Row spacing studies with cereal grains in Montana by James L Krall A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Agronomy at Montana State College Montana State University © Copyright by James L Krall (1952) Abstract: Various problems associated with growing small grains in wide rows, such as cultivation, 2,4-D treatment, varietal response, seeding rates, and date of seeding, were studied at three location in Montana using winter wheat, spring wheat, oats, and barley. The cultivation of 18, 24, and 30 inch spacings gave substantial increases in yield of winter wheat over the uncultivated 12-inch spacing at Moccasin, Experiments with 2,4-D and cultivation showed nearly identical yields. Applications of 2,4-D after two cultivations gave substantial increases in yield. Seeding rates have little effect on the yield of spring and winter wheat at the wide spacings, No increases in yield were obtained from spaced plantings of spring wheat, oats, and barley. Generally greater reductions in yield due to wide spacings were obtained with spring wheat compared to oats and barley. The reductions in yield of the spring sown grains were, not as great under dry land conditions as they were under irrigation. Comparison of two seeding dates with barley at Bozeman in 1950 indicated that ..wide spacings would respond the same. Trials conducted with half and. full rates of seeding of oats and barley at 6-inch spacings resulted in decreased yields of barley and nearly identical yields of oats. Variety spacing trials, where several varieties of barley and oats were used, indicated that nursery tests could be grown at 12-inches when normal spacing of 6-inches are used for production. It was found by the analysis of three years of data for Glacier barley and Bridger oats that no years x spacings interactions occurred. Significant increases in protein and test weights were obtained from wide row spacings and cultivations of winter wheat. No apparent increase in test weight was obtained from spring sown grains, At Havre, no significant increases in protein were found in spring wheat. It was generally concluded that winter wheat and barley were better adapted to spaced conditions than oats or spring wheat. It was suggested that trials be conducted to study the following possibilities • increasing protein content of wheat by row spacing, possibilities of 2,4-D and cultivation as a method of production and place in crop rotations, ability of varieties under spaced conditions, and the effect of row spacing when used with a companion crop. ROW SPACING STUDIES WITH CEREAL GRAINS . IN MONTANA ■ by. I-. iJames L. K r a ll A THESIS Subm itted to th e G rad u ate F a c u lty in ' p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts f o r the d eg ree o f M aster o f Science i n Agronomy / at ■ M ontana S ta te C o lle g e Approved; Head, M ajor D epartm ent C hairm an, Exam ining Committee 3e'an„ cGraduaiTe D iv is io n <7 T Bozeman^ M ontana Ju n e , 19^2 III^h >'' I 'I N iV K S i - I r - 2 - ACKNOWLEIX)EMENT The w r i t e r w ishes t o make acknowledgement to Mr. R o b ert F= E s lic k , A ss o c ia te A gronom ist, f o r h is a d v ic e , c o n s tr u c tiv e c r i t i c i s m and en courage­ ment d u rin g th e w r itin g o f t h i s t h e s i s , and f o r fu r n is h in g th e d a ta used from Bozeman, The a u th o r a ls o w ish es to acknowledge c o o p e ra tio n giv en by Mr, Lawrence E, B aker, A s s is ta n t in Agronomy, f o r f u r n is h in g th e d a ta from H avre, and Mr0 F rank P e t r , A s s is ta n t in Agronomy, f o r th e o a t d a ta from Bozeman c o lle c te d from 19U9 to 195lo F u r th e r acknowledgement i s due to Mr, R alph M, W illia m s , S u p e rin ten d e n t, C e n tra l M ontana Branch S ta tio n , f o r v a lu a b le a s s is ta n c e i n co n d u ctin g th e M occasin t r i a l s , and t o Dr= E rh a rd t R, Hehn, A sso c ia te A gronom ist, f o r v a lu ­ a b le a s s is ta n c e in th e com putations o f th e s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s . 103003 =? 3 ■TABLE OF CONTENTS P age LISTING OF TABLES . q LISTING OF FIGURES . O APPENDIX TABLES . . O ABSTRACT,' , , , , ■ . o , ■ , INTRODUCTION, , , o EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS W in ter Wheat , , O S p rin g Wheat , , 9 ' , , , O ats , , , , , , DISCUSSION. . , ' 0' O , MATERIALS AND METHODS , ■o ■« 9 ■ O • • 6 0 LITERATURE CITED, . . O O O O O O O O O O O a" o ' O O ■ O' O 6' O * O O O " O ® O e, b 0 ° 0. O ' ° ° • O O a O O • O O ° ° ° • OO ’ 'O O ° ■o O I O ° ° ° ° f O ° 6 O O O O O O O O a O O O O O * • O 'O O ° O O • O O 0 O O O O o O ° 9. 6 ' O O O ■O ° o o O O O O • O O o O O O »■ O O ° O 0 O ° O •o ■o O OO o ° ° • ° O O . . ° * SUMMRY d o , , , , . . o. -O «■ REVIEW OF LITERATURE^ B arley , ° * O ' " ° 0 O '0 O 0 O ■o O O •o ■ 7 6 • O 9 0, O o' 0' O 1 1 1 O ° O O O e; » • ° O • ■o O 0% O 6 9 O 9 O 1 O 1 O O O O O o O O O O O O O O <f' o' O O o 6 O o . 0 OO ° O • OO O ■o' 1 ° • ° • O O O O O O O O • O. O O O O O O O O O O 0 „ O' a 0 a a y O O O O O ° O O O « O O O O O ■o • O OO° OOOO ■ u 0 O' -O O „ P „ a O a 0 ■lit 2 1 3 k 3 8 h3 L9 & 57 LIST OF TABLES P age Table I 0 Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, p r o t e i n , an d .h ea d c o u n ts o f th e f o u r y e a r wide row sp a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t. M occasin, 19h8=$l e „ e 22 Table H 0 Average number o f m ature w in te r w heat "'heads and "the num ber;of k e rn e ls sown p e r f o o t o f d r i l l row when spaced, a t 1 2 , 18, 2h , and double 30 in c h e s a p a r t and sown a t h 0 , $0, and 60 pounds p e r a c r e * " T h e th r e b w id e r s p a c in g s re c e iv e d two c u l t i v a t i o n s a n n u a lly . M occasin, 19h^”5*l «© Q 0 0 0 0 @ @ s o o d & »»<>*0 o 26 T able I I I * C o r r e la tio n c o e f f i c i e n t s o f th e agronom ic d a ta o b ta in e d from th e row sp a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n o f w in te r"w h ea t ex p erim en t. The y i e l d and t e s t w eig h t c o r r e l a t i o n was o b ta in e d from f o u r y e a rs d a ta , th e rem ain in g from one t e s t in 1 9h9 and two t e s t s in 1951 o E d c c a sin , 19h 8=-5l« o »• 30; T able IV0 A verage y i e l d o f w in te r w heat in b u s h e ls p e r a c re o b ta in e d from one a n d 'tw o c u l t i v a t i o n s o f 1 8 , 2h and double 30 inch row sp ac i n g s , • M occasin, I9 h 8 0 0 0 @ o , , , 0 @ 0 , , O 0 0 31 T able V0 A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e o f y i e l d f o r one and two c u l t i v a t i o n s . 31 T able VI0 Y ie ld o f w in te r w heat in b u s h e ls p e r' a c re o b ta in e d from ’th e 2 ,h “D vS c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t, grown on fa llo w i n a ■ tr ip lic a te d random ized b lo c k , M occasin, I9 h 9 -5 l o o » , \ 0 . 32 T able V II, A n a ly sis o f ' V ariance f o r 2,h=D arid c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t\ 0 32 T able V I I I 0 A verage y i e l d o f w in te r w heat i n b u s h e ls p e r a c re o b ta in e d from th e row sp a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t, when tre a te d " W ith one^ t h ir d pound o f 2,h-D i n a d d itio n to th e two c u l t i v a t i o n s , B ic c a s in , 1951»,-o ,<=..» 0 0 , , ® 0 0 0 0 0 33 T able IX, ' Table Xe A n a ly sis of: v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d o f c u l t i v a t i o n p lu s 2,h=D experim ent,, 0 , <, , 0 0 0 0 0 , , , 0 0 © , © 0 , , 0 0 , 0 33 Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r s p rin g w heat row sp a c in g s tu d ie s conducted a t M occasin, Bozeman, and H avre, 19h7"5l O 0 O O O e o o o o o o ’ e Or o o o o o o o » o o o © 35 “ ^ “ P age Table X I6 ■ Average y i e l d i n b u s h e ls p e r a c re o f s p rin g w heat o b ta in e d from v a rio u s r a t e s ' o f ' see d in g a t th r e e lo c a t i o n s . Aver-= ages a re f o r a l l sp ac in g s u sed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 37 Table X II0 W eight o f s p rin g w heat i n pounds p e r b u s h e ls due to v a rio u s sp a c in g s a t th r e e lo c a t i o n s . . . . . , . . . , . . . « . . 37 Table X I I I 0 Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r y ie ld o f b a r le y grown a t Bozeman’ and M occasin, ISlxks 19ii9™5l . . , , . « . . . . 39 T able XIV0' Average y i e l d in b u s h e ls p e r a c re o f two v a r i e t i e s of b a r le y sown a t two d a te s o f s e e d in g in 6 , 12 , and 18 in c h row s, Bozeman, 1930 D 0 0 0 0 0 0 -O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Table X V 0 - Table XVI0 , IiO Y ie ld in b u s h e ls p e r a c r e o b ta in e d .fro m e ig h t b a rle y v a r i e t i e s grown in l / 20t h a c re p lo t s and p la n te d a t , 6 . and 12 in c h I n te r v a ls in a t r i p l i c a t e d random ized b lo c k . M occasin, 1 931 . 0 .0 0 O 0 0 - D 0 0 = 0 . = = 0 0 . 0 = 0 . lt-2 . W eight o f b a r le y in pounds p e r b u sh e ls due to v a rio u s sp a c in g s a t Bozeman, 191l9~51 c O O O 0 o D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ii3 Table XVII0 Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r y ie ld o f o a ts grown a t v a rio u s row w id th s , Bozeman, 19^7* IS kS ^S la . , . . . 0 kk T able X V III0 Average y i e l d in b u ./ a o f B rid g e r and Gopher o a ts grown. in 6, 12, 18 and 2b in c h ro w s, Bozeman, I S h l s lS h 9 and 1930 . ii3 Table XIX0- W eight o f o a ts in pounds p e r b u sh e l due to v a rio u s s p a c in g s , Bozeman, 19^4-7 , 1 9^49c=,3 l 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I46 Table X X . P e r c e n t o f lo d g in g o f th r e e o a t v a r i e t i e s grown a t 6 , 12, 18 and 2b in c h row s, Bozeman, 1 9^7 O 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 !46 Table XXI0 Pounds o f g ra in produced p e r a c re o f s p rin g w h e a t, o a ts and b a r le y grown a t v a rio u s sp ac in g s in a l a t i n sq u are s p l i t p l o t d e s ig n , Bozeman, IS b S „ . = . = 000 Table XXII0 „ bl A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d o f s p rin g w h eat, o a t s , and b a r le y grown a t f i v e sp a c in g s i n a l a t i n sq u a re s p l i t p l o t d e s ig n , Bo.zeman, 1 9^49o . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0. 0 0 0 0 ^48 LIST OF FIGURES Page •Figure I i F ig u re 2. F ig u re 3. F ig u re If. F ig u re 5« F ig u re 6« F ig u re 7. F ig u re 8.c F ig u re 9» Annual av erag e y i e l d i n b u s h e ls p e r a c re o b ta in e d from spaced p la n tin g s o f w in te r w h e at, showing y i e l d o f 12= inch sp a c in g and 1 8 , 2lt, ahd 30 in ch sp a c in g s c u l t i ­ v a te d tw id e , M accasin 19W -$1,.« 0 o 0 «. «■.,«. « 21 E f f e c ts o f row s p a c in g . and c u l t i v a t i o n on th e y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, number o f heads' p e r. sq u are f o o t , and p e r p e n t p r o td i n , D ata f o r y i e l d and t e s t w eig h ts a re an , average o f fo u r y e a r s , ; 1 9 lf8 -5 l. ’ D ate f o r heads p e r sq» f t . and p r o te in a re an av erag e o f 19b9-$l> M occasin . . « « 23 The e f f e c t s o f th re e see d in g r a t e s o h -th e y i e l d 'o f w in te r w heat when grown in f o u r w id th s o f rows and th e w ider s p a c in g s c u l t i v a t e d , M occasin, 19h8-5>lo « 2h Showing th e iric re a se o r ,.decrease i n heads i n p ro p o r tio n to th e see d s .sown f o r th e V arious sp ac in g s and r a t e s of s e e d in g . M occasin, 19h9-!?lo « « « , « « . 27 Comparison o f y i e l d , t e s t .w eig h t, p r o t e i n , and heads p e r s q . f t . o f th e v a rio u s s p a c in g s . The 1 2 -in q h i s c o n sid e re d a s 100 p e r c e n t. Kbccasi n , 19h 9-$ l» « , . « « . = 28 Y ie ld in b u s h e ls p e r a c r e .o f s p rin g wheat o b ta in e d from v a r io u s . row sp a c in g s a t .'th re e "lo c a t io n s i n K bntana0 , e e „ 3U Average y i e l d o f b a r le y in b u s h e ls p e r a c re grown a t 6 and 12 in c h s p a c in g s i, , A verages a r e fro m -s ix - t r i a l s tibhducted o v e r a f o u r y e a r p e rio d 38 Average b u s h e ls p e r a c re of. b a r le y o b ta in e d from fo u r w id th s o f rows grown a t Bozeman, 19h9-5l« 39 Average y i e l d in b u s h e ls .p e r a c r e o f th r e e b a r l e y v a r i e t i e s grown in fo u r row w id th s , Bodeman, 1951ee , 1|0 F ig u re 10« Average y i e l d i n b u s h e ls p e r a c re o f o a ts o b ta in e d from f o u r row w id th s , Bozeman, 19h7, 1 9 h 9 -5 l hi F ig u re I l 0 Average y i e l d i n b u s h e ls p e r ache o f o a ts o b ta in e d from f o u r row w id th s , Bozeman, 19h7, 19U9-5L » «- « « . . . . « bk F ig u re 12« Average y i e l d in pounds p e r a c r e o f s p rin g w h e a t, o a ts and b a r le y when grown i n 6 , 12, 1 8 , and 2h in c h row s, Bozeman, 19h9« « 0 « « « . O « O 0 « « 0 . . C O « O . . . . . . C O hi - 7 - APPENDIX TABLES P age Appendix Ae T able I 0 Agronomic d a ta f o r w in te r w h e at, showing y i e l d t e s t w e ig h t, p r o t e i n , and head p o p u la tio n s from c o n tin ­ uous f o u r y e a r row sp a c in g s tu d y . M occasin, 19hB -5l ® 0 0 $9 Table I I e A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat y i e l d , fo u r y e a r row sp a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t. M occasin, 19it8=^l . ' O0 e e 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Qi o o e o o o o e 6o T able I I I 0 A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat t e s t w e ig h t, fo u r y e a r row s p a c in g arid c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t, .M occasin, 1 Table IV . A ppendix B6 T able I 6 Q 0 Q c 0 0 0 e 0 e S 0 0 0 0 0 S 6 o ' a 6 s s s o 60 A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat p r o t e i n , fo u r y e a r row s p a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n ex p erim en t. M occasin, 1 T able Ve 9 ^ 4 8 e3^ l 9 ^ i 8 ” 0 1 O 0 0 0 v S 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I o l A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat head c o u n ts , fo u r y e a r row sp a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t. M occasin, 19^8=01 C o S O S O C S o ' o ' S 0 0 C 0 'O' CO S C 0 O CS O 6l Agronomic d a ta f o r row sp a c in g s tu d ie s w ith s p rin g w h eat, showing a v erag e y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, and p r o te in c o lle c te d f o r th e y e a rs and s t a t i o n s a s I i s t e d 0 « » e e 0 » 62 ! • T able I I 0 Table I I I 0 !