, its feces became watery; on January II4 at
6
days of age it became scoured.
feces again became watery.
On Januaxy 31 at 23 days of age, its
On January 10 through 16 and February 20
and 21 at 33 through 39 and ii3 and ItU days of age, respectively, its
feces were slightly watexy.
terramycin.
On January
lU
it was given
mg.
Table 25 shows the blood levels.
Table 25.
Vitamin A
Uge
Age-Days
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 811
Carotene
ug.
Phosphorus
mg.
Calcium
• ' mg.
10.5
U
12
I
5.2
16
—
•ao
■ w w .
20
17
8
6®U
Calf
2^0
8lU,
a purebred Holstein* was born January 13, 1952.
1 0 .6
On •
January 15 at 2 days of age it became scoured; on January 16 and 17 at
3 and U days of age, its feces were watery.
On February 15 at 33 days
of age its feces were slightly watery; on February 18 and 19 at 36 and
37 days of age, its feces were watery.
age it was scoured.
On February 21 at 39 days of age its feces were
watery; on February 25> at
Watery 0
.On February 20 at 38 days of
h3
days of age its feces were slightly
On February 28 at I46 days of age it was scoured*
Table 26
shows the blood levels®
Table 26®
Age-Days
Blood Plasma Values for Calf
Vitamin AL
Ug .
it-
8llj.
Carotene
ug..
.Phosphorus
mg.
Calcium
mg.
6®0
6 0lt
7.2
■ 8®8
9.3
9®it
16
25
20
5
.13
20
16
16
Calf 3Ul, a purebred Holstein, was born January 26, 1952®
On
February 2 through February U at 7 through 9 days of age, its feces
contained a bloody mucus; on February 9 and 10 at lU and 15 days of
age, its feces contained a bloody mucus.
On February 12 at 17 days
of age, its feces became watery. ' On February
2h
at 18 days of age.j its
feces were, slightly watery; on February 25 at 19 days of age it was
scoured.
On February 26 at 20 days of age, it feces were watery.
On
March 16 at.5Q days of age it started to shed its hair and its skin
became scaly.
It first shed from the head and neck and then behind
the ears and between the hind legs.
thickening of the skin appeared.
hair started to grow again.
It then shed from the booty-, and
On April 13 at
.78 days
of age the
This calf was treated with, one million
units of penicillin on February 3> 9 grams of sulmet on February It,
9 grams of sulmet on February 10, and-10 grams of sulmet on February
i;8
25>0
Table 27 shows the blood levels®
-Table 27.
Age-Days
U
16
20
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 3Ul
Vitamin A
n g e.
Carotene
ug®
Phosphorus
mg®
12
12
18
13
I
I
6®1|
7el
7.0
■
Calcium
mg.
11®%
9.7
9.6
Calf 815, a purebred Holstein, was born January 21, 1952 «
On
January 29 and February 25 at 8 and 35 days of age, its feces became
watery®
Table 28 shows the blood levels®
Table 28®
Vitamin A
Ugo
Age-Days
k
' 16
16
20
16
111-
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 8l5
Carotene
Ugo
Phosphorus
mg®
8
I
•3
7o0
6.2
6®lt
Calf 856, a purebred Holstein, was born April I, 1952.
Calcium
mg®
11*0
9.0
10.8
.
Immediately
after the first feeding. it began bleeding very rapidly at the navel®
The veterinarian tied it off, and one week later he lanced a swelling
that appeared in the region of the navel®
29 days of age, its feces became watery®
Table 29®
Age-Days
-
h
16
20
On April 29.and
30
at 28 and
Table 29 shows the blood levels,
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 856
Vitamin A
ug®
Carotene
ug.
Phosphorus
mg®
20
IU
111
0
8
21
koO
Klli®6
Calcium
mg.
10.0
9®2
7 ®%
Discussion of Individual Calves in Group 'II-MCalf 3^0, a purebred Holstein, was born January 12, 195)2.
On
January lU at 3 days of age, its feces became slightly watery.
On
January.I^ at
U days of age it became scoured and its body temperature
IOU0 P® On January 16, 17, and 25>, at
was
6 , and lU days of age,
its feces were watery; on February 20 at UO days of age its feces were
again slightly watery.
umbilical rupture.
On March l£ at 6 k days of age it developed an
On January IJ+ and 15> it was given 250 mg. terranycin.
Table.30 shows the blood levels®
Table 30.
Age-Days
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 3^0
Vitamin A
ug.
18
. 25
IU
U
16
20
.
Carotene
Uge
0
Phosphorus
mg.
5.2
6*0
6*9
16
19
Calf i|l6, a- grade Holstein, was born March 5, 1952®
at 21 days of age it became scoured.
Calcium
mg.
8.8
11*2
9i0
On March 27
On April 10 and 11 at 35 and
36
days of age, phlegmones appeared in the jaw, which were probably the
initial stage of abscesses*
the phlegmones to recede.
administered.
Administration of anti-biotics caused
On April 10, ten grams of sulmet were
Table 31 shows the blood levels®
'Table 31®
Age-Days
Vitamin,A
Ug »
U
16
20
Blood Plasma Values for Calf I4.I6
Carotene
- ug. •
•Phosphorus
mg®
Calcium
mg.
11
9
0
0
IleO
8.I1
5.2
99
3
5.1
8.5
8.8
Calf 859, a purebred Holstein, was born April 11, 1952«. This
was a female calf used in this male grouping because there was no
male available®
Table 32 shows the blood levels.
Table 32.
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 859
Age-Days
Vitamin A
ug.
Carotene
ug.
U
Ul
17
20
0
31
16
20
b2
Phosphorus
. mg.
Calcium
mg. ■
. 1|.8
6.8
10.0
10.6.
Calf Itl7, a grade Holstein calf, was born April 13, 1952.
On
April 30 at 16 days of age, it became scoured®, Table 33 shows the
blood levels®
Table 33»
Age-Days
'k
Vitamin A
ug.
