Row spacing studies with cereal grains in Montana
by James L Krall
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Agronomy at Montana State College
Montana State University
© Copyright by James L Krall (1952)
Abstract:
Various problems associated with growing small grains in wide rows, such as cultivation, 2,4-D
treatment, varietal response, seeding rates, and date of seeding, were studied at three location in
Montana using winter wheat, spring wheat, oats, and barley.
The cultivation of 18, 24, and 30 inch spacings gave substantial increases in yield of winter wheat over
the uncultivated 12-inch spacing at Moccasin, Experiments with 2,4-D and cultivation showed nearly
identical yields. Applications of 2,4-D after two cultivations gave substantial increases in yield.
Seeding rates have little effect on the yield of spring and winter wheat at the wide spacings, No
increases in yield were obtained from spaced plantings of spring wheat, oats, and barley. Generally
greater reductions in yield due to wide spacings were obtained with spring wheat compared to oats and
barley. The reductions in yield of the spring sown grains were, not as great under dry land conditions as
they were under irrigation. Comparison of two seeding dates with barley at Bozeman in 1950 indicated
that ..wide spacings would respond the same. Trials conducted with half and. full rates of seeding of
oats and barley at 6-inch spacings resulted in decreased yields of barley and nearly identical yields of
oats.
Variety spacing trials, where several varieties of barley and oats were used, indicated that nursery tests
could be grown at 12-inches when normal spacing of 6-inches are used for production. It was found by
the analysis of three years of data for Glacier barley and Bridger oats that no years x spacings
interactions occurred.
Significant increases in protein and test weights were obtained from wide row spacings and cultivations
of winter wheat. No apparent increase in test weight was obtained from spring sown grains, At Havre,
no significant increases in protein were found in spring wheat.
It was generally concluded that winter wheat and barley were better adapted to spaced conditions than
oats or spring wheat. It was suggested that trials be conducted to study the following possibilities •
increasing protein content of wheat by row spacing, possibilities of 2,4-D and cultivation as a method
of production and place in crop rotations, ability of varieties under spaced conditions, and the effect of
row spacing when used with a companion crop. ROW SPACING STUDIES WITH CEREAL GRAINS
. IN MONTANA
■ by.
I-. iJames L. K r a ll
A THESIS
Subm itted to th e G rad u ate F a c u lty
in '
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts
f o r the d eg ree o f
M aster o f Science i n Agronomy
/
at
■
M ontana S ta te C o lle g e
Approved;
Head, M ajor D epartm ent
C hairm an, Exam ining Committee
3e'an„ cGraduaiTe D iv is io n
<7
T
Bozeman^ M ontana
Ju n e , 19^2
III^h
>'' I 'I
N iV
K S i - I r
-
2
-
ACKNOWLEIX)EMENT
The w r i t e r w ishes t o make acknowledgement to Mr. R o b ert F= E s lic k ,
A ss o c ia te A gronom ist, f o r h is a d v ic e , c o n s tr u c tiv e c r i t i c i s m and en courage­
ment d u rin g th e w r itin g o f t h i s t h e s i s , and f o r fu r n is h in g th e d a ta used
from Bozeman,
The a u th o r a ls o w ish es to acknowledge c o o p e ra tio n giv en by Mr, Lawrence
E, B aker, A s s is ta n t in Agronomy, f o r f u r n is h in g th e d a ta from H avre, and Mr0
F rank P e t r , A s s is ta n t in Agronomy, f o r th e o a t d a ta from Bozeman c o lle c te d
from 19U9 to 195lo
F u r th e r acknowledgement i s due to Mr, R alph M, W illia m s , S u p e rin ten d e n t,
C e n tra l M ontana Branch S ta tio n , f o r v a lu a b le a s s is ta n c e i n co n d u ctin g th e
M occasin t r i a l s , and t o Dr= E rh a rd t R, Hehn, A sso c ia te A gronom ist, f o r v a lu ­
a b le a s s is ta n c e in th e com putations o f th e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s .
103003
=?
3
■TABLE OF CONTENTS
P age
LISTING OF TABLES
.
q
LISTING OF FIGURES
.
O
APPENDIX TABLES
.
.
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ABSTRACT,' ,
,
,
,
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, ■
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INTRODUCTION, ,
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EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
W in ter Wheat , ,
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S p rin g Wheat , ,
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O ats , , , , , ,
DISCUSSION. . ,
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MATERIALS AND METHODS
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LITERATURE CITED, . .
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE^
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LIST OF TABLES
P age
Table I 0
Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t,
p r o t e i n , an d .h ea d c o u n ts o f th e f o u r y e a r wide row
sp a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t. M occasin, 19h8=$l e „ e 22
Table H 0
Average number o f m ature w in te r w heat "'heads and "the
num ber;of k e rn e ls sown p e r f o o t o f d r i l l row when
spaced, a t 1 2 , 18, 2h , and double 30 in c h e s a p a r t and
sown a t h 0 , $0, and 60 pounds p e r a c r e * " T h e th r e b
w id e r s p a c in g s re c e iv e d two c u l t i v a t i o n s a n n u a lly .
M occasin, 19h^”5*l «© Q 0 0 0 0 @ @ s o o d & »»<>*0 o
26
T able I I I *
C o r r e la tio n c o e f f i c i e n t s o f th e agronom ic d a ta o b ta in e d
from th e row sp a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n o f w in te r"w h ea t
ex p erim en t. The y i e l d and t e s t w eig h t c o r r e l a t i o n was
o b ta in e d from f o u r y e a rs d a ta , th e rem ain in g from one
t e s t in 1 9h9 and two t e s t s in 1951 o E d c c a sin , 19h 8=-5l« o »• 30;
T able IV0
A verage y i e l d o f w in te r w heat in b u s h e ls p e r a c re o b ta in e d
from one a n d 'tw o c u l t i v a t i o n s o f 1 8 , 2h and double 30 inch
row sp ac i n g s , • M occasin, I9 h 8 0 0 0 @ o , , , 0 @ 0 , , O 0 0
31
T able V0
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e o f y i e l d f o r one and two c u l t i v a t i o n s .
31
T able VI0
Y ie ld o f w in te r w heat in b u s h e ls p e r' a c re o b ta in e d from ’th e
2 ,h “D vS c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t, grown on fa llo w i n a
■ tr ip lic a te d random ized b lo c k , M occasin, I9 h 9 -5 l o o » , \ 0 . 32
T able V II,
A n a ly sis o f ' V ariance f o r 2,h=D arid c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t\ 0
32
T able V I I I 0 A verage y i e l d o f w in te r w heat i n b u s h e ls p e r a c re o b ta in e d
from th e row sp a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t, when
tre a te d " W ith one^ t h ir d pound o f 2,h-D i n a d d itio n to th e
two c u l t i v a t i o n s , B ic c a s in , 1951»,-o ,<=..» 0 0 , , ® 0 0 0 0 0
33
T able IX, '
Table Xe
A n a ly sis of: v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d o f c u l t i v a t i o n p lu s 2,h=D
experim ent,, 0 , <, , 0 0 0 0 0 , , , 0 0 © , © 0 , , 0 0 , 0
33
Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r s p rin g w heat row
sp a c in g s tu d ie s conducted a t M occasin, Bozeman, and H avre,
19h7"5l O 0 O O O e o o o o o o ’ e Or o o o o o o o » o o o ©
35
“ ^ “
P age
Table X I6 ■
Average y i e l d i n b u s h e ls p e r a c re o f s p rin g w heat o b ta in e d
from v a rio u s r a t e s ' o f ' see d in g a t th r e e lo c a t i o n s . Aver-=
ages a re f o r a l l sp ac in g s u sed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 37
Table X II0
W eight o f s p rin g w heat i n pounds p e r b u s h e ls due to v a rio u s
sp a c in g s a t th r e e lo c a t i o n s . . . . . , . . . , . . . « . . 37
Table X I I I 0
Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r y ie ld o f b a r le y grown
a t Bozeman’ and M occasin, ISlxks 19ii9™5l . . , , . « . . . . 39
T able XIV0'
Average y i e l d in b u s h e ls p e r a c re o f two v a r i e t i e s of
b a r le y sown a t two d a te s o f s e e d in g in 6 , 12 , and 18
in c h row s, Bozeman, 1930
D 0 0 0 0 0 0 -O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table X V 0 -
Table XVI0 ,
IiO
Y ie ld in b u s h e ls p e r a c r e o b ta in e d .fro m e ig h t b a rle y
v a r i e t i e s grown in l / 20t h a c re p lo t s and p la n te d a t , 6 .
and 12 in c h I n te r v a ls in a t r i p l i c a t e d random ized b lo c k .
M occasin, 1 931 . 0 .0 0 O 0 0 - D 0 0 = 0 . = = 0 0 . 0 = 0 . lt-2
. W eight o f b a r le y in pounds p e r b u sh e ls due to v a rio u s
sp a c in g s a t Bozeman, 191l9~51 c O O O 0 o D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ii3
Table XVII0
Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r y ie ld o f o a ts grown
a t v a rio u s row w id th s , Bozeman, 19^7* IS kS ^S la . , . . . 0 kk
T able X V III0
Average y i e l d in b u ./ a o f B rid g e r and Gopher o a ts grown. in
6, 12, 18 and 2b in c h ro w s, Bozeman, I S h l s lS h 9 and 1930 . ii3
Table XIX0-
W eight o f o a ts in pounds p e r b u sh e l due to v a rio u s s p a c in g s ,
Bozeman, 19^4-7 , 1 9^49c=,3 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I46
Table X X .
P e r c e n t o f lo d g in g o f th r e e o a t v a r i e t i e s grown a t 6 , 12,
18 and 2b in c h row s, Bozeman, 1 9^7 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 !46
Table XXI0
Pounds o f g ra in produced p e r a c re o f s p rin g w h e a t, o a ts
and b a r le y grown a t v a rio u s sp ac in g s in a l a t i n sq u are
s p l i t p l o t d e s ig n , Bozeman, IS b S
„ . = . = 000
Table XXII0
„ bl
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d o f s p rin g w h eat, o a t s , and
b a r le y grown a t f i v e sp a c in g s i n a l a t i n sq u a re s p l i t p l o t
d e s ig n , Bo.zeman, 1 9^49o . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 ^48
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
•Figure I i
F ig u re 2.
F ig u re 3.
F ig u re If.
F ig u re 5«
F ig u re 6«
F ig u re 7.
F ig u re 8.c
F ig u re 9»
Annual av erag e y i e l d i n b u s h e ls p e r a c re o b ta in e d from
spaced p la n tin g s o f w in te r w h e at, showing y i e l d o f
12= inch sp a c in g and 1 8 , 2lt, ahd 30 in ch sp a c in g s c u l t i ­
v a te d tw id e , M accasin 19W -$1,.« 0 o 0 «.
«■.,«. «
21
E f f e c ts o f row s p a c in g . and c u l t i v a t i o n on th e y i e l d ,
t e s t w e ig h t, number o f heads' p e r. sq u are f o o t , and p e r
p e n t p r o td i n , D ata f o r y i e l d and t e s t w eig h ts a re an ,
average o f fo u r y e a r s , ; 1 9 lf8 -5 l. ’ D ate f o r heads p e r sq»
f t . and p r o te in a re an av erag e o f 19b9-$l> M occasin . . « «
23
The e f f e c t s o f th re e see d in g r a t e s o h -th e y i e l d 'o f w in te r
w heat when grown in f o u r w id th s o f rows and th e w ider
s p a c in g s c u l t i v a t e d , M occasin, 19h8-5>lo
«
2h
Showing th e iric re a se o r ,.decrease i n heads i n p ro p o r tio n
to th e see d s .sown f o r th e V arious sp ac in g s and r a t e s of
s e e d in g . M occasin, 19h9-!?lo « « « , « « .
27
Comparison o f y i e l d , t e s t .w eig h t, p r o t e i n , and heads
p e r s q . f t . o f th e v a rio u s s p a c in g s . The 1 2 -in q h i s
c o n sid e re d a s 100 p e r c e n t. Kbccasi n , 19h 9-$ l» « , . « « . =
28
Y ie ld in b u s h e ls p e r a c r e .o f s p rin g wheat o b ta in e d from
v a r io u s . row sp a c in g s a t .'th re e "lo c a t io n s i n K bntana0 , e e „
3U
Average y i e l d o f b a r le y in b u s h e ls p e r a c re grown a t
6 and 12 in c h s p a c in g s i, , A verages a r e fro m -s ix - t r i a l s
tibhducted o v e r a f o u r y e a r p e rio d
38
Average b u s h e ls p e r a c re of. b a r le y o b ta in e d from fo u r
w id th s o f rows grown a t Bozeman, 19h9-5l«
39
Average y i e l d in b u s h e ls .p e r a c r e o f th r e e b a r l e y v a r i e t i e s
grown in fo u r row w id th s , Bodeman, 1951ee ,
1|0
F ig u re 10« Average y i e l d i n b u s h e ls p e r a c re o f o a ts o b ta in e d from
f o u r row w id th s , Bozeman, 19h7, 1 9 h 9 -5 l
hi
F ig u re I l 0 Average y i e l d i n b u s h e ls p e r ache o f o a ts o b ta in e d from
f o u r row w id th s , Bozeman, 19h7, 19U9-5L » «- « «
. . . . «
bk
F ig u re 12« Average y i e l d in pounds p e r a c r e o f s p rin g w h e a t, o a ts and
b a r le y when grown i n 6 , 12, 1 8 , and 2h in c h row s, Bozeman,
19h9« « 0 « « « . O « O 0 « « 0 . . C O « O . . . . . . C O
hi
- 7 -
APPENDIX TABLES
P age
Appendix Ae
T able I 0
Agronomic d a ta f o r w in te r w h e at, showing y i e l d t e s t
w e ig h t, p r o t e i n , and head p o p u la tio n s from c o n tin ­
uous f o u r y e a r row sp a c in g s tu d y . M occasin, 19hB -5l ® 0 0 $9
Table I I e
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat y i e l d , fo u r
y e a r row sp a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t. M occasin,
19it8=^l . ' O0 e e 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Qi o o e o o o o e 6o
T able I I I 0
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat t e s t w e ig h t, fo u r
y e a r row s p a c in g arid c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t, .M occasin,
1
Table IV .
A ppendix B6
T able I 6
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6
o ' a
6
s
s
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o
60
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat p r o t e i n , fo u r
y e a r row s p a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n ex p erim en t. M occasin,
1
T able Ve
9 ^ 4 8 e3^ l
9 ^ i 8
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0
0
0
I o l
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat head c o u n ts , fo u r
y e a r row sp a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t. M occasin,
19^8=01 C o S O S O C S o ' o ' S 0 0 C 0 'O' CO S C 0 O CS O 6l
Agronomic d a ta f o r row sp a c in g s tu d ie s w ith s p rin g w h eat,
showing a v erag e y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, and p r o te in c o lle c te d
f o r th e y e a rs and s t a t i o n s a s I i s t e d 0 « » e e
0 » 62
!
•
T able I I 0
Table I I I 0
!■
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r s p rin g w heat y i e l d row sp ac in g
stu d y , .Moccasin, 19^7 0 ©©■ c- ® 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s o 0
'
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r s p rin g w heat y i e l d , row sp ac in g
s tu d y , Bozeman, 19^4-70 c c 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o e » 63
f
Table IV0
T able V0
A ppendix C0
T able I 0
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e
S thdy5 Bozeman5
f o r s p r in g w heat
o
o
o
e e
e e
oe
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r s p rin g w heat
s t u d i e s , H avre, 190O°01 © 0 0 0 0 0 c
y ie ld
e » . e o
63
I
|
|
;
5 row
e
o e
y i e l d row
c 0 e s e
j
sp acin g
e
j
I
O'
sp acin g
0 © 0 0*©• 6I4.
Agronomic d a ta f o r row s p a c in g s tu d ie s w ith b a r le y ,
showing a v erag e y i e l d and
t e s t w e ig h t, c o l l e c t a t
Bozeman f o r th e y e a rs as l i s t e d
00.
e0
00
e
I
j
j
I
I
e
„C
0
I
,1
= 8 Page
Table I I .
T able I I I .
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d of b a r le y , row sp a c in g
s t u d i e s . F t . E l l i s , 19Wi ...................... .... . . . . . . . . .
66
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d o f b a r le y , row sp acin g
,s tu d ie s , Bozeman, 19Wl
66
T able IV.
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r b a r le y y i e l d , row sp ac in g
s t u d i e s , Bozeman, I ^ i 9 e » * * @ o o- «• ® * © © © © © © © 66
T able V.
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r b a r le y y i e l d , row sp a c in g
s t u d i e s , two d a t e s , th r e e v a r i e t i e s , f i v e s p a c in g s ,
Bozeman, 1 95*0. * . * . © . . . . . @ . . . . . * @ . . . 6!7
T able VI.
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r b a r le y y i e l d , row s p a c in g ■
s t u d i e s , norm al d a te o f s e e d in g , Bozeman, 1951 . . . « © 67
T able V II.
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r b a r l e y y i e l d , row sp ac in g
s t u d i e s , Bozeman, 1^5x1 - © » © © © © * © © © © © © * © © © 68,
T able V III .
A n a ly sis o f v a r i a n c e .f o r th r e e y e a rs o f G la c ie r b a r le y
y i e l d , Bozeman, l^li^^^lo © * © @ © © © © © o © © © » © © 68
A ppendix D
T able I .
Agronomic d a ta f o r row s p a c in g s tu d ie s conducted w ith
o a ts a t Bozeman, showing y i e l d and t e s t w e ig h ts o f
v a r i e t i e s u sed f o r th e y e a r s a s l i s t e d . . . . . . . . © 69
T able I I .
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y ie ld o f . o a t s , row sp a c in g s t u d i e s , Bozeman, 19li7 © © © © © © © © © © © © © * © © © 70
T able I I I .
A n a ly sis o f v a r ia n c e ,f o r y i e l d o f o a t s , row sp ac in g
s t u d i e s , Bozeman, 19^9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
70
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d o f o a t s , row §p acin g
s t u d i e s , Bozeman, '1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d o f o a t s , row sp a c in g
s t u d i e s , Bozeman, 15^1)1 © ©© © © © © © ® © ©'© © © © ©©
71
T able IV.
T able V.
n
-9 -
ABSTRACT
...
V arious problem s a s s o c ia te d w ith growing s m ill g ra in s i n wide row s,
such as c u l t i v a t i o n , 2,!4-D tr e a tm e n t, v a r i e t a l re s p o n se , se e d in g r a t e s , and
d a te o f s e e d in g , were s tu d ie d a t th r e e lo c a tio n ^ , .‘in.M ontana u s in g w in te r
w h e at, s p rin g w heat, o a t s , and b a r le y .
The c u l t i v a t i o n o f 1 8 , 2 k , and 30 in c h sp acin g s gave s u b s t a n t i a l i n ­
c re a s e s i n y i e l d o f w in te r w heat o v er th e u n c u ltiv a te d 12 -in c h sp ac in g a t
M occasin, E x perim ents w ith 2 ,U-D and c u l t i v a t i o n showed n e a r ly i d e n t i c a l
y i e l d s . A p p lic a tio n s o f 2 ,U-D a f t e r two c u l t i v a t i o n s gave s u b s ta n tia l i n ­
c re a s e s i n y i e l d . Seeding r a t e s have l i t t l e e f f e c t on th e y i e l d o f sp rin g
and w in te r w heat a t th e w ide s p a c in g s , ■ •- < ■- . - ■
No in c r e a s e s i n y i e l d were o b ta in e d from spaced p la n tin g s o f s p rin g
w h eat, o a t s , and b a r le y . G e n e ra lly g r e a te r r e d u c tio n s .i n y i e l d due to wide
sp acin g s were o b ta in e d w ith s p rin g w heat com pared.to o a ts and b a r le y . The
re d u c tio n s i n y ie ld o f th e s p rin g so w n .g rain s were..,not as g r e a t under d ry
la n d c o n d itio n s as th e y were under i r r i g a t i o n , .'.Comparison, o f two see d in g
d a te s w ith b a r le y a t Bozeman i n 19^0 in d ic a te d that...w ide sp a c in g s would
respond th e same. T r i a l s conducted w ith h a l f ■and^f u l l - r a t e s - o f see d in g o f
o a ts and b a r le y a t 6- in c h sp ac in g s r e s u lte d , i n d ecrea se d y i e l d s o f b a r le y •
and n e a r ly i d e n t i c a l y i e l d s of. o a t s , •
V a rie ty sp a c in g t r i a l s , where s e v e r a l v a r i e t i e s o f b a r le y and o a ts
were u sed , in d ic a te d t h a t n u r s e r y t e s t s c o u ld be grown a t 1 2 -in c h e s when
norm al sp acin g o f 6 -in c h e s a re used f o r p r o d u c tio n ,.' I t was found by th e
a n a ly s is o f th r e e y e a rs o f d a ta f o r G la c ie r b a rle y and B rid g e r o a ts t h a t
no y e a rs x s p a c in g s i n t e r a c t i o n s o c c u rre d .