■ A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r s p rin g w heat y i e l d row sp ac in g stu d y , .Moccasin, 19^7 0 ©©■ c- ® 0 e 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 s o 0 ' A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r s p rin g w heat y i e l d , row sp ac in g s tu d y , Bozeman, 19^4-70 c c 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o e » 63 f Table IV0 T able V0 A ppendix C0 T able I 0 A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e S thdy5 Bozeman5 f o r s p r in g w heat o o o e e e e oe A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r s p rin g w heat s t u d i e s , H avre, 190O°01 © 0 0 0 0 0 c y ie ld e » . e o 63 I | | ; 5 row e o e y i e l d row c 0 e s e j sp acin g e j I O' sp acin g 0 © 0 0*©• 6I4. Agronomic d a ta f o r row s p a c in g s tu d ie s w ith b a r le y , showing a v erag e y i e l d and t e s t w e ig h t, c o l l e c t a t Bozeman f o r th e y e a rs as l i s t e d 00. e0 00 e I j j I I e „C 0 I ,1 = 8 Page Table I I . T able I I I . A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d of b a r le y , row sp a c in g s t u d i e s . F t . E l l i s , 19Wi ...................... .... . . . . . . . . . 66 A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d o f b a r le y , row sp acin g ,s tu d ie s , Bozeman, 19Wl 66 T able IV. A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r b a r le y y i e l d , row sp ac in g s t u d i e s , Bozeman, I ^ i 9 e » * * @ o o- «• ® * © © © © © © © 66 T able V. A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r b a r le y y i e l d , row sp a c in g s t u d i e s , two d a t e s , th r e e v a r i e t i e s , f i v e s p a c in g s , Bozeman, 1 95*0. * . * . © . . . . . @ . . . . . * @ . . . 6!7 T able VI. A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r b a r le y y i e l d , row s p a c in g ■ s t u d i e s , norm al d a te o f s e e d in g , Bozeman, 1951 . . . « © 67 T able V II. A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r b a r l e y y i e l d , row sp ac in g s t u d i e s , Bozeman, 1^5x1 - © » © © © © * © © © © © © * © © © 68, T able V III . A n a ly sis o f v a r i a n c e .f o r th r e e y e a rs o f G la c ie r b a r le y y i e l d , Bozeman, l^li^^^lo © * © @ © © © © © o © © © » © © 68 A ppendix D T able I . Agronomic d a ta f o r row s p a c in g s tu d ie s conducted w ith o a ts a t Bozeman, showing y i e l d and t e s t w e ig h ts o f v a r i e t i e s u sed f o r th e y e a r s a s l i s t e d . . . . . . . . © 69 T able I I . A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y ie ld o f . o a t s , row sp a c in g s t u d i e s , Bozeman, 19li7 © © © © © © © © © © © © © * © © © 70 T able I I I . A n a ly sis o f v a r ia n c e ,f o r y i e l d o f o a t s , row sp ac in g s t u d i e s , Bozeman, 19^9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d o f o a t s , row §p acin g s t u d i e s , Bozeman, '1950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d o f o a t s , row sp a c in g s t u d i e s , Bozeman, 15^1)1 © ©© © © © © © ® © ©'© © © © ©© 71 T able IV. T able V. n -9 - ABSTRACT ... V arious problem s a s s o c ia te d w ith growing s m ill g ra in s i n wide row s, such as c u l t i v a t i o n , 2,!4-D tr e a tm e n t, v a r i e t a l re s p o n se , se e d in g r a t e s , and d a te o f s e e d in g , were s tu d ie d a t th r e e lo c a tio n ^ , .‘in.M ontana u s in g w in te r w h e at, s p rin g w heat, o a t s , and b a r le y . The c u l t i v a t i o n o f 1 8 , 2 k , and 30 in c h sp acin g s gave s u b s t a n t i a l i n ­ c re a s e s i n y i e l d o f w in te r w heat o v er th e u n c u ltiv a te d 12 -in c h sp ac in g a t M occasin, E x perim ents w ith 2 ,U-D and c u l t i v a t i o n showed n e a r ly i d e n t i c a l y i e l d s . A p p lic a tio n s o f 2 ,U-D a f t e r two c u l t i v a t i o n s gave s u b s ta n tia l i n ­ c re a s e s i n y i e l d . Seeding r a t e s have l i t t l e e f f e c t on th e y i e l d o f sp rin g and w in te r w heat a t th e w ide s p a c in g s , ■ •- < ■- . - ■ No in c r e a s e s i n y i e l d were o b ta in e d from spaced p la n tin g s o f s p rin g w h eat, o a t s , and b a r le y . G e n e ra lly g r e a te r r e d u c tio n s .i n y i e l d due to wide sp acin g s were o b ta in e d w ith s p rin g w heat com pared.to o a ts and b a r le y . The re d u c tio n s i n y ie ld o f th e s p rin g so w n .g rain s were..,not as g r e a t under d ry la n d c o n d itio n s as th e y were under i r r i g a t i o n , .'.Comparison, o f two see d in g d a te s w ith b a r le y a t Bozeman i n 19^0 in d ic a te d that...w ide sp a c in g s would respond th e same. T r i a l s conducted w ith h a l f ■and^f u l l - r a t e s - o f see d in g o f o a ts and b a r le y a t 6- in c h sp ac in g s r e s u lte d , i n d ecrea se d y i e l d s o f b a r le y • and n e a r ly i d e n t i c a l y i e l d s of. o a t s , • V a rie ty sp a c in g t r i a l s , where s e v e r a l v a r i e t i e s o f b a r le y and o a ts were u sed , in d ic a te d t h a t n u r s e r y t e s t s c o u ld be grown a t 1 2 -in c h e s when norm al sp acin g o f 6 -in c h e s a re used f o r p r o d u c tio n ,.' I t was found by th e a n a ly s is o f th r e e y e a rs o f d a ta f o r G la c ie r b a rle y and B rid g e r o a ts t h a t no y e a rs x s p a c in g s i n t e r a c t i o n s o c c u rre d . S ig n i f ic a n t in c r e a s e s i n p r o te in and t e s t w eig h ts w ere o b ta in e d from wide row sp a c in g s and c u l t i v a t i o n s o f w in te r w heat. No a p p a re n t in c r e a s e in t e s t w eight was o b ta in e d from s p rin g sown g r a in s , A t H avre, no s i g n i ­ f i c a n t in c r e a s e s i n p r o te in were found in s p rin g w heat. I t was g e n e r a lly concluded t h a t w in te r w heat and b a r le y w ere b e tte r , a d ap ted to spaced c o n d itio n s th a n o a ts o r s p rin g w h eat. I t was su g g ested t h a t t r i a l s be conducted to stu d y th e fo llo w in g p o s s i b i l i t i e s • in c re a s in g p r o te in c o n te n t o f w heat by row sp a c in g , p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f 2 ,U-D and c u l t i ­ v a tio n as a method o f p ro d u c tio n and p la c e in crop r o t a t i o n s , a b i l i t y o f v a r i e t i e s u n d er spaced c o n d itio n s , and th e e f f e c t o f row sp ac in g when used w ith a companion cro p . •» 10 “ INTRODUCTION N atu res a b i l i t y to sp ace p la n ts d i f f e r e n t l y u n d e r v a ry in g c lim a tic c o n d itio n s makes i t l o g i c a l t o assume t h a t th e methods now used f o r th e p rd d u c tio ri o f c e r e a l c ro p s m ight be m o d ifie d t o o b ta in maximum p la n t grow th. Such a m o d ific a tio n c o u ld be wide row sp a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n o f th e c e r e a l g r a in s . From o b s e rv a tio n s made o f b o rd e r rows in p l a n t breed= in g n u r s e r i e s ^ where th e p l a n t s rem ained g re e n in s p i t e o f d ro u g h t c o n d i­ t i o n s , i t i s a p p a re n t th e wide-, sp a c in g s m ight be o f some p r a c t i c a l v a lu e , Mhy sm a ll g r a in row c u l t i v a t i o n was n o t p r a c tic e d in th e p a s t i s p ro b a b ly h in g e d on th e f a c t t h a t th e h o rse drawn c u l t i v a t o r was a slow te d io u s p ro c e s s and was n o t to o e f f e c t i v e i n c o n t r o llin g th e weeds w ith in th e row s. However, w ith th e a d v en t o f m o to rized equipm ent and chem ical weed k i l l e r s , such a p r a c t i c e now seems f e a s i b l e . Row sp a c in g s tu d ie s a re o f i n t e r e s t as th e wide rows may have v a lu e in ; in c r e a s in g y i e l d and q u a l i t y o f th e c e r e a l g r a in s , c o n tr o llin g p e re n ­ n i a l ,and o th e r 2,ii-D r e s i s t a n t weeds; p e r m ittin g b e t t e r e s ta b lis h m e n t o f p e r e n n ia l cro p s when used a s a method o f companion crop s e e d in g , f a c i l ­ i t a t i n g roguein g o f pure see d c ro p s , d e te rm in in g th e v a l i d i t y o f I 2-in c h o r w id e r rows i n c o n d u ctin g v a r i e t y t r i a l s , and use i n r o t a t i o n seq u en ces, p a r t i c u l a r l y in c o n tin u o u s c ro p p in g . I t i s th e purpose o f t h i s t h e s i s tp . s tu d y th e v a rio u s a s p e c ts o f wide row sp ac in g o f c e r e a l g ra in s i n o rd e r to d eterm in e w hat m ight be e x p e c te d in th e way o f y i e l d and q u a l i t y as i n f l u ­ enced by c u l t i v a t i o n , see d in g r a t e , v a r i e t i e s , d a te o f p l a n tin g , 2 ,It-D s p r a y s , s e a s o n s , and lo c a t io n s . ** 11 •» LITERATORE REVIEWED D uring th e e a r ly developm ent o f th e g r e a t p la in s a g r i c u l t u r e th e e f f e c t o f row w id th s and r a te o f se e d in g on th e y i e l d o f s m a ll g ra in s . was. s tu d ie d by s e v e r a l in v e s t i g a t o r s to d e teim in e th e b e s t c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e f o r d i f f e r e n t s o i l and c lim a tic c o n d itio n s , ( I ) , (S) 9 I t was g e n e r a lly c o n sid e re d t h a t row sp acin g o f 6 to 10 in c h e s and r a t e s o f 50 to 60 pounds p e r a c re would be m ost e f f I c i e n t 9 . In th e e a r l y tw e n tie s c o n s id e ra b le re s e a rc h was co n d u cted 'to d eterm in e th e r e l a t i v e m e r its o f the wide sp a c in g o f th e fu rro w d r i l l e McKee and May (15>) s a t th e J u d ith B asin Branch S t a t i o n , found t h a t th e lit- in c h fu rro w d r i l l produced a h ig h e r y i e l d o f w in te r w heat th an th e common 6-in c h d r i l l * Salmon a t Kansas (18) found l i t t l e d if f e r e n c e in y i e l d u n t i l sp a c in g betw een th e rows was g r e a t e r th a n 12 to l i | In c h e s 0 Over a th re e y e a r p e rib d . K ie sse lb ac h ^ A nderson, and L y n e ss, a t N eb rask a, ( H ) fo u n d t h a t lo w er y ie ld s o f w heat were o b ta in e d in lb - i n c h rows a s compared w ith 7- in c h rows when th e same q u a n tity o f seed was u se d . Stephans and McChll, in Oregon, (21) p la n te d w in te r w heat in' 7 and lit- in c h rows and s p rin g wheat in i t ,.6 , 8 , and 1 2 -in c h sp a c in g s o y e r a f i v e y e a r pe r io d e I t was found t h a t th e 7-in c h sp a c in g produced th e h ig h e s t y i e l d o f w in te r w^eat and th e it-in c h sp ac in g . th e h ig h e s t y i e l d o f s p rin g W heat9 S prague, a t New J e r s e y i n 1931» (10) w ent in to c o n s id e ra b le d e t a i l in th e sp a c in g o f b a r le y in rows and w ith in row s. I t was found t h a t b a rle y y i e l d s were n e a r l y a l i k e ag "long a s "the p l a n t p o p u la tio n s were i n re a so n a b le lim its . He concluded t h a t 5 (I) T h ic k ly p o p u la te d .a re a s draw from th e s o i l 1 “ 12 <= re s o u rc e s o f n e ig h b o rin g s p a r s e ly p o p u la te d a re a s . (2) Root zones were not. c o n fin e d to th e v e r t i c a l zones o ccu p ied by a e r i a l p o r tio n s . (3) Crops such a s w heat, o a ts and rye were more c a p a b le in draw ing s o i l re s o u rc e s from a d ja c e n t a re a s th a n b a r le y . Engledow, a t Cam bridge, ( £ ) , s tu d ie d sp ac in g o f two s p r in g w heat v a r i e t i e s i n r e l a t i o n to th e f a c t o r s c o n tr ib u tin g to y i e l d , nam ely, t i l ­ l e r i n g , e a r s i z e , and k e rn e l w e ig h t. I t was found, t h a t a s th e in d iv id u a l p la n t sp a c in g was in c re a s e d from 2- in c h e s on up to l 8= in ch es th e amount o f t i l l e r i n g in c re a s e d p r o p o r tio n a te ly so t h a t th e f i n a l e a r p o p u la tio n s were n e a r ly a l i k e . F u rth erm o re , i t was fo u n d t h a t th e two v a r i e t i e s d id n o t t i l l e r a lik e a t th e c l o s e r s p a c in g s . c re a s e d a s th e d is ta n c e in c re a s e d . The e a r s iz e and k e r n e l w eig h t i n ­ However, t h i s was n o t r e f l e c t e d in th e y i e l d a t th e extrem e sp ac in g due to a s l i g h t d e c re a se i n number o f e a r s , He concluded t h a t th e most e f f i c i e n t sp a c in g was a t th e 12 to l ii-in c h o r a t th e ,p o i n t where t h e .e a r s p e r u n i t a r e a , k e rn e ls p e r e a r , and k e rn e l s iz e were a t t h e i r maximum, . Tfye c u l t i v a t i o n 'o f w heat has been t e s t e d by both c u l t i v a t i o n o f th e rows and h arro w in g . ■ I t has been fo u n d t h a t harrow ing o r r o l l i n g genp ra l l y - i " • I - red u ces y ie ld s ( 2 ) , (6 ) , (1 2 ), . ■" • * ‘ Montgomery, a t N ebraska in 18-99 (1 6 ), sp aced o a ts in 2it, 1 8 , 12, and 6-in c h row s. 