'
Blood Plasma Values for Calf i|17
Carotene
ug.
Phosphorus
mg.
Calcium
mg®
~
16
9
20
13
8
I
6.8
6.2
Calf Ul9> a grade Holstein, was b o m April 17, 1952»
6.8
8.8
On April
2b
at 6 days of age, its feces became watery; on April 25 at 7- days of age
51
it became scoured*
Table 3U shows the blood levels*
Table 3^*
Age-Days
Vitamin. A
ug* '
U
16
20
Blood Plasma Values for Calf ltl9
Carotene
Ug®
0
7
7
I
6
0
Phosphorus
rag®
days of age it became scoured*
Table 35»
Age-Days
Vitamin A
ug*'
17
11
13
it
16
■20
. rag*
7.8
iteit
6.7
L 8
11*0
9.0
Calf 1*21, a grade Holstein, was born April 21, 1952*
11
Calcium
On May 3 at
Table 35 shows the blood levels*
Blood Plasma Values for Calf U21
Carotene
ug *
3
3
I
Phosphorus
Calcium
rag*
rag*
13.29.0
9.U
5*5
6*2
6*6
Discussion c>f Individual Calves in Group III-F
Calf
21
h0$ 9
a grade Holstein, was born January 5, 1952*
at U8 days of .age, its feces became slightly watery*.
On February
Table
36
shows,
the blood levels*
Table
Age-Days
36®
Blood Plasma Values for Calf Uo5
Vitamin A
ug*
Carotene
Ugi ■
Phosphorus
■ rag.
Calcium
rag*
0
5
3
4.8
5*3
5.0
10.3
8.5
f.7
It
11
16
16
20
17
.
Calf L13, a grade Holstein, was b o m January 1$, 1952.
2 at 17 days of age, it became scoured.
On March
Table 37 shows the blood
levels.
Table 37« .Blood Plasma Values for Calf Ul3 '
Age-Days
Vitamin A
Carotene
ng.
U
16
19
19
11
20
Hg.
Calcium
mg.
. 6.6
5 »6
5oU
8
' 13
13
•
Phosphorus
mg c
9 .5
8e6
9..U
Calf U09, a grade Holstein, was b o m January 16, 1952.
On
* age, respectively^ its
January 30 and February 8 at lU and 23 days tiii
feces became slightly watery.
Table
38
shows the blood levels.
Table 38.
Age-Days
U
16
20
Blood Plasma Values for Calf U09
Vitamin A
Carotene
Hg.
Hg.
22
11
23
21
10
5 .9
I
5.2
Phosphorus
mg. .
Calcium
mg.
8.9
8.7
6.U
.
Calf UlOj a grade Holstein, was b o m January 25, 1952 .
8.2.
On January
28 and February 11 at. U and 18 days of age, its feces became watery.
On February 18 at 25 days of age its feces contained mucus.
On
February 2U .at 31 days of age, its feces became slightly, watery; on
February 25 through 28 at 32 through 35 days of age, its feces were
watery.
On February 29 through March 2 at 36 through 38 days of age,
it was badly scoured.
Table 39 shows the blood levels.
.
53
Table 39«.
Age-Days
h
Blood Plasma Values for Calf IfLO
Vitamin A
Carotene
Uge
Uge
21
' 12
16
16
20
Phosphorus
mg®
Calcium
mg®
6
6®6.
3
I
7®a
Il6O
9.1
Stk
9ok
Calf 835, a grade Holstein, was b o r n March
9,
19^2„
On March 12
at 2 days of.age, it became scoured; on March 17 at 7 days of age its
feces became slightly watery«
feces were watery.
On March
2h
at lit days of age, its
On April 10 at 31 days of age, phlegmonss appeared
in the jaw which were probably the initial stage of abscesses®
Ad­
ministration of anti-biotics caused these phlegmonss to recede®
On
April 28 at U9 days of age, its feces were watery; on April 29 at 50
days of age it became scoured a.nd its body temperature was 106®2° F,
On April 30 at 5l days ,,of age, it was badly scoured and its body
temperature was 105o2° F 6
administered®
On April 10, ten grams of sulmet were
Table UO shows the blood levels®
Table 1+0®
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 835
Age-Days
Vitamin A
ug«
k
12
0
16
20
9
9
3
5
Carotene
ug®
Phosphorus
mg®
Calcium
; mg®
It®9
5.0
9.1+
Calf 871, a purebred Holstein, was .born April 27, 1952®
at
3
8.8
On May. I
days of age, its feces became watery and its. body temperature was
IOU 0O0 F®
On May U and 12 at
6
and ten days,-of age, respectively, it
was badly scoured; on May. 13 through l£ at 11 through 13 days of age
it was baidly scoured; on May 26 its feces were watery.
Table hi shows
the blood levels.
Table Li.
Age-Days
Blood Plasma Values for*Calf 8?1
Vitamin A
Uge
k
12
16
16
20
12
Carotene
ug.
Phosphorus
•mg.
Calcium
mg.
0
'I
0
6.0
6.2
6.3
8.5
6.2
7® 8
Discussion of Individual Calves in Group III-M
Calf U02, a grade Holstein, was born December 2U, 1951®
ary
h
On Janu­
at 11 days of age, its feces became watery; on January 9 at 16
days of age it was scoured and its body temperature was 106°
On
January 10, its body temperature was IOlj..3° F», and on January 11, its
body temperature was 102.6° F»
sulmet were administered.
Table U2®
Age-Days
h
16
On January 10 and 11, nine grams of
Table lj2 shows the blood levels.
Blood Plasma Values for Calf U02
Vitamin.A
ug.
Carotene
ug»
0
0
0
9
12 .
20
. Phosphorus
mg.
6.6
hoS
5.2
Calf 1|03, a grade Holstein, was b o m January 3, 1952.
Calcium
mg.
10.3
9.2
10.8
On January
'
IU through Io at 11 through 13 days of age, it was scoured®■ On January
22 through 23 at 19 through 20 days of age, its feces were, watery.