S ig n i f ic a n t in c r e a s e s i n p r o te in and t e s t w eig h ts w ere o b ta in e d from
wide row sp a c in g s and c u l t i v a t i o n s o f w in te r w heat. No a p p a re n t in c r e a s e
in t e s t w eight was o b ta in e d from s p rin g sown g r a in s , A t H avre, no s i g n i ­
f i c a n t in c r e a s e s i n p r o te in were found in s p rin g w heat.
I t was g e n e r a lly concluded t h a t w in te r w heat and b a r le y w ere b e tte r ,
a d ap ted to spaced c o n d itio n s th a n o a ts o r s p rin g w h eat. I t was su g g ested
t h a t t r i a l s be conducted to stu d y th e fo llo w in g p o s s i b i l i t i e s • in c re a s in g
p r o te in c o n te n t o f w heat by row sp a c in g , p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f 2 ,U-D and c u l t i ­
v a tio n as a method o f p ro d u c tio n and p la c e in crop r o t a t i o n s , a b i l i t y o f
v a r i e t i e s u n d er spaced c o n d itio n s , and th e e f f e c t o f row sp ac in g when used
w ith a companion cro p .
•» 10 “
INTRODUCTION
N atu res a b i l i t y to sp ace p la n ts d i f f e r e n t l y u n d e r v a ry in g c lim a tic
c o n d itio n s makes i t l o g i c a l t o assume t h a t th e methods now used f o r th e
p rd d u c tio ri o f c e r e a l c ro p s m ight be m o d ifie d t o o b ta in maximum p la n t
grow th.
Such a m o d ific a tio n c o u ld be wide row sp a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n o f
th e c e r e a l g r a in s .
From o b s e rv a tio n s made o f b o rd e r rows in p l a n t breed=
in g n u r s e r i e s ^ where th e p l a n t s rem ained g re e n in s p i t e o f d ro u g h t c o n d i­
t i o n s , i t i s a p p a re n t th e wide-, sp a c in g s m ight be o f some p r a c t i c a l v a lu e ,
Mhy sm a ll g r a in row c u l t i v a t i o n was n o t p r a c tic e d in th e p a s t i s p ro b a b ly
h in g e d on th e f a c t t h a t th e h o rse drawn c u l t i v a t o r was a slow te d io u s
p ro c e s s and was n o t to o e f f e c t i v e i n c o n t r o llin g th e weeds w ith in th e row s.
However, w ith th e a d v en t o f m o to rized equipm ent and chem ical weed k i l l e r s ,
such a p r a c t i c e now seems f e a s i b l e .
Row sp a c in g s tu d ie s a re o f i n t e r e s t as th e wide rows may have v a lu e
in ; in c r e a s in g y i e l d and q u a l i t y o f th e c e r e a l g r a in s , c o n tr o llin g p e re n ­
n i a l ,and o th e r 2,ii-D r e s i s t a n t weeds; p e r m ittin g b e t t e r e s ta b lis h m e n t o f
p e r e n n ia l cro p s when used a s a method o f companion crop s e e d in g , f a c i l ­
i t a t i n g roguein g o f pure see d c ro p s , d e te rm in in g th e v a l i d i t y o f I 2-in c h
o r w id e r rows i n c o n d u ctin g v a r i e t y t r i a l s , and use i n r o t a t i o n seq u en ces,
p a r t i c u l a r l y in c o n tin u o u s c ro p p in g .
I t i s th e purpose o f t h i s t h e s i s tp .
s tu d y th e v a rio u s a s p e c ts o f wide row sp ac in g o f c e r e a l g ra in s i n o rd e r to
d eterm in e w hat m ight be e x p e c te d in th e way o f y i e l d and q u a l i t y as i n f l u ­
enced by c u l t i v a t i o n , see d in g r a t e , v a r i e t i e s , d a te o f p l a n tin g , 2 ,It-D
s p r a y s , s e a s o n s , and lo c a t io n s .
** 11 •»
LITERATORE REVIEWED
D uring th e e a r ly developm ent o f th e g r e a t p la in s a g r i c u l t u r e th e
e f f e c t o f row w id th s and r a te o f se e d in g on th e y i e l d o f s m a ll g ra in s
. was. s tu d ie d by s e v e r a l in v e s t i g a t o r s to d e teim in e th e b e s t c u l t u r a l
p r a c t i c e f o r d i f f e r e n t s o i l and c lim a tic c o n d itio n s , ( I ) , (S) 9
I t was
g e n e r a lly c o n sid e re d t h a t row sp acin g o f 6 to 10 in c h e s and r a t e s o f
50 to 60 pounds p e r a c re would be m ost e f f I c i e n t 9
. In th e e a r l y tw e n tie s c o n s id e ra b le re s e a rc h was co n d u cted 'to d eterm in e
th e r e l a t i v e m e r its o f the wide sp a c in g o f th e fu rro w d r i l l e
McKee and
May (15>) s a t th e J u d ith B asin Branch S t a t i o n , found t h a t th e lit- in c h fu rro w
d r i l l produced a h ig h e r y i e l d o f w in te r w heat th an th e common 6-in c h d r i l l *
Salmon a t Kansas (18) found l i t t l e d if f e r e n c e in y i e l d u n t i l sp a c in g betw een
th e rows was g r e a t e r th a n 12 to l i | In c h e s 0
Over a th re e y e a r p e rib d .
K ie sse lb ac h ^ A nderson, and L y n e ss, a t N eb rask a, ( H ) fo u n d t h a t lo w er y ie ld s
o f w heat were o b ta in e d in lb - i n c h rows a s compared w ith 7- in c h rows when
th e same q u a n tity o f seed was u se d .
Stephans and McChll, in Oregon, (21)
p la n te d w in te r w heat in' 7 and lit- in c h rows and s p rin g wheat in i t ,.6 , 8 , and
1 2 -in c h sp a c in g s o y e r a f i v e y e a r pe r io d e
I t was found t h a t th e 7-in c h
sp a c in g produced th e h ig h e s t y i e l d o f w in te r w^eat and th e it-in c h sp ac in g
.
th e h ig h e s t y i e l d o f s p rin g W heat9
S prague, a t New J e r s e y i n 1931» (10) w ent in to c o n s id e ra b le d e t a i l in
th e sp a c in g o f b a r le y in rows and w ith in row s.
I t was found t h a t b a rle y
y i e l d s were n e a r l y a l i k e ag "long a s "the p l a n t p o p u la tio n s were i n re a so n a b le
lim its .
He concluded t h a t 5 (I) T h ic k ly p o p u la te d .a re a s draw from th e s o i l
1
“ 12 <=
re s o u rc e s o f n e ig h b o rin g s p a r s e ly p o p u la te d a re a s .
(2) Root zones were not.
c o n fin e d to th e v e r t i c a l zones o ccu p ied by a e r i a l p o r tio n s .
(3) Crops such
a s w heat, o a ts and rye were more c a p a b le in draw ing s o i l re s o u rc e s from
a d ja c e n t a re a s th a n b a r le y .
Engledow, a t Cam bridge, ( £ ) , s tu d ie d sp ac in g o f two s p r in g w heat
v a r i e t i e s i n r e l a t i o n to th e f a c t o r s c o n tr ib u tin g to y i e l d , nam ely, t i l ­
l e r i n g , e a r s i z e , and k e rn e l w e ig h t.
I t was found, t h a t a s th e in d iv id u a l
p la n t sp a c in g was in c re a s e d from 2- in c h e s on up to l 8= in ch es th e amount o f
t i l l e r i n g in c re a s e d p r o p o r tio n a te ly so t h a t th e f i n a l e a r p o p u la tio n s were
n e a r ly a l i k e .
F u rth erm o re , i t was fo u n d t h a t th e two v a r i e t i e s d id n o t
t i l l e r a lik e a t th e c l o s e r s p a c in g s .
c re a s e d a s th e d is ta n c e in c re a s e d .
The e a r s iz e and k e r n e l w eig h t i n ­
However, t h i s was n o t r e f l e c t e d in th e
y i e l d a t th e extrem e sp ac in g due to a s l i g h t d e c re a se i n number o f e a r s ,
He concluded t h a t th e most e f f i c i e n t sp a c in g was a t th e 12 to l ii-in c h o r
a t th e ,p o i n t where t h e .e a r s p e r u n i t a r e a , k e rn e ls p e r e a r , and k e rn e l s iz e
were a t t h e i r maximum, .
Tfye c u l t i v a t i o n 'o f w heat has been t e s t e d by both c u l t i v a t i o n o f th e
rows and h arro w in g .
■
I t has been fo u n d t h a t harrow ing o r r o l l i n g genp ra l l y
- i
" • I -
red u ces y ie ld s ( 2 ) , (6 ) , (1 2 ),
.
■" •
*
‘
Montgomery, a t N ebraska in 18-99 (1 6 ), sp aced
o a ts in 2it, 1 8 , 12, and 6-in c h row s.
'The r e s u l t s in d ic a te d t h a t a re d u c tio n
in y i e l d was o b ta in e d , from th e 2ii-in ch sp ac in g c u l t i v a t e d f o u r tim e s.
The
18-in c h sp a c in g y ie ld e d th e same as th e 6- in c h check, and th e 12 and 6- in c h
rows when c u l t i v a t e d produced h ig h e r y i e l d s ,
Champli n , a t Saskatchew an (3)$
grew s e v e r a l c ro p s i n a double 36-in c h row and t r i p l e 30-in c h row a s a
13
“
"
summer fa llo w s u b s t i t u t e i n Canada i n th e e a r l y tw e n tie s 8 . The y ie ld s
o b ta in e d from such a system o f sp a c in g w ere reduced.
c ro p gave s a t i s f a c t o r y y i e l d s .
However, th e fo llo w in g
Cole and H a lls te d a t K ansas, 1922 (Ii)
r e p o r te d s i x y e a r r e s u l t s from a s in g le p l o t o f i n t e r t i l l e d w h eat, where
3 0 -in c h e s were sown s o lid and 3 0 -in c h e s fa llo w e d . Such a p r a c t i c e n o t o n ly
•
,
was d i f f i c u l t t o m a in ta in b u t produced lo w er y ie ld s th a n f a l l plowing*
.
.
.
M bClelland (Iii) s tu d ie d th e e f f e c t o f b o r d e r rows i n A rkansas in 193k*
He
re c e iv e d a 26 p e r c e n t in c r e a s e in y i e l d o f o a ts from 16=in c h b o rd e r rows
o v e r 8-in c h rows*
R u sse l (17) d is c u s s e s th e m e rits o f c u l t i v a t i o n f o r weed c o n tr o l and
s t a t e d q u ite e m p h a tic a lly t h a t weeds a re u s u a lly most h arm fu l t o th e cro p
in th e e a r ly s ta g e s and p a r t i c u l a r l y th e v ery e a r l y s ta g e s o f grow th.
sug gested, c u l t i v a t i o n o f row cro p s a s soon as p o s s ib le *
He
K ie sse lb a c h (10)
s t a t e d t h a t th e developm ent of th e wheat s p ik e was d e term in e d by fa v o ra b le
growing c o n d itio n s i n th e e a r l y ,s t a g e s o f growth*
The e f f e c t o f row sp a c in g o n . th e y i e l d o f sm all g ra in n u rs e crops was
d eterm in ed by H arper (7.) a t s e v e r a l lo c a t io n s in Oklahoma*
I t was found
t h a t wide sp a c in g was an in s u ra n c e a g a in s t l o s s of legume s ta n d s d u rin g
d ro u g h t p e rio d s .
Y ie ld s o f iwheat were lo w ered by s p a c in g s up t o ill- in c h e s ,
how ever, o a ts a n d .b a r le y were about th e same* ■ '
V a r ie ta l i n t e r a c t i o n s were found i n b a r le y , by Immer ( 9 ) , when spaced
p la n te d ^ -in c h e s a p a r t and i n d r i l l rows o f 600 seed s p e r ro d row*
MATERIALS AND METHODS
. C e n tra l flbntana Branch S t a t i o n , M occasin
E xcept f o r 19E>1# grow ing c o n d itio n s were fa v o ra b le f o r sm all g ra in
p ro d u c tio n f o r th e f i v e y e a r p e rio d i n w hich th e s e t e s t s were conducted*
't
The If3 y e a r av erag e s e a s o n a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n (A p ril 1 s t to Septem ber 30tjh)
i s 11*20 in c h e s .
D uring 19U7? 1948, and 1950 above norm al s e a s o n a l p r e ­
c i p i t a t i o n s were re c o rd e d w ith 12*17, 13*5l , and 12*59 in c h e s , re s p e c tiv e ly *
The below norm al p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f 9*3 in c h e s f o r 1949 was n o t r e f l e c t e d i n
y ie ld s b ecau se o f th e tim e ly norm al r a i n f a l l re c e iv e d in months o f May
and Ju n e.
Low y ie ld s were o b ta in e d in 1951 as th e s e a s o n a l r a i n f a l l
re c o rd e d was o n ly 8*52 in c h e s .
Due to d ro u g h t c o n d itio n s i n th e f a l l o f
1948 p o o r g e rm in a tio n o f w in te r w heat o c c u rre d .
However, by th e 1 s t o f
May th e fo llo w in g s p rin g good s ta n d s were e v id e n t.
The f i r s t e x p erim en t to d eterm in e w h eth er in c re a s e in y i e l d s could be
o b ta in e d from w ide row ,sp ac in g and c u l t i v a t i o n was s t a r t e d a t M occasin in
1947 w ith s p rin g w h eat.
T his t e s t we conducted on fa llo w e d ground u s in g a
row sp a c in g o f 6 -in c h e s f o r a check and c u l t i v a t e d sp a c in g s o f 1 2 , 18, 24,
■30, and 3 6 -in c h e s .
.Each sp a c in g was sown a t 30, 4 0 , 5 0 ,and 60 l b s . p e r a c r e .
The e x p erim en tal d e sig n was a m odified s p l i t p l o t w ith two r e p l i c a t i o n s .
Tke
p l o t s iz e was 18 by 80 f e e t . . One c u l t i v a t i o n was g iv en w ith a com c u l t i v a ­
to r , when th e w heat was from 4 to 6 -in c h e s h ig h .
In 1948 e x p erim en ts w ere s t a r t e d w ith w in te r w heat.
The change from
s p rin g w heat was made p r im a r i ly becau se weeds were n o t a s e r io u s problem
i n s p rin g sown g r a in s * Due to th e d i f f i c u l t y e n co u n tered i n th e c u l t i v a t i o n
” i5 “
o f th e narrow 1 2 -in c h sp a c in g o f s p r in g w heat and due to th e low y ie ld s
o b ta in e d from th e 30 and 3 6 -in c h row w id th s th e fo llo w in g s p a c in g s were
u se d f o r w in te r wheat from 19^8 to 1951:
( I 0) 1 2 -in c h u n - c u ltiv a te d
sp a c in g as a c h e c k , ( 2 .) 18-in c h rows c u l t i v a t e d once i n th e f a l l and
once in th e s p r in g , ( 3 .) 21*-in c h rows w ith f a l l and s p rin g c u l t i v a t i o n ,
(ho ) Two 6 -in c h rows spaced 30 in c h e s a p a r t w ith f a l l and s p r in g c u l t i ­
v a tio n ,
The same ty p e o f e x p e rim e n ta l d e sig n and p l o t s iz e was used as
w ith s p r in g w heat e x ce p t t h a t th e 30 l b , r a t e o f se e d in g was dropped and
a t h i r d r e p l i c a t e was added.
Each y e a r th e g r a in was sown on fa llo w e d
gro und.
Two v a r i e t i e s vb'f w in te r w heat were u se d ,
Karmont was sown in th e
f a l l o f 19^7 and 191*9, and lo g o i n th e f a l l of 191*8 and 1950,
w heat was sown w ith .a s i x f o o t s in g le d is k g r a in d r i l l .
The w in te r
The row sp a c in g s
were o b ta in e d by covering th e a p p r o p r ia te fe e d s in th e d r i l l .
The w in te r
wheat was c u l t i v a t e d d u rin g th e m iddle >o f O cto b er and around th e 1 s t o f
May .w ith a d u c k fo o t ty p e row c u l t i v a t o r .
The depth o f c u l t i v a t i o n was from.
I . to 2 in c h e s o r j u s t deep enough t o c o n tr o l th e weeds.
In 19l*9 and 19!?1
th e w heat p l a n t p o p u la tio n f o r each sp ac in g was d eterm in ed by co u n tin g a t
th r e e l o c a t io n s th e number o f m ature heads in a y ard lo n g row in each p l o t
and th e n c o n v e rtin g th e d a ta to head s per. sq u a re f o o t,
At h a r v e s t, s ix te e n
f e e t o f row was c u t from th e c e n te r o f e a c h p l o t and th re s h e d i n a Vogel
T h re sh e r.
The th re s h e d g ra in was th e n w eighed i n grams and l a t e r c o n v e rte d
to b u s h e ls p e r ,a cre.
The g ra in o f each tr e a tm e n t, from th e th r e e r e p l i c a t e s ,
was b u lk p d f o r t e s t w eig h t and p r o te in d e te r m in a tio n s ,
The p r o te in determ ­
in a tio n s w ere made b y th e Msntana S ta te G rain L a b o ra to ry , Bozeman, M ontana,
-
16
«
D uring each o f th e f i v e y e a rs heavy i n f e s t a t i o n s o f w in te r and summer
an n ual weeds o f th e m ustard and am aranth f a m ilie s o c c u rre d in a l l p l o t s ,
No g ra s s y weeds w ere o b se rv e d .
D uring th e p e rio d 19^8 t o 1951 s e v e r a l o th e r a s p e c ts o f wide row sp a c in g
o f w in te r w heat were t e s t e d i n c o n ju n c tio n w ith th e e x p erim en t p re v io u s ly
d e s c rib e d .
Ie
These, t e s t s w ere as f o llo w s ;
A one y e a r t e s t conducted in 19U8 to d eterm in e th e e f f e c t iv e n e s s
o f f a l l and s p r in g c u l t i v a t i o n v s o n ly s p r in g c u l t i v a t i o n .
The method u sed
was to d iv id e each c u l t i v a t e d p l o t i n h a l f , one h a l f b e in g c u ltiv a te d tw ice
a n d .th e o th e r h a l f b ein g c u l tiv a te d once.
b o th h a lv e s ,
2.
Y ie ld d a ta were o b ta in e d from
"-
A c u l t i v a t i o n vs 2 ,U=D ex p erim en t was conducted from 19U9 to 1951
t o t e s t th e m e r its o f c u l t i v a t i o n a s compared to chem ical weed c o n t r o l .
T h is
t e s t was a t r i p l i c a t e d random ized b lo c k w ith th e fo llo w in g tr e a tm e n ts ;
( I ) 1 2 -in c h u n c u ltiv a te d ch eck , (2) I 2-in c h rows sp ra y ed w ith l / 3 l b . o f
2 ,U=D a t t i l l e r i n g , (3) 2U -inch rows sp ra y ed w ith l / 3 l b , o f 2 ,U-D a t
tille rin g ,
3«
(U) 2U~inch sp a c in g c u ltiv a te d , i n th e f a l l arid s p r in g ,
A c u l t i v a t i o n p lu s 2 ,U-D ex p erim en t was conducted in 1951«
This
was accom plished by sp ra y irig a 1 6 -fo o t sw ath w ith l / 3 l b , o f 2 ,U-D p e r a c r e
a c ro s s th e row sp a c in g s p r e v io u s ly c u l t i v a t e d .
I n 1951 sp ac in g s tu d ie s were co n d u cted w ith e ig h t b a r le y v a r i e t i e s to
d e term in e i f any v a r i e t y x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n would o c c u r.
sown in 6 and 1 2 -in c h s p a c in g s ,
The b a rle y was
No c u l t i v a t i o n s were g iv e n , how ever, th e
p l o t s were t r e a t e d ^ i t h 1 /3 lb* o f 2,U-D p e r a c re when th e b a r le y was w e ll
tille re d .
The e x p e rim e n ta l d e sig n was a random ized b lo c k w ith th re e
" 17 "
re p lic a tio n s .
The p l o t s iz e was l / 5 0 a c r e .
H a rv estin g was accom plished
by c u ttin g a 7 f o o t sw ath from th e c e n te r o f th e p l o t w ith a s e lf - p r o p e lle d
combined.