'The r e s u l t s in d ic a te d t h a t a re d u c tio n in y i e l d was o b ta in e d , from th e 2ii-in ch sp ac in g c u l t i v a t e d f o u r tim e s. The 18-in c h sp a c in g y ie ld e d th e same as th e 6- in c h check, and th e 12 and 6- in c h rows when c u l t i v a t e d produced h ig h e r y i e l d s , Champli n , a t Saskatchew an (3)$ grew s e v e r a l c ro p s i n a double 36-in c h row and t r i p l e 30-in c h row a s a 13 “ " summer fa llo w s u b s t i t u t e i n Canada i n th e e a r l y tw e n tie s 8 . The y ie ld s o b ta in e d from such a system o f sp a c in g w ere reduced. c ro p gave s a t i s f a c t o r y y i e l d s . However, th e fo llo w in g Cole and H a lls te d a t K ansas, 1922 (Ii) r e p o r te d s i x y e a r r e s u l t s from a s in g le p l o t o f i n t e r t i l l e d w h eat, where 3 0 -in c h e s were sown s o lid and 3 0 -in c h e s fa llo w e d . Such a p r a c t i c e n o t o n ly • , was d i f f i c u l t t o m a in ta in b u t produced lo w er y ie ld s th a n f a l l plowing* . . . M bClelland (Iii) s tu d ie d th e e f f e c t o f b o r d e r rows i n A rkansas in 193k* He re c e iv e d a 26 p e r c e n t in c r e a s e in y i e l d o f o a ts from 16=in c h b o rd e r rows o v e r 8-in c h rows* R u sse l (17) d is c u s s e s th e m e rits o f c u l t i v a t i o n f o r weed c o n tr o l and s t a t e d q u ite e m p h a tic a lly t h a t weeds a re u s u a lly most h arm fu l t o th e cro p in th e e a r ly s ta g e s and p a r t i c u l a r l y th e v ery e a r l y s ta g e s o f grow th. sug gested, c u l t i v a t i o n o f row cro p s a s soon as p o s s ib le * He K ie sse lb a c h (10) s t a t e d t h a t th e developm ent of th e wheat s p ik e was d e term in e d by fa v o ra b le growing c o n d itio n s i n th e e a r l y ,s t a g e s o f growth* The e f f e c t o f row sp a c in g o n . th e y i e l d o f sm all g ra in n u rs e crops was d eterm in ed by H arper (7.) a t s e v e r a l lo c a t io n s in Oklahoma* I t was found t h a t wide sp a c in g was an in s u ra n c e a g a in s t l o s s of legume s ta n d s d u rin g d ro u g h t p e rio d s . Y ie ld s o f iwheat were lo w ered by s p a c in g s up t o ill- in c h e s , how ever, o a ts a n d .b a r le y were about th e same* ■ ' V a r ie ta l i n t e r a c t i o n s were found i n b a r le y , by Immer ( 9 ) , when spaced p la n te d ^ -in c h e s a p a r t and i n d r i l l rows o f 600 seed s p e r ro d row* MATERIALS AND METHODS . C e n tra l flbntana Branch S t a t i o n , M occasin E xcept f o r 19E>1# grow ing c o n d itio n s were fa v o ra b le f o r sm all g ra in p ro d u c tio n f o r th e f i v e y e a r p e rio d i n w hich th e s e t e s t s were conducted* 't The If3 y e a r av erag e s e a s o n a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n (A p ril 1 s t to Septem ber 30tjh) i s 11*20 in c h e s . D uring 19U7? 1948, and 1950 above norm al s e a s o n a l p r e ­ c i p i t a t i o n s were re c o rd e d w ith 12*17, 13*5l , and 12*59 in c h e s , re s p e c tiv e ly * The below norm al p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f 9*3 in c h e s f o r 1949 was n o t r e f l e c t e d i n y ie ld s b ecau se o f th e tim e ly norm al r a i n f a l l re c e iv e d in months o f May and Ju n e. Low y ie ld s were o b ta in e d in 1951 as th e s e a s o n a l r a i n f a l l re c o rd e d was o n ly 8*52 in c h e s . Due to d ro u g h t c o n d itio n s i n th e f a l l o f 1948 p o o r g e rm in a tio n o f w in te r w heat o c c u rre d . However, by th e 1 s t o f May th e fo llo w in g s p rin g good s ta n d s were e v id e n t. The f i r s t e x p erim en t to d eterm in e w h eth er in c re a s e in y i e l d s could be o b ta in e d from w ide row ,sp ac in g and c u l t i v a t i o n was s t a r t e d a t M occasin in 1947 w ith s p rin g w h eat. T his t e s t we conducted on fa llo w e d ground u s in g a row sp a c in g o f 6 -in c h e s f o r a check and c u l t i v a t e d sp a c in g s o f 1 2 , 18, 24, ■30, and 3 6 -in c h e s . .Each sp a c in g was sown a t 30, 4 0 , 5 0 ,and 60 l b s . p e r a c r e . The e x p erim en tal d e sig n was a m odified s p l i t p l o t w ith two r e p l i c a t i o n s . Tke p l o t s iz e was 18 by 80 f e e t . . One c u l t i v a t i o n was g iv en w ith a com c u l t i v a ­ to r , when th e w heat was from 4 to 6 -in c h e s h ig h . In 1948 e x p erim en ts w ere s t a r t e d w ith w in te r w heat. The change from s p rin g w heat was made p r im a r i ly becau se weeds were n o t a s e r io u s problem i n s p rin g sown g r a in s * Due to th e d i f f i c u l t y e n co u n tered i n th e c u l t i v a t i o n ” i5 “ o f th e narrow 1 2 -in c h sp a c in g o f s p r in g w heat and due to th e low y ie ld s o b ta in e d from th e 30 and 3 6 -in c h row w id th s th e fo llo w in g s p a c in g s were u se d f o r w in te r wheat from 19^8 to 1951: ( I 0) 1 2 -in c h u n - c u ltiv a te d sp a c in g as a c h e c k , ( 2 .) 18-in c h rows c u l t i v a t e d once i n th e f a l l and once in th e s p r in g , ( 3 .) 21*-in c h rows w ith f a l l and s p rin g c u l t i v a t i o n , (ho ) Two 6 -in c h rows spaced 30 in c h e s a p a r t w ith f a l l and s p r in g c u l t i ­ v a tio n , The same ty p e o f e x p e rim e n ta l d e sig n and p l o t s iz e was used as w ith s p r in g w heat e x ce p t t h a t th e 30 l b , r a t e o f se e d in g was dropped and a t h i r d r e p l i c a t e was added. Each y e a r th e g r a in was sown on fa llo w e d gro und. Two v a r i e t i e s vb'f w in te r w heat were u se d , Karmont was sown in th e f a l l o f 19^7 and 191*9, and lo g o i n th e f a l l of 191*8 and 1950, w heat was sown w ith .a s i x f o o t s in g le d is k g r a in d r i l l . The w in te r The row sp a c in g s were o b ta in e d by covering th e a p p r o p r ia te fe e d s in th e d r i l l . The w in te r wheat was c u l t i v a t e d d u rin g th e m iddle >o f O cto b er and around th e 1 s t o f May .w ith a d u c k fo o t ty p e row c u l t i v a t o r . The depth o f c u l t i v a t i o n was from. I . to 2 in c h e s o r j u s t deep enough t o c o n tr o l th e weeds. In 19l*9 and 19!?1 th e w heat p l a n t p o p u la tio n f o r each sp ac in g was d eterm in ed by co u n tin g a t th r e e l o c a t io n s th e number o f m ature heads in a y ard lo n g row in each p l o t and th e n c o n v e rtin g th e d a ta to head s per. sq u a re f o o t, At h a r v e s t, s ix te e n f e e t o f row was c u t from th e c e n te r o f e a c h p l o t and th re s h e d i n a Vogel T h re sh e r. The th re s h e d g ra in was th e n w eighed i n grams and l a t e r c o n v e rte d to b u s h e ls p e r ,a cre. The g ra in o f each tr e a tm e n t, from th e th r e e r e p l i c a t e s , was b u lk p d f o r t e s t w eig h t and p r o te in d e te r m in a tio n s , The p r o te in determ ­ in a tio n s w ere made b y th e Msntana S ta te G rain L a b o ra to ry , Bozeman, M ontana, - 16 « D uring each o f th e f i v e y e a rs heavy i n f e s t a t i o n s o f w in te r and summer an n ual weeds o f th e m ustard and am aranth f a m ilie s o c c u rre d in a l l p l o t s , No g ra s s y weeds w ere o b se rv e d . D uring th e p e rio d 19^8 t o 1951 s e v e r a l o th e r a s p e c ts o f wide row sp a c in g o f w in te r w heat were t e s t e d i n c o n ju n c tio n w ith th e e x p erim en t p re v io u s ly d e s c rib e d . Ie These, t e s t s w ere as f o llo w s ; A one y e a r t e s t conducted in 19U8 to d eterm in e th e e f f e c t iv e n e s s o f f a l l and s p r in g c u l t i v a t i o n v s o n ly s p r in g c u l t i v a t i o n . The method u sed was to d iv id e each c u l t i v a t e d p l o t i n h a l f , one h a l f b e in g c u ltiv a te d tw ice a n d .th e o th e r h a l f b ein g c u l tiv a te d once. b o th h a lv e s , 2. Y ie ld d a ta were o b ta in e d from "- A c u l t i v a t i o n vs 2 ,U=D ex p erim en t was conducted from 19U9 to 1951 t o t e s t th e m e r its o f c u l t i v a t i o n a s compared to chem ical weed c o n t r o l . T h is t e s t was a t r i p l i c a t e d random ized b lo c k w ith th e fo llo w in g tr e a tm e n ts ; ( I ) 1 2 -in c h u n c u ltiv a te d ch eck , (2) I 2-in c h rows sp ra y ed w ith l / 3 l b . o f 2 ,U=D a t t i l l e r i n g , (3) 2U -inch rows sp ra y ed w ith l / 3 l b , o f 2 ,U-D a t tille rin g , 3« (U) 2U~inch sp a c in g c u ltiv a te d , i n th e f a l l arid s p r in g , A c u l t i v a t i o n p lu s 2 ,U-D ex p erim en t was conducted in 1951« This was accom plished by sp ra y irig a 1 6 -fo o t sw ath w ith l / 3 l b , o f 2 ,U-D p e r a c r e a c ro s s th e row sp a c in g s p r e v io u s ly c u l t i v a t e d . I n 1951 sp ac in g s tu d ie s were co n d u cted w ith e ig h t b a r le y v a r i e t i e s to d e term in e i f any v a r i e t y x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n would o c c u r. sown in 6 and 1 2 -in c h s p a c in g s , The b a rle y was No c u l t i v a t i o n s were g iv e n , how ever, th e p l o t s were t r e a t e d ^ i t h 1 /3 lb* o f 2,U-D p e r a c re when th e b a r le y was w e ll tille re d . The e x p e rim e n ta l d e sig n was a random ized b lo c k w ith th re e " 17 " re p lic a tio n s . The p l o t s iz e was l / 5 0 a c r e . H a rv estin g was accom plished by c u ttin g a 7 f o o t sw ath from th e c e n te r o f th e p l o t w ith a s e lf - p r o p e lle d combined. A hom ogeneity o f v a ria n c e t e s t as g iv e n by Snedecor (19) was ru n on ; th e w in te r w heat d a ta to d e term in e i f th e 1 2 -in c h u n c u ltiv a te d sp ac in g sh o u ld be a n aly z e d w ith th e c u l t i v a t e d p l o t s . I t was fo u n d t h a t th e pop­ u l a t i o n s were a lik e so th e d a ta was a n a ly z e d by use o f th e a n a ly s is of v a ria n c e and a p p ro p ria te F -t e s t a s g iv e n by Leonard and C lark (1 3 ). The a n a ly s is , o f c o -v a ria n c e was u se d to s tu d y th e r e l a t i o n s h i p between y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, p r o te in , and head p o p u la tio n s . N orth Montana B ranch S t a t i o n , Havre A wide i n 19!?0. b a s is . tow s p a c in g ,e x p e rim e n t w ith s p r in g wheat was s t a r t e d a t Havre T h e 't e s t .was con d u cted on d ry la n d on an a l t e r n a t e fa llo w cro p Thp lo n g tim e av erag e s e a s o n a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n f o r th e s t a t i o n was lio51t in c h e s . The R a i n f a l l f o r 1950 was 1 .1 7 in c h e s above no rm al. However, a h o t dry. p e r io d d u rin g th e l a t t e r p a r t o f J u ly g e n e r a lly red u ced y i e l d s . D uring 1951 th e s e a s o n a l r a i n f a l l was' 12.68 in c h e s and th e seaso n was g e n e r a lly fa v o ra b le f o r cro p p ro d u c tio n . The same e x p e rim e n ta l p ro c e d u re was fo llo w e d d u rin g each o f th e two y e a rs i n which t e s t s w ere conducted. Rescue s p rin g w heat was sow n.w ith, a common d r i l l i n rows sp aced 6 , 1 2 , 1 8 , 2U, and 30 in c h e s a p a r t. sp a c in g s were sown a t r a t e s o f 2D, i|0 , and 60 l b s . p e r a c r e . was a t r i p l i c a t e d random ized b lo c k . A ll The d e sig n The p l o t s were 132 f e e t lo n g and a f t e r th e b o rd e r rows were removed e x a c tly l / 5 0 o f an a c r e was l e f t t o h a rv e s t. The row sp acin g p l o t s w e re .n o t c u l t i v a t e d . I n s te a d , th e y were harrow ed e* 18 «=» to c o n tr o l s m a ll R ussian t h i s t l e s when th e w heat was i n th e s e e d lin g s ta g e . E a te r it/lO o f a pound p e r a c re o f 231i -D was a p p lie d when th e T heat was w e ll tille re d . Weeds were n o t a s e r io u s p roblem . H a rv e stin g was accom plished Ty a s e l f - p r o p e l l e d com bine. The h a rv e s te d g r a in was w eighed in pounds and l a t e r c o n v e rte d t o b u sh els p e r a c re . w eig h t and p r o te in d e te rm in a tio n s were made f o r each p l o t . T est The two y e a rs d a ta w ere combined and a n a ly z e d by th e a p p ro p ria te s t a t i s t i c a l m ethods. Montana A g r ic u ltu r a l Experim ent S t a t i o n , Bozeman I r r i g a t e d growing c o n d itio n s were g e n e r a lly more f a v o r a b le fo r c ro p p ro d u c tio n a t Bozeman th a n u n d er d ry la n d c o n d itio n s . E xcept in 1950 when l a t e A ugust r a in s d e la y e d m a tu rity and in 1951 when 3 weeks o f h o t .w eather in J u ly c au sed p rem atu re r ip e n in g , crop c o n d itio n s were i d e a l f o r th e y e a r s t h a t sp ac in g ex p erim en ts were c o n d u cte d . In a d d itio n t o y i e l d and q u a l i t y o f s m a ll g ra in s when grown in wide row s p a c in g s , s tu d ie s w e re .made on o th e r a s p e c ts o f sp acin g such asg ( I ) Ih e v a l i d i t y o f te s tin g ; sm all g r a i n v a r i e t i e s i n 1 2 -in c h rows when m ost fa rm e rs u se a 6 -in c h d r i l l f o r f i e l d p ro d u c tio n , (2 ) D ate o f see d in g in r e l a t i o n t o v a r i e t i e s and s p a c in g s , (3) The v a lu e o f wide row s p a c in g s f o r n u rse c ro p s , (U) The p o s s i b l i t y o f growing pure seed b lo c k s i n wide rows