On
January 28 and 29 at 2f> and 26 days of age, respectively, it was
scoured.
Table
b3
On January 22 and 23, nine grams of sulmet were administered.
shows the blood levels.
Table U3®
Age-Days
Blood Plasma Values for Calf U03
Vitamin A
Carotene
ug .
ug.
U
16
11
0
I
10
13
19
20
Calf
hOls
Phosphorus
mg.
Calcium
mg®
U.8
9.0
8.0
8.2
5.3
5.2
a grade Holstein, was born January 10, 195)2.
Table Ui
shows the. blood levels.
Table
Age-Days
hh*
Blood Plasma Values for Calf li.07
Vitamin A
ug 6
Carotene
23
0
13
13
U
16.
'Ug6
19.
15
20
Calf
Phosphorus
mg.
Calcium
mg.
5oU
6.2
n.8
10.7
9.6
6.1
3U5, a purebred Holstein, was born Februaiy 2U, 1952 . On
March I and 2 at 5 and 6. days of age, respectively, it became scoured.
On March 27 and 30 at 31 and
became watery.
3h
days of age, respectively, its feces
On March I, 7.5 grams of sulmet were administered,
and on March 2, five grams of sulmet were administered.
the blood levels.
Table
k%
shows
k$*
Table
Age-Days
■Blood Plasma Values for Calf 315
Vitamin A
Carotene
ug.
, Uge
h
16
20
'
Calf
h209
10
10
11
0
3
17
Phosphorus
mg«
Calcium
mg.
Io 8
U ®6
5.2
.8.7
10«2
9.6
a grade Holstein, was born April 20, 195,2«
Table 16
shows the blood levels®
Table I4.6.
Age-Days
Vitamin A..
ug.
h
16
Carotene
Ugo
20
h2h,
Phosphorus
mg*
16
$
a grade Holstein, was b o m April 28, 195,2*
2 at 3 and U days of age, respectively, •it scoured.
Calcium
mge
9.2
8.8
. 8.9
5o6
7.8
.601
27
19
Il
17
■
Calf
Blood Plasma Values for Calf 120
On May I and
On May I, ten
grams of sulmet were administered, and on May 2, five gramsI of sulmet
were administerede
Table
Table
Age-Days
hi»
Vitamin A
)
Uge
hi
shows the blood levels®
Blood Plasma Values for Calf
.
Carotene
Uge
U
16
9
0
9
20
9
I
3
.
hZh
Phosphorus
mg 0
5 .9
6.9
6 .8
Calcium
mgo .
10.3
7.6
8.5
57
. Table U8 shows the average daily milk consumption is not consis­
tent at any time during the 80-day experimental period.
Therefore, •
the inconsistency of consumption indicates that the calves were un­
able to consume eight pounds of milk daily without scouring, although
some weighed up to 180 pounds..
This apparently did not seriously
affect the growth curves.
This table gives the average daily milk consumed for the calves
of each four day section.
The statistical significance was checked using the total diges­
tible nutrients consumed by each calf for the entire period.
The
significance was checked according to methods of Dixon and Massey (19)
at the 95 percent level using the following formula;
SX2 s;2 =
(Z X)2
■
.^
N-I
There was no significant difference between the total digestible
nutrients in the milk consumed among the calves.
The mean total digestible nutrients consumed, given in Table L9
by the groups, is 1.92
8.00 pounds per day per calf.
The colostrum
group was above average'for consumption} part of this can be con­
tributed to the substituting of colostrum with high total digestible
nutrients for equal parts of milk during the A- sections.
The A sections
in group I show a considerable rise, and they return to normal in the
B sections.
The mean consumption for the total digestible nutrients
for group II and III is 188.5 * U.5 pounds.
This is much lower than
Table I4.80 Average Daily Milk Consumption*
Cycle
Section
" I-F'
I-M
I
A
B
G
D
2.77
2.60
2
' A,
B
C
D
II-F
II-M
6*88
2.81
6*08
6.77
6*1*0
.2.29
2 .92
6*69
7.28
6.90
6.73
7.31
6*63
6*60 '
7.33
7.U2
7.62
6.79
7 .7 2
7.81
8*00
7 .hO
7.20
7.31
7.2o
6*88
•
■
III-F
III-M
2.32
2.93
6.82
7.08
k.69
2.69
, 7.12
6,?*
7.00
7.29
7 .72
7.k2
2.9k
7 .1 9
7.10
7.k2
,IM
■
'
7.8#
1.96;
3
A
B
C
D
6*08
8*00
8*00
7.92
7.88
7.28
8.00
. 7.92
7.2o
6.98
7.32
6.98
7.92
8.00
7.67.
7.83
7.71
7.38
7.77
7 .90
7 .7 2
8*17
8*13
8.19
k
A
B
C
D
7.6?
7.90
7.81
8.00
8.00
8.00
8*00
7 .72
7.00
7.2k
7.73
7 .9 0
7.83
7.92
7.81
7.79
7 .2 0
7.2k
7.9k
7 .9 6
8,27
8.33
7.28
7.92
2
A
B
G
D
7.88
7.92
' 8*00
8.00
7.28
8,00
,8*00
7 083
7.96
7.83
7.96
7.71
7.96
7.83
7.67
7,83
7.77
8.00
6.92
8*00
7.96
.7.96
8*00
8*00
the mean for the total groups*
Although there is some variation in the
consumption, there is no significant difference between the groups*
Group III-F consumed the least total digestible nutrients of all groups.
Table £0 shows the amount of milk consumed less the non-saleable
or colostrum* . All calves received colostrum during the first four days
but group I-F and I-M received additional colostrum during the A
section of all cycles or a total of 20 days and whole Holstein milk for
60 days*
In this experiment, the calves in Group II. and III received
over 100 pounds more milk than the calves in group I*
Table £l gives
$9
Table
k9»
Cycle
Average Daily" Total Digestible Nutrients Consumed in Milk5
Hay3, and Grain.