A hom ogeneity o f v a ria n c e t e s t as g iv e n by Snedecor (19) was ru n on ;
th e w in te r w heat d a ta to d e term in e i f th e 1 2 -in c h u n c u ltiv a te d sp ac in g
sh o u ld be a n aly z e d w ith th e c u l t i v a t e d p l o t s .
I t was fo u n d t h a t th e pop­
u l a t i o n s were a lik e so th e d a ta was a n a ly z e d by use o f th e a n a ly s is of
v a ria n c e and a p p ro p ria te F -t e s t a s g iv e n by Leonard and C lark (1 3 ).
The
a n a ly s is , o f c o -v a ria n c e was u se d to s tu d y th e r e l a t i o n s h i p between y i e l d ,
t e s t w e ig h t, p r o te in , and head p o p u la tio n s .
N orth Montana B ranch S t a t i o n , Havre
A wide
i n 19!?0.
b a s is .
tow
s p a c in g ,e x p e rim e n t w ith s p r in g wheat was s t a r t e d a t Havre
T h e 't e s t .was con d u cted on d ry la n d on an a l t e r n a t e fa llo w cro p
Thp lo n g tim e av erag e s e a s o n a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n f o r th e s t a t i o n was
lio51t in c h e s .
The R a i n f a l l f o r 1950 was 1 .1 7 in c h e s above no rm al.
However,
a h o t dry. p e r io d d u rin g th e l a t t e r p a r t o f J u ly g e n e r a lly red u ced y i e l d s .
D uring 1951 th e s e a s o n a l r a i n f a l l was' 12.68 in c h e s and th e seaso n was
g e n e r a lly fa v o ra b le f o r cro p p ro d u c tio n .
The same e x p e rim e n ta l p ro c e d u re was fo llo w e d d u rin g each o f th e two
y e a rs i n which t e s t s w ere conducted.
Rescue s p rin g w heat was sow n.w ith,
a common d r i l l i n rows sp aced 6 , 1 2 , 1 8 , 2U, and 30 in c h e s a p a r t.
sp a c in g s were sown a t r a t e s o f 2D, i|0 , and 60 l b s . p e r a c r e .
was a t r i p l i c a t e d random ized b lo c k .
A ll
The d e sig n
The p l o t s were 132 f e e t lo n g and a f t e r
th e b o rd e r rows were removed e x a c tly l / 5 0 o f an a c r e was l e f t t o h a rv e s t.
The row sp acin g p l o t s w e re .n o t c u l t i v a t e d .
I n s te a d , th e y were harrow ed
e* 18 «=»
to c o n tr o l s m a ll R ussian t h i s t l e s when th e w heat was i n th e s e e d lin g s ta g e .
E a te r it/lO o f a pound p e r a c re o f 231i -D was a p p lie d when th e T heat was w e ll
tille re d .
Weeds were n o t a s e r io u s p roblem .
H a rv e stin g was accom plished Ty a s e l f - p r o p e l l e d com bine.
The h a rv e s te d
g r a in was w eighed in pounds and l a t e r c o n v e rte d t o b u sh els p e r a c re .
w eig h t and p r o te in d e te rm in a tio n s were made f o r each p l o t .
T est
The two y e a rs
d a ta w ere combined and a n a ly z e d by th e a p p ro p ria te s t a t i s t i c a l m ethods.
Montana A g r ic u ltu r a l Experim ent S t a t i o n , Bozeman
I r r i g a t e d growing c o n d itio n s were g e n e r a lly more f a v o r a b le fo r c ro p
p ro d u c tio n a t Bozeman th a n u n d er d ry la n d c o n d itio n s .
E xcept in 1950 when
l a t e A ugust r a in s d e la y e d m a tu rity and in 1951 when 3 weeks o f h o t .w eather
in J u ly c au sed p rem atu re r ip e n in g , crop c o n d itio n s were i d e a l f o r th e y e a r s
t h a t sp ac in g ex p erim en ts were c o n d u cte d .
In a d d itio n t o y i e l d and q u a l i t y o f s m a ll g ra in s when grown in wide row
s p a c in g s , s tu d ie s w e re .made on o th e r a s p e c ts o f sp acin g such asg ( I ) Ih e
v a l i d i t y o f te s tin g ; sm all g r a i n v a r i e t i e s i n 1 2 -in c h rows when m ost fa rm e rs
u se a 6 -in c h d r i l l f o r f i e l d p ro d u c tio n , (2 ) D ate o f see d in g in r e l a t i o n t o
v a r i e t i e s and s p a c in g s , (3) The v a lu e o f wide row s p a c in g s f o r n u rse c ro p s ,
(U) The p o s s i b l i t y o f growing pure seed b lo c k s i n wide rows so ro u g eing
would be l e s s d i f f i c u l t #
The f i r s t t e s t on row sp a c in g was co n d u cted in 19UU on d iy la n d a t
F o rt E l l i s and u n d e r i r r i g a t i o n at.B ozem an.
During- t h a t y e a r Conpana .and
G la c ie r b a r le y were grown i n f iv e random ized r e p l i c a t i o n s sp aced a t 6 and
12 in c h e s t o determ in e i f an y v a r i e t y x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n would o c cu r.
“ 19 *»
1
In 1 9hl row sp a c in g s tu d ie s were co n d u cted w ith s p rin g wheat and o a ts .
The s p r in g w heat t e s t was s im ila r to th e 1947 M occasin s p rin g w heat e x p e r tment e x c e p t t h a t th e s e e d in g r a t e s were in c re a s e d to 4 S , 60fl 75> and 90 I b s 0
p er acre.
I n o rd e r to g a in more p r e c i s i o n , th e o a t ex p erim en t was sown a s
a l a t i n sq u a re s p l i t p l o t d e s ig n .
O v e rla n d , B rid g ery and Gopher were seed ed
in rows sp aced '6, 12, 1 8 , and 24 inches, a p a rt*
Mo sp acin g s tu d ie s were conducted i n 1948.
To o b ta in in fo rm a tio n on
sp a c in g x crop i n t e r a c t i o n two v a r i e t i e s o f o a t s , B rid g e r an d Gopher, and
one v a r i e t y o f s p rin g w heat and b a r le y , T h a tc h e r and G la c ie r , were grown
in s e p a r a te l a t i n sq u a re b lo c k s in 1949*
% e spa din g s were s l i g h t l y mod­
i f i e d to in c lu d e a 6 -in c h sp ac in g which Whs sown a t h a l f th e r e g u la r r a t e
so as to g a th e r more in fo rm a tio n on such a r a te o f se e d in g f o r companion
c ro p s o ■
In 19S>Q,. o a t t e s t s were c o n tin u e d ori th e same b a s is a s th e p re v io u s
y e a r e x c e p t th a t. V-R x Bannock (Cl4283) was added.
The b a r l e y ex p erim en t
was !modified to in c lu d e th r e e V a r i e t i e s , G la c ie r , Compana, and T ita n ,
These th r e e v a r i e t i e s were grown in a t r i p l i c a t e d random ized b lo c k w ith
th e same s p a c in g s a s u sed in 1949«
In a d d itio n , G la c ie r and Compana were
grown i n a l a t i n sq u are s p l i t p l o t d e sig n u s in g two d a te s o f see d in g i n
6 , 1 2 , and 18 in c h row s.
D uring 1 9 5 1 .th e o a t and b a rle y t e s t s were c o n tin u e d . The v a r i e t i e s
‘ '
o
o f o a ts were changed to in c lu d e B rid g er , M issio n , and C lin to n x O verland
(C l6 6 ll)0
In th e b a r le y t e s t the l a t i n sq u are d e sig n was changed to a
t r i p l i c a t e d random ized b lo c k and th e 24-Iiic h sp ac in g dropped f o r T ita n and.
■
Compana.
" '''
■ /-
-
The 24-in c h s p a c in g was m a in ta in e d w ith G la c ie r so. t h a t a th r e e
“ 20 "
y e a r com parison c o u ld be made w ith one v ariety ®
The g e n e r a l e x p e rim e n ta l p ro c e d u re a t Bozeman was to p l a n t rod rows
w ith a n u rs e ry p l a n t e r .
The p l o t s iz e v a rie d ,w i^ h th e w id th o f sp ac in g
so t h a t th e r e would alw ays be a b o rd e r row oh each s id e and two b o rd e r
rows on th e 6 -in c h sp aced p l o t s .
E xcept f o r th e 6 - in ch S p a c in g s5 a l l
p l o t s were c u l t i v a t e d once w ith a w heel hoe.
in any s p a c in g .
Meeds were n o t a f a c t o r ■
At h a r v e s t 1 6 - f e e t o f th e c e n te r row o f each p l o t , e x c e p t
f o r 6 -in c h sp a c in g when two were c u t , was c u t b y hand and th re s h e d w ith a
Vogel th r e s h e r .
The g r a in was w eighed in gram s and c o n v e rte d t o bushel's
p e r a c r e . T e s t w e ig h ts were o b ta in e d .
The d a ta f o r each o f th e y e a r ly t e s t s were a n a ly z e d b y .u se o f the
a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e and a p p r o p r ia te F t e s t .
Three y e a rs d a ta f o r B rid g e r
o a ts and G la c ie r b a r le y were ta k e n o u t o f th e y e a r ly t e s t an an aly zed
f o r y e a r x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n .
The 19b9 d a ta f o r o a t s , b a r l e y , and s p rin g
w heat were te s te d , f o r c ro p x sp ac in g i n t e r a c t i o n .
- 21 -
EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
W inter Wheat
The w in te r w heat d a ta p re s e n te d a re from th e t e s t s co nducted a t
Moccasin from 1% 8 to 1951.
th e appendix A, Table I .
The d e t a i l e d d a ta c o lle c te d a re re p o rte d in
F o r th e c o n tin u o u s fo u r y e a r sp ac in g and c u l t i ­
v a tio n s tu d y , th e d a ta f o r y i e l d and t e s t w eig h t a re based on f o u r y e a rs
re s u lts .
The d a ta f o r p r o te in and head p o p u la tio n s a re f o r th e y e a rs ±9k9
and 1950.
Y ie ld s o b ta in e d
The an n u al a v erag e y ie ld o b ta in e d from th e fo u r s p a c in g s alo n g w ith
th e s e a s o n a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n f o r th e 19U3-51 p e r io d i s p re s e n te d in F ig . I .
Y ear
F ree.
19U8
1 3 .5 1
19k9
9 .3 6
1950
1 2 .5 9
1951
8 .5 3
S pacings in in c h es
F ig u re I .
Annual average y ie ld in b u s h e ls p e r a c re o b ta in e d from spaced
p la n tin g s o f w in te r w heat, showing y ie ld o f 1 2 -in c h sp acin g
and 1 8 , 24, and 30 in ch sp a c in g c u l t i v a t e d tw ic e , F b c c asin ,
1948 to 1951.
- 22 -
Y ie ld d if f e r e n c e s in fa v o r o f th e 18 and 2k in ch c u l t i v a t e d sp a c in g s
were o b ta in e d d u rin g each o f th e fo u r y e a r p e rio d s .
The low p r e c i p i t a ­
t i o n and h ig h y i e l d f o r 19h9 can be a t t r i b u t e d to th e fa v o ra b le se a so n a l
d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e r a i n f a l l i n May and June.
I t i s o f i n t e r e s t to n o te
t h a t in 19U8 and \9 h 9 th e 2k in c h s p a c in g had the h ig h e s t av erag e y i e l d ,
w h ile i n 1950 and 1951 th e 18 in c h sp a c in g was th e h ig h e s t.
T his i n t e r ­
a c tio n o f y e a rs and s p a c in g s was s i g n i f i c a n t when a n aly z e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y ,
Table I and appendix A, T able I I .
Except f o r 1951 th e 1 2 -in c h u n c u ltiv a te d
sp ac in g had th e lo w e st average y i e l d .
Table I .
Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, p r o te in ,
and head c o u n ts o f th e k y e a r wide row sp ac in g an d c u l t i v a t i o n
e x p erim en t. M occasin, Montana, 19U8-51.
Source o f
V a ria tio n
DF
R ates
E r ro r
2
8
3
2b
S pacing
E r ro r
Y ield
V ariance
T e st Weight
DF V ariance
P r o te in
DF V ariance
Head counts
DF V ariance
5 b .22**
2.16
2
33
.1 0
.2 3
2
22
2
22
306.9b**
5 .9 6
3
33
.7 1 *
.2 3
3
22
35.53
b 7 .3 6
3 l b .bl**> 3
22
b 7 .3 6
9.53
b .2 b
65.35**
b .2 b
R ates x Spac. 6
b8
E rro r
1 1 .7 5
7 .7 b
6
33
.08
.2 3
6
22
25.9b
b 7 .3 6
6
22
b .lb
b .2 b
Y rs. x Spac . 9
E r ro r
2b
23.86
5.96
9
33
.2 7
.2 3
6
22
79.77
b 7 .3 6
6
22
7.27
b .2 b
F o r th e fo u r y e a r p e rio d th e 2U -inch sp a c in g c u l t i v a t e d tw ice a n n u a lly
had th e h ig h e s t av erag e y ie ld of 2 3 .1 b u s h e ls p e r a c r e , fo llo w e d by th e
1 8 -in c h sp ac in g w ith a 22.8 b u . a v e ra g e .
The double 30 in c h sp ac in g d id n o t
y ie ld a s w e ll as th e 18 and 2b, a s th e y i e l d dropped to 1 9 .0 t u .
The
u n c u ltiv a te d 1 2 -in c h sp ac in g had an a v erag e y i e l d o f 1 7 .1 bu. f o r th e fo u r
- 23 -
Y ie ld
B u./A .
2h
22___
18
-
T e s t Weight
pounds
6U
—— P l — —
Heads
p e r sq u are f o o t
22
2 0 ___
P r o te in
p er cent
15
1 6 ___
-
12
5 9 _ ..
10 2U D30
F ig u re 2.
y ears.
10 _ .
__
12 10 2U
12 10 2U
Row Spacings i n Inches
12 10 2U D30
E f f e c ts o f row sp a c in g and c u l tiv a tio n on th e y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t,
number o f heads p e r sq u are f o o t, and p e r c e n t p r o te in . D ata
f o r y i e l d and t e s t w eig h t a re an av erag e o f fo u r y e a r s , 19il8-5l*
D ata f o r heads p e r sq . f t . and p r o te in a re an av erag e o f 19h9
and 195" • M occasin, Montana.
The a v e ra g e s o f th e v a rio u s s p a c in g s a re re p re s e n te d g r a p h ic a lly in
f ig u r e 2.
These a v erag e s were s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . Table I .
The e f f e c t o f se e d in g r a t e s on y i e l d f o r th e fo u r s p a c in g s i s shown in
f ig u r e 3.
In s p i t e o f th e i n i t i a l th ic k s ta n d s o b ta in e d from th e h e a v ie r
r a t e s o f se e d in g a t row sp a c in g s g r e a t e r th a n 1 2 -in c h e s th e 60 pound r a te
produced th e m ost g ra in .
However, t h i s in c re a s e in y ie ld was n o t s i g n i f i *
c a n t f o r th e r a t e s x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n . T able I .
The o v e r - a l l average
f o r a l l sp a c in g s o f 19.U , 2 0 .7 , and 2 1 .5 b u . / a . f o r I4.0, 5 0 , and 60 pound
r a t e s was s i g n i f i c a n t , Table I .
T e s t w eig h t and p r o te in
S i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s in t e s t w eig h t f o r th e f o u r y e a r p e r io d . Table
I , , were o b ta in e d from th e v a rio u s s p a c in g s .
However, th e d if f e r e n c e s were
- 2li -
S p acings
12
18
Ave.
D30
S eeding r a te s in pounds
F ig u re 3.
The e f f e c t s o f th r e e se e d in g r a t e s on y ie ld o f w in te r wheat
when grown in f o u r w idths o f rows and th e w id e r s p a c in g s
c u l t i v a t e d . C e n tra l Pbntana B ranch S ta tio n , M occasin, Montana,
19U8-51.
were s l i g h t a s oie 2k and double 30 in ch s p a c in g s had i d e n t i c a l av erag es o f
6 0 .9 I b s / b u . , fo llo w e d c lo s e ly by th e 1 8 -in c h sp ac in g w ith 60»6 and th e
12- in c h sp ac in g w ith a 60.3#
f ig u r e 2.
The f o u r y e a r a v erag e s a re p re s e n te d in
The com plete a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e i s given in ap p en d ix Table 3«
P r o te in d e te rm in a tio n s made from th e w heat sam ples in 19^9 and 1951
in d ic a te d t h a t th e r e was an in c re a s e in p r o te in c o n te n t f o r th e c u ltiv a te d
sp a c in g s o v e r th e u n c u ltiv a te d 1 2 -in c h ch eck .
The 2k, d o u b le 30, and 18- in c h
sp a c in g s had a v erag e s of l U . l , 13.7, and 1 3 .6 p e r c e n t p r o t e i n r e s p e c tiv e ly ,
w h ile th e p e r c e n t o f p r o te in f o r th e 1 2 -in c h check was 1 2 .3 .
When a n a ly z e d
s t a t i s t i c a l l y . Table I . , th e s e d if f e r e n c e s were found t o be s i g n i f i c a n t .
The p e r c e n t o f p r o te in was n o t e f f e c t e d by th e r a t e s o f s e e d in g .
y e a rs d a ta i s re p re s e n te d g r a p h ic a ll y i n f ig u r e 2.
o f v a ria n c e i s given in appendix A Table U.
The two
The com plete a n a ly s is
“ 25 =■
H eading3 m a tu rity and head p o p u la tio n s .
No d if f e r e n c e dn h ead in g d a te f o r th e row sp a c in g s was observed.
Some d e la y in m a tu r ity o c c u rre d in th e w id e r s p a c in g s .
T h is was m ostly
due to th e c o n tin u o u s grow th o f th e o u ts id e t i l l e r s w hich rem ained g reen
a f t e r th e b u lk o f th e g r a in was m a tu re . • O b se rv a tio n s made on th e w heat
s p ik e s o f th e v a rio u s sp a c in g s in d ic a te d t h a t th e w id er c u l t i v a t e d s p a c in g s
had lo n g e r and l a r g e r h e a d s .
Some lo d g in g o c c u rre d i n , t h e 2k and 3 0 -in c h
spaced w heat a s th e wide sp ac in g s d id n o t s u p p o rt th e m selv e s as r e a d i l y
as th e narrow spaced rows.
The a v erag e number o f m ature head s p e r sq u are f o o t o f la n d a re a
o ccu p ied by th e v a rio u s row sp ac in g s i s g iv en in f ig u r e 2 f o r th e d a ta
c o lle c te d in 19h9 and 1950.
The I 8-in c h c u ltiv a te d sp ac in g had th e h ig h e s t
number o f heads p e r u n it a r e a w ith 19 h ead s p e r sq u a re f o o t .
u n c u ltiv a te d sp a c in g had one le s s , head p e r sq u are f o o t.
The 1 2 -in ch
F o r th e w ider
c u l t i v a t e d s p a c in g s th e number of h ead s p e r u n i t a r e a dropped o f f q u ite
r a p i d l y s a s th e 2k and d ouble 3 0 -in c h sp a c in g had 15 and iZj. heads r e s p e c tiv e ­
ly .
TJie d a t a c o lle c te d f o r th e two y e a rs was an aly zed s t a t i s t i c a l l y and i t
was found th e d if f e r e n c e s due t o sp a c in g s were s i g n i f i c a n t . T able I .
Some
d if f e r e n c e s i n heads p e r sq u are f o o t due to th e r a t e s o f se e d in g were
o b ta in e d , how ever, when a n aly z e d th e s e were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .
The d iffe re n c e s ,
o b ta in e d f o r th e I4.0, 50, and 60 pound r a t e s were 1 5 .5 , 1 7 .0 , and 1 7 .5 heads
r e s p e c tiv e ly .
See appendix A Table 5 f o r com plete a n a ly s is .
I t was o f _i n t e r e s t to n o te th e th ic k n e s s o f th e g e rm in a tin g s ta n d s due
to th e heavy r a t e o f se e d in g w ith in th e rows o f th e w id e r s p a c in g s .
The
i n i t i a l s ta n d s were com parable to th e amount o f seed ,d e p o s ite d i n th e fow .
. .
- 26
o r th e 1 8 -in c h rows were one and one h a l f tim e s as th ic k as th e 1 2 -in c h
S p a c in g s3 th e 24=-in ch rows tw ic e as t h i c k , and each o f th e two 3 0 -in c h
rows one and one h a l f tim e s as t h ic k .
In o rd e r t o d eterm in e w hat e f f e c t th e th ic k g e rm in a tin g s ta n d s had
on th e p ro d u c tio n o f m ature h e a d s , th e number o f k e r n e ls sown b y th e d r i l l
p e r f o o t o f row were c a lc u la te d and compared to th e number o f m ature heads
p e r f o o t o f th e same row .