so ro u g eing would be l e s s d i f f i c u l t # The f i r s t t e s t on row sp a c in g was co n d u cted in 19UU on d iy la n d a t F o rt E l l i s and u n d e r i r r i g a t i o n at.B ozem an. During- t h a t y e a r Conpana .and G la c ie r b a r le y were grown i n f iv e random ized r e p l i c a t i o n s sp aced a t 6 and 12 in c h e s t o determ in e i f an y v a r i e t y x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n would o c cu r. “ 19 *» 1 In 1 9hl row sp a c in g s tu d ie s were co n d u cted w ith s p rin g wheat and o a ts . The s p r in g w heat t e s t was s im ila r to th e 1947 M occasin s p rin g w heat e x p e r tment e x c e p t t h a t th e s e e d in g r a t e s were in c re a s e d to 4 S , 60fl 75> and 90 I b s 0 p er acre. I n o rd e r to g a in more p r e c i s i o n , th e o a t ex p erim en t was sown a s a l a t i n sq u a re s p l i t p l o t d e s ig n . O v e rla n d , B rid g ery and Gopher were seed ed in rows sp aced '6, 12, 1 8 , and 24 inches, a p a rt* Mo sp acin g s tu d ie s were conducted i n 1948. To o b ta in in fo rm a tio n on sp a c in g x crop i n t e r a c t i o n two v a r i e t i e s o f o a t s , B rid g e r an d Gopher, and one v a r i e t y o f s p rin g w heat and b a r le y , T h a tc h e r and G la c ie r , were grown in s e p a r a te l a t i n sq u a re b lo c k s in 1949* % e spa din g s were s l i g h t l y mod­ i f i e d to in c lu d e a 6 -in c h sp ac in g which Whs sown a t h a l f th e r e g u la r r a t e so as to g a th e r more in fo rm a tio n on such a r a te o f se e d in g f o r companion c ro p s o ■ In 19S>Q,. o a t t e s t s were c o n tin u e d ori th e same b a s is a s th e p re v io u s y e a r e x c e p t th a t. V-R x Bannock (Cl4283) was added. The b a r l e y ex p erim en t was !modified to in c lu d e th r e e V a r i e t i e s , G la c ie r , Compana, and T ita n , These th r e e v a r i e t i e s were grown in a t r i p l i c a t e d random ized b lo c k w ith th e same s p a c in g s a s u sed in 1949« In a d d itio n , G la c ie r and Compana were grown i n a l a t i n sq u are s p l i t p l o t d e sig n u s in g two d a te s o f see d in g i n 6 , 1 2 , and 18 in c h row s. D uring 1 9 5 1 .th e o a t and b a rle y t e s t s were c o n tin u e d . The v a r i e t i e s ‘ ' o o f o a ts were changed to in c lu d e B rid g er , M issio n , and C lin to n x O verland (C l6 6 ll)0 In th e b a r le y t e s t the l a t i n sq u are d e sig n was changed to a t r i p l i c a t e d random ized b lo c k and th e 24-Iiic h sp ac in g dropped f o r T ita n and. ■ Compana. " ''' ■ /- - The 24-in c h s p a c in g was m a in ta in e d w ith G la c ie r so. t h a t a th r e e “ 20 " y e a r com parison c o u ld be made w ith one v ariety ® The g e n e r a l e x p e rim e n ta l p ro c e d u re a t Bozeman was to p l a n t rod rows w ith a n u rs e ry p l a n t e r . The p l o t s iz e v a rie d ,w i^ h th e w id th o f sp ac in g so t h a t th e r e would alw ays be a b o rd e r row oh each s id e and two b o rd e r rows on th e 6 -in c h sp aced p l o t s . E xcept f o r th e 6 - in ch S p a c in g s5 a l l p l o t s were c u l t i v a t e d once w ith a w heel hoe. in any s p a c in g . Meeds were n o t a f a c t o r ■ At h a r v e s t 1 6 - f e e t o f th e c e n te r row o f each p l o t , e x c e p t f o r 6 -in c h sp a c in g when two were c u t , was c u t b y hand and th re s h e d w ith a Vogel th r e s h e r . The g r a in was w eighed in gram s and c o n v e rte d t o bushel's p e r a c r e . T e s t w e ig h ts were o b ta in e d . The d a ta f o r each o f th e y e a r ly t e s t s were a n a ly z e d b y .u se o f the a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e and a p p r o p r ia te F t e s t . Three y e a rs d a ta f o r B rid g e r o a ts and G la c ie r b a r le y were ta k e n o u t o f th e y e a r ly t e s t an an aly zed f o r y e a r x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n . The 19b9 d a ta f o r o a t s , b a r l e y , and s p rin g w heat were te s te d , f o r c ro p x sp ac in g i n t e r a c t i o n . - 21 - EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS W inter Wheat The w in te r w heat d a ta p re s e n te d a re from th e t e s t s co nducted a t Moccasin from 1% 8 to 1951. th e appendix A, Table I . The d e t a i l e d d a ta c o lle c te d a re re p o rte d in F o r th e c o n tin u o u s fo u r y e a r sp ac in g and c u l t i ­ v a tio n s tu d y , th e d a ta f o r y i e l d and t e s t w eig h t a re based on f o u r y e a rs re s u lts . The d a ta f o r p r o te in and head p o p u la tio n s a re f o r th e y e a rs ±9k9 and 1950. Y ie ld s o b ta in e d The an n u al a v erag e y ie ld o b ta in e d from th e fo u r s p a c in g s alo n g w ith th e s e a s o n a l p r e c i p i t a t i o n f o r th e 19U3-51 p e r io d i s p re s e n te d in F ig . I . Y ear F ree. 19U8 1 3 .5 1 19k9 9 .3 6 1950 1 2 .5 9 1951 8 .5 3 S pacings in in c h es F ig u re I . Annual average y ie ld in b u s h e ls p e r a c re o b ta in e d from spaced p la n tin g s o f w in te r w heat, showing y ie ld o f 1 2 -in c h sp acin g and 1 8 , 24, and 30 in ch sp a c in g c u l t i v a t e d tw ic e , F b c c asin , 1948 to 1951. - 22 - Y ie ld d if f e r e n c e s in fa v o r o f th e 18 and 2k in ch c u l t i v a t e d sp a c in g s were o b ta in e d d u rin g each o f th e fo u r y e a r p e rio d s . The low p r e c i p i t a ­ t i o n and h ig h y i e l d f o r 19h9 can be a t t r i b u t e d to th e fa v o ra b le se a so n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e r a i n f a l l i n May and June. I t i s o f i n t e r e s t to n o te t h a t in 19U8 and \9 h 9 th e 2k in c h s p a c in g had the h ig h e s t av erag e y i e l d , w h ile i n 1950 and 1951 th e 18 in c h sp a c in g was th e h ig h e s t. T his i n t e r ­ a c tio n o f y e a rs and s p a c in g s was s i g n i f i c a n t when a n aly z e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y , Table I and appendix A, T able I I . Except f o r 1951 th e 1 2 -in c h u n c u ltiv a te d sp ac in g had th e lo w e st average y i e l d . Table I . Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, p r o te in , and head c o u n ts o f th e k y e a r wide row sp ac in g an d c u l t i v a t i o n e x p erim en t. M occasin, Montana, 19U8-51. Source o f V a ria tio n DF R ates E r ro r 2 8 3 2b S pacing E r ro r Y ield V ariance T e st Weight DF V ariance P r o te in DF V ariance Head counts DF V ariance 5 b .22** 2.16 2 33 .1 0 .2 3 2 22 2 22 306.9b** 5 .9 6 3 33 .7 1 * .2 3 3 22 35.53 b 7 .3 6 3 l b .bl**> 3 22 b 7 .3 6 9.53 b .2 b 65.35** b .2 b R ates x Spac. 6 b8 E rro r 1 1 .7 5 7 .7 b 6 33 .08 .2 3 6 22 25.9b b 7 .3 6 6 22 b .lb b .2 b Y rs. x Spac . 9 E r ro r 2b 23.86 5.96 9 33 .2 7 .2 3 6 22 79.77 b 7 .3 6 6 22 7.27 b .2 b F o r th e fo u r y e a r p e rio d th e 2U -inch sp a c in g c u l t i v a t e d tw ice a n n u a lly had th e h ig h e s t av erag e y ie ld of 2 3 .1 b u s h e ls p e r a c r e , fo llo w e d by th e 1 8 -in c h sp ac in g w ith a 22.8 b u . a v e ra g e . The double 30 in c h sp ac in g d id n o t y ie ld a s w e ll as th e 18 and 2b, a s th e y i e l d dropped to 1 9 .0 t u . The u n c u ltiv a te d 1 2 -in c h sp ac in g had an a v erag e y i e l d o f 1 7 .1 bu. f o r th e fo u r - 23 - Y ie ld B u./A . 2h 22___ 18 - T e s t Weight pounds 6U —— P l — — Heads p e r sq u are f o o t 22 2 0 ___ P r o te in p er cent 15 1 6 ___ - 12 5 9 _ .. 10 2U D30 F ig u re 2. y ears. 10 _ . __ 12 10 2U 12 10 2U Row Spacings i n Inches 12 10 2U D30 E f f e c ts o f row sp a c in g and c u l tiv a tio n on th e y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, number o f heads p e r sq u are f o o t, and p e r c e n t p r o te in . D ata f o r y i e l d and t e s t w eig h t a re an av erag e o f fo u r y e a r s , 19il8-5l* D ata f o r heads p e r sq . f t . and p r o te in a re an av erag e o f 19h9 and 195" • M occasin, Montana. The a v e ra g e s o f th e v a rio u s s p a c in g s a re re p re s e n te d g r a p h ic a lly in f ig u r e 2. These a v erag e s were s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t . Table I . The e f f e c t o f se e d in g r a t e s on y i e l d f o r th e fo u r s p a c in g s i s shown in f ig u r e 3. In s p i t e o f th e i n i t i a l th ic k s ta n d s o b ta in e d from th e h e a v ie r r a t e s o f se e d in g a t row sp a c in g s g r e a t e r th a n 1 2 -in c h e s th e 60 pound r a te produced th e m ost g ra in . However, t h i s in c re a s e in y ie ld was n o t s i g n i f i * c a n t f o r th e r a t e s x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n . T able I . The o v e r - a l l average f o r a l l sp a c in g s o f 19.U , 2 0 .7 , and 2 1 .5 b u . / a . f o r I4.0, 5 0 , and 60 pound r a t e s was s i g n i f i c a n t , Table I . T e s t w eig h t and p r o te in S i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s in t e s t w eig h t f o r th e f o u r y e a r p e r io d . Table I , , were o b ta in e d from th e v a rio u s s p a c in g s . However, th e d if f e r e n c e s were - 2li - S p acings 12 18 Ave. D30 S eeding r a te s in pounds F ig u re 3. The e f f e c t s o f th r e e se e d in g r a t e s on y ie ld o f w in te r wheat when grown in f o u r w idths o f rows and th e w id e r s p a c in g s c u l t i v a t e d . C e n tra l Pbntana B ranch S ta tio n , M occasin, Montana, 19U8-51. were s l i g h t a s oie 2k and double 30 in ch s p a c in g s had i d e n t i c a l av erag es o f 6 0 .9 I b s / b u . , fo llo w e d c lo s e ly by th e 1 8 -in c h sp ac in g w ith 60»6 and th e 12- in c h sp ac in g w ith a 60.3# f ig u r e 2. The f o u r y e a r a v erag e s a re p re s e n te d in The com plete a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e i s given in ap p en d ix Table 3« P r o te in d e te rm in a tio n s made from th e w heat sam ples in 19^9 and 1951 in d ic a te d t h a t th e r e was an in c re a s e in p r o te in c o n te n t f o r th e c u ltiv a te d sp a c in g s o v e r th e u n c u ltiv a te d 1 2 -in c h ch eck . The 2k, d o u b le 30, and 18- in c h sp a c in g s had a v erag e s of l U . l , 13.7, and 1 3 .6 p e r c e n t p r o t e i n r e s p e c tiv e ly , w h ile th e p e r c e n t o f p r o te in f o r th e 1 2 -in c h check was 1 2 .3 . When a n a ly z e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y . Table I . , th e s e d if f e r e n c e s were found t o be s i g n i f i c a n t . The p e r c e n t o f p r o te in was n o t e f f e c t e d by th e r a t e s o f s e e d in g . y e a rs d a ta i s re p re s e n te d g r a p h ic a ll y i n f ig u r e 2. o f v a ria n c e i s given in appendix A Table U. The two The com plete a n a ly s is “ 25 =■ H eading3 m a tu rity and head p o p u la tio n s . No d if f e r e n c e dn h ead in g d a te f o r th e row sp a c in g s was observed. Some d e la y in m a tu r ity o c c u rre d in th e w id e r s p a c in g s . T h is was m ostly due to th e c o n tin u o u s grow th o f th e o u ts id e t i l l e r s w hich rem ained g reen a f t e r th e b u lk o f th e g r a in was m a tu re . • O b se rv a tio n s made on th e w heat s p ik e s o f th e v a rio u s sp a c in g s in d ic a te d t h a t th e w id er c u l t i v a t e d s p a c in g s had lo n g e r and l a r g e r h e a d s . Some lo d g in g o c c u rre d i n , t h e 2k and 3 0 -in c h spaced w heat a s th e wide sp ac in g s d id n o t s u p p o rt th e m selv e s as r e a d i l y as th e narrow spaced rows. The a v erag e number o f m ature head s p e r sq u are f o o t o f la n d a re a o ccu p ied by th e v a rio u s row sp ac in g s i s g iv en in f ig u r e 2 f o r th e d a ta c o lle c te d in 19h9 and 1950. The I 8-in c h c u ltiv a te d sp ac in g had th e h ig h e s t number o f heads p e r u n it a r e a w ith 19 h ead s p e r sq u a re f o o t . u n c u ltiv a te d sp a c in g had one le s s , head p e r sq u are f o o t. The 1 2 -in ch F o r th e w ider c u l t i v a t e d s p a c in g s th e number of h ead s p e r u n i t a r e a dropped o f f q u ite r a p i d l y s a s th e 2k and d ouble 3 0 -in c h sp a c in g had 15 and iZj. heads r e s p e c tiv e ­ ly . TJie d a t a c o lle c te d f o r th e two y e a rs was an aly zed s t a t i s t i c a l l y and i t was found th e d if f e r e n c e s due t o sp a c in g s were s i g n i f i c a n t . T able I . Some d if f e r e n c e s i n heads p e r sq u are f o o t due to th e r a t e s o f se e d in g were o b ta in e d , how ever, when a n aly z e d th e s e were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . The d iffe re n c e s , o b ta in e d f o r th e I4.0, 50, and 60 pound r a t e s were 1 5 .5 , 1 7 .0 , and 1 7 .5 heads r e s p e c tiv e ly . See appendix A Table 5 f o r com plete a n a ly s is . I t was o f _i n t e r e s t to n o te th e th ic k n e s s o f th e g e rm in a tin g s ta n d s due to th e heavy r a t e o f se e d in g w ith in th e rows o f th e w id e r s p a c in g s . The i n i t i a l s ta n d s were com parable to th e amount o f seed ,d e p o s ite d i n th e fow . . . - 26 o r th e 1 8 -in c h rows were one and one h a l f tim e s as th ic k as th e 1 2 -in c h S p a c in g s3 th e 24=-in ch rows tw ic e as t h i c k , and each o f th e two 3 0 -in c h rows one and one h a l f tim e s as t h ic k . In o rd e r t o d eterm in e w hat e f f e c t th e th ic k g e rm in a tin g s ta n d s had on th e p ro d u c tio n o f m ature h e a d s , th e number o f k e r n e ls sown b y th e d r i l l p e r f o o t o f row were c a lc u la te d and compared to th e number o f m ature heads p e r f o o t o f th e same row . The c a lc u la tio n s were b ased on w heat w eighing 60 pounds p e r b u s h e l o r th e e q u iv a le n t o f 19 seeds p e r f o o t o f row when sown a t 1 2 -in c h s p a c in g . The number o f m ature heads and th e number o f see d s p e r f o o t o f fow p lu s th e r a t i o o f h ead s a t h a r v e s t to se e d s p la n te d . a re g iv e n in T able I I , f o r 1949 and 1951® Table I I , Spac, in in c h . Average number o f m ature w in te r w heat heads and th e number o f k e rn e ls sow n-per f o o t o f d r i l l row when sp aced a t 12, 18, 24, and D30~inches a p a r t and sown a t 4 0 , 50, arid 60 pounds p e r a c re . The th r e e w id e r s p a c in g s re c e iv e d two c u l t i v a t i o n s a n n u a lly . M occasin, M ontana, 1949 and 19S>1« 40 l b s , p e r a cre ItatioJKfr Heads# Seeds 1949 12 18. 