Section
I-F
I-M
II-F
II-M
1.31
.98
1.09
I=Olt'
1.12
»98
1.10
1.27
i.2o
1.08
. 1.17
1.07
I .
A
B
G:
D
1.18
. .92
1.07
1.21
2
A
B
C
D
1.2lt
1.22
IeItT
Ie 60
I 0ItO
1.18
IeitO
1.38
1.21 ' IeItS
1.61t
1.61
3
A
B
C
D
1=83
1.88
2.20
2.lit
1.9lt
1.78
1.82
2.09
It
A
B
C
D
2.32
2.1t6
2.20 ■
2.6U
'2.to
A.
B
C
-- D
5
3.09
2.78
2.9lt
3.01
Average
2.00
2.36
2.22
2.26
2.92
2.77
2.76
2.81
1.96
.III-F
III-M
.90
.93
1.10
1.12
1.01
.93
i.i2
loll
Ie 06
1.26.
1.36
1.21
t.99,'
1.23
i.3k'
1.38
1.29
1.38
Iek6
1.62
1.76
1.70
1.87
2.03
1=72
1.79
1.81
2.01
1.66
1=67
1.93
2=07
1.77
1.93
2.00
2=00' .
' 2.12
2.32
2.U7
2.22
2.21
2.19
2.3k
2.kl
2=10
2=23
2.kk
2.33
2=17
2=3k
2.36
2.to
2.77
2.76
2.93
3.12
2»k6
2.72
2.81
..2.81
2.63
2.67
2.70
2.87
1.93
1.87
IeSk
.
2=37
2=66
2.79
3.10
1=91
1
Table f>0©
Section
A
B
C
B
.
Total
Saleable Milk Consumed Per Calf.
I-F
I-M
IltTeOO
:Ut9.6?
" l52eltl. . I31t.33
121.28
133.72
U22.28
123.16
II-F
II-M
119.1t2 •
lto .08
IltS.17
■ 130.67
261.3k
122.83
121.22
122.83
131.67
278.28
III-F
III-M
n 2 ; 6 7 •■ "122.33
131.U8
ito .72
120.00
I2k.92
123.k2
I22.k2
262.8k
- 287.12
60
112o92 and 121*00 pounds of saleable milk saved by feeding- colostrum
to groups I-F and I-M5'respectively.
Table 51,
Saleable Milk Saved Per Galf
Section
I-F
A
B
G
D
112,92
. Total
112,92
,
• I-M
' II-F
II-Z
HI-F
III-M
121,00
—
121,00
—
The calves weighed an average of 100 pounds each in section 2-A,
In this section they were receiving 0,012^6 pounds of calcium daily,
Morrison (£7) recommends that 100 pound calves receive 0,018 pounds;
however, the calves were starting to eat hay, and at 28 days most
calves were receiving sufficient calcium.
Calcium consumed by four-
day periods is. shown in Table 5>2,
One hundred pound calves should receive 0,013 pounds of phosphorus
daily (5>7); these calves were getting 0,00767 pounds,
,
At l£0 pounds,
.
the requirement is 0,018 pounds, and the calves were getting 0,01^70
pounds*
At all times during the experiment, the calves were on a
phosphorus-deficient ration based on requirements by Morrison (£7)©
The phosphorus consumed during each four-day period is. shown in
Table
61
Table £2»
Cycle
-Section
I-F
, . I-M
& '
106?
79U
927
I
2
3
k
$
Computed Calcium Consumed Daily®
■
II-F
■. II-M
III-F
1110
968
652
883
1015
1311
997
1065
1218
1011
909
887
IOlOt
1121*
' 81*9
1075
iol*5
1331
H*99
1719
2069
1096
995
1381*
B
C
•D
1165
&
1231
B
C
D
1261
1^33
Utf 2
1881
1856
2606.
2395
2856
3361 .
3237
37W*
A
B
c.
D
.
3031
'I4306
■
.
Pounds x 10
900
886
.
21*51*
2713.
2921*
3359
1506
21*18
171*9
21*1*0
2307
2921*
3261
2218
2261
2981
3838
310*6
2717
.3072
3258
3631*
3997
10*32
10*39
5199
. 5191*
3717
3935
1*387
1*801
A
B
C
D
U851
5611
5137
5290
5&79
5968
3508
1*059
5203
5288
5812
.A ■
B
C
D
7035
7073
7036
7259
6552
5962
61*33
6650
7753
5717
6218
6810
7001.
6219
6255
6559
866
11*15
2069
1*162
1*630
IU-M
1300
1373
1902 .
1+286
5969
6160
•
1*788
5620
5973
6051
6522
5191
571*3
6032
.
; . 7.673.
62
Table 53»
Computed Phosphorus Consumed Daily®
I-M.
II-F
780
m
5h3
6a
631
619
677
527
56It
■ 6hZ
Zbb
866
690
820
88S
A ■
.B
C
D
1188
1033
1192
1172
A..
B
G
C
A
B
C
D
Cycle
Section
I-F
I
A.
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
2
3
h
Pounds x ICT^
' II-E ■
III-F
III-M
703
570
61t6
637
515
7h2
877
586
623
572
978
715
771
8U8
790
803
860
937
6ia
669
759
799
573
725
1219
925
908
93k
9hZ
1081
910
1029
1085
1153
953
10a
951
1090
1161
1021).
1115
ip ia
1166
ll|2d
1322
13U3
llt22
1U31
122U
1269
1332
1233
13b5
1U06.
1396
113U
• 1131
. 1198
1236
1185
1262
1362
H as
1231
. 1307
1265
1388
1851
1U88
1551
1570
172U
lk21
ll|13
1U3U
1191
1513
1600
1708
U ao
1503
1623
1605
Ui36
1173
97k
1287
u a -i.
auo
76k
.