The c a lc u la tio n s were b ased on w heat w eighing
60 pounds p e r b u s h e l o r th e e q u iv a le n t o f 19 seeds p e r f o o t o f row when
sown a t 1 2 -in c h s p a c in g .
The number o f m ature heads and th e number o f
see d s p e r f o o t o f fow p lu s th e r a t i o o f h ead s a t h a r v e s t to se e d s p la n te d .
a re g iv e n in T able I I , f o r 1949 and 1951®
Table I I ,
Spac,
in
in c h .
Average number o f m ature w in te r w heat heads and th e number o f
k e rn e ls sow n-per f o o t o f d r i l l row when sp aced a t 12, 18, 24,
and D30~inches a p a r t and sown a t 4 0 , 50, arid 60 pounds p e r a c re .
The th r e e w id e r s p a c in g s re c e iv e d two c u l t i v a t i o n s a n n u a lly .
M occasin, M ontana, 1949 and 19S>1«
40 l b s , p e r a cre
ItatioJKfr
Heads# Seeds
1949
12
18.
24
D3CkBHfr
18
26
30
44
1 2 .6
1 8 .9
2 5 .2
37.8
143
138
119
116
1951
12
18 .
24
D30
17
23
28
28
1 2 .6
1 8 .9
25.2
'37.8
. 135
122
111
7h
50 l b s . p e r a c re
Heads Seeds R a tio
60 l b s . p e r a cre
Heads Seeds R atio
17
31
32
48
1 5 .8
2 3 .7
3 1 .6
4 7 .7
107
131
101
101
17
32
38
58
1 9 .0
2 8 .5
3 8 .0
5 7 .0
89
112
100
102
19
30
29
32.
15-8
23.7
3 1 .6
4 7 .7
120
127.
'92
67
18
.2? .
26
34 .
1 9 ,0
2 8 .5
3 8 .0
5 7 .0
95
95
68
6o
#Head and see d s a re f o r one f o o t o f d r i l l row,
MMRatio o f heads a t h a r v e s t t o s e e d s p la n te d ,
-JHHfrTwo s i x in c h rows spaced 30 in c h e s a p a r t.
.
- 27 -
In 19^9 th e r e was a g e n e ra l in c r e a s e in m ature heads in p ro p o rtio n
to th e see d s sown.
The 1 8 -in c h c u l t i v a t e d sp acin g had th e h ig h e s t in c re a s e
in h e a d s, w ith a 27 p e r c e n t in c re a s e f o r a l l th e r a t e s o f s e e d in g .
The
double 3 0 -in c h c u l t i v a t e d s p a c in g , w hich a c t u a l l y had th e same amount o f
seed coming from each o f th e two seed sp o u ts a s th e 1 8 -in c h s p a c in g , had
th e lo w e st p r o p o r tio n a l in c re a s e o f 6 p e r c e n t f o r a l l r a t e s .
The u n c u l­
t i v a t e d 1 2 -in c h and c u l t i v a t e d 2 lt-in ch s p a c in g s had in c r e a s e s in heads
o v er seed sown o f 13 and 7 p e r c e n t r e s p e c tiv e ly .
F ig u re I; i s a g rap h ic
r e p r e s e n ta tio n o f th e two y e a r a v erag e p r o p o r tio n s .
■p
M
<D
S
CO <D
X ) -P
$ S
rO*Tl
O 00))
•H
P
CO
5
-S
1 2 -in c h
1 8 -in c h
2 ii-in ch
S pacing s in in c h e s .
F ig u re U.
D 30-inch
Showing th e in c re a s e o r d e c re a se in heads in p ro p o r tio n to
th e seed s sown f o r th e v a rio u s s p a c in g s and r a t e s o f s e e d in g ,
Pbccasi n , Montana, I 9k9 and 19$1.
The s e e d in g r a t e s a ls o e f f e c te d th e p r o p o r tio n a l in c r e a s e of heads to
see d s d e p o s ite d .
The l i g h t se e d in g r a t e o f Uo pounds had an average in c r e a s e
o f 29 p e r c e n t f o r a l l s p a c in g s , th e 50 pound r a t e an in c r e a s e o f 10 p e r
c e n t, and th e heavy 60 pound r a te o n ly a I p e r c e n t in c r e a s e . T able I I .
— 28 —
Due t o d r y e r growing c o n d itio n s in 195>1> th e p r o p o r tio n o f m ature heads
to se e d s d e p o s ite d was more s e v e r e ly e f f e c t e d . Table I I .
This was e s p e c ia ll y
tr u e f o r th e w id er sp a c in g s and h e a v ie r r a te s o f s e e d in g .
The double 3 0 -in c h
c u l t i v a t e d sp a c in g was e f f e c t e d th e most a s i t had a 33 p e rc e n t d e c re a se l o r
a l l th e see d in g r a t e s .
d e c re a s e .
The 2lt-in ch c u l t i v a t e d sp a c in g had a 10 p e rc e n t
The 1 8 -in c h c u l t i v a t e d and 1 2 -in c h u n c u ltiv a te d sp a c in g s had a
15 and 17 p e rc e n t in c r e a s e .
The r a te s o f se e d in g f o r a i l sp ac in g s had a
10 p e rc e n t in c r e a s e f o r UO l b s . , I p e rc e n t in c re a s e f o r 50 l b s . , and 20
p e rc e n t d e c re a se f o r 60 l b s .
R e la tio n s h ip s between y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, p r o te in and heads p e r u n i t a r e a .
There i s some ev id en ce t h a t th e row sp a c in g s and c u l t i v a t i o n caused
abnormal r e l a t i o n s h i p s .
T his can be o b serv ed in fig u r e 5 where the 19U9-
51 a v erag e s f o r y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, p r o t e i n , and heads p e r sq . f t . a re
compared w ith th e 1 2 -in c h u n c u ltiv a te d check on a p e rc e n ta g e b a s is .
Per cent of
check
Y ie ld
P r o te in
S pacings
F ig u re 5.
12-in c h
1 8 -in c h
2 U -in c h D 3 0 -in c h
Comparison o f y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, p r o t e i n , and heads p e r sq . f t .
o f th e v a rio u s sp a c in g s . The 1 2 -in c h i s c o n sid e re d as 100
p e r c e n t. M occasin, Montana, 19U9-195l«
<= 29 *=
A. summary o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a re g iv e n as f o llo w s s
Ie
F o r th e 18-in c h c u l t i v a t e d rows th e r e was an in c r e a s e i n y i e l d ,
p r o te in c o n te n t, and heads p e r sq u are f o o t w h ile th e r e was a s l i g h t drop i n
t e s t w eight*
2,
F or th e 2lt=inch sp a c in g th e r e was an in c re a s e in y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t,
and p P o te i n , how ever, th e number, o f heads p e r sq u are f o o t dropped o f f q u ite .
sh arp ly *
3o
F o r th e double 3 0 -in c h "spacing th e r e was n o t a s la r g e an in c r e a s e
in y i e l d and p r o t e i n , th e t e s t w eig h t was h ig h , and th e nu m b er' o f heads p e r
sq u a re f o o t was f u r t h e r red u ced ,
he ■The g e n e ra l tr e n d f o r a l l s p a c ih g s was a s f o llo w s : a / As th e y i e l d
in c re a s e d th e p r o t e i n in c re a s e d , b / As th e sp ac in g betw een rows in c re a s e d th e
t e s t w e ig h t in c re a s e d , c / E xcept f o r th e I 8-in c h s p a c in g , th e number of
heads d e c re a se d as the w id th o f row in c re a s e d , d / As th e h ead s p e r u n i t a re a
d e c re a s e d f o r th e w id er row sp a c in g s th e t e s t w eig h t in c r e a s e d , e / No
g e a e p a l tre n d s a re a p p a re n t betw een y i e l d and t e s t w e ig h t, y i e l d and h e a d s ,
p r o te in and t e s t .fre ig h t, o r p r o te in and h ead s p e r sq u are f o o t .
C o rre la tio n c o e f f i c i e n t s were c a lc u la te d by th e a n a ly s is o f c o v a ria n c e
f o r a l l o f th e p o s s ib le r e l a t i o n s h i p s . Table I I I .
o f th e r v a lu e s were s i g n i f i c a n t .
I t was found t h a t b u t few
This was to be ex p ected s in c e each sp a c in g
seemed to respond d i f f e r e n t l y to y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, p r o t e i n c o n te n t, a n d .
heads p e r sq u a re f o o t.
The o n ly s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s j as e f f e c t e d by s p a c in g s , was a
n e g a tiv e r v a lu e o f .98 f o r t e s t w eig h t and heads p e r sq u a re f o o t.
f ig u r e
From
t h i s n e g a tiv e v a lu e i s a p p a re n t as th e t e s t w eig h t in c re a s e d
= 30 •»
Table I I I e
Source
of
V a ria tio n
T e st o r y r s .
R ates
Spacings
Rate x Spac,
E r ro r
T o ta l
C o r r e la tio n c o e f f i c i e n t s o f th e agronomic d a ta o b ta in e d from
th e row sp acin g and c u l t i v a t i o n o f w in te r wheat e x p erim en te
The y ie ld .a n d t e s t w e ig h t:c o r r e la t io n was o b ta in e d from f o u r
years, d a ta , th e rem ain in g from one t e s t in 19k9 and two t e s t s
in 195)1* C e n tra l Ifcntana B ranch S t a t i o n , ' M occasin, Montana,
19L8 to 1951.
■ D, F0
3-2
2
3
6
35-22
47 -3 5 :
Y ie ld
and
T, Wc
C o r r e la tio n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r :
Y ie ld
Y ie ld
To Wo
To Wo
Heads
and
and
and
and
and
Heads
P r o te in . Heads
P r o te in . P r o te in
.3 1
—069
c 31
- .7 7
~e 08
.2 7
■ -85
.0 2
.15
.2 8 .
.42 •
,46**
- .0 1
• "=O.08
.2 3
=•006
- .0 7
- .0 7 ,
.8 3
- .6 2
-.9 8 #
—a 68
” 0-11
. .1 3
“088
-olO
.44
—016
- .1 1
” ^78##
” ,1 0
.0 2
- .0 3
02
” .l6
“ «09.,
f o r each w ider s p a c in g , w h ile th e number o f heads d e c re a se d i n th e 2lj and
d ouble 30” in c h row s0
S i g n i f i c a n t t o t a l c o r r e la tio n s o f 0U6 and - e7-8 were o b ta in e d f o r
y i e l d apd h e a d s , and t e s t w eig h t and p r o te in .
The p o s i t i v e c o r r e la tio n
betw een .y ie ld and heads i s a p p a re n t fo r. th e 18 and double 3Q=inch s p a c in g s ,
how ever, th e 2U=inch. s p a c in g s had a h ig |i y ie ld , and c o m p a ra tiv e ly low number
o f heads p q r .u n it a r e a .
The t o t a l n e g a tiv e r ' v a lu e f o r t e s t w eight arid
p r o t e i n i n d i c a t e s t h a t a s th e t e s t , w eig h t in c re a s e d th e p r o t e i n went dow n..
However, t h i s was n o t th e c ase f o r th e sp a c in g e f f e c t as a p o s itiv e v a lu e
was o b ta in e d , in d ic a tin g a r e v e r s a l in th e tr e n d o c c u rre d o r as th e t e s t
w e ig h t, due to s p a c in g , in c re a s e d th e p r o te in in c re a s e d ,
A s im ila r tr e n d
can be n o te d in th e r e la tio r is h ip s betw een y i e l d and t e s t w e ig h t where a
p o s i t i v e v a lu e was o b ta in e d f o r th e sp a c in g s ,
This can be n o te d i n f ig u r e
5 where th e r e i s a g e n e r a l in c re a s e i n p r o te in along w ith th e in c re a s e in
y ie ld *
V
“ 31 “
E f f e c ts o f c u l t i v a t i o n
C u ltiv a tio n was f a i r l y e f f e c t i v e in c o n tr o llin g weeds ,between th e rows
o f th e c u l t i v a t e d W heat0
From o b s e rv a tio n s i t was a p p a re n t t h a t th e f a l l
c u l t i v a t i o n s were e f f e c t i v e in c o n tro llin g , th e w in te r a n n u a ls 9 .w h ile th e
s p rin g c u l t i v a t i o n s c o n tr o lle d th e s p rin g g e rm in a te d w eeds.
D uring th e
y e a rs o f h igh r a i n f a l l th e weeds w ith in th e row were q u ite la r g e ,- how ever,
d u rin g th e d r y e r seasons' th e weeds were' su p p re sse d by th e c o m p etitio n o f th e ■
w heat,
i n 19li8 th e f a l l and s p rin g c u ltiv a te d p l o t s produced more w in te r
w heat th a n j u s t th e s p r in g c u l t i v a t e d p l o t s . Table 17.
The av erag e y i e l d
f o r a l l sp a c in g re c e iv in g two c u l t i v a t i o n s was 27eh b u /a.co m p ared t o ^ h . k
b u /a . f o r o n ly s p rin g c u l t i v a t i o n s .
These means were s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f ­
f e r e n t when a n a ly s e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y . T able Ve
T able IV.
Average y i e l d o f w in te r w heat i n b u sh e ls p e r a c r e o b tairied
from one and two c u l t i v a t i o n s o f 1 8 , 2k, and d o u b le 30-in c h
row s p a c in g s , M occasin, Montana, 19h80
Number o f
C u ltiv a tio n s
18
I
2
25.2
2 7 .8
T able V.
■
Y ie ld f o r Spacing •
D30
2k
2 6 .0 31eit
22 .0
22 .9
'
Average .
2kok
27.k
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e o f y i e l d f o r one and two c u l t i v a t i o n s .
Source o f
V a r ia tio n
R e p lic a tio n s
C u ltiv a tio n s
Spacings
'"'C u ltiv a tio n s x Space
. E rro r
T o ta l
Degree o f
Freedom
'
2
I
2
2
■ 10
17
' bums o f
S quares
...... 86.26
366.30
1 0 9 k .33
1 3 k .06
k 6 6 .93
2147.88
Mean
Square
366.30
51i7.l6: 67.03
4 6 .6 9
■F 0
Value
7 .8 5 *
11.72**
Io kk
- 32
Chemical weed c o n tr o l vs c u l t i v a t i o n
From- th e th r e e y e ars, r e s u l t s o b ta in e d i t i s a p p a re n t t h a t 2$li«D
was as e f f e c t i v e as c u l t i v a t i o n .
T h e .r e s u lts as g iv en in Table Vl show
an average y i e l d o f 23. 33 b u s h e ls f o r th e 1 2 -in c h sp ac in g t r e a t e d w ith
o n e - th ir d pound o f 25lt-D and 22.97 b u s h e ls f o r th e 2h in ch sp a c in g
c u l t i v a t e d tw ic e .
D uring 19^0 and 1 9 3 1 ,/th e two c u l t i v a t i o n p l o t s
produced h ig h e r y ie ld s th a n th e 2,Ii-D p l o t s .
The 2 lt-in ch s p a c in g sp ray ed
w ith 2^U-D had a 2 .6 3 b u s h e l averag e in c r e a s e o v er th e 1 2 -in c h ch eck .
T able V I.
Y ie ld o f w in te r w heat in b u s h e ls p e r a c re o b ta in e d from th e
2 ,U=D vs c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t, grown on f a llo w i n a t r i p ­
l i c a t e d random ized b lo c k , H occasi n , Montanap19U9 to 1951.
S p acin g i n •
In ch es
'1V '
T reatm ent
12
12
2U
2U
None •
1 /3 l b . 2,U-D
Two' C u ltiv a tio n s
1 /3 l b . 2 ,U=D-
in c h e s
in c h e s
in c h e s
in c h e s
• . ’
B u sh els p e r Acre
19U9 "
1950
1951
- 22.13
2 9 .5 0
2 6 .3 6
2U.20
25.50
25.53
27.37
25.33
Average
19.U0
23.33
22.97
2 0 .3U
1 0 .8 7
1U.97
1 5 .1 7
1 1 .5 0
The a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r th e e x p erim en t i s g iv e n in Table V II
and shows t h a t th e y i e l d d if f e r e n c e s o b ta in e d from v a rio u s tre a tm e n ts were
s ig n ific a n t.
T able V II.
A n a ly sis o f V ariance f o r 2^-U-D and C u ltiv a tio n E xperim ent.
Source o f
V a ria tio n
Y ears
R e p lic a tio n
T reatm ents
Y rs . x T reatm ents
E rro r
T o ta l
D e g re e s' o f
Freedom
,
2
2
3
6
22
35
Sums o f
S quares .
Mean
Square
1266.U6
•1x6.25
101.32
U3.15
90.52
15U7.70
633.23
23.13
3 3 .7 7
-7 .1 9
U .n
F'
Value
.
8.22**
1 .7 5
- 33
C u ltiv a tio n p lu s chem ical weed c o n tr o l
The 1951 y ie ld t e s t to determ ine th e e f f e c tiv e n e s s o f 2 ,It-D p lu s
c u l t i v a t i o n i s re p o rte d in Table V III .
From th e one y e a rs r e s u l t s th e re
i s some in d ic a tio n t h a t an a p p lic a tio n o f 2,U-D to c o n tr o l th e weeds in
th e rows may be o f some v a lu e , as th e av erag e y i e l d o f th e th r e e c u l t i v a t e d
p lo t s was 9 .3 b u s h e ls compared to 1 3 .5 b u sh e ls f o r th e same sp acin g s c u l t i ­
v a te d and sp ra y e d w ith 2 ,Ii-D.
The 1 8 -in c h sp a c in g responded th e most to
th e double tre a tm e n t a s i t had a y i e l d o f I 5 .5 bu.
This i s an 8 .3 b u ,
in c re a s e o v er th e 12- in c h check and a 6 .0 bu. in c re a s e o v e r th e 12-in c h
check t r e a t e d w ith 2,U-D.
The a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e as g iv e n in Table IX
shows s ig n if ic a n c e f o r th e s p ra y vs c u l t i v a t i o n tr e a tm e n ts .
Table V I I I .
Row
Spacing
12 in c h
it
11
18 in ch
It
II
2ii in c h
M
11
D30 inch
It
W
Table IX.
Average y ie ld o f w in te r w heat in b u s h e ls p e r a c re o b ta in e d
from th e row sp ac in g and c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t, when tr e a t e d
w ith o n e - th ir d pound o f 2 ,Ii-D in a d d itio n to th e two c u l t i ­
v a tio n s , M occasin, M ontana, 1951.
T reatm ent
IlO l b s .
None
2,14-D
2 C u ltiv a tio n s
2 C u lt. 4- 2 ,li-D
2 C u ltiv a tio n s
2 C u lt, f 2 ,Ii-D
2 C u ltiv a tio n s
2 C u lt. + 2,li-D
6 .7
8 .8
9 .6
1 7 .5
9 .5
1 6 .1
6 .7
9 .5
Seeding Rate
50 l b s .
60 l b s .
9 .3
1 1 .3
12 .2
124. 5
1 0 .3
1 6 .3
6 .2
9 .5
5 .6
8 .1
1 1 .6
U .O
10 .7
1 3 .6
7 .2
9.14
Average
7.2
9.14
11.1
15 .5
10.2
15.14
6.7
9.5
A n a ly sis o f V ariance f o r y i e l d o f c u l tiv a tio n p lu s 2,U-D
e x p e rim e n t.
Source o f
V a ria tio n
R e p lic a tio n s
2 ,Ii-D vs C u ltiv a tio n
E r r o r (a )
P lo t s o f 2 ,Ii-D
Degree o f
Freedom
2
I
2
5
Sums o f
S q u ares
Mean
Square
F.
Value
Ij2.03
235.00
8 .0 0
286. 78
235.80
U.0 0
58.95**
- 3it -
S p rin g Wheat
The s p rin g wheat row sp a c in g d a ta p re s e n te d a re from t e s t s conducted
a t M occasin in I S h l 9 Bozeman in 19ii7 and 19il9, and Havre in 1950 and 1951*
The d e t a i l e d d a ta and com plete a n a ly s is of v a ria n c e f o r a l l s t a t i o n s a re
p re s e n te d in tn e Appendix B.
Y ie ld s o b ta in e d
Y ie ld d if f e r e n c e s in f a v o r o f th e wide row sp ac in g s d id n o t o ccu r
f o r s p rin g w heat as i t d id f o r w in te r w heat.
i t fo llo w e d p r a c t i c a l l y th e same p a t t e r n .
th e y ie ld .
For a l l t e s t s a t a l l s ta tio n s
The w id er th e sp a c in g th e lo w er
These d e p re s s io n s in y ie ld s are shown g r a p h ic a lly in fig u r e 6 .
B u ./a .