24 D3CkBHfr 18 26 30 44 1 2 .6 1 8 .9 2 5 .2 37.8 143 138 119 116 1951 12 18 . 24 D30 17 23 28 28 1 2 .6 1 8 .9 25.2 '37.8 . 135 122 111 7h 50 l b s . p e r a c re Heads Seeds R a tio 60 l b s . p e r a cre Heads Seeds R atio 17 31 32 48 1 5 .8 2 3 .7 3 1 .6 4 7 .7 107 131 101 101 17 32 38 58 1 9 .0 2 8 .5 3 8 .0 5 7 .0 89 112 100 102 19 30 29 32. 15-8 23.7 3 1 .6 4 7 .7 120 127. '92 67 18 .2? . 26 34 . 1 9 ,0 2 8 .5 3 8 .0 5 7 .0 95 95 68 6o #Head and see d s a re f o r one f o o t o f d r i l l row, MMRatio o f heads a t h a r v e s t t o s e e d s p la n te d , -JHHfrTwo s i x in c h rows spaced 30 in c h e s a p a r t. . - 27 - In 19^9 th e r e was a g e n e ra l in c r e a s e in m ature heads in p ro p o rtio n to th e see d s sown. The 1 8 -in c h c u l t i v a t e d sp acin g had th e h ig h e s t in c re a s e in h e a d s, w ith a 27 p e r c e n t in c re a s e f o r a l l th e r a t e s o f s e e d in g . The double 3 0 -in c h c u l t i v a t e d s p a c in g , w hich a c t u a l l y had th e same amount o f seed coming from each o f th e two seed sp o u ts a s th e 1 8 -in c h s p a c in g , had th e lo w e st p r o p o r tio n a l in c re a s e o f 6 p e r c e n t f o r a l l r a t e s . The u n c u l­ t i v a t e d 1 2 -in c h and c u l t i v a t e d 2 lt-in ch s p a c in g s had in c r e a s e s in heads o v er seed sown o f 13 and 7 p e r c e n t r e s p e c tiv e ly . F ig u re I; i s a g rap h ic r e p r e s e n ta tio n o f th e two y e a r a v erag e p r o p o r tio n s . ■p M <D S CO <D X ) -P $ S rO*Tl O 00)) •H P CO 5 -S 1 2 -in c h 1 8 -in c h 2 ii-in ch S pacing s in in c h e s . F ig u re U. D 30-inch Showing th e in c re a s e o r d e c re a se in heads in p ro p o r tio n to th e seed s sown f o r th e v a rio u s s p a c in g s and r a t e s o f s e e d in g , Pbccasi n , Montana, I 9k9 and 19$1. The s e e d in g r a t e s a ls o e f f e c te d th e p r o p o r tio n a l in c r e a s e of heads to see d s d e p o s ite d . The l i g h t se e d in g r a t e o f Uo pounds had an average in c r e a s e o f 29 p e r c e n t f o r a l l s p a c in g s , th e 50 pound r a t e an in c r e a s e o f 10 p e r c e n t, and th e heavy 60 pound r a te o n ly a I p e r c e n t in c r e a s e . T able I I . — 28 — Due t o d r y e r growing c o n d itio n s in 195>1> th e p r o p o r tio n o f m ature heads to se e d s d e p o s ite d was more s e v e r e ly e f f e c t e d . Table I I . This was e s p e c ia ll y tr u e f o r th e w id er sp a c in g s and h e a v ie r r a te s o f s e e d in g . The double 3 0 -in c h c u l t i v a t e d sp a c in g was e f f e c t e d th e most a s i t had a 33 p e rc e n t d e c re a se l o r a l l th e see d in g r a t e s . d e c re a s e . The 2lt-in ch c u l t i v a t e d sp a c in g had a 10 p e rc e n t The 1 8 -in c h c u l t i v a t e d and 1 2 -in c h u n c u ltiv a te d sp a c in g s had a 15 and 17 p e rc e n t in c r e a s e . The r a te s o f se e d in g f o r a i l sp ac in g s had a 10 p e rc e n t in c r e a s e f o r UO l b s . , I p e rc e n t in c re a s e f o r 50 l b s . , and 20 p e rc e n t d e c re a se f o r 60 l b s . R e la tio n s h ip s between y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, p r o te in and heads p e r u n i t a r e a . There i s some ev id en ce t h a t th e row sp a c in g s and c u l t i v a t i o n caused abnormal r e l a t i o n s h i p s . T his can be o b serv ed in fig u r e 5 where the 19U9- 51 a v erag e s f o r y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, p r o t e i n , and heads p e r sq . f t . a re compared w ith th e 1 2 -in c h u n c u ltiv a te d check on a p e rc e n ta g e b a s is . Per cent of check Y ie ld P r o te in S pacings F ig u re 5. 12-in c h 1 8 -in c h 2 U -in c h D 3 0 -in c h Comparison o f y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, p r o t e i n , and heads p e r sq . f t . o f th e v a rio u s sp a c in g s . The 1 2 -in c h i s c o n sid e re d as 100 p e r c e n t. M occasin, Montana, 19U9-195l« <= 29 *= A. summary o f th e r e l a t i o n s h i p s a re g iv e n as f o llo w s s Ie F o r th e 18-in c h c u l t i v a t e d rows th e r e was an in c r e a s e i n y i e l d , p r o te in c o n te n t, and heads p e r sq u are f o o t w h ile th e r e was a s l i g h t drop i n t e s t w eight* 2, F or th e 2lt=inch sp a c in g th e r e was an in c re a s e in y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, and p P o te i n , how ever, th e number, o f heads p e r sq u are f o o t dropped o f f q u ite . sh arp ly * 3o F o r th e double 3 0 -in c h "spacing th e r e was n o t a s la r g e an in c r e a s e in y i e l d and p r o t e i n , th e t e s t w eig h t was h ig h , and th e nu m b er' o f heads p e r sq u a re f o o t was f u r t h e r red u ced , he ■The g e n e ra l tr e n d f o r a l l s p a c ih g s was a s f o llo w s : a / As th e y i e l d in c re a s e d th e p r o t e i n in c re a s e d , b / As th e sp ac in g betw een rows in c re a s e d th e t e s t w e ig h t in c re a s e d , c / E xcept f o r th e I 8-in c h s p a c in g , th e number of heads d e c re a se d as the w id th o f row in c re a s e d , d / As th e h ead s p e r u n i t a re a d e c re a s e d f o r th e w id er row sp a c in g s th e t e s t w eig h t in c r e a s e d , e / No g e a e p a l tre n d s a re a p p a re n t betw een y i e l d and t e s t w e ig h t, y i e l d and h e a d s , p r o te in and t e s t .fre ig h t, o r p r o te in and h ead s p e r sq u are f o o t . C o rre la tio n c o e f f i c i e n t s were c a lc u la te d by th e a n a ly s is o f c o v a ria n c e f o r a l l o f th e p o s s ib le r e l a t i o n s h i p s . Table I I I . o f th e r v a lu e s were s i g n i f i c a n t . I t was found t h a t b u t few This was to be ex p ected s in c e each sp a c in g seemed to respond d i f f e r e n t l y to y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, p r o t e i n c o n te n t, a n d . heads p e r sq u a re f o o t. The o n ly s i g n i f i c a n t c o r r e l a t i o n s j as e f f e c t e d by s p a c in g s , was a n e g a tiv e r v a lu e o f .98 f o r t e s t w eig h t and heads p e r sq u a re f o o t. f ig u r e From t h i s n e g a tiv e v a lu e i s a p p a re n t as th e t e s t w eig h t in c re a s e d = 30 •» Table I I I e Source of V a ria tio n T e st o r y r s . R ates Spacings Rate x Spac, E r ro r T o ta l C o r r e la tio n c o e f f i c i e n t s o f th e agronomic d a ta o b ta in e d from th e row sp acin g and c u l t i v a t i o n o f w in te r wheat e x p erim en te The y ie ld .a n d t e s t w e ig h t:c o r r e la t io n was o b ta in e d from f o u r years, d a ta , th e rem ain in g from one t e s t in 19k9 and two t e s t s in 195)1* C e n tra l Ifcntana B ranch S t a t i o n , ' M occasin, Montana, 19L8 to 1951. ■ D, F0 3-2 2 3 6 35-22 47 -3 5 : Y ie ld and T, Wc C o r r e la tio n c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r : Y ie ld Y ie ld To Wo To Wo Heads and and and and and Heads P r o te in . Heads P r o te in . P r o te in .3 1 —069 c 31 - .7 7 ~e 08 .2 7 ■ -85 .0 2 .15 .2 8 . .42 • ,46** - .0 1 • "=O.08 .2 3 =•006 - .0 7 - .0 7 , .8 3 - .6 2 -.9 8 # —a 68 ” 0-11 . .1 3 “088 -olO .44 —016 - .1 1 ” ^78## ” ,1 0 .0 2 - .0 3 02 ” .l6 “ «09., f o r each w ider s p a c in g , w h ile th e number o f heads d e c re a se d i n th e 2lj and d ouble 30” in c h row s0 S i g n i f i c a n t t o t a l c o r r e la tio n s o f 0U6 and - e7-8 were o b ta in e d f o r y i e l d apd h e a d s , and t e s t w eig h t and p r o te in . The p o s i t i v e c o r r e la tio n betw een .y ie ld and heads i s a p p a re n t fo r. th e 18 and double 3Q=inch s p a c in g s , how ever, th e 2U=inch. s p a c in g s had a h ig |i y ie ld , and c o m p a ra tiv e ly low number o f heads p q r .u n it a r e a . The t o t a l n e g a tiv e r ' v a lu e f o r t e s t w eight arid p r o t e i n i n d i c a t e s t h a t a s th e t e s t , w eig h t in c re a s e d th e p r o t e i n went dow n.. However, t h i s was n o t th e c ase f o r th e sp a c in g e f f e c t as a p o s itiv e v a lu e was o b ta in e d , in d ic a tin g a r e v e r s a l in th e tr e n d o c c u rre d o r as th e t e s t w e ig h t, due to s p a c in g , in c re a s e d th e p r o te in in c re a s e d , A s im ila r tr e n d can be n o te d in th e r e la tio r is h ip s betw een y i e l d and t e s t w e ig h t where a p o s i t i v e v a lu e was o b ta in e d f o r th e sp a c in g s , This can be n o te d i n f ig u r e 5 where th e r e i s a g e n e r a l in c re a s e i n p r o te in along w ith th e in c re a s e in y ie ld * V “ 31 “ E f f e c ts o f c u l t i v a t i o n C u ltiv a tio n was f a i r l y e f f e c t i v e in c o n tr o llin g weeds ,between th e rows o f th e c u l t i v a t e d W heat0 From o b s e rv a tio n s i t was a p p a re n t t h a t th e f a l l c u l t i v a t i o n s were e f f e c t i v e in c o n tro llin g , th e w in te r a n n u a ls 9 .w h ile th e s p rin g c u l t i v a t i o n s c o n tr o lle d th e s p rin g g e rm in a te d w eeds. D uring th e y e a rs o f h igh r a i n f a l l th e weeds w ith in th e row were q u ite la r g e ,- how ever, d u rin g th e d r y e r seasons' th e weeds were' su p p re sse d by th e c o m p etitio n o f th e ■ w heat, i n 19li8 th e f a l l and s p rin g c u ltiv a te d p l o t s produced more w in te r w heat th a n j u s t th e s p r in g c u l t i v a t e d p l o t s . Table 17. The av erag e y i e l d f o r a l l sp a c in g re c e iv in g two c u l t i v a t i o n s was 27eh b u /a.co m p ared t o ^ h . k b u /a . f o r o n ly s p rin g c u l t i v a t i o n s . These means were s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f ­ f e r e n t when a n a ly s e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y . T able Ve T able IV. Average y i e l d o f w in te r w heat i n b u sh e ls p e r a c r e o b tairied from one and two c u l t i v a t i o n s o f 1 8 , 2k, and d o u b le 30-in c h row s p a c in g s , M occasin, Montana, 19h80 Number o f C u ltiv a tio n s 18 I 2 25.2 2 7 .8 T able V. ■ Y ie ld f o r Spacing • D30 2k 2 6 .0 31eit 22 .0 22 .9 ' Average . 2kok 27.k A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e o f y i e l d f o r one and two c u l t i v a t i o n s . Source o f V a r ia tio n R e p lic a tio n s C u ltiv a tio n s Spacings '"'C u ltiv a tio n s x Space . E rro r T o ta l Degree o f Freedom ' 2 I 2 2 ■ 10 17 ' bums o f S quares ...... 86.26 366.30 1 0 9 k .33 1 3 k .06 k 6 6 .93 2147.88 Mean Square 366.30 51i7.l6: 67.03 4 6 .6 9 ■F 0 Value 7 .8 5 * 11.72** Io kk - 32 Chemical weed c o n tr o l vs c u l t i v a t i o n From- th e th r e e y e ars, r e s u l t s o b ta in e d i t i s a p p a re n t t h a t 2$li«D was as e f f e c t i v e as c u l t i v a t i o n . T h e .r e s u lts as g iv en in Table Vl show an average y i e l d o f 23. 33 b u s h e ls f o r th e 1 2 -in c h sp ac in g t r e a t e d w ith o n e - th ir d pound o f 25lt-D and 22.97 b u s h e ls f o r th e 2h in ch sp a c in g c u l t i v a t e d tw ic e . D uring 19^0 and 1 9 3 1 ,/th e two c u l t i v a t i o n p l o t s produced h ig h e r y ie ld s th a n th e 2,Ii-D p l o t s . The 2 lt-in ch s p a c in g sp ray ed w ith 2^U-D had a 2 .6 3 b u s h e l averag e in c r e a s e o v er th e 1 2 -in c h ch eck . T able V I. Y ie ld o f w in te r w heat in b u s h e ls p e r a c re o b ta in e d from th e 2 ,U=D vs c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t, grown on f a llo w i n a t r i p ­ l i c a t e d random ized b lo c k , H occasi n , Montanap19U9 to 1951. S p acin g i n • In ch es '1V ' T reatm ent 12 12 2U 2U None • 1 /3 l b . 2,U-D Two' C u ltiv a tio n s 1 /3 l b . 2 ,U=D- in c h e s in c h e s in c h e s in c h e s • . ’ B u sh els p e r Acre 19U9 " 1950 1951 - 22.13 2 9 .5 0 2 6 .3 6 2U.20 25.50 25.53 27.37 25.33 Average 19.U0 23.33 22.97 2 0 .3U 1 0 .8 7 1U.97 1 5 .1 7 1 1 .5 0 The a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r th e e x p erim en t i s g iv e n in Table V II and shows t h a t th e y i e l d d if f e r e n c e s o b ta in e d from v a rio u s tre a tm e n ts were s ig n ific a n t. T able V II. A n a ly sis o f V ariance f o r 2^-U-D and C u ltiv a tio n E xperim ent. Source o f V a ria tio n Y ears R e p lic a tio n T reatm ents Y rs . x T reatm ents E rro r T o ta l D e g re e s' o f Freedom , 2 2 3 6 22 35 Sums o f S quares . Mean Square 1266.U6 •1x6.25 101.32 U3.15 90.52 15U7.70 633.23 23.13 3 3 .7 7 -7 .1 9 U .n F' Value . 