901
618
681t
6L5
756
80U
8U8
958
15a
1693
Vitamin A was found to vary from 72,12 to lj.77e25> u g a per 100 ml®
of colostrum on the first day after calving®
However5 all but three
samples fell within a range of 130 to 190 ug® per 100 ml®
The
colostrum from one cow was considerably above all Others5 with ll5®79
ug® per 100 ml® over the colostrum that was second high in vitamin A®
Carotene was found to vary from 71®7-> to 313®39 ug. per 100 ml®
of colostrum on the first day after calving®
within the range from
Table
$k
106®97
All but six values fell
to 183*^9 ug® per 100 ml® of colostrum®
shows the average carotene and vitamin A values for the first
63
four days after calving.
Table 54»
Carotene and Vitamin A in Colostrum and Milk (ug./lOO ml).
Days After
Calving
Number
of Samples
21
19
16
12
I
2
3
4
1-10 months
10
Vitamin A
Carotene
187.06
105.49
65.44
52.27
19.54
154.31
73.75
55.60
39.17
19.86
The average initial weight was 95.51 pounds, slightly higher than
the breed average.
was 95.50
it 5.25
The mean of the group's average initial weights
pounds.
.
The average final weight was 171.24 pounds, and the mean of the
group's average final weights was 171.17XX 8.00 pounds.
Group III-F
was the lightest group.
The weights taken every four days appear in TAble 55.
Table 56 shows the average daily gain was very similar, with the
one exception of group III-F.
Group I-F averaged 0.99 pounds gain per
day with group II-M following with 0.98 pounds.
place with a gain of 0.97 pounds.
Group I-M was in third
This gives the intermittent colostrum
group the greatest total gain per day.
Group II-F was in fifth place
with a gain of 0.95 pounds, giving this group fed whole Holstein.milk
intermittently from different cows the second place in rate of gain
among the major groups.
The check group was lowest.
group which varied greatly from
the others.
This is the only
Based on average daily
64
Table 55»
Cycle
Average Weights.
Sedtion
Initial
I
I-F
I-M
II-F
A
B
C
D
91.92
91.75
93.75
93.92
94.92
94.67
93.75
96.83
• 97.08
98.83
98.25
96.25
97.58
98.25
100.50
100.75
100.33
102.67
103.58
106.25
2
A
B
C
D
98.00
100.67
105.33
109.83
102.25
108.00
109.08
113.17
103.25
107.08
110.83
114.67
106.92
109.42
112.92
117.25
3
A
B
C
D
111.58
119.08
126.17
128.58
117.83
119.75
124.00
129.75
118.50
122.83
127.08
129.58
4
A
B
C
D
135.08
137.66
142.33
147.75
135.08
141.58
146.50
150.00
A
.B
C
D
156.33
162.00
169.08
171.08
157.08
160.25
165.75
172.08
79.16
.99
77.41
. .98
5
'
III-F
II-M
III-M
97.42
90.08
90.67
92.50
91.67
90.25
89.17
91.50
92.75
93.08
93.67
97.92
101.33
106.08
97.33
99.58
103.67
109.17
123.00
127.83
132.17
135.75 .
109.08
112.83
118.33
121.58
113.67
118.17
123.67
127.33
136.00
138.58
145.25
149.5Q
140.25
145.75
151.92
156.83
127.08
133.00
136.58
146.42
131.42
136.33
142.00
147.67
155.08
160.67
167.00
174.50
161.67
168.42
173.42
179.17
145:.42
. l b . 83
160.08
163.17
150.92
158.50
162.25
167.42
76.25
.953
78.24
.978
-
65.75
.822
77.17
.963
65
Table 56.
Cycle
Average Daily Gain.
Section
I-F
I-M
IlrF
II-M
'
I
-.33
.15
.46
.21
-.27
.58
.31
«43
.69
.96
.17
.63
.88
1.08
.50
1.06
.85
1.19
.73
.56
1.02
1.38
1.17
.48
1.06
1.44
.96
1.08
1.06
.63
1.44
1.21
1.08
.90
.75
.94
1.38
.81
1.13
1.17
1.38
.92
1.63
.65
1.17
1.35
1.33
1.63
1.23
.88
1.60
.65
1.67
1.06
H 3
1.38
1.02
1.23
1.38
1.42
D
2.15
1.42
1.77
.50
1.77
.79
1.38
1.58
1.40
1.40
1.58
1.88
Average
.99
.97
. -95
1.21
1.69
1.25
1.44
.98
C
A
B
C
D
A.
B
C
D
4
A
B
C
D
5
r
-.10
.58
.23
.67
D
3
III-M
1
— .50
.33
.17
.56
A
B
2
i n —F
,:
A
B
C
— .04
.50
.04
.25
-.23
.77
.06
.44
.77
.67
1.17
1.13
.85
1.44
.27
1.02
«44
1.88
1.77
.60
.9 6
.94
I. $8
1.54
1.23
,
.
1.48
.90
2.35
-.15
2.10
1.56
.77
.90
.81
1.90
• .94
1.29
.96
gain, the colostrum group showed slightly greater gains; however, this
is not a significant difference and all groups should be considered
as having similar average daily gains in this experiment.
Calf 835 in grotip III-F did very poorly.
It weighed 94 pounds
at birth and lost 5,5 pounds the first fbur days.
this until it was 24 days old.
It did.not regain
From then on, it gained slowly, making
only a 53,5 pound gain during the entire experimental time.
23.20 pounds under the average.
.
This is
This calf scoured from the 48th day
66
to the 52nd day, but otherwise was well.
This cleared up at about 52
days of age or shortly after the barn was cleaned on May 3, 1952.
This calf did not eat so much hay as most of them and ate very little
grain.
Figures I through 6 graphically represent the growth and con­
sumption curves for each group.
indicate normal growth.
These curves are very uniform and
The consumption curves for groups I-F and
I-M on figures I and 2 kave a noticeable rise at 20, 36, 52, and 68
days; these represent the. colostrum feeding period.
Table 57 gives the total digestible nutrients per pound of
gain for each four-day period by groups.
All groups lost weight
during the first section; therefore, no values can be giveri for this
period.
The extremely variable values dan be accbunted for by the
variation in weight.