2C
18
16
IU
12
10
Moccasin-19U7
Bu. / a .
Bozeman-19l*7
-
6
B u ./a .
12 18 2U 30 36
Spac. in in c h e s
Bozeman-19U9
6H 6F 12 18 2U
Spac. i n in c h e s
F ig u re 6.
Spac. in in c h e s
B u ./a .
Havre- I 950 & 1951
in c h e s
Y ie ld in b u s h e ls p e r a c re o f s p rin g w heat o b ta in e d from
v a rio u s row s p a c in g s a t th r e e lo c a tio n s in Montana.
- 3S-
At M occasin in 1 9 h 7 , th e y ie ld dropped from 1 9 .1 b u ./a . f o r th e
6 -in c h sp ac in g to 13.8 b u. f o r th e 3 6 -in c h .
The p e rc e n ta g e d e c re a se in
y i e l d f o r each 6 - in c h in c re a s e in row w id th was 9 .5 from th e 6 to 12, 1 2 .3
from 6 to 18, 1 8 .5 from 6 to 2U, 1 8 .5 from 6 to 30, and 3 1 .0 from 6 to 36
w ith an av erag e o f 6 .2 p e r c e n t fo r each 6 -in c h in c re a s e in row sp a c in g .
U nder i r r i g a t i o n a t Bozeman in 19^7> th e same g e n e ra l tr e n d i s ap p aren t
e x c e p t t h a t i t i s more pronounced a t th e w ider sp a c in g .
As th e d ecrease
in y i e l d f o r each 6 -in c h in c re a s e in row w idth was 7 .6 , 9.U , l i i .l t , 28.ii,
and itl.O p e r c e n t w ith an av erag e o f 8 .3 p e r c e n t f o r each 6 -in c h in c re a s e
in row s p a c in g .
No s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n y i e l d due to sp a c in g s were o b ta in e d a t
M occasin when a n a ly z e d , Table X, how ever, s ig n if ic a n c e was o b ta in e d a t
Bozeman.
Table X.
Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r s p rin g w heat row sp ac in g
s tu d ie s conducted a t M occasin, Bozeman, and H avre, Montana,
19lt7 to 1951.
Source o f
V a r ia tio n
M occasin
DF V ariance
R ates
E r ro r
3
3
Spacing
E rro r
5
5
1 9 i t 7
R ates x S p a c ,15
E rro r
15
3 . 5o**
.3 3
Bozeman
DP
V ariance
1 9 i i 7
Havre
DF
V ariance
1
3
3
4 0 .8 8
65.55
2
58
25.33
21.00
5
5
481.88**
1 3 .4 5
4
58
3 .8 8
2.12
15
15
4 .8 l
1 5 .8 3
8
58
9
5
0
- 5
1
Bozeman 19U9
DF
V ariance
.3 5
2 .7 5
35.10** 4
24
2 .7 5
1.4 4
2 .7 5
•
2,102*
408
“ 36 «=•
A-i, Bozeman in 1 9 h 9 more pronounced d e c re a s e s i n y i e l d were o b ta in e d •
from th e w id e r rows.,
In f a c t , th e y i e l d dropped from 79.8. b u ; / a e f o r th e
6s=inch sp ac in g to 28, 9 bu, f o r th e 21|-inch s p a c in g , f ig u r e 6«
The d e c re a se
in y i e l d was 9 .9 p e r c e n t from th e 6 to 12 in c h rows, 3 b .0 p e r c e n t from
6 to 1 8 , and 6 3 .8 p e r c e n t from 18 to 2b, w ith an av erag e d e c re a se o f 2 8 .0
p e r c e n t f o r each 6 -in c h in c r e a s e in row w id th ,
A t H avre, a d i f f e r e n t tr e n d in d e c re a se in- y i e l d was o b ta in e d , f ig u r e
6„
G en eral d e c re a s e s o f 6 .6 p e r c e n t o c c u rre d from th e 6 to 12 and 21 .6
p e r c e n t from 6 to l8 = in c h row s.
However, a f t e r th e row w id th reached.
18 in c h e s th e y i e l d ta p e r e d o f f , a s i d e n t i c a l p e rc e n ta g e d e c re a s e s o f
2 1 .3 p e r c e n t o c c u rre d from th e 6 to th e 1 8 , 2b, and 30 in c h sp a c in g s .
S i g n i f ic a n t d if f e r e n c e s in y i e l d were o b ta in e d when a n a ly z e d . Table X.
The r e l a t i v e y ie ld s o f th e v a rio u s row s p a c in g s were n o t c o n s ta n t f o r th e
two y e a rs a t Havre a s in d ic a te d by a s i g n i f i c a n t y e a rs x row sp ac in g i n t e r ­
a c ti o n , ap pendix B, Table V.
S eed in g r a t e s in ,r e l a t i o n to y i e l d .
The amount o f see d sown d id n o t a f f e c t th e y ie ld s f o r any o f th e
s p a c in g s , as no s i g n i f i c a n t r a t e x sp a c in g in t e r a c t i o n s were o b ta in e d .
Table X.
The y i e l d fo r . each se e d in g r a t e u sed a t th e th r e e lo c a tio n s is .
g iv en i n Table XI.
A t M occasin, th e $0 and 30 l b . see d in g r a t e produced th e h ig h e s t y i e l d
of 1 6 .8 and 17=0 b u . / a . , r e s p e c tiv e ly .
The 60 and bo I b j r a t e s were about
a b u s h e l p e r a c re lo w e r. . These d if f e r e n c e s were s i g n i f i c a n t when a n a ly z e d ,
Table X.
At Bozeman th e 90, 75, 60 and b5 l b . r a te s had n e a r ly i d e n t i c a l
y i e l d s o f 58.7 b u.
The 6(3, -IxO and 20 l b . r a t e s f o r th e two y e a rs a t Havre.
** 37 *•
T able XIo
Average y i e l d in b u s h e ls p e r a c re o f s p r in g w h e a t. o b ta in e d from
v a rio u s r a t e s o f seed in g a t th r e e l o c a t i o n s . A verages a re
f o r a l l s p a c in g s used.
M occasin - I 9b7
S eeding r a t e
B ushels p e r a c re
60
16.1
• ^
. -50
16,8
bo
15.-9
75
6o
5 0
Bozeman - I 9b7
S eeding r a t e
B ushels p e r a c re
5B77
Havre 1950 to 1951
Seeding r a t e
B u shels p e r a c re
6o
bo
1 6 .2
1 6 .4
90
58.7 •
had av erag es o f 1 6 .2 , l6 .lt and l 6 02 b u ./ a .
30
17.-0 ■
-
;b 5
20
16,2
A t Bozeman in 1 9 k 9 , when T h a tc h e r
was sown i n 6 -in c h rows a t h a l f and f u l l r a t e s o f s e e d in g , th e h a lf, r a t e o f
se e d in g y ie ld e d 9 .6 p e r c e n t l e s s g r a in .
T e s t Xireight and p r o t e i n .
The b u s h e l w e ig h ts o b ta in e d from each lo c a t io n f o r th e v a rio u s sp ac in g s
o f s p rin g w heat a re g iv e n in Table X II.
No a p p a re n t d if f e r e n c e s i n t e s t
w eig h t a re a p p a re n t f o r M o ccasin .. S l i g h t l y h e a v ie r t e s t w e ig h ts f o r th e
w id e r sp a c in g were o b ta in e d a t Bozeman an d .H av re.
For th e th r e e s t a t i o n
a v e ra g e , th e r e a p p e a rs to be a .d e c re a s e in t e s t w eig h t as th e sp ac in g is.
in c re a s e d up to 18-in c h e s .
However, beyond t h a t w idth th e t e s t w eig h t a g ain
in c re a s e d .
Table X II,
L o c a tio n
W eight o f s p rin g w heat i n pounds p e r b u s h e l due to v a rio u s
sp a c in g s a t th r e e lo c a tio n s .
6
_______S pacings i n in c h e s
12
' 18
24
6 0 .6
60.8
M occasin
6 0 .8
6 1 ,0
Bozeman
5 8 .6
58.2
5&,9
5 8 .5
Havre
5 3 .6
5 3 .2
53.3 ■ 52.8
Average
37TF
373
373
I * C a lc u la te d by Y ates, m issin g v a lu e form ula
30
6 l .o
59.1
5b.8
383
*36
6 0 .9
5 8 .9
(5 3 .8 )*
373
— 38 —
B a rle y
Except f o r one t e s t a t M occasin i n 1951* a l l o f th e row sp a c in g s tu d ie s
w ith b a r le y w ere conducted a t Bozeman.
The d e t a i l e d d a ta c o lle c te d along
w ith th e in d iv id u a l a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e t a b l e s f o r t e s t s co nducted in 19ltk
and 19U9 thro u g h 1951 f o r Bozeman and M occasin a re g iv en in Appendix C.
Y ie ld s o b ta in e d f o r s p a cin g s
As compared to s p rin g w heat, th e y ie ld s o f b a r le y were n o t d e crea se d
as s h a r p ly a t th e w id er s p a c in g s ,
Comparisons o f th e 6 and 12 in c h sp ac in g s
f o r a l l b a r le y v a r i e t i e s i n s i x t r i a l s o v e r a fo u r y e a r p e rio d a re g iv en in
f ig u r e 7.
6-in c h sp ac in g
1 2 -in c h s p a c in g
F ig u re 7.
Average y i e l d o f b a r le y in b u . / a . grown a t 6 and 12 in ch s p a c in g s .
A verages a r e from s i x t r i a l s co nducted o v er a f o u r y e a r p e rio d .
Only an e ig h t - t e n t h s b u sh e l d if f e r e n c e in y ie ld in fa v o r o f th e 6 -in c h
sp ac in g was o b ta in e d .
The e i g h t - t e n t h s b u sh els d if f e r e n c e i s a c tu a lly based
on Qh in d iv id u a l com parisons.
F ig u re 8 r e p r e s e n ts th e averag e y i e l d o f f o u r s p a c in g s used a t Bozeman
from 19U9 to 1951, when row w id th s o f 6- in c h a t a h a l f r a t e s e e d in g , 6 , 1 2 ,
18, and 2h in c h es a t a f u l l r a t e se e d in g were u sed .
see d in g produced th e h ig h e s t y i e l d o f 7 8 .1 b u ./ a .
The 6- in c h f u l l r a t e o f
Only a one b u s h e l lo s s
i n y i e l d was o b ta in e d from b o th th e 12 and 18 in ch s p a c in g s .
The y i e l d o f
- 39 -
B u ./a .
S pacings in in c h e s
F ig u re 8.
Average b u sh e ls p e r a c r e o f b a rle y o b ta in e d from fo u r w idths
o f rows grown a t Bozeman, Montana 1 9 li9 -$ l.
Table X III .
Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r y ie ld o f b a r le y grown a t
Bozeman and M occasin, 19Wl, 19U9-51.
Source o f
V a ria tio n
F t . E llis - 1 9 U i
D .F. V ariance
V a r ie tie s
E rro r
12
1 3 .4 5
7 1 .4 9
I
12
872.52**
56.93
S p acings
E r ro r
I
12
505.60*
71.49
I
12
194.07
56.93
V ar. x Spac.
E rro r
I
12
284. 29
71.49
I
12
235.98
56.93
I
Bozeman-1944
D .F. V ariance
Bozeman- I 949
D .F. V ariance
4
12
236.25
77.07
D ate x Spaco
E rro r
Source o f
V a ria tio n
Bozeman-1951
D .F. V ariance
Moccasi n - I 951
D .F. V ariance
V a r ie tie s
E r ro r
2
16
28,265**
2,842
7
30
43. 54*
1 8 .4 1
S pacings
E r ro r
3
6
10,644
16,656
I
30
.0 1
18.41
6
16
6 ,291
2,843
7
30
6 .9 9
1 8 .4 1
Var. x Spac.
E r ro r
Bozeman-1950
D.F. V ariance
I
2
5,041
558
2
4
7,895
42,551
2
14
26,245
5,820
2
14
2,955
5,819
G la c ie r 1949-50-51
D .F. V ariance
16,126
4
28
9,644
Y rs. x Spac.
8
7,107
28
9,644
rows spaced
in c h e s a p a r t dropped to 70®0 bue
Comparing, th e 6 -in c h h a lf
r a t e o f see d in g w ith t h e . f u l l r a t e , fig u re - 8 , i t i s a p p a re n t t h a t such a.
r a t e and sp ac in g re d u c es y i e l d more th a n a 12 o r 18 in c h s p a c in g a t a f u l l
r a t e o f s e e d in g .
From th e s ta n d p o in t o f y i e l d i t would seem t h a t a f u l l
r a t e o f s e e d in g i n 12 o r 18 in c h rows w ould be more p r a c t i c a l th a n a halfr a t e o f seed in g i n 6 in c h rows*
E xcept ^ o r th e t r i a l a t F o r t E l l i s , when th e 6 and 12 in ch sp a c in g s
were u s e d , no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s in y i e l d o f th e s p a c in g s were o b ta in e d
Table X III*
This may in d ic a te t h a t b a r le y i s cap ab le o f p ro d u cin g average
y ie ld s r e g a r d le s s o f th e w id th o f rows up to 1 8 -in c h e s,
This i s f u r t h e r
b ro u g h t o u t in th e th re e , y e a r com parison o f h sp ac in g s f o r G la c ie r from 1949
to 1951$ when th e a v erag e y ie ld s were 63.9$ 65. 6 $ 6 7 .4 and. 56.4 b u ./a . f o r
th e 6$ 1 2, 1 8 , and 24-in c h row s, r e s p e c tiv e ly .
With a range i n average
y ie ld s o f 62.8 to 96.2 b u ./ a . in th e v a r io u s y e a rs o f t h i s t e s t th e sp ac in g
x y e a r i n t e r a c t i o n was s i g n i f i c a n t .
The 1950 com parison showing th e e f f e c t o f se e d in g d a te s on y ie ld o f
th r e e sp a c in g s a re g iv en i n Table XIV.
T able XIV.
Average y i e l d i n b u sh els' p e r acre o f two v a r ie tie s - o f b a r le y
sown, a t two d a te s o f se e d in g in 6 , 12, and 18 .inch rows,
Bozeman, 1950, .
S eeding
B ate
______ ;______ 6
Normal ,
L ate
6 2 .2
6 3 .2
Spacing in in c h e s
12
6 9 .8
7 2 .3
30________ , Average_______ _
64 .4
6 7 .6
6 5 .5
67 .4
. O th e r t h a t an in c r e a s e in y i e l d f o r th e l a t e se e d in g d a te , th e d a te
o f se e d in g had l i t t l e e f f e c t on y ie ld s o b ta in e d from each o f th e row w id th s .
—iil —
T his i s f u r t h e r s u b s ta n tia te d by th e la c k o f s i g n i f i c a n t d a te x sp a c in g
i n t e r a c t i o n Table X III .
This, one t r i a l would seem t o in d i c a t e t h a t th e g e n e r a l fin d in g s
co n ce rn in g row sp a c in g s would be a p p lic a b le , re g a r d le s s o f th e d a te o f
s e e d in g , f o r th e two v a r i e t i e s u sed . G la c ie r and Conpana.
V a r ie tie s x sp ac in g i n t e r a c t i o n .
The o n ly s i g n i f i c a n t sp a c in g x v a r i e t y i n t e r a c t i o n o b ta in e d was in
th e 1951 t r i a l a t Bozeman, Table X I I I .
T h is i n t e r a c t i o n can be n o ted in
f ig u r e 9. where Compana does n o t y i e l d p r o p o r tio n a te ly th e same a t each
row w idth as does G la c ie r and T ita n .
Compana a p p a re n tly b e in g b e t t e r
a d ap te d f o r use a t th e w ider row s p a c in g s .
B u ./ a*
70
65
60
55
50
Compana
Spac.
ir1
in c h e s
G la c ie r
\
X
"X
hS
G la c ie r
%
\
I
I
T ita n
IiC
6
12
Iti
2k
S pacings in in c h e s
F ig u re 9.
6
12
Average y ie ld in b u ./a .
o f th r e e b a r le y v a r i e t i e s
grown in f o u r row w id th s .
Bozeman, 1951.
Compana
6
12 :
d
10
F ig u re 10.
26
jo
UO
b>0
Y ie ld in o u ./= .
L
n
00
Average y i e l d in b u ./a . o f
G la c ie r and Conpana grown
in f i v e s e p a r a te t r i a l s at
6 and 1 2 -in c h s p a c in g s .
The average y ie ld o f G la c ie r and Compana p la n te d i n 6 and I 2 - inch
sp a c in g s in f iv e s e p a ra te t r i a l s i s g iv e n in f ig u r e 10.
Both v a r i e t i e s
re a c te d th e same to th e two s p a c in g s , as th e 6 -in c h sp acin g had low er
y ie ld s in b o th c a s e s .
70
T his sh o u ld s u b s t a n t i a t e th e v a l i d i t y o f p la n tin g
b a r le y v a r i e t y n u r s e r ie s in 12-in c h rows when th e norm al see d in g d is ta n c e
i s 6 -in c h e s .
The y i e l d r e s u l t s from th e v a r i e t y x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n s tu d y a t
M occasin i n 1951s when e ig h t v a r i e t i e s were grown a t 6 and IZ ih c h sp ac in g 's,
a re given i n T able XVe. There i s some in d ic a tio n t h a t th e d i f f e r e n t
v a r i e t i e s responded d i f f e r e n t l y to y i e l d f o r th e d i f f e r e n t s p a c in g s .
However, th e sp ac in g x v a r i e t y i n t e r a c t i o n was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t when a n aly z e d
Table X H I.
-
Table XV. -Y ield i n b u s h e ls p e r a c r e o b ta in e d from e i g h t b a r le y v a r i e t i e s
grown in l / 2 0 t h a c re p l o t s and p la n te d a t 6 and 12 in c h i n t e r ­
v a ls i n a t r i p l i c a t e d random ized b lo c k . M occasin, 1951®.
Spac.
in c h .
6
12
_____________________ ._____
V a rie ty
_____________________ ________ _
Gem
T i ta n ' Can0Hyb. Moore Compana G .xC . I # , G.'xC.Vfc G .x C .X *
1 2 .8
1 3 .8
1U.7
1 0 .7
1 9 .3
1 5 .3
1 5 .8
1 3 .1
10.&
20.1
G la c ie r x Compana 2-ro w s e l e c t i o n s .
T e s t w e ig h t
11=7
1 3 .5
1 3 .5
1 0 .7
llu 3
1 1 .5
-
The b u s h e l w e ig h ts o b ta in e d from 19U9^5l from th e v a rio u s b a r le y
sp a c in g e x p erim en ts a re given i n Table XVI.
S l i g h t l y h e a v ie r t e s t w eig h ts
were o b ta in e d i n 19^9 and 1950 f o r th e I 8 and 2h in ch s p a c in g s .
However,
f o r th e th r e e y e a r average th e r e i s v e ry l i t t l e d if f e r e n c e in b u sh e l w eig h t
due to s p a c in g s .
The 6 -in c h f u l l r a t e o f see d in g was 1 .5 l b s , h e a v ie r th a n
th e 6 -in c h h a l f r a t e .
I t would a p p ea r t h a t b a r le y may be grown in rows
w ith o u t any a p p re c ia b le e f f e c t on q u a l i t y a s measured by t e s t w e ig h t,
*= U3 =■
T able X ^I0 W eight o f b a r le y i n pounds p e r b u s h e l due t o v a rio u s sp ae in g s
a t Bozeman5 19U9"*5>lo
Spacing i n in c h e s
12
18
r"■
Y ear
6 h a lf
6 fu ll
1949
1950
1951
47 c 0
4 8 .8
4 5 .8
4 7 .3
4 8 .8
4 6 ,1
46, 9
4 8 .2
4 4 .9
4 7 .5
4 9 .4
4 7 .5
4 8 .0
4 9 .5
4 5 .1
Average
45'. 9
4 7 .4
4 6 .7
4 8 .1
4 7 .5 .
■
*
.
Q ats
A ll o f th e row sp ac in g s tu d ie s p re s e n te d f o r o a ts were conducted
a t Bozeman, i n 19^7, and 19lt9=5l®
The d e t a i l e d d a ta c o lle c te d alo n g ,.with
t h e . in d iv id u a l a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e t a b l e s a re g iv en i n Appendix De
Y ie ld s o b ta in e d f o r s p a e in g s ,
The a v erag e y i e l d o f a l l o a t v a r i e t i e s used f o r th e .f o u r y e a rs ..in
which 6 , 1 2 j 18, and 2 k row s p a e in g s were u sed i s p re s e n te d g r a p h ic a lly
in f ig u r e IO e
As th e row w idth, in c r e a s e d , th e r e o c c u rre d a p ro g re s s iv e
d e c re a se i n y ie ld ,,
In f ig u r e S 9 a s i m i l a r d e c lin e i n y i e l d h a s been n o te d
f o r s p rin g w heat.