8.22** 1 .7 5 - 33 C u ltiv a tio n p lu s chem ical weed c o n tr o l The 1951 y ie ld t e s t to determ ine th e e f f e c tiv e n e s s o f 2 ,It-D p lu s c u l t i v a t i o n i s re p o rte d in Table V III . From th e one y e a rs r e s u l t s th e re i s some in d ic a tio n t h a t an a p p lic a tio n o f 2,U-D to c o n tr o l th e weeds in th e rows may be o f some v a lu e , as th e av erag e y i e l d o f th e th r e e c u l t i v a t e d p lo t s was 9 .3 b u s h e ls compared to 1 3 .5 b u sh e ls f o r th e same sp acin g s c u l t i ­ v a te d and sp ra y e d w ith 2 ,Ii-D. The 1 8 -in c h sp a c in g responded th e most to th e double tre a tm e n t a s i t had a y i e l d o f I 5 .5 bu. This i s an 8 .3 b u , in c re a s e o v er th e 12- in c h check and a 6 .0 bu. in c re a s e o v e r th e 12-in c h check t r e a t e d w ith 2,U-D. The a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e as g iv e n in Table IX shows s ig n if ic a n c e f o r th e s p ra y vs c u l t i v a t i o n tr e a tm e n ts . Table V I I I . Row Spacing 12 in c h it 11 18 in ch It II 2ii in c h M 11 D30 inch It W Table IX. Average y ie ld o f w in te r w heat in b u s h e ls p e r a c re o b ta in e d from th e row sp ac in g and c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t, when tr e a t e d w ith o n e - th ir d pound o f 2 ,Ii-D in a d d itio n to th e two c u l t i ­ v a tio n s , M occasin, M ontana, 1951. T reatm ent IlO l b s . None 2,14-D 2 C u ltiv a tio n s 2 C u lt. 4- 2 ,li-D 2 C u ltiv a tio n s 2 C u lt, f 2 ,Ii-D 2 C u ltiv a tio n s 2 C u lt. + 2,li-D 6 .7 8 .8 9 .6 1 7 .5 9 .5 1 6 .1 6 .7 9 .5 Seeding Rate 50 l b s . 60 l b s . 9 .3 1 1 .3 12 .2 124. 5 1 0 .3 1 6 .3 6 .2 9 .5 5 .6 8 .1 1 1 .6 U .O 10 .7 1 3 .6 7 .2 9.14 Average 7.2 9.14 11.1 15 .5 10.2 15.14 6.7 9.5 A n a ly sis o f V ariance f o r y i e l d o f c u l tiv a tio n p lu s 2,U-D e x p e rim e n t. Source o f V a ria tio n R e p lic a tio n s 2 ,Ii-D vs C u ltiv a tio n E r r o r (a ) P lo t s o f 2 ,Ii-D Degree o f Freedom 2 I 2 5 Sums o f S q u ares Mean Square F. Value Ij2.03 235.00 8 .0 0 286. 78 235.80 U.0 0 58.95** - 3it - S p rin g Wheat The s p rin g wheat row sp a c in g d a ta p re s e n te d a re from t e s t s conducted a t M occasin in I S h l 9 Bozeman in 19ii7 and 19il9, and Havre in 1950 and 1951* The d e t a i l e d d a ta and com plete a n a ly s is of v a ria n c e f o r a l l s t a t i o n s a re p re s e n te d in tn e Appendix B. Y ie ld s o b ta in e d Y ie ld d if f e r e n c e s in f a v o r o f th e wide row sp ac in g s d id n o t o ccu r f o r s p rin g w heat as i t d id f o r w in te r w heat. i t fo llo w e d p r a c t i c a l l y th e same p a t t e r n . th e y ie ld . For a l l t e s t s a t a l l s ta tio n s The w id er th e sp a c in g th e lo w er These d e p re s s io n s in y ie ld s are shown g r a p h ic a lly in fig u r e 6 . B u ./a . 2C 18 16 IU 12 10 Moccasin-19U7 Bu. / a . Bozeman-19l*7 - 6 B u ./a . 12 18 2U 30 36 Spac. in in c h e s Bozeman-19U9 6H 6F 12 18 2U Spac. i n in c h e s F ig u re 6. Spac. in in c h e s B u ./a . Havre- I 950 & 1951 in c h e s Y ie ld in b u s h e ls p e r a c re o f s p rin g w heat o b ta in e d from v a rio u s row s p a c in g s a t th r e e lo c a tio n s in Montana. - 3S- At M occasin in 1 9 h 7 , th e y ie ld dropped from 1 9 .1 b u ./a . f o r th e 6 -in c h sp ac in g to 13.8 b u. f o r th e 3 6 -in c h . The p e rc e n ta g e d e c re a se in y i e l d f o r each 6 - in c h in c re a s e in row w id th was 9 .5 from th e 6 to 12, 1 2 .3 from 6 to 18, 1 8 .5 from 6 to 2U, 1 8 .5 from 6 to 30, and 3 1 .0 from 6 to 36 w ith an av erag e o f 6 .2 p e r c e n t fo r each 6 -in c h in c re a s e in row sp a c in g . U nder i r r i g a t i o n a t Bozeman in 19^7> th e same g e n e ra l tr e n d i s ap p aren t e x c e p t t h a t i t i s more pronounced a t th e w ider sp a c in g . As th e d ecrease in y i e l d f o r each 6 -in c h in c re a s e in row w idth was 7 .6 , 9.U , l i i .l t , 28.ii, and itl.O p e r c e n t w ith an av erag e o f 8 .3 p e r c e n t f o r each 6 -in c h in c re a s e in row s p a c in g . No s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n y i e l d due to sp a c in g s were o b ta in e d a t M occasin when a n a ly z e d , Table X, how ever, s ig n if ic a n c e was o b ta in e d a t Bozeman. Table X. Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r s p rin g w heat row sp ac in g s tu d ie s conducted a t M occasin, Bozeman, and H avre, Montana, 19lt7 to 1951. Source o f V a r ia tio n M occasin DF V ariance R ates E r ro r 3 3 Spacing E rro r 5 5 1 9 i t 7 R ates x S p a c ,15 E rro r 15 3 . 5o** .3 3 Bozeman DP V ariance 1 9 i i 7 Havre DF V ariance 1 3 3 4 0 .8 8 65.55 2 58 25.33 21.00 5 5 481.88** 1 3 .4 5 4 58 3 .8 8 2.12 15 15 4 .8 l 1 5 .8 3 8 58 9 5 0 - 5 1 Bozeman 19U9 DF V ariance .3 5 2 .7 5 35.10** 4 24 2 .7 5 1.4 4 2 .7 5 • 2,102* 408 “ 36 «=• A-i, Bozeman in 1 9 h 9 more pronounced d e c re a s e s i n y i e l d were o b ta in e d • from th e w id e r rows., In f a c t , th e y i e l d dropped from 79.8. b u ; / a e f o r th e 6s=inch sp ac in g to 28, 9 bu, f o r th e 21|-inch s p a c in g , f ig u r e 6« The d e c re a se in y i e l d was 9 .9 p e r c e n t from th e 6 to 12 in c h rows, 3 b .0 p e r c e n t from 6 to 1 8 , and 6 3 .8 p e r c e n t from 18 to 2b, w ith an av erag e d e c re a se o f 2 8 .0 p e r c e n t f o r each 6 -in c h in c r e a s e in row w id th , A t H avre, a d i f f e r e n t tr e n d in d e c re a se in- y i e l d was o b ta in e d , f ig u r e 6„ G en eral d e c re a s e s o f 6 .6 p e r c e n t o c c u rre d from th e 6 to 12 and 21 .6 p e r c e n t from 6 to l8 = in c h row s. However, a f t e r th e row w id th reached. 18 in c h e s th e y i e l d ta p e r e d o f f , a s i d e n t i c a l p e rc e n ta g e d e c re a s e s o f 2 1 .3 p e r c e n t o c c u rre d from th e 6 to th e 1 8 , 2b, and 30 in c h sp a c in g s . S i g n i f ic a n t d if f e r e n c e s in y i e l d were o b ta in e d when a n a ly z e d . Table X. The r e l a t i v e y ie ld s o f th e v a rio u s row s p a c in g s were n o t c o n s ta n t f o r th e two y e a rs a t Havre a s in d ic a te d by a s i g n i f i c a n t y e a rs x row sp ac in g i n t e r ­ a c ti o n , ap pendix B, Table V. S eed in g r a t e s in ,r e l a t i o n to y i e l d . The amount o f see d sown d id n o t a f f e c t th e y ie ld s f o r any o f th e s p a c in g s , as no s i g n i f i c a n t r a t e x sp a c in g in t e r a c t i o n s were o b ta in e d . Table X. The y i e l d fo r . each se e d in g r a t e u sed a t th e th r e e lo c a tio n s is . g iv en i n Table XI. A t M occasin, th e $0 and 30 l b . see d in g r a t e produced th e h ig h e s t y i e l d of 1 6 .8 and 17=0 b u . / a . , r e s p e c tiv e ly . The 60 and bo I b j r a t e s were about a b u s h e l p e r a c re lo w e r. . These d if f e r e n c e s were s i g n i f i c a n t when a n a ly z e d , Table X. At Bozeman th e 90, 75, 60 and b5 l b . r a te s had n e a r ly i d e n t i c a l y i e l d s o f 58.7 b u. The 6(3, -IxO and 20 l b . r a t e s f o r th e two y e a rs a t Havre. ** 37 *• T able XIo Average y i e l d in b u s h e ls p e r a c re o f s p r in g w h e a t. o b ta in e d from v a rio u s r a t e s o f seed in g a t th r e e l o c a t i o n s . A verages a re f o r a l l s p a c in g s used. M occasin - I 9b7 S eeding r a t e B ushels p e r a c re 60 16.1 • ^ . -50 16,8 bo 15.-9 75 6o 5 0 Bozeman - I 9b7 S eeding r a t e B ushels p e r a c re 5B77 Havre 1950 to 1951 Seeding r a t e B u shels p e r a c re 6o bo 1 6 .2 1 6 .4 90 58.7 • had av erag es o f 1 6 .2 , l6 .lt and l 6 02 b u ./ a . 30 17.-0 ■ - ;b 5 20 16,2 A t Bozeman in 1 9 k 9 , when T h a tc h e r was sown i n 6 -in c h rows a t h a l f and f u l l r a t e s o f s e e d in g , th e h a lf, r a t e o f se e d in g y ie ld e d 9 .6 p e r c e n t l e s s g r a in . T e s t Xireight and p r o t e i n . The b u s h e l w e ig h ts o b ta in e d from each lo c a t io n f o r th e v a rio u s sp ac in g s o f s p rin g w heat a re g iv e n in Table X II. No a p p a re n t d if f e r e n c e s i n t e s t w eig h t a re a p p a re n t f o r M o ccasin .. S l i g h t l y h e a v ie r t e s t w e ig h ts f o r th e w id e r sp a c in g were o b ta in e d a t Bozeman an d .H av re. For th e th r e e s t a t i o n a v e ra g e , th e r e a p p e a rs to be a .d e c re a s e in t e s t w eig h t as th e sp ac in g is. in c re a s e d up to 18-in c h e s . However, beyond t h a t w idth th e t e s t w eig h t a g ain in c re a s e d . Table X II, L o c a tio n W eight o f s p rin g w heat i n pounds p e r b u s h e l due to v a rio u s sp a c in g s a t th r e e lo c a tio n s . 6 _______S pacings i n in c h e s 12 ' 18 24 6 0 .6 60.8 M occasin 6 0 .8 6 1 ,0 Bozeman 5 8 .6 58.2 5&,9 5 8 .5 Havre 5 3 .6 5 3 .2 53.3 ■ 52.8 Average 37TF 373 373 I * C a lc u la te d by Y ates, m issin g v a lu e form ula 30 6 l .o 59.1 5b.8 383 *36 6 0 .9 5 8 .9 (5 3 .8 )* 373 — 38 — B a rle y Except f o r one t e s t a t M occasin i n 1951* a l l o f th e row sp a c in g s tu d ie s w ith b a r le y w ere conducted a t Bozeman. The d e t a i l e d d a ta c o lle c te d along w ith th e in d iv id u a l a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e t a b l e s f o r t e s t s co nducted in 19ltk and 19U9 thro u g h 1951 f o r Bozeman and M occasin a re g iv en in Appendix C. Y ie ld s o b ta in e d f o r s p a cin g s As compared to s p rin g w heat, th e y ie ld s o f b a r le y were n o t d e crea se d as s h a r p ly a t th e w id er s p a c in g s , Comparisons o f th e 6 and 12 in c h sp ac in g s f o r a l l b a r le y v a r i e t i e s i n s i x t r i a l s o v e r a fo u r y e a r p e rio d a re g iv en in f ig u r e 7. 6-in c h sp ac in g 1 2 -in c h s p a c in g F ig u re 7. Average y i e l d o f b a r le y in b u . / a . grown a t 6 and 12 in ch s p a c in g s . A verages a r e from s i x t r i a l s co nducted o v er a f o u r y e a r p e rio d . Only an e ig h t - t e n t h s b u sh e l d if f e r e n c e in y ie ld in fa v o r o f th e 6 -in c h sp ac in g was o b ta in e d . The e i g h t - t e n t h s b u sh els d if f e r e n c e i s a c tu a lly based on Qh in d iv id u a l com parisons. F ig u re 8 r e p r e s e n ts th e averag e y i e l d o f f o u r s p a c in g s used a t Bozeman from 19U9 to 1951, when row w id th s o f 6- in c h a t a h a l f r a t e s e e d in g , 6 , 1 2 , 18, and 2h in c h es a t a f u l l r a t e se e d in g were u sed . see d in g produced th e h ig h e s t y i e l d o f 7 8 .1 b u ./ a . The 6- in c h f u l l r a t e o f Only a one b u s h e l lo s s i n y i e l d was o b ta in e d from b o th th e 12 and 18 in ch s p a c in g s . The y i e l d o f - 39 - B u ./a . S pacings in in c h e s F ig u re 8. Average b u sh e ls p e r a c r e o f b a rle y o b ta in e d from fo u r w idths o f rows grown a t Bozeman, Montana 1 9 li9 -$ l. Table X III . Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r y ie ld o f b a r le y grown a t Bozeman and M occasin, 19Wl, 19U9-51. Source o f V a ria tio n F t . E llis - 1 9 U i D .F. V ariance V a r ie tie s E rro r 12 1 3 .4 5 7 1 .4 9 I 12 872.52** 56.93 S p acings E r ro r I 12 505.60* 71.49 I 12 194.07 56.93 V ar. x Spac. E rro r I 12 284. 29 71.49 I 12 235.98 56.93 I Bozeman-1944 D .F. V ariance Bozeman- I 949 D .F. V ariance 4 12 236.25 77.07 D ate x Spaco E rro r Source o f V a ria tio n Bozeman-1951 D .F. V ariance Moccasi n - I 951 D .F. V ariance V a r ie tie s E r ro r 2 16 28,265** 2,842 7 30 43. 54* 1 8 .4 1 S pacings E r ro r 3 6 10,644 16,656 I 30 .0 1 18.41 6 16 6 ,291 2,843 7 30 6 .9 9 1 8 .4 1 Var. x Spac. E r ro r Bozeman-1950 D.F. V ariance I 2 5,041 558 2 4 7,895 42,551 2 14 26,245 5,820 2 14 2,955 5,819 G la c ie r 1949-50-51 D .F. V ariance 16,126 4 28 9,644 Y rs. x Spac. 8 7,107 28 9,644 rows spaced in c h e s a p a r t dropped to 70®0 bue Comparing, th e 6 -in c h h a lf r a t e o f see d in g w ith t h e . f u l l r a t e , fig u re - 8 , i t i s a p p a re n t t h a t such a. r a t e and sp ac in g re d u c es y i e l d more th a n a 12 o r 18 in c h s p a c in g a t a f u l l r a t e o f s e e d in g . From th e s ta n d p o in t o f y i e l d i t would seem t h a t a f u l l r a t e o f s e e d in g i n 12 o r 18 in c h rows w ould be more p r a c t i c a l th a n a halfr a t e o f seed in g i n 6 in c h rows* E xcept ^ o r th e t r i a l a t F o r t E l l i s , when th e 6 and 12 in ch sp a c in g s were u s e d , no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s in y i e l d o f th e s p a c in g s were o b ta in e d Table X III* This may in d ic a te t h a t b a r le y i s cap ab le o f p ro d u cin g average y ie ld s r e g a r d le s s o f th e w id th o f rows up to 1 8 -in c h e s, This i s f u r t h e r b ro u g h t o u t in th e th re e , y e a r com parison o f h sp ac in g s f o r G la c ie r from 1949 to 1951$ when th e a v erag e y ie ld s were 63.9$ 65. 