The total digestible nutrients consumed give Con­
sistently increasing vilues of a nearly uniform riate.
The Weight gains
however, are from negative values to 2.35 pounds per day.
When the
very low gains are divided into a normal consumption, they give a •
high result such as in section I-G group I-F.
The gain is 0.04
pound per day, and the total digestible nutrients consumed is 1.07,
giving a required 26.75 total digestible nutrients per pound of gain.
The average total digestible nutrients per pound of gain for each
group is derived by dividing the total digestible nutrients consumed
for the entire experimental period by the total gain.
It has been previously stated that there is no significant
&7
Pounds
Growth curve
Pounds
Consumption curve
Total digestible nutrients
h
'igure I,
8
12 16 20 2 h 28 32 36 UO Wt U8 ^2 56 60 61* 68 72 76 80
Days of Age
Group I-F• Growth and Consumption Curves. Each recording
represents an average of the four preceding days.
68
Pounds
TDN
Days of Age
F^=Otre ?.
Gnoup I-M* Growth and Consumption Curves
69
Pounds
TDN
180
170
260
150
IitO
130
120
HO
100
90
80
70
60
h
figure
3«
8
12 16 20 2b 28 32 36
Group
ItO Wt U8 $2 56
Days of Age
II-F «
60
Growth and Consumption Curves,
61t 68
72 76 80
70
Pounds
TBN
Growth C
-Pounds
Consumption Curve
Total Digestible Nutrients
U 8 12 16 20
2k
28 32
Uo Ult U8 $2!
$6
6o 6U 68 72 ?6 80
Days of Age
Figure U» Group II-Me Growth and Consumption Curves#
71
Pounds
TDN
180
170
160
150
UiO
130
120
no
100
90
80
70
60
U 8 12 16 20 2ii 28 32 36 Uo
b h
U8 52 56 60 61i 68 72 76 80
Days of Age
Figure 5* Group III-F• Growth and Consumption Curve.
72
TDN
Pounds
180
3.20
3.00
Growth Curve
Pounds
2.20
2.00
Consumption Curve
Total Digestible Nutrients—
»" 1.20
1.00
U 8 12
16
20
2h
28 32
36
Uo UU U8 ^2 #
60
6U 68 72 76 80
Days of Age
Figure 6.
Group III-M.
Growth and Consumption Curves
73
Table 57»
Total Digestible Nutrients Consumed Per Pound of Gain
Section
I-F
I-M
1.84
26.75
4.84
1.27
18.17
1.61
1.82
1.65
.97
1 .2 6
5.59
1.61
II-F
II-M
III-F
III-M
2,97
6.47 2.27
1.86
5.09
6.33
2.39
5.48
3.71
2.64,
A
B
•
G
D
A
B
C
D
A
B •.
C
D
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
Average
2.36
1.42
1.66
4 .1 6
1.00
. 1.24
1.17
6.24
1.98
1.4
1.57
2.00
1.18
1.58
1.33
1.68
1.83
1.57
1.55
1.40
1.22
2.21
1.48
1.77
2.46
1.43
1.20
1.57
. 1.67
1.45
2.17
1 .76
3.22
1.68
1.78
1.40
2.23
2.56
1.83
1.45
2.07
2.91
lJ4
3.57
1.48
2.38
1.96
1.59
1.52
1.96
1.52
1.51
2.71
1.09
1.65
2.63
1.6l
2.25
1.95
1.27
1.73
i .17
1.40
2.97
3.73
2.40
,1,91
2.-04
l.,99
3.57
3.71 *
1.75
1.45
1.55
3.78
2.14
1.96
.
1.60
1.60
1.44
. 1.96
1.66
2 . Oo
6.02
1.78
1.98
1.97
1.87
1.66
2.02
2.02
2.0$
3.51
2.13
1.90
1.71
1.75
difference of the total digestible nutrients consumed between the groups
or of the weight gains between the groups.
Therefore, under the coti-
ditions aA given for this experiment, there is no significant difference
between the groups.
The group fed colostrum, the group fed the whole
Holstein milk from several
cqws
with frequent changes, and the group
fed whole Holstein milk from on© cow continuously.were essentially the
same when analysis was based on total digestible nutrients consumed
as compared with gain in weight.
74
Table 58 compares the initial and final weights with the total,
gain and percentage gain of initial weight*
colostrum group in the lead.
These still show the
The hay, grain, and milk consumed is
recorded to give a general picture of the entire feed and the relative
amounts of each type eaten by the groups. ' In most cases, if a group
consumed less of one feed, it consumed more of another.
.consumed the most hay and
sumed the most grain, and
milk, and
most hay.
II-F
III-F
II-M the
the least.
Group
II-M
consumed, the least.
Group
least.
I-F
Group
Group .Ir-F
Group
III-F
II-M consumed
con­
the most
gained the most and consumed the
gained second most and consumed the most milk;
Seldom did a calf eat more than one-half pound per day at eighty
■
• days or the end qf the experiment.
The calves averaged 18.19 pounds
of grail} each for the total experimental period. .
Table 58.
Feed and Weight Comparison.
I-F
Initial Weight
Final Weight
Gain Per Calf
% Gain of Ini­
tial Weight
Hay Per Calf
Grain Per Calf
Milk Per Calf
Milk Per Lb. Gain
I-M
II-F
II-M
III-F
III-M
91.92
171.08
79.17
94.67
172.08
77.41
98.42
174.5
76.25
100.75
179.17
78.42
97.42
163.17
71.75
90.25
167.42
77.17
86.13
100.80
17.63
589.16
7.44
• 81.78
86.27
16.03
599.83
7.75
77.47
93.69
.22.33
582.50
7.64
77.84
94.15
12.47
606.17
7.73
73.65
76.87
22.92
584.17
8.14
"85.50
84.61
17.77
606.00
7.85
Blood plasma vitamin A values were sufficient (10, 41, 43, 56, 60,
98).