The s h a r p e s t d e c re a se i n y ie ld was o b ta in e d i n 19^7 when a 27,7 b u s h e l
drop i n y i e l d o c c u rre d betw een th e 6 and 2k in c h rows.
T h is la r g e d if f e r e n c e
was s i g n i f i c a n t when a n a ly z e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y . Table XVIIa
A lthough a d e c lin e
in y i e l d o f 1 2 , l i t , and 10 p e rc e n t was o b ta in e d between t h e 2 i|-in ch sp a c in g
and th e 6 -in c h sp ac in g in 1 9 k 9 , 1950, and 1951, r e s p e c t i v e l y , th e s e d i f ­
fe re n c e s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t .
The a v e ra g e . y ie ld f o r each sp acin g o v er th e
f o u r y e a r p e rio d was l l 5 o 9 , 109»3, 106, 3 , and 1 0 0 ,5 b u ,/ a , f o r th e 6 ,
.
-IUi -
S p acin g s in in c h e s
F ig u re 1 1 .
Table XVII.
Source o f
V a ria tio n
Average y ie ld i n b u ./ a . o f o a ts o b ta in e d from f o u r row
w id th s , Bozeman, I ^ii7> 1 9 k 9 - 5 1 »
Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r y ie ld o f o a ts grown
a t v a rio u s row w id th s , Bozeman, 19U7, 19L9-S1.
19ii7
D .F. V ariance
1949
D .F. V ariance
1950
D .F. V ariance
1951
D.F. V ariance
V a r ie tie s
E r ro r
2
2
15,793
8,830
I
4
194
812
2
8
63
87
2
8
Spacing
E rro r
3
6
27,450** 4
12
3,881
511
311
4
12
749
2#
4
12
213
72
164
175
8
32
59
116
8
32
93
84
V ar. x Spac.
E rro r
6
12
1 ,550
7,163
4
16
1 2 , 1 8 , and 2it in c h s p a c in g s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
1,678**
140
In tiie com parison o f th e n a if
and f u l l r a t e o f see d in g f o r th e 6 -in c h sp a c in g from
1
9
4
r a t e o f seed in g a v erag e d a 5 .7 b u sh e l in c r e a s e in y i e l d .
9
to
1
9
5
1
,
th e f u l l
The 1 2 , 18, and 24'
in c h s p a c in g s in th e same s tu d ie s showed a d e c re a se in y ie ld o f g r e a te r th a n
5 .7 b u s h e ls .
V a r ie tie s x sp a c in g i n t e r s c tio r
No s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i e t y x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n s f o r o a ts were o b ta in e d
“ h5 “
d u rin g any of. th e y e a rs w ith th e s i x v a r i e t i e s in c lu d e d in th e v a rio u s t e s t s .
The th r e e y e a r av erag e y i e l d o f B rid g e r and Gopher f o r th e f o u r sp a c in g s
i s given in Table X V III,
A lthough th e two v a r i e t i e s y ie ld e d d i f f e r e n t l y a t
v a rio u s s p a c in g s 5 th e s p re a d i n y ie ld s was slight®*,Table X V m 0
Average y i e l d in b u ./ a . o f B rid g e r and Gopher o a ts grown pn
6 , 12, l8 } and 2h in ch ro w s, Bozeman, 19^7,
and 1950»
S pacing i n in c h e s
12
18
120,6
109c. 9
107,4
102,4
1 19.2
114,7
108 o8
106,3
V a r ie ty
. 6
Gopher
B rid g e r
24
I t i s concluded t h a t v a r i e t i e s recommended f o r Montana a re e q u a lly
s u ite d to growing in w ide row s p a c in g s .
An a n a l y s i s , o f t h r e e y e a rs d a ta , when th e av erag e y e a r l y y ie ld s ranged
f r o m '99«-9 to 1 1 1 ,9 -bushels p e r a c r e , showed th e f o u r row s p a c in g tre a tm e n ts
and th e h a l f r a t e o f p la n tin g i n 6=inch rows to y i e l d i n th e same o r d e r a s
in d ic a te d by a n o n s i g n i f i c a n t sp acin g x y e a r i n t e r a c t i o n .
T e s t w eig h t
Ii i
L n uw uo m
.
'
-
------
The v a rio u s sp ac in g s u sed had p r a c t i c a l l y no e f f e c t on th e b u sh e l w e ig h t
o f o a t s , as o n ly a range o f f o u r te n th s o f a pound o c c u rre d .
For th e compar­
is o n o f th e f u l l and h a l f r a t e of se e d in g f o r th e 6 -in c h row s, th e t e s t
w e ig h ts were n e a r ly i d e n t i c a l .
This i s o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t because o a ts
t e s t w eig h ts a re g e n e r a lly c o n sid e re d t o be q u ite s e n s i t i v e to en v iro n m e n ta l
fa c to rs .
The t e s t w e ig h ts o b ta in e d f o r each o f th e fo u r y e a r s from th e 6
h a l f , 6 f u l l , 1 2 , 1 8, and 2k in c h rows a re g iv en in T able XVIXo ,
o>
1|6
Table XIXe ,W e i^ it o f o a ts i n pounds p e r b u s h e l due t o v a rio u s S p acin g s5
Bozeman5
19^9-51» .
Y ear
19U7
I 9h 8
19h9
1950.
Average .
Lodging
6 = h a lf
6 -fu ll
•la®9
k 2.0
3 7 .5
3 6 .6
3 6 .0
37.2
. 36.2
3 7 .9
S pacing in in c h e s
12
Iti
3 5 .3
k 2 .0
3 6 .9
36.li
. . 37.7
2It
35.2
ii2 .1
37.2
36 .2
37.8
'
3 5 .5
I12.1
37 .3
3 6 .9
. J 8 .0
-
Lodging d a ta c o lle c te d i n 19U7 on t h r e e o a t v a r i e t i e s , a re p re s e n te d
in T able XX®, From t h i s d a ta , i t i s ' a p p a re n t t h a t th e w id e r rows caused
, an in c r e a s e i n lo d g in g i n v a r i e t i e s t h a t were su sc e p tib le ®
T able XX* „ P er c e n t lo d g in g o f th r e e o a t v a r i e t i e s grown, a t S s 1 2 s 18#and 2 I4. in c h row s s Bozeman5 19^7*
■Variety
O verland
B rid g e r
Gopher
Average
.. 6
O
. Ii7
88
li5 .0
S pacing in in c h e s
lti
. 12
2h
6
63
99
5 6 .0
Ii
92
97
6I1.3
U
32
85
iiO.3
S p rin g Wheat - O ats - B arley
The r e s u l t s o f th e I 9k9 crop row sp a c in g t e s t a t Bozeman, when
one v a r i e t y o f w heat, o a t s , and b a r le y were grown in a l a t i n sq u are
s p l i t p l o t d e s ig n , a re given in pounds o f g r a in produced p e r a c re in
Table
Table XXL
and re p re s e n te d g r a p h ic a lly in f ig u r e 12«
Pounds o f g r a in produced p e r a c re o f s p rin g w h e a t, o a ts , and
b a r le y grown a t v a rio u s sp a c in g s in a l a t i n sq u a re s p l i t
p l o t d e s ig n , Bozeman, 1949.
________ Spacing in in c h e s________________
Crop__________ 55»
6f
12
lb
T
Wheat
O ats
B a rle y
k332
3782
k780
k?6k
3680
k997
k308
3k66
kk88
3156
3302
k603
173k
3293
k ll8
•frHalf and f u l l r a te o f se e d in g
-Barley
4— Oats
Sp. Wheat
6
F ig u re 12,
12
18
2k
Average y i e l d in lb s . p e r a c r e o f s p rin g w h eat, o a ts , and
b a r le y when grown i n 6 , 1 2 , 1 8 , and 2k inch ro w s, Bozeman,
19k 9.
“ ii8
“
From f ig u r e 129 i t i s a p p a re n t t h a t s p rin g wheat i s n o t a s a d a p ta b le
to th e wide rpw s p a c in g s as b a r le y o r o a ts , because th e s p rin g wheat y ie ld s
dropped much more a t th e 18 and 2b I n c h s p a c in g s th a n d id o a ts and b a r le y
y ie ld s .
The c ro p spacing' i n t e r a c t i o n , a lo n g w ith d if f e r e n c e s due. to sp a c in g
and cro p p in g t i e r e , s i g n i f i c a n t when a n a ly z e d . Table XXII,
From Table XXI i t can be n o te d t h a t s p rin g w heat and b a r le y responded
th e same to h a l f and f u l l r a t e s o f see d in g in t h a t th e y b o th produced h ig h e r
y ie ld s a t th e f u l l r a t e .
y ear.
However, w ith o a ts th e r e v e rs e was tr u e t h i s one
I t produced more pounds o f g ra in a t th e h a l f r a t e th a n t h e f u l l rate®
Table XXII,
A n a ly sis o f v a r ia n c e f o r y i e l d o f s p rin g w h eat, o a t s , and
b a r le y grown a t f i v e s p a c in g s in a l a t i n sq u a re s p l i t p l o t
d e s ig n , Bozeman, ±9b9e
Source o f
V a ria tio n
Crops
Spacing
Crop x S pacing
E r ro r
. D egrees o f
Freedom ,.
..
2
k:
8
56
, V ariance
2^1,627**
136,208**
li8,368**
16,310
- h9 ~
DISCUSSION
The r e s u l t s o f t h i s stu d y in d i c a t e s t h a t by in c r e a s in g th e d is ta n c e
betw een rows o f w in te r w heat from 12 to 18 o r 2k in c h e s and c o n tr o llin g
th e weeds by c u l t i v a t i o n o r 2 ,It-D a s u b s t a n t i a l y ie ld in c r e a s e w i l l r e ­
s u lt,
However, w ith use o f s i m i l a r p r a c t i c e s , sp rin g sown g ra in s d id n o t
respond a s fa v o ra b ly .
The re a s o n s why w in te r w heat i s b e t t e r a d ap ted to
row sp a c in g c o n d itio n s i s u n d o u b ted ly b ased on many f a c t o r s .
Perhaps i t would be d e s ir a b le to d is c u s s s e v e ra l a s p e c ts and ra m ific ­
a tio n s o f spaced c e r e a l p l a n t s b e fo re any a tte m p ts a re made t o g iv e re a so n s
f o r d if f e r e n c e s in y i e l d from w id er s p a c in g s .
Engledow (5) 5 i n h is s tu d ie s
w ith sp acin g o f s p rin g w h e at, b ro u g h t to l i g h t s e v e r a l b a s ic f a c t s on w heat
p l a n t developm ent under d i f f e r e n t spaced c o n d itio n s , H is f in d in g s in d ic a te d
t h a t r e g a r d le s s o f th e s p a c in g up t o a c e r t a i n p o in t, th e w heat p la n t was
very; s e n s i t i v e to th e t h r e e f a c to r s c o n tr ib u tin g to y i e l d , nam ely; heads
p e r u n i t a r e a , k e rn e ls p e r head, and s iz e o f th e k e r n e ls .
■
•
.
I t was found a s
■
■
■
th e d is ta n c e betw een th e w heat p la n ts in c re a s e t i l l e r i n g would in c re a s e up
to a p o in t w here th e p l a n t was in c a p a b le o f p ro d u cin g t i l l e r s .
From t h a t
p o in t th e o th e r two f a c t o r s , sp ik e and k e rn e l s i z e , would d e v elo p in p ro ­
p o r tio n to com pensate f o r th e la c k o f t i l l e r s .
Hence, th e p l a n t would p ro ­
duce average y i e l d s , r e g a r d le s s o f th e number o f p l a n t s , u n t i l th e d is ta n c e
was in c re a s e d to a p o in t where i t was u n ab le to u t i l i z e a l l o f th e re s o u rc e s
i n i t s . im m ediate en v iro n m en t.
Sprague (1 0 ) , "working w ith sp ac in g o f w h eat,
o a t s , ry e , and b a rle y found t h a t b a r le y d id n o t produce as. e x te n s iv e a r o o t
system as o th e r c ro p s .
B asing h is c o n c lu s io n s on th e s e f in d in g s and o th e r
e x p e rim e n ta l e v id e n c e , he im p lie d t h a t b a r le y would be th e l e a s t d e s ir a b le
t.
!'Xr
i.
:
- 5>0 =■
f o r grow ing i n w ide row s0 ■
Coupled w ith th e above c o n c lu s io n s , th e r e a re o th e r s o i l and p la n t,,■.
sp ac in g r e l a t i o n s h i p s t h a t may be p o s tu la te d .
S o il fe e d in g zones under
s o l i d and sp aced p la n tin g ^ are changed c o n s id e ra b ly .
I t has been g e n e r a l­
l y acc e p ted .t h a t s o i l m o is tu re moves slo w ly from wet to d ry a r e a s .
In
f a c t , th e p l a n t r o o ts re a c h o u t a f t e r th e m o is tu re in s te a d o f th e m o istu re
moving to- th e p l a n t .
C o n seq u en tly , under row sp acin g c o n d itio n s th e r e
rem ains an a re a o f re s e r v e s o i l m o is tu re and s o i l n u t r i e n t s betw een th e rows
which a re n o t u t i l i z e d u n t i l th e p l a n t s a re f a i r l y w e ll e s ta b lis h e d .
te m p e ra tu re s a re u n d o u b ted ly a f f e c t e d .
S o il
W hether the te m p e ra tu re s would i n ­
flu e n c e th e amount o f s o i l m o istu re and a v a ila b le p la n t n u t r i e n t s has n o t
been g e n e r a lly e s ta b lis h e d .
A lthough e x p e rim e n ta l.e v id e n c e h a s shown t h a t
c u l t i v a t i o n i s o f no p r a c t i c a l v a lu e , e x ce p t to c o n tr o l w eeds, t h i s f i e l d
o f re s e a rc h has n o t been e n t i r e l y e x p lo re d .
Such a s p e c ts a s w a te r i n f i l ­
t r a t i o n , r e l e a s e o f p l a n t n u t r i e n t s , e f f e c t s on s o i l o rg a n ism s, and evap­
o r a tio n un d er c u ltiv a te d row sp ac in g c o n d itio n s cannot be o v e rlo o k e d .
In view o f th e fo re g o in g assum p tio n s and f a c t s , some o f th e re a so n s
why d if f e r e n c e s i n y ie ld and q u a lity o c c u rre d betw een th e spaced p la n tin g s
o f th e c e r e a l g r a in s grown u n d e r d i f f e r e n t en v iro n m en tal c o n d itio n s in
M ontana may be more r e a d i l y u n d e rsto o d .
I t i s q u ite e v id e n t i n th e r e s u l t s
t h a t w in te r w h e at, s p rin g w h e a t, o a ts and b a r le y have d i f f e r e n t in h e re n t
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r a d ap tin g th em selv es to wide sp a c in g .
W in ter w heat apd
b a r le y appear to g iv e th e b e s t resp o n se i n t h i s r e s p e c t.
E v id e n tly th e y
a re e i t h e r more c a p a b le o f u t i l i z i n g th e s o i l re s o u rc e s betw een th e rows o r
th e y a re more a d ap te d t o t h i c k growing c o n d itio n s o r c o m p e titio n w ith in th e
-
h e a v ily seeded rows#
5 i
-
'
'
T here i s some ev id en ce t h a t th e re s e rv e m o istu re and p la n t n u t r i e n t .
_
fe e d in g zone th e o ry c au se d .b y row sp ac in g c o n d itio n s has some m e r it.
Thiis
i s e v id e n t i n th e w in te r wheat r e s u l t s when in c r e a s e s i n y i e l d , t e s t w eig h t
and p r o te in were o b ta in e d a t th e 1 8 , 2I1, and 30 in c h s p a c in g s .
In a c c o u n t­
in g f o r th e in c r e a s e i n p r o te in alo n g w ith y i e l d th e re m ust have been an
a v a ila b le su p p ly o f n itr o g e n a n d /o r m o istu re a t th e c r i t i c a l sta g e o f p la n t *
growth o r f r u i t developm ent.
is d iffic u lt.
P o s tu la tin g on where th e n itr o g e n came from
One p o s s i b i l i t y i s t h a t th e p l a n t r o o ts m ust have sp re ad o u t
in to th e a r e a betw een th e rows in se a rc h o f m o istu re and e n co u n te re d n i t r o ­
gen and o th e r e le m e n ts .
In o th e r w o rd s,, th e a r e a between th e rows a c ts as
a s to r e house f o r m o is tu re and e le m e n ts .f ^ r k e rn e l developm ent.
The re a so n
f o r s p rin g w heat n o t r e a c tin g in a s im ila r manner p ro b a b ly l i e s i n th e deve­
lopm ent o f th e r o o t system .
-■
: ;
From th e r e s u l t s , i t i s a p p a re n t t h a t se e d in g r a t e s had l i t t l e e f f e c t
on th e y ie ld s o f th e w id er row .
E v id e n tly a b a la n c e betw een t i l l e r s , s iz e
o f s p ik e , and k e r n e l s iz e o c c u rre d .
dow.
Such c o n c lu s io n s were made by E n g le-
T his b a la n c e i s q u ite e v id e n t in th e w in te r w heat r e s u l t s when head
p o p u la tio n s w ere d e te rm in e d .
I t was found t h a t th e number o f heads p e r u n i t
a r e a d e c r e a s e d , as th e sp a c in g in c re a s e d .
The in c r e a s e in t e s t w eig h t w a s '
n o t la r g e enough to com pensate f o r th e in c r e a s e i n y i e l d .
C o n seq u en tly ,
th e number o f k e r n e ls p e r s p ik e must have in c re a s e d as i t i s th e o n ly r e ­
m aining f a c t o r t h a t could have c o n trib u te d to th e in c r e a s e i n y i e l d .
• The q u e s tio n o f w hether 2 ,Ii-D o r c u l t i v a t i o n i s th e b e t t e r means o f
weed c o n tr o l has n o t been f u l l y answ ered.
B oth appeared to have d i s t i n c t
- 52 -
ad vantages a s n e a r ly i d e n t i c a l y i e l d r e s u l t s w ere o b ta in e d .
! n a tio n o f th e two would be d e s ir a b le .
P erhaps a comb-
T h is was e v id e n t where c u l t i v a t i o n
p lu s 2 ,L-D sp ra y s gave an a p p re c ia b le in c r e a s e i n y i e l d o f w in te r w heat in
I 951o
The advantage i s u n d o u b ted ly i n fa v o r o f 2 ,L-D as f a r a s c o s ts a re
co n cerned.
However, 2 , L-D has c e r t a i n l i m i t a t i o n s .
I t c an n o t be a p p lie d
u n t i l th e c ro p h as re a c h e d a s a fe s ta g e o f developm ent, g iv in g th e weeds ap
a d d itio n a l o p p o rtu n ity to d e p le te th e s o i l m o is tu re .
F urtherm ore^ r e c e n t
i n v e s t i g a t i o n s have shown t h a t 2 ,L-D i s c ap a b le o f re d u c in g y ie ld s u n d e r,
weed f r e e c o n d itio n s .
However, from th e s ta n d p o in t o f 2 , L-D v s c u l t i v a t i o n ,
th e y i e l d d e c re a se c au sed b y '2 ,L-D i s o f f s e t by th e damage caused by th e
weeds w ith in th e row u n d er c u l t i v a t e d c o n d itio n s .
were n o t p r e s e n t i n any o f th e t r i a l s co n d u cted .
G rass and p e re n n ia l weeds
Under such c o n d itio n s ,
c u l t i v a t i o n would be more ad v an tag eo u s.
The v a lu e o f f a l l c u l t i v a t i o n o f w in te r w heat m e r its some a t t e n t i o n ,
as s i g n i f i c a n t in c r e a s e s i n y i e l d were o b ta in e d in 19L8 from f a l l and s p rin g
c u l t i v a t i o n v s o n ly s p rin g C u ltiv a tio n .
W hether th e in c re a s e i n y ie ld was
due p~ r im a r ily to th e c o n tr o l o f w in te r an n u al w eeds, b e t t e. r .s o .i l c o n d itio n s ,
o r a com bination o f b o th i s h a rd to a s c e r t a i n . . E v id e n tly , i t must have
c r e a te d b e t t e r sowing c o n d itio n s a s i n d ic a te d by y i e l d s .
R u sse l (17) i n ­
d ic a t e s t h a t weed c o n tro l a t th e e a r ly s ta g e s o f Crop growth i s v e ry
im p o rta n t.
I n th e developm ent o f th e young w heat s p ik e , K ie sse lb a c h (IO);,
1
-
su g g e ste d id e a l growing c o n d itio n s were n e c e s sa ry f o r maximum- developm ept?