6 $ 6 7 .4 and. 56.4 b u ./a . f o r th e 6$ 1 2, 1 8 , and 24-in c h row s, r e s p e c tiv e ly . With a range i n average y ie ld s o f 62.8 to 96.2 b u ./ a . in th e v a r io u s y e a rs o f t h i s t e s t th e sp ac in g x y e a r i n t e r a c t i o n was s i g n i f i c a n t . The 1950 com parison showing th e e f f e c t o f se e d in g d a te s on y ie ld o f th r e e sp a c in g s a re g iv en i n Table XIV. T able XIV. Average y i e l d i n b u sh els' p e r acre o f two v a r ie tie s - o f b a r le y sown, a t two d a te s o f se e d in g in 6 , 12, and 18 .inch rows, Bozeman, 1950, . S eeding B ate ______ ;______ 6 Normal , L ate 6 2 .2 6 3 .2 Spacing in in c h e s 12 6 9 .8 7 2 .3 30________ , Average_______ _ 64 .4 6 7 .6 6 5 .5 67 .4 . O th e r t h a t an in c r e a s e in y i e l d f o r th e l a t e se e d in g d a te , th e d a te o f se e d in g had l i t t l e e f f e c t on y ie ld s o b ta in e d from each o f th e row w id th s . —iil — T his i s f u r t h e r s u b s ta n tia te d by th e la c k o f s i g n i f i c a n t d a te x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n Table X III . This, one t r i a l would seem t o in d i c a t e t h a t th e g e n e r a l fin d in g s co n ce rn in g row sp a c in g s would be a p p lic a b le , re g a r d le s s o f th e d a te o f s e e d in g , f o r th e two v a r i e t i e s u sed . G la c ie r and Conpana. V a r ie tie s x sp ac in g i n t e r a c t i o n . The o n ly s i g n i f i c a n t sp a c in g x v a r i e t y i n t e r a c t i o n o b ta in e d was in th e 1951 t r i a l a t Bozeman, Table X I I I . T h is i n t e r a c t i o n can be n o ted in f ig u r e 9. where Compana does n o t y i e l d p r o p o r tio n a te ly th e same a t each row w idth as does G la c ie r and T ita n . Compana a p p a re n tly b e in g b e t t e r a d ap te d f o r use a t th e w ider row s p a c in g s . B u ./ a* 70 65 60 55 50 Compana Spac. ir1 in c h e s G la c ie r \ X "X hS G la c ie r % \ I I T ita n IiC 6 12 Iti 2k S pacings in in c h e s F ig u re 9. 6 12 Average y ie ld in b u ./a . o f th r e e b a r le y v a r i e t i e s grown in f o u r row w id th s . Bozeman, 1951. Compana 6 12 : d 10 F ig u re 10. 26 jo UO b>0 Y ie ld in o u ./= . L n 00 Average y i e l d in b u ./a . o f G la c ie r and Conpana grown in f i v e s e p a r a te t r i a l s at 6 and 1 2 -in c h s p a c in g s . The average y ie ld o f G la c ie r and Compana p la n te d i n 6 and I 2 - inch sp a c in g s in f iv e s e p a ra te t r i a l s i s g iv e n in f ig u r e 10. Both v a r i e t i e s re a c te d th e same to th e two s p a c in g s , as th e 6 -in c h sp acin g had low er y ie ld s in b o th c a s e s . 70 T his sh o u ld s u b s t a n t i a t e th e v a l i d i t y o f p la n tin g b a r le y v a r i e t y n u r s e r ie s in 12-in c h rows when th e norm al see d in g d is ta n c e i s 6 -in c h e s . The y i e l d r e s u l t s from th e v a r i e t y x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n s tu d y a t M occasin i n 1951s when e ig h t v a r i e t i e s were grown a t 6 and IZ ih c h sp ac in g 's, a re given i n T able XVe. There i s some in d ic a tio n t h a t th e d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s responded d i f f e r e n t l y to y i e l d f o r th e d i f f e r e n t s p a c in g s . However, th e sp ac in g x v a r i e t y i n t e r a c t i o n was n o t s i g n i f i c a n t when a n aly z e d Table X H I. - Table XV. -Y ield i n b u s h e ls p e r a c r e o b ta in e d from e i g h t b a r le y v a r i e t i e s grown in l / 2 0 t h a c re p l o t s and p la n te d a t 6 and 12 in c h i n t e r ­ v a ls i n a t r i p l i c a t e d random ized b lo c k . M occasin, 1951®. Spac. in c h . 6 12 _____________________ ._____ V a rie ty _____________________ ________ _ Gem T i ta n ' Can0Hyb. Moore Compana G .xC . I # , G.'xC.Vfc G .x C .X * 1 2 .8 1 3 .8 1U.7 1 0 .7 1 9 .3 1 5 .3 1 5 .8 1 3 .1 10.& 20.1 G la c ie r x Compana 2-ro w s e l e c t i o n s . T e s t w e ig h t 11=7 1 3 .5 1 3 .5 1 0 .7 llu 3 1 1 .5 - The b u s h e l w e ig h ts o b ta in e d from 19U9^5l from th e v a rio u s b a r le y sp a c in g e x p erim en ts a re given i n Table XVI. S l i g h t l y h e a v ie r t e s t w eig h ts were o b ta in e d i n 19^9 and 1950 f o r th e I 8 and 2h in ch s p a c in g s . However, f o r th e th r e e y e a r average th e r e i s v e ry l i t t l e d if f e r e n c e in b u sh e l w eig h t due to s p a c in g s . The 6 -in c h f u l l r a t e o f see d in g was 1 .5 l b s , h e a v ie r th a n th e 6 -in c h h a l f r a t e . I t would a p p ea r t h a t b a r le y may be grown in rows w ith o u t any a p p re c ia b le e f f e c t on q u a l i t y a s measured by t e s t w e ig h t, *= U3 =■ T able X ^I0 W eight o f b a r le y i n pounds p e r b u s h e l due t o v a rio u s sp ae in g s a t Bozeman5 19U9"*5>lo Spacing i n in c h e s 12 18 r"■ Y ear 6 h a lf 6 fu ll 1949 1950 1951 47 c 0 4 8 .8 4 5 .8 4 7 .3 4 8 .8 4 6 ,1 46, 9 4 8 .2 4 4 .9 4 7 .5 4 9 .4 4 7 .5 4 8 .0 4 9 .5 4 5 .1 Average 45'. 9 4 7 .4 4 6 .7 4 8 .1 4 7 .5 . ■ * . Q ats A ll o f th e row sp ac in g s tu d ie s p re s e n te d f o r o a ts were conducted a t Bozeman, i n 19^7, and 19lt9=5l® The d e t a i l e d d a ta c o lle c te d alo n g ,.with t h e . in d iv id u a l a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e t a b l e s a re g iv en i n Appendix De Y ie ld s o b ta in e d f o r s p a e in g s , The a v erag e y i e l d o f a l l o a t v a r i e t i e s used f o r th e .f o u r y e a rs ..in which 6 , 1 2 j 18, and 2 k row s p a e in g s were u sed i s p re s e n te d g r a p h ic a lly in f ig u r e IO e As th e row w idth, in c r e a s e d , th e r e o c c u rre d a p ro g re s s iv e d e c re a se i n y ie ld ,, In f ig u r e S 9 a s i m i l a r d e c lin e i n y i e l d h a s been n o te d f o r s p rin g w heat. The s h a r p e s t d e c re a se i n y ie ld was o b ta in e d i n 19^7 when a 27,7 b u s h e l drop i n y i e l d o c c u rre d betw een th e 6 and 2k in c h rows. T h is la r g e d if f e r e n c e was s i g n i f i c a n t when a n a ly z e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y . Table XVIIa A lthough a d e c lin e in y i e l d o f 1 2 , l i t , and 10 p e rc e n t was o b ta in e d between t h e 2 i|-in ch sp a c in g and th e 6 -in c h sp ac in g in 1 9 k 9 , 1950, and 1951, r e s p e c t i v e l y , th e s e d i f ­ fe re n c e s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t . The a v e ra g e . y ie ld f o r each sp acin g o v er th e f o u r y e a r p e rio d was l l 5 o 9 , 109»3, 106, 3 , and 1 0 0 ,5 b u ,/ a , f o r th e 6 , . -IUi - S p acin g s in in c h e s F ig u re 1 1 . Table XVII. Source o f V a ria tio n Average y ie ld i n b u ./ a . o f o a ts o b ta in e d from f o u r row w id th s , Bozeman, I ^ii7> 1 9 k 9 - 5 1 » Summary o f a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e f o r y ie ld o f o a ts grown a t v a rio u s row w id th s , Bozeman, 19U7, 19L9-S1. 19ii7 D .F. V ariance 1949 D .F. V ariance 1950 D .F. V ariance 1951 D.F. V ariance V a r ie tie s E r ro r 2 2 15,793 8,830 I 4 194 812 2 8 63 87 2 8 Spacing E rro r 3 6 27,450** 4 12 3,881 511 311 4 12 749 2# 4 12 213 72 164 175 8 32 59 116 8 32 93 84 V ar. x Spac. E rro r 6 12 1 ,550 7,163 4 16 1 2 , 1 8 , and 2it in c h s p a c in g s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . 1,678** 140 In tiie com parison o f th e n a if and f u l l r a t e o f see d in g f o r th e 6 -in c h sp a c in g from 1 9 4 r a t e o f seed in g a v erag e d a 5 .7 b u sh e l in c r e a s e in y i e l d . 9 to 1 9 5 1 , th e f u l l The 1 2 , 18, and 24' in c h s p a c in g s in th e same s tu d ie s showed a d e c re a se in y ie ld o f g r e a te r th a n 5 .7 b u s h e ls . V a r ie tie s x sp a c in g i n t e r s c tio r No s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i e t y x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n s f o r o a ts were o b ta in e d “ h5 “ d u rin g any of. th e y e a rs w ith th e s i x v a r i e t i e s in c lu d e d in th e v a rio u s t e s t s . The th r e e y e a r av erag e y i e l d o f B rid g e r and Gopher f o r th e f o u r sp a c in g s i s given in Table X V III, A lthough th e two v a r i e t i e s y ie ld e d d i f f e r e n t l y a t v a rio u s s p a c in g s 5 th e s p re a d i n y ie ld s was slight®*,Table X V m 0 Average y i e l d in b u ./ a . o f B rid g e r and Gopher o a ts grown pn 6 , 12, l8 } and 2h in ch ro w s, Bozeman, 19^7, and 1950» S pacing i n in c h e s 12 18 120,6 109c. 9 107,4 102,4 1 19.2 114,7 108 o8 106,3 V a r ie ty . 6 Gopher B rid g e r 24 I t i s concluded t h a t v a r i e t i e s recommended f o r Montana a re e q u a lly s u ite d to growing in w ide row s p a c in g s . An a n a l y s i s , o f t h r e e y e a rs d a ta , when th e av erag e y e a r l y y ie ld s ranged f r o m '99«-9 to 1 1 1 ,9 -bushels p e r a c r e , showed th e f o u r row s p a c in g tre a tm e n ts and th e h a l f r a t e o f p la n tin g i n 6=inch rows to y i e l d i n th e same o r d e r a s in d ic a te d by a n o n s i g n i f i c a n t sp acin g x y e a r i n t e r a c t i o n . T e s t w eig h t Ii i L n uw uo m . ' - ------ The v a rio u s sp ac in g s u sed had p r a c t i c a l l y no e f f e c t on th e b u sh e l w e ig h t o f o a t s , as o n ly a range o f f o u r te n th s o f a pound o c c u rre d . For th e compar­ is o n o f th e f u l l and h a l f r a t e of se e d in g f o r th e 6 -in c h row s, th e t e s t w e ig h ts were n e a r ly i d e n t i c a l . This i s o f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t because o a ts t e s t w eig h ts a re g e n e r a lly c o n sid e re d t o be q u ite s e n s i t i v e to en v iro n m e n ta l fa c to rs . The t e s t w e ig h ts o b ta in e d f o r each o f th e fo u r y e a r s from th e 6 h a l f , 6 f u l l , 1 2 , 1 8, and 2k in c h rows a re g iv en in T able XVIXo , o> 1|6 Table XIXe ,W e i^ it o f o a ts i n pounds p e r b u s h e l due t o v a rio u s S p acin g s5 Bozeman5 19^9-51» . Y ear 19U7 I 9h 8 19h9 1950. Average . Lodging 6 = h a lf 6 -fu ll •la®9 k 2.0 3 7 .5 3 6 .6 3 6 .0 37.2 . 36.2 3 7 .9 S pacing in in c h e s 12 Iti 3 5 .3 k 2 .0 3 6 .9 36.li . . 37.7 2It 35.2 ii2 .1 37.2 36 .2 37.8 ' 3 5 .5 I12.1 37 .3 3 6 .9 . J 8 .0 - Lodging d a ta c o lle c te d i n 19U7 on t h r e e o a t v a r i e t i e s , a re p re s e n te d in T able XX®, From t h i s d a ta , i t i s ' a p p a re n t t h a t th e w id e r rows caused , an in c r e a s e i n lo d g in g i n v a r i e t i e s t h a t were su sc e p tib le ® T able XX* „ P er c e n t lo d g in g o f th r e e o a t v a r i e t i e s grown, a t S s 1 2 s 18#and 2 I4. in c h row s s Bozeman5 19^7* ■Variety O verland B rid g e r Gopher Average .. 6 O . Ii7 88 li5 .0 S pacing in in c h e s lti . 12 2h 6 63 99 5 6 .0 Ii 92 97 6I1.3 U 32 85 iiO.3 S p rin g Wheat - O ats - B arley The r e s u l t s o f th e I 9k9 crop row sp a c in g t e s t a t Bozeman, when one v a r i e t y o f w heat, o a t s , and b a r le y were grown in a l a t i n sq u are s p l i t p l o t d e s ig n , a re given in pounds o f g r a in produced p e r a c re in Table Table XXL and re p re s e n te d g r a p h ic a lly in f ig u r e 12« Pounds o f g r a in produced p e r a c re o f s p rin g w h e a t, o a ts , and b a r le y grown a t v a rio u s sp a c in g s in a l a t i n sq u a re s p l i t p l o t d e s ig n , Bozeman, 1949. ________ Spacing in in c h e s________________ Crop__________ 55» 6f 12 lb T Wheat O ats B a rle y k332 3782 k780 k?6k 3680 k997 k308 3k66 kk88 3156 3302 k603 173k 3293 k ll8 •frHalf and f u l l r a te o f se e d in g -Barley 4— Oats Sp. Wheat 6 F ig u re 12, 12 18 2k Average y i e l d in lb s . p e r a c r e o f s p rin g w h eat, o a ts , and b a r le y when grown i n 6 , 1 2 , 1 8 , and 2k inch ro w s, Bozeman, 19k 9. “ ii8 “ From f ig u r e 129 i t i s a p p a re n t t h a t s p rin g wheat i s n o t a s a d a p ta b le to th e wide rpw s p a c in g s as b a r le y o r o a ts , because th e s p rin g wheat y ie ld s dropped much more a t th e 18 and 2b I n c h s p a c in g s th a n d id o a ts and b a r le y y ie ld s . The c ro p spacing' i n t e r a c t i o n , a lo n g w ith d if f e r e n c e s due. to sp a c in g and cro p p in g t i e r e , s i g n i f i c a n t when a n a ly z e d . Table XXII, From Table XXI i t can be n o te d t h a t s p rin g w heat and b a r le y responded th e same to h a l f and f u l l r a t e s o f see d in g in t h a t th e y b o th produced h ig h e r y ie ld s a t th e f u l l r a t e . y ear. However, w ith o a ts th e r e v e rs e was tr u e t h i s one I t produced more pounds o f g ra in a t th e h a l f r a t e th a n t h e f u l l rate® Table XXII, A n a ly sis o f v a r ia n c e f o r y i e l d o f s p rin g w h eat, o a t s , and b a r le y grown a t f i v e s p a c in g s in a l a t i n sq u a re s p l i t p l o t d e s ig n , Bozeman, ±9b9e Source o f V a ria tio n Crops Spacing Crop x S pacing E r ro r . D egrees o f Freedom ,. .. 