They decreased.from the fourth to the sixteenth day, then in-
f
creased again.. Group I-M increased very rapidly from the sixteenth
75
day to the twentieth day; this was the period of colostrum feeding for
this groUp.
However, group. I-F was also fed colostrum, and there was
a gradual.decline for the calves in this grpup.
The mean blood plasma levels at 20 days of age were 14.-5
per 100 ml.
8.5 ug.
Figure 7 shows blood plasma vitamin A group averages.
Analyses were made by the Veterinary Research Department, Montana
State College (12).
The cArotene blood plasma levels increased gradually from four days
of age to Sixteen and increased rapidly from 16 to 20 days of age.
Group I-M increased very rapidly after 16 days of age.
The mean blood
plasma levels at 20 days of Age were 21. + 21. ug. per lOO ml.
Figure 8
shows the blood plasma carotene group averages.
Analyses were made by the Department Of Veterinary Research, Montana
State College (12).
The trend of the blood plasma calcium level was a shSpp decrease
from 4 to 16 days of age and then a sharp increase to 20 days of age.
The group averages varied from 8.9Q mg. to 9.93 mg. per 100 ml. blood
plasma at 20 days of age.
The mean blood plasmg levels at 20 days of
age are 9.45 ± 2.05 mg. per 100 ml. of blopd plasma.
Figure 9 shows
the blood plasma calcium group averages.
Analyses were made by the Department of Veterinary Research,
Montana State College (18). •
The trend of the blood plasma phosphorus level was an increase
from 4 to 16 days of age and from then to 20 days of age a gradual
76
U
16
Days of
Figure 7.
20
Age
Blood Plasma Vitamin A (ug. per 100 ml.).
I - F ________
.
------------
.
I I - F ------------ < ----------- y -------------I I I - F ------------ ,
-------------- o
I - M --------------------------------------------------I I - M ---------
---------
--------
--------
I I I - M ---------------------------------------------------
77
ug.
Age in Days
Figure 8.
Blood Plasma Carotene (ug. per 100 ml.).
I-F
I-M
II-F
II-M
III-F
O
0
III-M.
78
mg.
10.30
10.20
10.10
10.00
Days of Age
Figure 9«
Blood Plasma Calcium Level (mg. per 100 ml.)
T-F
I-M
TT-F
TT-M
III-F
-- o ------ 0 ------
III-M
79
decrease.
The group averages varied from 5.70 mg. to .6.10 mg. per 100
ml, of blood plasma at 20 days of age.
The National Research Council
(93) stated that healthy calves show blood plasma levels of 6.5 mg.
per 100 ml. of blood plasma.
The mean blood plasma levels at 20 days
of age are 5.80 mg. £■ 1.40 mg. per 100 ml. of blood plasma.
Figure 10
shows the blood plasma phosphorus group averages.
Analyses were made by the Department of Veterinary Research,
Montana State College (29).
To analyze the effect of the colostrum in group I and the frequent
changes of milk in group II, Table 59 shows in which part of the cycle
the calves make their greatest gain.
Colostrum was fed to groups I-F
and I-M during the A section of every cycle. Inboth cases the calves
made normal gains of 1.01 and 0.98 pounds per day.
This indicates that
colostrum feeding did not hinder or promote growth during the time
colostrum was being fed.
The four days immediately following,
or
section B, was also normal, which indicates there was no immediate
after effect in either group*
Sections C and D show irregular growth
rates; however, this probably is not due to the feeding of colostrum
since section C starts four days after the calves had been returned to :
their regular feed and D starts eight days after.
The calves'in group II were more irregular than those in group I
and indicated less gain during the section A than during later sections.
However, the calves were 4 days older in each section than in the pre­
ceding section; therefore, some difference would be expected due to the
BO
mg.
h
Figure 10.
I-F
Blood Plasma Phosphorus Levels (mg. per 100 ml.).
--- - ------ . ------
I-M
II-M
II-F
TTT-F
16
Age in Days
0
--- o ------
III-M.
20
I
Table. 59.
Section
A
B
C
D
Summary of Average Daily Gain in Relation to Time of Feeding
Colostrum. Average of Gains made During all the A Sections,
B Sections, G Sections, and D Sections.
I-F
I-M
1.01
1.02
1.18
.77
.98
1.02
.80
1.07
;
" II-F
II-M
III-F
III-M
.83
.88
1.08
1.02
.77
1,10
1.00
1.06
.43
1.15
1.03
1.07
.68
1.0$
I. Ol
'1.09
age difference.
Group III showed a greater variation than any other group with a
low of 0.43 pounds per day and a high of 1.15 pounds per day.
This
high was exceeded by the colostrum group with 1.18 pounds per day, but
the low was considerably below all others;,
Correlating information from all groups. Table 5 9 does not indi­
cate a change in rate of growth due to feeding colostrum intermit­
tently either during the colostrum feeding period or immediately
following the colostrum feeding period.
Table 60 presents a record of the decline in scours among the
calves after the barn was thoroughly scrubbed with a lye solution.
This was done on February 24, 1952 and May 3, 1952.
The percent of
calves having a tendency to scour was decreased from 70 percent on
February 24 to 11 percent on March 6.
This percentage was decreased
from 71 percent on Mey 3 to 11 percent on May 11.
The most common explanation of colostrum is that it.acts as a
purgative (40).
Figure 11 shows when the calves in the colostrum
group scoured in relation to the time of feeding colostrum.
No
82
Table 60.
Incidence of Scours in Relation to Time of Scrubbing Barn.
Cleaned May 3, 1952
Cleaned February 24, 1952
Days before and
After
Cleaning
10 before
it
9
■I
8
Il
7
1
1
6
H
5
H
4
IB
3
it
2
H
i
Cleaned
.1 After
H
2
ii
3
H
4
Il
5
I
l
6.
i
t
7
i
t
8
I
l
9
i
i
10
ii
11
i
i
12
Number of
Calves
Not Getting Full
Feed Due
to Scours
10
9
11
11.