I t i s d i f f i c u l t to im agine t h a t th e c o n tr o l o f w in te r annual weeds d u rin g
th e p e rio d O cto b er 15 to May I would in c r e a s e y ie ld s to th e e x te n t n o ted
h e re
■™ 53 The s p rin g v a r i e t i e s d id n o t r e a c t d i f f e r e n t l y to th e row sp acin g ah
o r i g i n a l l y e x p e c te d .
In seven t r i a l s , when d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s o f o a ts and
b a r le y were t e s t e d under spaced c o n d itio n s , o n ly one s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i e t y x
sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n o c c u rre d .
T his sh o u ld be s u f f i c i e n t ev id en ce to v a l i ­
d a te th e c u ltu r e o f v a r i e t y n u rs e ry t r i a l s i n 1 2 -in c h o r w id e r rows when
norm al f i e l d p la n tin g d is ta n c e s are o n ly 6 in c h e s .
I t should be remembered
t h a t a l l o f th e v a r i e t y sp a c in g t e s t i n g was conducted under i r r i g a t i o n w ith
o a ts and b a r le y .
P erhaps v a r i e t y x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n s m ight o ccu r under
d ry la n d c o n d itio n s .
From th e r e s u l t s and p re v io u s d is c u s s itip i t i s a p p a re n t t h a t many o f
th e problem s and v a rio u s a s p e c ts con n ected w ith wide- row sp ac in g o f c e r e a l
g r a in s have n o t been s o lv e d . - F u rth e r, r e s e a r c h should be. co n d u cted to d e t e r ­
mine th e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f o b ta in in g in c r e a s e s i n p r o te in u n d er d ry la n d ;con­
d i t i o n s , o r e s t a b l i s h th e v a l i d i t y o f a so u rc e o f n itr o g e n d u rin g th e l a t e r
s ta g e s o f w heat p la n t developm ent.
The m e r its o f chem ical weed c o n tr o l and
c u l t i v a t i o n should be given c o n s id e ra b le a t t e n t i o n .
T r i a l s sh o u ld be con­
d u cted to determ ine i f wide row sp ac in g co u p led w ith c u l t i v a t i o n and 2, Ii-D
could n o t r e p la c e th e a l t e r n a t e fa llo w system o f cro p p in g commonly used on
d ry la n d .
Crop v a r i e t i e s sh o u ld be sc re e n e d u n d er spaced c o n d itio n s i n
o rd e r to o b ta in a. v a r i e t y t h a t w i l l produce maximum y ie ld s i n th e e v e n t row
sp acin g p r a c t i c e s sh o u ld become o f some v a lu e in c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e .
I n 't h e
s e le c tio n o f such a v a r i e t y c o n s id e ra tio n sh o u ld be g iv e n to i t s a b i l i t y "tb
t i l l e r and w ith s ta n d lo d g in g .
The v a lu e o f row sp acin g f o r th e e s t a b l i s h -
ment o f companion c ro p s ap p ears p r a c t i c a l .
l i n e s sh o u ld be p r o f i t a b l e .
T r i a l s co n d u cted along th e s e
X
“
“
SUMMARY
W inter w heat was grown i n 1 2 , 1 8 , 2&, and double 30 in c h rows on an
a l t e r n a t e fa llo w b a s is from I PU8 to 195>lo
The th r e e w id e r 'sp acin g s were
c u l t i v a t e d tw ic e a n n u a lly , th e 1 2 -in c h sp acin g was l e f t i n t a c t as a check.
A ll sp a c in g s were sown a t com parable r a t e s o f UO, 50, and 60 l b s . / a .
and t e s t w e ig h ts were o b ta in e d f o r th e fo u r y e a r p e rio d .
Y ie ld
P r o te in and m ature
head p o p u la tio n s were d eterm in ed in 19il9 and 1950.
S ig n i f ic a n t in c re a s e s , in y ie ld ' were o b ta in e d from th e 18 and 2k inch
c u l t i v a t e d sp a c in g s o v er th e 12 in c h sp ac in g and c u l t i v a t e d double 30 in ch
s p a c in g .
row s.
I n c re a s e s i n t e s t w e ig h t r e s u l t e d from th e 2k and double 30 in ch
The p e r c e n t o f p r o te in was in c re a s e d by th e c u l t i v a t i o n treat-?,
ments..
A th r e e y e a r t e s t w h e re ' 2 ,U-D was t e s t e d a g a in s t c u l t i v a t i o n shpwed
t h a t 2 ,U-D y ie ld in c r e a s e s were com parable to c u l t i v a t i o n in c r e a s e s .
By
sp ra y in g w ith norm al r a t e s o f 2 ,U-D a c ro s s th e c u l t i v a t e d s p a c in g s , a d d i­
t i o n a l in c r e a s e s i n y ie ld w ere o b ta in e d i n 19^1•
Seeding r a t e s had l i t t l e
e f f e c t on y i e ld , t e s t weighty and p r o te in due t o s p a c in g s .
S p rin g w heat row sp a c in g s tu d ie s were conducted a t th r e e lo c a tio n s i n
th e s t a t e .
I n 19U7, sp a c in g s o f 6, 12, 18, 2U, 30, And 36 in c h e s o f
T h a tc h er were sown a t r a t e s o f 30, UO, 30, and 60 I b s . / a . a t M occasin and
U5, 60, 75, and 90 I b s . / a , a t Bozeman.
S ig n i f ic a n t re d u c tio n s in y ie ld
were o b ta in e d from th e w ide sp ac in g s a s compared to th e 6 in c h rows a t
Bozeman.
The sp acin g y i e l d d if f e r e n c e s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t M occasin
a lth o u g h i n th e same d i r e c t i o n .
sq u are d e sig n a t Bozeman.
a t normal r a t e s o f s e e d in g .
In 19U9, T h a tc h e r was grown i n a l a t i n
Spacings o f 6, 12, 18, and 2U in c h e s were sown
S ig n i f ic a n t re d u c tio n s in y i e l d were o b ta in e d
from th e wide s p a c in g s ,
In 19^0 and 1951$ Rescue was sown a t 20, ItO, and
60 lb s o /a , i n 6 , 1 2, 1 8 , 2Lt, and 30 in c h rows a t H avre.
D i s t i n c t re d u c tio n s
i n y i e l d were o b ta in e d from th e 6 to 12 arid from th e 12 to 1 8 , a f t e r th e 18
in c h d is ta n c e was re a c h e d no f u r t h e r re d u c tio n s in y ie ld o c c u rre d .
r a t e s had l i t t l e e f f e c t on y ie ld s a t any o f th e l o c a t io n s .
Seeding
P r o te in d e t e r ­
m in a tio n s made w ith s p rin g w heat a t Havre in d ic a te d t h a t th e c o n te n t was
n o t m a te r ia lly a f f e c te d a t any o f th e s p a c in g s .
B a rle y sp a c in g t r i a l s were conducted a t Bozeman i n 19Ui$ 19U7, 19^9,
1950, and 1951«
Spacings o f 6 , 12, 1 8 , and 2h in c h e s w ere sown a t normal
r a t e s o f s e e d in g .
D uring t h e f i v e y e a r p e r io d , th r e e v a r i e t i e s , Compana,
T i ta n , and G la c ie r were u se d .
Y ie ld s o f b a r le y w ere n o t m a t e r i a l l y de­
p re s s e d f o r th e w ide sp a c in g s as few s i g n i f i c a n t y i e l d d if f e r e n c e s were
n o te d .
Compana was b e t t e r a d ap te d th a n G la c ie r and T ita n f o r growing in
w id e ly spaced rows i n 1950.
T e s tin g o f h a l f and f u l l r a t e o f see d in g o f
th e 6 in c h sp ac in g gave r e d u c tio n s in y i e l d f o r th e h a l f r a t e a s compared
to th e f u l l r a t e o f th e 6 ,.1 2 , and 18 in c h row s.
Spacing y i e l d s were n o t
a f f e c te d by d a te s o f seed in g i n 1 9 5 0 .' T e s t w e ig h ts o f b a r le y w ere n o t
changed by row s p a c in g s .
E ig h t v a r i e t i e s o f b a r le y w ere grown in 6 and 12
in c h d r i l l rows a t M occasin i n 1951.
w ere n o te d .
Ho v a r i e t y x sp a c in g s i n t e r a c t i o n s
The y i e l d o f a l l v a r i e t i e s a t 6 and 12 in c h e s w ere n e a r ly
id e n tic a l.
Oat s p a c in g s t e s t s were conducted a t Bozeman in 19U7, 19li9, 1950, and
1951 in l a t i n square d e s ig n s .
12, 18, and 2h in c h e s .
th e 6 in c h s p a c in g .
O ats was sown a t normal r a t e s i n rows o f 6 ,
H a lf and norm al r a t e s o f seed in g were t e s t e d w ith
Over th e fo u r y e a r p e r io d , s ix v a r i e t i e s were compared
O at y ie ld s were d e p re sse d more by w ide sp ac in g th a n were b a r le y y i e l d s .
T e s t w e ig h ts were n o t a f f e c t e d by sp a c in g .
i n t e r a c t i o n s were n o t o b ta in e d .
S ig n i f ic a n t v a r i e t y x sp acin g
The h a l f r a t e o f seed in g was low er in
y i e l d th a n th e 6 in c h f u l l r a t e and e q u al i n y i e l d t o th e 12 and 18 in ch
f u ll ra te .
I t was found by a n a ly s is o f th e d a ta f o r G la c ie r and B rid g e r over a
th r e e y e a r p e rio d t h a t no sp a c in g x y e a r in t e r a c t i o n s o c c u rre d .
During
19h99 when o a t s , b a rle y ? and s p rin g w heat w ere grown i n a l a t i n sq u are designi n 6 , 1 2 , 18, and 2k in c h ro w s, i t was found t h a t d e p re s s io n s i n y i e l d s ' due
to w ide row sp a c in g were g r e a t e r f o r s p rin g w heat th a n were y i e l d d e p re s s ­
io n s f o r barley- o r o a ts .
“ 57 ”
LITERATURE CITED
Ie
ATKINSON, ALFRED and DONALDSON, N. C. ~ Dry farm g r a in t e s t s i n
Montana6 M ont6 Ag. Exp. S ta 6 B ul6 H O . 1916«
20
S ta 6 B u l6 100.
and NELSON, J 6 B6 - W in ter w h eat.
1915«
Mont. Ag6 Exp6
3« ' CHAMPLIN, MANLEY - Summer - fa llo w s u b s t i t u t e s f o r Saskatchewan®
S ask 6 B u l6 16« 19214.0
Un6
Uo
COLE, JOHN S. and HALISTED, A6 L6 - M ethods o f w in te r w heat p ro d u c tio n
a t th e F o r t Hays B ranch S ta tio n , U.S.D.A. B u l6 109U. 1922.
5,
ENGLEDOW, F6 L. - On sp acin g e x p erim en ts w ith s p rin g w h e a t.
S c i0 18;1-UO. 1928.
6«
GARDNER, F6 H6 and SANDER, H. G6 - On th e s p rin g c u l t i v a t i o n o f autumnsown w h eat. J o u r 6 A gr6 S c i6 27;UU7-U5l. 1937«
7«
HARPER, HORACE J . - E f f e c t o f row sp ac in g on th e y ie ld o f s m a ll.. g ra in
n u rs e c ro p s . J o u r , Amer6 Soc6 Agron6 9:785-795« 19U6,
8,
HUGHES, H. D. and HENSON, E. R. - Crop p ro d u c tio n .
M acM illan C o , 1930. (Page U6l)
9«
IMMER,' F. R6 - R e la tio n betw een y ie ld in g a b i l i t y and hom ozygosis,
J o u r6 Amer6 Soc6 A gron6 33:200- 206,■' 19Ul.
New York.
J o u r6 A gr6
The
10,
KIESSELBACH, T6 A. and SPRAGUE, ,H. B6 - 'R e la tio n o f w heat s p ik e to
en v iro n m en tal f a c t o r s , J o u r 6 Amer6 go c, Agron6 l8:U 0-60.. 1926,
11,
, ANDERSON, 'ARTHUR and LINESS, W6 E . - C u ltu ra l
p r a c t i c e s i n w in te r whep.t p ro d u c tio n . Un6 Nebr6 B u i. 286, 193U«
12,
. . '______■
________ - W inter w heat i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , -Un N ebr. B ul6 31« 1925
13« LEONARD, W. H6 and CLARK, A. G. - P ie ld p l o t te c h n iq u e .
P u b lish in g Co, 211-220. 19U8,
,
M in n ,'B u rg ess
IUo MCCLELLAND, C. K, - B o rd er.ro w s o f o a t p lo t s as a f f e c t in g y ie ld s and
v a r i a b i l i t y . J o u r . Amer6 Soc6 Agron6 26;U91-U96. 193U.
15« ' McKEE, CLYDE and MAY, R6 W. - Furrow d r i l l f o r sowing w in te r w heat in
C e n tra l M ontana6 Mont. A gr6 Exp6 S t a 6 B u l6 177. 1925,
16,
MONTGOMERY, E 6 G6 - O ats c u l t i v a t i o n .
Un6 N ebr6 B u l6 113. • 1906,
~ f>8 “
17o
RUSSELj, SIR JOHN'S. - S o il c o n d itio n s and p la n t grow th.
Longmans G reen and Co. 578-582. 19it9e
180
SALMON, S. C. - Seeding sm all g ra in s i n fu rro w s.
Tech. B ui. 13.- 192U.
19»
SNEDECOR, G.
20.
SPRAGUE, H. B. - and FERRIS, N, F . - The e f f e c t o f sp a c in g se e d on t h e
developm ent and y ie ld o f b a r le y . J o u r . Amer. • Soc. Agron. 23:5l6-53L«
1931. ■
21.
STEPHANS, DAVID E ., McCALL, MAX A., and BRACKEN, AARON F . - E xperim ents
i n w heat p ro d u c tio n on th e d ry la n d s o f th e w e ste rn U n ite d S t a t e s .
U.S.D.A. B u i. 1173. 1923.
- S t a t i s t i c a l m ethods.
Iow a.
New York'. ■
K ans. A gr. Exp. S ta .
C o lle g ia te P r e s s .
1950.
-
5 9
-
APPENDIX A
T able I .
Agronomic d a ta f o r w in te r w heat, showing y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t,
p r o t e i n , and head p o p u la tio n s from co n tin u o u s fo u r y e a r row
sp ac in g s tu d y , Bozeman, 191*8 to 1951.
Seeding
R ate
1*0 l b s .
______ 1 2 -in c h no c u l t i v a t i o n s
Year Y ie ld T.W. Heads* P r o te in
19U8 ' 1 6 .7
6 1 .5
6 1 .0
18
191*9 20.3
1 0 .3
1950 20.1
6 1 .5
18
1951
6 .7
5 8 .5
lit.5
A verage
6 0 .6
TB
12.1*
T tt
50 l b s . 191*8 21.1
6 1 .5
8 .6
191*9 21.1
6 1 .5
17
1950 22.6
6 1 .0
58.0
1951
9 .3
19
11*.I*
Average
60.1*
TB
TH75
1 1 .5
60 l b s . 191*8 25.3
6 1 .0
191*9 17.1*
11.1*
6 1 .5
17
1950 19.9
6 2 .0
5 .6
57.0
18
1951
lit.5
Average
TB
TITo
m
3oT3
Grand Average 1 7 .2
60.1*
18
1 2 .3
1 8 -in c h two c u l t i v a t i o n s
Y ield f.W . Heads P r o te in
23.1* 62.0
23.6 6 0 .5
1 1.6
17
26.8 6 1 .5
9 .6 58 .0
15
15.1
TB
T in *
T t t MTB
29.9 61 .5
21
25 .2 6 1.0
n .i
27.1 6 1 .5
1 2 .2 57.5
20
1 5 .9
IT
T t t M n*
TITB
30.5 6 1 .5
21
1 2 .0
27.1* 61.0
27.0 6 1 .5
11.6 5 8 .5
18
1 5 .9
2 0
6 0 .6
TBTo
20
22.8 6 0 .5
1 3 .6
19
Seeding
R ate
1*0 l b s .
D3 0 -in ch two c u lt i v a t i ons**
Y ield T.W
Heads P r o te in
20.2 61 .5
23.3 61 .0
15
1 2 .5
22.7 6 1 .5
10
6 .7 6 0.0
11*.9
TBTI 61.0
TI
T tt
22.0 6 2 .0
16
23.1 6 1 .0
1 2 .5
22.8 61.0
6 .2 5 9 .5
11
11*.8
TB
T t t MTB
TO
26.6 62 .0
12.1
23.7 6 1 .0
19
23.0 62 .0
7.2 58.0
12
1 5 .2
MTB
TB
IO
T O
1 9 .0 6 0 .9
lit
1 3 .7
Y ear
191*8
191*9
1950
1951
Average
50 l b s . 191*8
191*9
1950
1951
Average
60 l b s . 191*8
191*9
1950
1951
Average
Grand A verage
*
**
2l*-inch two c u l t i v a t i o n s
Y ield T.W. Heads
P r o te in
6
2
.0
2 7 .U
6 1 .0
1 2 .0
26.7
15
62.0
23.1*
59.0
9 .5
15
1 5 .1
11*.6
6 0 .9
TB
6
2
.0
2 9 .7
61.0
1 2 .1
25.1*
lit
6 1 .5
23.5
1 0 .3
5 8 .5
15
1 5 .3
MTB
T tt
TB
T O
6 2 .0
27.1
61.0
26.1
19
1 1 .7
6 2 .0
21*. 7
59.0
1 5 .2
1 0 .7
13
Euo
TB
T tt
TITB
llt.l
6 0 .9
15
23.1
Heads p e r sq u are f o o t.
Two s ix in c h rows space t h i r t y in c h e s a p a r t.
—
Table 11»
6 0
—
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat y i e ld , fo u r y e a r row
spacing and c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t, M occasin, 191*8 to 191)1.
V a ria tio n
Due:
Sums o f
S q u ares
Mean
Square
3
2
6
11
6702.26
37.75
825.31*
7565.35
223U.08
1 8 .8 6
137.56
16.21***
Rows 4-Rows x Y rs.
R ates
Y ears x R ates
E r r o r (b)
P lo ts o f R ates
8
2
6
8
“15“
209.17
108.1*3
287.55
17.21*
8197.7k
51*. 22
1*7.92
2.16
25.10**
22.19**
Spacings
Y ears x S pacings
E rro r (c)
P lo t s o f S pacings
3
9
21*
~T7~
926.82
211*. 71*
11*3.16
8850.07
308.91*
23.86
5 .9 6
51.81***
I*. 00**
6
18
1*8
11*3
70.52
6 7 .3 5
370.87
9931.62
1 1 .7 5
I*. 71*
7.73
D egrees o f
Freedom
Y ears
R e p lic a tio n s
E rro r (a)
P lo ts o f Y rs, & R ep l.
R ates x Spacings
Y rs. x R ate x Spac.
E r ro r (d)
T o ta l
T ab le I I I .
F.
Value
1 .5 2
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat t e s t w e ig h t, fo u r y e a r
row sp ac in g
c u l t i v a t i o n e x p erim en t. M occasin,
a n d
V a ria tio n
Due:
D egrdes o f
Freedom
sums of
Squares
Mean
Square
3
2
3
6
8 1.63
.20
2.1 2
.1*8
21.10
.1 0
.71
.0 8
1.81*
2.1*2
3.1*8
7.71*
9 2.17
.31
.2 7
.19
.2 3
Y ears
R ates
Spacing
R a te s x S pacings
Y ears x R a te s
Y ears x Spacings
Y rs0 x R a te s x Spac.
E rro r
T o ta l
1 9 1 * 8 - 1 9 ^ 1 .
6
9
18
33
~TT~
FZ
V alue
3.0%
-
—6l “
T able IV.
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat p r o t e i n , fo u r y e a r row
sp a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n , e x p erim en t. M occasin, 1 9 lt8 -1 9 5 l.
V a ria tio n
Due:
D egrees o f
Freedom
T e s ts
R ates
Spacings
R ates x S pacin gs
2
2
3
6
T e s t x R ates
T e s t x S pacings
T e s t x R ates x Spac.
E rro r
T o tal
T able V.
U
6
12
22
Sums o f
S quares
Mean
Square
F.
Value
10,305.39
71.05
9U0.22
155.62
5,152.69
35.53
313.1*1
25.91*
6.62**
———
11*1.78
1*78.61
35.39
79.77
35.13
1*7.36
1*21.55
1,01*1.91*
— — —
1 2 ,5 lU .£ 2
55
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat head c o u n ts , fo u r y e a r row
sp acin g and c u l t i v a t i o n , e x p erim en t. M occasin, 1 9 h 8 -1 9 5 l.