12
12
13
14
13
13
14
18
16
16
10
9
10
13
10
7
3
2
3 •
Total'
in
Calves :
Herd At
This
Time
19
20
20
20
20
21
19
19
19
20
. 20
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
22
18
18
18
Percent
of Total
Having
Scours
Tendency
53
45
55
55
60
57
68
74
68
■
65
70
82
73
73
45
41
45
59
45
32
17
11
17
Number of
Calves
Not Getting Full
Feed Due
to Scours
0
2
6
4
4
5 ‘
8
7
10
15
15
. 12
12
12
12
11
11
3
2
3
3
3
3
Total
Calves in
Herd At
This
Time
20
20
20
19
21
21
23
23
22
21
21
21
21
' 21
21
21
.. 21
. 21
21
21
21
21
21
Percent
of Total
Having
Scours
Tendency
0
10
30
21
19
24
35
30
45
71
71
57
57
57
57
52
52
14
10
14
14
H
14
.
'
correlation can be made between feeding colostrum and scouring for the
calves in this experiment.
Scours, or a loose condition, were noticed for twenty-one calf
days in group I, twenty-three calf days in group II, and twenty-nine
calf days in grotip III.'
31
810
822
0
fi
/
/I
/
/
hl2
Calves in
lroup I
3U6
83U
/
z
/
I
Z
z
/
/
81#
U ll
z
UiU
Ui5
/
Ul 8
/
U23
z
/
/
/
U25
0
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 Uo U5 5o 55 6o 65 70 75 80
Age in days
Scoured
Figure 11.
I
Loose
LI
Age of Calves in Group I When Scoured or Loose.
Shaded Portion Indicates the Days When Colostrum was fed.
.
8
4
DISCUSSION OF RESUIZFS
When the calves from all groups were together in one stall, it
was impossible to detect by general appearance the calves of one group
from those of another.
It has been stated that mortality is a better
indicator of the value of colostrum than gain in weight (14» 26,
41)*
40,
There were six calves that died during this experiment; none of
them were from the colostrum group.
However, four died at a very young
age, and one died from strangling.
Although the colostrum has a much higher total digestible nutrient
content than milk, the greatest difference is only for the first milking.
Based on equal weights of dry matter, the colostrum may be inferior
to milk in energy, values (66); therefore, unless the colostrum is
very viscous, it is well to substitute equal weights of milk for colo­
strum.
, Promoting or retarding the growth rate could not be significantly
attributed to colostrum.
Feeding colostrum did not increase the inci­
dence of scours.
Good hay and grain are necessary; the group which made the greatest
gain also consumed the most hay.
■The group fed colostrum, the group fed whole Holstein milk from
several cows with frequent changes, and the group fed whole Holstein
milk from one cow continuously were essentially the same when analysis
was based on total digestible nutrients consumed as compared with gain
in weight.
The amount of colostrum that was successfully fed to the calves
indicates the amount of whole saleable milk that can be saved by
feeding colostrum.
The vitamin A and carotene blood plasma levels indicate a probable
healthy condition.
The problem of scours presented a management problem, which indi­
cates that under certain conditions calves will not thrive, whereas
under good management these calves will do well even when colostrum
is intermittently substituted for the milk regularly fed,'
86
CONCLUSIONS
There was no visible difference between the calves fed colostrum
and whole normal milk intermittently, the calves fed whole Holstein milk
from several different cows with frequent changes, or the calves fed
whole Holstein milk from one individual cow continuously»
There was no significant difference between these three groups of
calves when total digestible nutrients consumed are compared with gain
in weight.
Colostrum did not cause scours.
The results indicate that equal weights of colostrum may be suc­
cessfully substituted for milk in feeding young daily calves.
Considerable saleable milk may be saved for marketing if the sur­
plus colostrum is utilized in feeding dairy calves.
87
LITERATURE CITED
(1)
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(2)
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(3)
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(4)
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(5)
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(6)
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(7)
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(11)
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(12)
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APPENDIX
A
BORROWING CALVES
98 AGREEMENT FOR THE LOAN OF CALVES
This agreement> made and entered into this
One Thousand Nine Hundred and ________
.
____________ day of
.
by and between the Department
'.of Dairy Industry, Agricultural Experiment Station, Montana State College,
.party of the first part, herein after referred to as the "College," and
(Name)
(Address)
party of the second part, hereafter known as the "Cooperator^"
The College will borrow all the normal newly-born dairy calves
from the herd of the Cooperator as mutually agreed upon, beginning at
once and continuing until May I, 1952, and raise them for a period of
90 days.
The calves will be taken at birth and returned after the 90-
day milk feeding period.
If a calf dies in the possession of the
College, payment will be made to the Cooperator in the amount of $15
per calf that dies.
The calves, will be fed in an experiment to deter­
mine the possibility of feeding colostrum as a substitute for the
regular calf milk, during the milk-feeding period.
The Cooperator, in consideration of the agreements of the College,
does hereby agree to permit the College to obtain the calves at birth
and to raise these calves for a period of 90 days, and to supply all
the colostrum (milk produced during the first four days after calving)
that can be spared for raising these"calves.
This colostrum from
each cow is to be placed in separate containers furnished by the
College, and kept in a sweet condition.
The College will pick up the
99
•containers each morning,
In witness whereof the parties hereto have executed this agree­
ment on the day, month, and year first above written,
W IT N E SS:
Director of Agricultural Experiment
Station
Gooperator
V
,
/
^,
i/
)
106736
100
Place of Birth of Calves
College
337
338
339
340.
,341
345
346
348
2» Mvron Westlake
402
408
820
822
4. Orville Oma
3. Laurence Christie
810
811
814
815
849
416
834
835
6. Boyd Boylan
5 * Paul Boylan
422
411
413
414
415
417
7 0 John Van Dyken
418
421
425
856
859
871
872
403
404
405
407
409
8. James Van Dyken
419
‘
410
412
420
423
424
MONTANA STATE UttfVERSITY LIBRARIES
IlilIIllllllilil
3 1762 100
54 5
10673G