V a ria tio n
Due:
D egrees o f
Freedom
2
2
3
6
T e s ts
R ates
S pacings
R a te s x S pacings
T e s t x R ates
T e s t x Spacings
T e s t x R ates x Spac.
E r ro r
T
b
t
a
I*
6
12
22
l
3
5
Sums o f
Squares
Mean
Square
107.39
19.06
196.09
26.1*9
53.70
9.53
65.36
I*.ll*
11*. 91
1*3.65
31*.72
93.28
3.73
7.27
2.89
I*.21*
UU2. 31
F.
Value
2.21*
15.1*2**
——
-
6 2
-
APPENDIX B
Table I .
Agronomic d a ta f o r row sp ac in g s tu d ie s w ith s p rin g w heat, showing
av erag e y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, and p r o te in c o lle c te d f o r th e y e a rs
and s t a t i o n s as l i s t e d .
M occasin—19k7—T h a tc h e r—D u p lic a te d Randomized b lo c k s .
S eeding
Spacing in in c h e s
~E~
ra te lb s .
12
18
30
24
2 1 .1
1 8 .2
B u ./A.
60
1 2 .9
1 4 .9
1 6 .5
1 5 .6
50
1 7 .0
1 6 .3
1 9 .9
17 .1
1 6 .1
1 5 .6
1 6 .8
ko
16.4
1 7 .1
1 8 .2
1 6 .2
30
17.4
16 .3
1 9 .1
6 0 .6
T e st w eight
6o,8
60 .8
6 1 .0
6 1 .0
36
1 2 .6
1 4 .7
1 3 .2
lit.6
6 0 .9
Bozeman—19ii7 —T h a tc h e r- -D u p lic a te d Randomized
Seeding
S p acin g
E~
12
ra te lb s .
18
Bu./A .
90
6o.Zi
6 5 .S
5 8 .9
63.2
54.2
55.2
75
60
59.7
5 4 .5
3 3 .3
56.2
5 2 .8
h5
51 .9
T e st w eight
5 8 .6
5 8 .2
5 8 .9
36
4 l.l—
3 5 .3
4 1 .6
3 6 .8
5 8 .9
Blocks,
in in c h e s
30
24
4 5 .8
50 .3
4 3 .8
5 2 .0
53.6
4 4 .4
50 .1
4 3 .4
59.1
5 8 .5
Bozeman—1 9ll 9
T h a tc h e r- - L a tin s q u a re .
Spacing i n in c h e s
Seeding
ra te lb s .
6 - h a lf 6 - f u l l 12
18
24
B u./A .
(Normal)
T e st w eight
72.2
7 9 .8
7 1 .9
52.7
2 8 .9
6 l ,6
61 .8
6 1 .6
51.7
6 1 .8
Havre- I 950-51 —R escue—T r ip lic a te d Randomized B locks.
Seeding
Spacing in in c h e s
ra te lb s .
T
12
18
30
24
14.6
Bu./A .
60"
1
5 .0
1 5.4
1 9 .4
1 6 .5
16.2
hO
1 8 .4
1 6 .9
1 4 .5
1 5 .9
20
1 5 .6
1 5.2
17.7
15 .3
1 7 .3
T e st w eig h t
5 3 .6
5
2
.8
54.8
53.2
5 3 .3
1
8
.6
P r o te in
1
7 .6
18.4
1 8 .5
1 7 .9
- 63 -
T ab le I I .
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r s p rin g w heat y i e l d row sp a c in g stu d y .
M occasin, 19lt7.
V a ria tio n
Dues
D egrees o f
Freedom
Sum o f
Square
Mean
Square
B locks
S pacings
E rro r (a)
P l o t s o f Spac.
I
5
5
11
12.61
126.65
109.52
218.70
12.61
25.33
21.90
B locks
R a te s
E r ro r (b)
P lo ts o f ra te s
I
3
3
7
12.61
10. U9
.98
2U.OO
1 2 .6 1
3.50
.3 3
P lo t s o f Spac.
Dev. o r r a t e p l o t s from b lo c k
R ates x Spac.
E r r o r (c)
T o ta l
T ab le I I I .
11
6
15
15
H IT ”
218.78
11.17
5 8 .2 5
30.81
35U.81
3 .8 8
2.U2
~ T r~
Value
1 .1 6
10.67-**
1 .6 0
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r s p rin g w heat y i e l d , row sp a c in—
gC, -s tu
d y .>
- —V
Bozeman, 19^7
V a ria tio n
Due:
D egrees o f
Freedom
B locks
S p acings
E rro r (a)
P lo ts o f Spac.
I
5
5
11
B locks
R ates
E r ro r (b)
P lo ts o f r a t e s
I
3
3
~T~
P lo t s o f Spac.
Dev. o f r a t e p lo ts from
b lo ck s
R a te s x Spac.
E r ro r (c)
T o ta l
Sum o r
Squares
Mean
Square
.Oli
2,li09.iiC
65.26
2 , Ii 76.70
.o k
k & .8 8
.Oli
122.6k
196.6k
319.32
.o k
k o .8 8
6 5 .5 5
ll
2,k 7 6 .7 0
6
15
15
H7
319.28
72.16
237.k3
3 ,1 0 5 .5 7
1 3 .k5
k .8 l
1 5.83
tl.-iiidard
E r ro r
p.
V alue
35.83**
3.667
Not s ig .
Not s ig .
- 6L T a b le IV e
A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r s p r i n g w h e a t y i e l d , row s p a c i n g s t u d i e s ,
Bozem an, 19U9.
V a r ia tio n
Due;
D egrees o f
Freedom
Columns
Rows
Spacing
S rro r
U
h
h
12
Total
T able V.
~% r
Sum o f
Square
112. U
LlS.88
8,h09.76
1,891.39
13,9^2.UU
Mean
Square
F.
Value
2,102.UU $.15*
U07.87
A n a ly sis of v a ria n c e f o r s p rin g w heat y ie ld . row sp acin g s tu d ie s .
H avre, 1950-19$!.
V a ria tio n
Due;
Y ears
Reps
R ates
Spacings
Y ears x R ates
Y ears x Spac0
R a te s x Spac.
R. x S. x Y0
E rro r
T o ta l
D egrees o f
Freedom
Sums o f
Squares
I
2.81
2
2
U
1 .3 8
2
U
8
8
58
“ 89“
.69
iUo.Uo
2U.55
105.87
31.7U
# .9 8
159.UU
U96.86
Mean
Square
F0
Value
.35
35.10
12.28
26.U7
3.97
3.75
2.7$
12.76**
2.U7
9.62**
I . UU
1.36
— 65 **
APPENDIX C
Table I .
Agronomic d a ta f o r row sp ac in g s tu d ie s w ith b a r le y , showing
av erag e y ie ld and t e s t w e ig h t, c o lle c te d a t Bozeman f o r th e
y e a rs as l i s t e d .
1 9 liU ~ F t. E l l i s —F iv e Randomized Reps.
S p acin g s in in c h es
V a rie ty
_____
6
12
G la c ie r
B u ./a .
52.1
6 5 .2
Compana____ B u ./a ._____ 7 2 .2 _____ 7 1 ,6
19liU— B oz.—Five Randomized Reps.
S p acin g s in in ch es
V a rie ty ________
6
~T2
G la c ie r
B u ./a .
34.9
43.9
Compana_____B u ./a .
48.7_____33.4
194 9—Bozeman—L a tin Square
V a rie ty
G la c ie r
6 - h a lf
B u ./a .
T. W.
99.7
47.4
S p acin g s in in c h e s
6 -fu ll
12
104.2
45.9
93.6
46.9
95.9
48.1
24
85.8
47.5
1950— Bozeman—L a tin Square S p l i t P lo t- —Normal Date o f S e e d in g .
V a rie ty
G la c ie r
Compana
T ita n
B u ./a .
T. W.
B u ./a .
T. W.
B u ./a .
T. W.
6- h a l f
6 3 .6
46.1
75.8
50.0
41.5
50.3
S pacings in in ch es
12
6 -fu ll
18
67.8
45.4
71.8
50.4
54.0
51.1
72.3
4 8 .6
62,0
50.0
57.5
50.2
61.5
46.9
67.3
50.5
48.0
51.9
24
48.7
46.5
53.7
50.2
42.1
51.8
1950—Bozeman—b a tin g Square S p l i t P lo t L ate Date of S eed in g
Spacing in in c h e s
6
12 ---------- TB
V a rie ty
G la c ie r
B u ./a .
66 .8
74.5
70.5
T. W.
45.0
44.1
46.9
Compana
Bu. / a .
74.2
51.9
68.5
T. W.
50.0
51.0
5o.4
1951—Bozeman—T r i p lic a te d Randomized B locks
V a rie ty
G la c ie r
Compana
T ita n
B u ./a .
T. W.
B u ./a .
T. W.
B u ./a .
T. W.
6 - h a lf
6 -fu ll
60.5
43.0
67.5
48.7
69.0
46.6
72.5
41.0
61.6
49.2
64.3
47.1
S p acin in in c h e s
12
~TB~
82.0
42.0
63.9
48.5
69.6
44.4
86.3
44.0
73.0
50.0
69.3
48.5
“ SIT
76.8
45.1
-
T a b le I I .
—
A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r y i e l d o f b a r l e y , row s p a c i n g s t u d i e s .
F t . E l l i s , 19W i.
V a ria tio n
Due:
D egrees o f
Freedom
R eps.
V a rie ty
S pacings
V ar. x Spac.
E r ro r
T o ta l
h
I
I
I
12
~w ~
Sums o f
Squares
559
13
506
28U
858
2,212
Mean
Square
13
506
281*
71
f.
Value
7.07*
3.98
A n a ly sis o f f a r ia n c e f o r y i e l d o f b a r le y , row sp acin g s tu d ie s ,
Bozeman, 19Ult.
•
T ab le I I I .
D egrees of1
Freedom
V a ria tio n
Due:
Reps.
V a rie ty
Spacings
V a r. x Spac.
E r ro r
Total"
T ab le IV.
66
h
I
I
I
12
~T9~
Sums o f
Squares
193
873
19U
236
683
> Mean
Square
873
19U
236
57
F.
Value
15.33**
3 .Iil
li.lli
2,179
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r b a r le y y i e l d , row sp a c in g s tu d ie s ,
Bozeman, 19U9.
________________________________ G la c ie r B a rle y ________________ __________
V a ria tio n
D egrees o f
Sums o f
Mean
F.
Dues_____________________________ Freedom________ Squares
Square
Value
Columns
Rows
Spacings
E rro r
T o ta l
U
U
h
12
20
336
323
9U5
925
27530
2363.07
77
— 6?
T a b le V.
A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r b a r l e y y i e l d , row s p a c in g s t u d i e s , two
d a t e s , t h r e e v a r i e t i e s , f i v e s p a c i n g s , B ozem an, 1 9 5 0 .
V a ria tio n
Due:
D egrees o f
Freedom
R eps.
Spacings
E r ro r (a)
P lo t s o f Spac.
R eps.
V a r ie tie s
E r ro r (b )
P lo t s o f V a r.
Reps.
D ates
E r r o r (c)
P lo ts o f D ates
V ar.
D ates
V ar.
V ar. x D ates
(d)
T ab le VI.
Sums o f
Squares
Mean
Square
P.
Value
2
2
h
11,520
15,791
170,206
200,517
7,895
k2,552
.19
2
I
2
I k , 520
5 ,Okl
1,116
20,677
5 , Okl
558
9.0 3
2
I
2
— 5”
l k , 520
235
H ,k 3 1
26,Ittb
235
5,715
.Ok
2
2
I
2
Ih
52,k90
5,911
k ,k k k
3,616
8 l,k 7 8
366,279
26,2k5
2,955
k,kkk
l,8 o 8
5 ,8 2 0
k .5 l*
.51
.7 7
.31
T
S\
rr\
Spac. x
S pac. x
D a te s x
Spac. x
E r ro r
T o ta l
—
A n a ly sis o f varian ce for b a r le y y ie ld , row spacing s tu d ie s ,
normal date o f seed in g , Bozeman, 1951.
V a ria tio n
Due:
R eps.
S p acings
E r ro r (a )
P lo t s o f Spac.
V a r ie tie s
V ar. x Spac.
E r r o r (b)
T otal
D egrees o f
Freedom
Sums o f
Squares
2
k
8
~~W ~
5 ,k 2 2
100,30k
111,007
216,733
2
8
20
CU
165,272
56,k80
96,781
535,266
Mean
Square
FT"
Value
25,076
13,876
1.8 1
82,636
7,060
k ,8 3 9
17.08**
l.k 6
-
T a b le V I I .
D egrees o f
Freedom
R ep s.
S p a c in g s
E r r o r (a )
P lo t s o f Spac.
T a b le V I I I .
V a r ia t io n
D ue:
R ep s.
Y ears
S p a c in g s
Y r s. x Spac.
E rror
T o ta l
-
A n a l y s is o f v a r i a n c e f o r b a r l e y y i e l d , row s p a c i n g s t u d i e s ,
B ozem an, 1 9 5 1 .
V a r ia t io n
D ue:
V a r ie tie s
V ar. x S p ac.
E r r o r (b )
T o ta l
6 8
2
3
6
Sums o f
S q u a re s
Mean
S q u a re
126,100
31,932
99,935
10,6UU
16,656
11
257,967
2
6
56,531
37,715
U5,U82
297,732
28,266
6,291
2,8^3
16
IT "
F.
V a lu e
9.95**
2.21
A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r t h r e e y e a r s o f G la c ie r b a r le y y i e l d ,
B ozem an, 19^9-1951.
D egrees o f
Freedom
Sums o f
S q u a re s
2
2
U
3,611
5 3 6 ,5 5 9
6U,5o5
8
28
5 6 ,8 6 0
270,015
"W
9 3 1 ,6 1 0
Mean
S q u a re
2 6 8 ,2 8 0
1 6 ,1 2 6
7 ,1 0 8
9 ,6 h h
F.
V a lu e
27.81**
1.67
——
-
6 9
-
APPENDIX D
Table I .
Agronomic d a ta f o r row sp ac in g s tu d ie s conductdd w ith o a ts a t
Bozeman, showing y ie ld and t e s t w e ig h ts of v a r i e t i e s used f o r
th e y e a rs a s l i s t e d .
19ii7—T r i p l i c a t e d Randomized B lo ck s.
S p acin g s in in c h es
V a r ie tie s
5~
IT ™
18
B rid g e r
B u ./a .
1 2 8 .0
1/40.3
1 3 6 .5
T. W.
36.1
35.8
3 5 .0
Gopher
B u ./a .
121.8
132.7
1 2 5 .9
T. W.
36.U
35.7
35.1l
O verland
B u ./a .
121.2
118.8
121.14
T. W.
324.6
3 5 .5
35.3
2L
1 1 5 .6
3L.9
1 0 1 .0
36.1
1 0 6 .6
3 5 .6
I ^ i 9—L a tin Square S p l i t P lo t D esign.
V a r ie tie s
B rid g e r
Gopher
B u ./a .
T. W.
B u ./a ,
T. W.
6 - h a lf
12U.6
1 2 .2
112.li
I4I.6
Spacings in in c h e s
6 -fu ll
12
18
1
0
2 .6
110.7
113.1
242.14
1 2 .5
L2.5
120.24
1 0 2 .1
1 0 6 .0
L i.5
L i. 7
L i.5
~ w
108.0
L2.L
99.1
L i. 7
195»0—L a tin Square S p l i t P lo t D esign.
V a r ie tie s
B rid g e r
Gopher
V-R x Ban.
B u ./a .
T. W.
B u ./a .
T. W.
B u ./a .
T. W.
6 - h a lf
1 0 7 ,0
38.7
1 1 1 .6
3 6 .9
108.2
3 7 .0
S p acin g s in in c h es
6 -fu ll
12
18
1 0 6 .6
9L.5
9 5 .9
3 8 .L
37.8
3 7 .9
108.6
97.8
98.1
3 6 .5
36.3
3 7 .L
1 0 2 .6
1 1 3 .L
9 8 .9
36.8
36 .2
36 .7
T T
95. L
38 .0
98.0
36.9
8 8 .9
3 7 .0
1951—L a tin Square S p l i t P lo t D esign .
V a r ie tie s
B rid g e r
M ission
C. I . 6611
B u ./a .
T. W,
B u ./a .
T. ¥ .
B u ./a .
T. W.
6 - h a lf
llh .l
36.6
914.14
3 6 .6
101.5
3 6 .6
S pacings ih in ch es
12
6 -fu ll
18
1 16.2
1 1 2 .0
1 1 1 .L
36 .2
36 .2
36.3
96.1
102.3
93 .5
37 .2
3 6 .2
36 .7
9 6 .6
1 1 1 .5
99.1
35.8
35.6
3 6 .1
T ”
1 03.9
36.7
90.5
37.3
96.3
3 6 .6
- 70 T a b le I I .
A n a l y s is o f v a r i a n c e f o r y i e l d o f o a t s , row s p a c i n g s t u d i e s ,
Bozem an, 19U 7.
V a ria tio n
Dues
D egrees o f
Freedom
R e p lic a tio n s
Columns
V a r ie tie s
E rro r ( a)
P lo t s o f V ar.
2
2
2
2
o .............
Sums o f
S quares
3,568
12,92k
31,586
17,659
65,737
2
3
6
ll
3,568
82,319
23,286
109,203
P lo t s o f V ar.
E r r o r ( b ) + Spac.
V ar. x Spac.
E r r o r (c)
T o ta l
8
9
6
12
65,737
105,635
9,299
85,959
266,536
T able I I I .
LfN
R e p lic a tio n s
S pacings
E r ro r (b)
P lo ts o f Spac.
Mean
Square
F.
Value
15,793
8,830
1 .7 9
27,k50
3,881
7.07**
1 ,550
7,163
-- —
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d o f o a t s , row sp a c in g s tu d ie s ,
Bozeman, 19h9»
V a ria tio n
Due:
D egrees o f
Freedom
Sums o f
Squares
h
I
h
9
I k , 829
19k
3,2k9
18,272
h
h
h
12
I k , 829
617
2,0k5
3,728
21,219
9
20
Ii
16
W
18,272
6,390
766
2,789
28,226
R e p lic a tio n s
V a r ie tie s
E r ro r ( a)
P lo ts o f V ar.
R e p lic a tio n s
Columns
Spacings
E r ro r (b)
P lo t s o f Spac.
P lo ts o f V ar.
C o l. + Spac. + E r r o r (b)
V ar. x Spac.
E r ro r (c )
T o ta l
T
Mean
Square
Value
19k
812
——
511
311
1 .6 5
16k
175
——
- Tl T a b le IV .
A n a l y s is o f v a r i a n c e f o r y i e l d o f o a t s , row s p a c in g s t u d i e s ,
B ozem an, 1 9 5 0 .
D egrees o f
Freedom
V a ria tio n
Due:
R e p lic a tio n s
Columns
Spacings
E r ro r (a)
P l o t s o f Spac.
R e p lic a tio n s
V a r ie tie s
E r r o r (b)
P lo ts o f V ar.
h
h
I , it60
2,307
U
12
~% r~
2,99b
h
2
8
“ nr“
P lo t s o f Spac.
V a r . + E r r o r (b)
V ar. x Spac.
E rro r (c)
T o ta l
T ab le V.
Sums o f
Squares
2b
10
8
32
Mean
Square
P.
Value
71*9
259
2.89
1,1*60
125
700
2,285
63
87
—
——
9,761*
825
1*71
3,705
11*, 765
60
116
——
3.103
9,76k
A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d o f o a ts , row sp acin g s t u d i e s .
Bozeman, 1951.
V a ria tio n
Due:
R e p lic a tio n s
Columns
S pacings
E rro r ( a)
P lo ts o f 6pac.
R e p lic a tio n s
V a r ie tie s
E rro r (b)
P l o t s o f V ar.
P lo t s o f Spac.
V ar.+ E r r o r (b)
V ar. x Spac.
E rro r (c )
T o ta l
D egrees o f
Freedom
h
h
h
12
T
b
2
8
~nr
2b
10
8
32
“ TIT"
Sums o f
Squares
Mean
Square
1,253
1,1*95
853
868
I*,1*75"
1,253
3,357
1,125
5,735
213
72
1,679
11*1
I*, 1*70
!*,1*82
71*5
2,705
12,1*01
103003
93
85
F.
Value
2.95
11.99**
1.10
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY I TRBAarrc
3
762 *1001 4669 3
103003_
N378 ____cqp.2
K859r
KralX^-JjL'
RovTspacing stu dies with
cereal grains in Montana.
DATE
ISSUED TO
H378
^ S S 'S r
C o p . tL.
103003