2 k: 8 56 , V ariance 2^1,627** 136,208** li8,368** 16,310 - h9 ~ DISCUSSION The r e s u l t s o f t h i s stu d y in d i c a t e s t h a t by in c r e a s in g th e d is ta n c e betw een rows o f w in te r w heat from 12 to 18 o r 2k in c h e s and c o n tr o llin g th e weeds by c u l t i v a t i o n o r 2 ,It-D a s u b s t a n t i a l y ie ld in c r e a s e w i l l r e ­ s u lt, However, w ith use o f s i m i l a r p r a c t i c e s , sp rin g sown g ra in s d id n o t respond a s fa v o ra b ly . The re a s o n s why w in te r w heat i s b e t t e r a d ap ted to row sp a c in g c o n d itio n s i s u n d o u b ted ly b ased on many f a c t o r s . Perhaps i t would be d e s ir a b le to d is c u s s s e v e ra l a s p e c ts and ra m ific ­ a tio n s o f spaced c e r e a l p l a n t s b e fo re any a tte m p ts a re made t o g iv e re a so n s f o r d if f e r e n c e s in y i e l d from w id er s p a c in g s . Engledow (5) 5 i n h is s tu d ie s w ith sp acin g o f s p rin g w h e at, b ro u g h t to l i g h t s e v e r a l b a s ic f a c t s on w heat p l a n t developm ent under d i f f e r e n t spaced c o n d itio n s , H is f in d in g s in d ic a te d t h a t r e g a r d le s s o f th e s p a c in g up t o a c e r t a i n p o in t, th e w heat p la n t was very; s e n s i t i v e to th e t h r e e f a c to r s c o n tr ib u tin g to y i e l d , nam ely; heads p e r u n i t a r e a , k e rn e ls p e r head, and s iz e o f th e k e r n e ls . ■ • . I t was found a s ■ ■ ■ th e d is ta n c e betw een th e w heat p la n ts in c re a s e t i l l e r i n g would in c re a s e up to a p o in t w here th e p l a n t was in c a p a b le o f p ro d u cin g t i l l e r s . From t h a t p o in t th e o th e r two f a c t o r s , sp ik e and k e rn e l s i z e , would d e v elo p in p ro ­ p o r tio n to com pensate f o r th e la c k o f t i l l e r s . Hence, th e p l a n t would p ro ­ duce average y i e l d s , r e g a r d le s s o f th e number o f p l a n t s , u n t i l th e d is ta n c e was in c re a s e d to a p o in t where i t was u n ab le to u t i l i z e a l l o f th e re s o u rc e s i n i t s . im m ediate en v iro n m en t. Sprague (1 0 ) , "working w ith sp ac in g o f w h eat, o a t s , ry e , and b a rle y found t h a t b a r le y d id n o t produce as. e x te n s iv e a r o o t system as o th e r c ro p s . B asing h is c o n c lu s io n s on th e s e f in d in g s and o th e r e x p e rim e n ta l e v id e n c e , he im p lie d t h a t b a r le y would be th e l e a s t d e s ir a b le t. !'Xr i. : - 5>0 =■ f o r grow ing i n w ide row s0 ■ Coupled w ith th e above c o n c lu s io n s , th e r e a re o th e r s o i l and p la n t,,■. sp ac in g r e l a t i o n s h i p s t h a t may be p o s tu la te d . S o il fe e d in g zones under s o l i d and sp aced p la n tin g ^ are changed c o n s id e ra b ly . I t has been g e n e r a l­ l y acc e p ted .t h a t s o i l m o is tu re moves slo w ly from wet to d ry a r e a s . In f a c t , th e p l a n t r o o ts re a c h o u t a f t e r th e m o is tu re in s te a d o f th e m o istu re moving to- th e p l a n t . C o n seq u en tly , under row sp acin g c o n d itio n s th e r e rem ains an a re a o f re s e r v e s o i l m o is tu re and s o i l n u t r i e n t s betw een th e rows which a re n o t u t i l i z e d u n t i l th e p l a n t s a re f a i r l y w e ll e s ta b lis h e d . te m p e ra tu re s a re u n d o u b ted ly a f f e c t e d . S o il W hether the te m p e ra tu re s would i n ­ flu e n c e th e amount o f s o i l m o istu re and a v a ila b le p la n t n u t r i e n t s has n o t been g e n e r a lly e s ta b lis h e d . A lthough e x p e rim e n ta l.e v id e n c e h a s shown t h a t c u l t i v a t i o n i s o f no p r a c t i c a l v a lu e , e x ce p t to c o n tr o l w eeds, t h i s f i e l d o f re s e a rc h has n o t been e n t i r e l y e x p lo re d . Such a s p e c ts a s w a te r i n f i l ­ t r a t i o n , r e l e a s e o f p l a n t n u t r i e n t s , e f f e c t s on s o i l o rg a n ism s, and evap­ o r a tio n un d er c u ltiv a te d row sp ac in g c o n d itio n s cannot be o v e rlo o k e d . In view o f th e fo re g o in g assum p tio n s and f a c t s , some o f th e re a so n s why d if f e r e n c e s i n y ie ld and q u a lity o c c u rre d betw een th e spaced p la n tin g s o f th e c e r e a l g r a in s grown u n d e r d i f f e r e n t en v iro n m en tal c o n d itio n s in M ontana may be more r e a d i l y u n d e rsto o d . I t i s q u ite e v id e n t i n th e r e s u l t s t h a t w in te r w h e at, s p rin g w h e a t, o a ts and b a r le y have d i f f e r e n t in h e re n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r a d ap tin g th em selv es to wide sp a c in g . W in ter w heat apd b a r le y appear to g iv e th e b e s t resp o n se i n t h i s r e s p e c t. E v id e n tly th e y a re e i t h e r more c a p a b le o f u t i l i z i n g th e s o i l re s o u rc e s betw een th e rows o r th e y a re more a d ap te d t o t h i c k growing c o n d itio n s o r c o m p e titio n w ith in th e - h e a v ily seeded rows# 5 i - ' ' T here i s some ev id en ce t h a t th e re s e rv e m o istu re and p la n t n u t r i e n t . _ fe e d in g zone th e o ry c au se d .b y row sp ac in g c o n d itio n s has some m e r it. Thiis i s e v id e n t i n th e w in te r wheat r e s u l t s when in c r e a s e s i n y i e l d , t e s t w eig h t and p r o te in were o b ta in e d a t th e 1 8 , 2I1, and 30 in c h s p a c in g s . In a c c o u n t­ in g f o r th e in c r e a s e i n p r o te in alo n g w ith y i e l d th e re m ust have been an a v a ila b le su p p ly o f n itr o g e n a n d /o r m o istu re a t th e c r i t i c a l sta g e o f p la n t * growth o r f r u i t developm ent. is d iffic u lt. P o s tu la tin g on where th e n itr o g e n came from One p o s s i b i l i t y i s t h a t th e p l a n t r o o ts m ust have sp re ad o u t in to th e a r e a betw een th e rows in se a rc h o f m o istu re and e n co u n te re d n i t r o ­ gen and o th e r e le m e n ts . In o th e r w o rd s,, th e a r e a between th e rows a c ts as a s to r e house f o r m o is tu re and e le m e n ts .f ^ r k e rn e l developm ent. The re a so n f o r s p rin g w heat n o t r e a c tin g in a s im ila r manner p ro b a b ly l i e s i n th e deve­ lopm ent o f th e r o o t system . -■ : ; From th e r e s u l t s , i t i s a p p a re n t t h a t se e d in g r a t e s had l i t t l e e f f e c t on th e y ie ld s o f th e w id er row . E v id e n tly a b a la n c e betw een t i l l e r s , s iz e o f s p ik e , and k e r n e l s iz e o c c u rre d . dow. Such c o n c lu s io n s were made by E n g le- T his b a la n c e i s q u ite e v id e n t in th e w in te r w heat r e s u l t s when head p o p u la tio n s w ere d e te rm in e d . I t was found t h a t th e number o f heads p e r u n i t a r e a d e c r e a s e d , as th e sp a c in g in c re a s e d . The in c r e a s e in t e s t w eig h t w a s ' n o t la r g e enough to com pensate f o r th e in c r e a s e i n y i e l d . C o n seq u en tly , th e number o f k e r n e ls p e r s p ik e must have in c re a s e d as i t i s th e o n ly r e ­ m aining f a c t o r t h a t could have c o n trib u te d to th e in c r e a s e i n y i e l d . • The q u e s tio n o f w hether 2 ,Ii-D o r c u l t i v a t i o n i s th e b e t t e r means o f weed c o n tr o l has n o t been f u l l y answ ered. B oth appeared to have d i s t i n c t - 52 - ad vantages a s n e a r ly i d e n t i c a l y i e l d r e s u l t s w ere o b ta in e d . ! n a tio n o f th e two would be d e s ir a b le . P erhaps a comb- T h is was e v id e n t where c u l t i v a t i o n p lu s 2 ,L-D sp ra y s gave an a p p re c ia b le in c r e a s e i n y i e l d o f w in te r w heat in I 951o The advantage i s u n d o u b ted ly i n fa v o r o f 2 ,L-D as f a r a s c o s ts a re co n cerned. However, 2 , L-D has c e r t a i n l i m i t a t i o n s . I t c an n o t be a p p lie d u n t i l th e c ro p h as re a c h e d a s a fe s ta g e o f developm ent, g iv in g th e weeds ap a d d itio n a l o p p o rtu n ity to d e p le te th e s o i l m o is tu re . F urtherm ore^ r e c e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n s have shown t h a t 2 ,L-D i s c ap a b le o f re d u c in g y ie ld s u n d e r, weed f r e e c o n d itio n s . However, from th e s ta n d p o in t o f 2 , L-D v s c u l t i v a t i o n , th e y i e l d d e c re a se c au sed b y '2 ,L-D i s o f f s e t by th e damage caused by th e weeds w ith in th e row u n d er c u l t i v a t e d c o n d itio n s . were n o t p r e s e n t i n any o f th e t r i a l s co n d u cted . G rass and p e re n n ia l weeds Under such c o n d itio n s , c u l t i v a t i o n would be more ad v an tag eo u s. The v a lu e o f f a l l c u l t i v a t i o n o f w in te r w heat m e r its some a t t e n t i o n , as s i g n i f i c a n t in c r e a s e s i n y i e l d were o b ta in e d in 19L8 from f a l l and s p rin g c u l t i v a t i o n v s o n ly s p rin g C u ltiv a tio n . W hether th e in c re a s e i n y ie ld was due p~ r im a r ily to th e c o n tr o l o f w in te r an n u al w eeds, b e t t e. r .s o .i l c o n d itio n s , o r a com bination o f b o th i s h a rd to a s c e r t a i n . . E v id e n tly , i t must have c r e a te d b e t t e r sowing c o n d itio n s a s i n d ic a te d by y i e l d s . R u sse l (17) i n ­ d ic a t e s t h a t weed c o n tro l a t th e e a r ly s ta g e s o f Crop growth i s v e ry im p o rta n t. I n th e developm ent o f th e young w heat s p ik e , K ie sse lb a c h (IO);, 1 - su g g e ste d id e a l growing c o n d itio n s were n e c e s sa ry f o r maximum- developm ept? I t i s d i f f i c u l t to im agine t h a t th e c o n tr o l o f w in te r annual weeds d u rin g th e p e rio d O cto b er 15 to May I would in c r e a s e y ie ld s to th e e x te n t n o ted h e re ■™ 53 The s p rin g v a r i e t i e s d id n o t r e a c t d i f f e r e n t l y to th e row sp acin g ah o r i g i n a l l y e x p e c te d . In seven t r i a l s , when d i f f e r e n t v a r i e t i e s o f o a ts and b a r le y were t e s t e d under spaced c o n d itio n s , o n ly one s i g n i f i c a n t v a r i e t y x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n o c c u rre d . T his sh o u ld be s u f f i c i e n t ev id en ce to v a l i ­ d a te th e c u ltu r e o f v a r i e t y n u rs e ry t r i a l s i n 1 2 -in c h o r w id e r rows when norm al f i e l d p la n tin g d is ta n c e s are o n ly 6 in c h e s . I t should be remembered t h a t a l l o f th e v a r i e t y sp a c in g t e s t i n g was conducted under i r r i g a t i o n w ith o a ts and b a r le y . P erhaps v a r i e t y x sp a c in g i n t e r a c t i o n s m ight o ccu r under d ry la n d c o n d itio n s . From th e r e s u l t s and p re v io u s d is c u s s itip i t i s a p p a re n t t h a t many o f th e problem s and v a rio u s a s p e c ts con n ected w ith wide- row sp ac in g o f c e r e a l g r a in s have n o t been s o lv e d . - F u rth e r, r e s e a r c h should be. co n d u cted to d e t e r ­ mine th e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f o b ta in in g in c r e a s e s i n p r o te in u n d er d ry la n d ;con­ d i t i o n s , o r e s t a b l i s h th e v a l i d i t y o f a so u rc e o f n itr o g e n d u rin g th e l a t e r s ta g e s o f w heat p la n t developm ent. The m e r its o f chem ical weed c o n tr o l and c u l t i v a t i o n should be given c o n s id e ra b le a t t e n t i o n . T r i a l s sh o u ld be con­ d u cted to determ ine i f wide row sp ac in g co u p led w ith c u l t i v a t i o n and 2, Ii-D could n o t r e p la c e th e a l t e r n a t e fa llo w system o f cro p p in g commonly used on d ry la n d . Crop v a r i e t i e s sh o u ld be sc re e n e d u n d er spaced c o n d itio n s i n o rd e r to o b ta in a. v a r i e t y t h a t w i l l produce maximum y ie ld s i n th e e v e n t row sp acin g p r a c t i c e s sh o u ld become o f some v a lu e in c u l t u r a l p r a c t i c e . I n 't h e s e le c tio n o f such a v a r i e t y c o n s id e ra tio n sh o u ld be g iv e n to i t s a b i l i t y "tb t i l l e r and w ith s ta n d lo d g in g . The v a lu e o f row sp acin g f o r th e e s t a b l i s h - ment o f companion c ro p s ap p ears p r a c t i c a l . l i n e s sh o u ld be p r o f i t a b l e . T r i a l s co n d u cted along th e s e X “ “ SUMMARY W inter w heat was grown i n 1 2 , 1 8 , 2&, and double 30 in c h rows on an a l t e r n a t e fa llo w b a s is from I PU8 to 195>lo The th r e e w id e r 'sp acin g s were c u l t i v a t e d tw ic e a n n u a lly , th e 1 2 -in c h sp acin g was l e f t i n t a c t as a check. A ll sp a c in g s were sown a t com parable r a t e s o f UO, 50, and 60 l b s . / a . and t e s t w e ig h ts were o b ta in e d f o r th e fo u r y e a r p e rio d . Y ie ld P r o te in and m ature head p o p u la tio n s were d eterm in ed in 19il9 and 1950. S ig n i f ic a n t in c re a s e s , in y ie ld ' were o b ta in e d from th e 18 and 2k inch c u l t i v a t e d sp a c in g s o v er th e 12 in c h sp ac in g and c u l t i v a t e d double 30 in ch s p a c in g . row s. I n c re a s e s i n t e s t w e ig h t r e s u l t e d from th e 2k and double 30 in ch The p e r c e n t o f p r o te in was in c re a s e d by th e c u l t i v a t i o n treat-?, ments.. A th r e e y e a r t e s t w h e re ' 2 ,U-D was t e s t e d a g a in s t c u l t i v a t i o n shpwed t h a t 2 ,U-D y ie ld in c r e a s e s were com parable to c u l t i v a t i o n in c r e a s e s . By sp ra y in g w ith norm al r a t e s o f 2 ,U-D a c ro s s th e c u l t i v a t e d s p a c in g s , a d d i­ t i o n a l in c r e a s e s i n y ie ld w ere o b ta in e d i n 19^1• Seeding r a t e s had l i t t l e e f f e c t on y i e ld , t e s t weighty and p r o te in due t o s p a c in g s . S p rin g w heat row sp a c in g s tu d ie s were conducted a t th r e e lo c a tio n s i n th e s t a t e . I n 19U7, sp a c in g s o f 6, 12, 18, 2U, 30, And 36 in c h e s o f T h a tc h er were sown a t r a t e s o f 30, UO, 30, and 60 I b s . / a . a t M occasin and U5, 60, 75, and 90 I b s . / a , a t Bozeman. S ig n i f ic a n t re d u c tio n s in y ie ld were o b ta in e d from th e w ide sp ac in g s a s compared to th e 6 in c h rows a t Bozeman. The sp acin g y i e l d d if f e r e n c e s were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t a t M occasin a lth o u g h i n th e same d i r e c t i o n . sq u are d e sig n a t Bozeman. a t normal r a t e s o f s e e d in g . In 19U9, T h a tc h e r was grown i n a l a t i n Spacings o f 6, 12, 18, and 2U in c h e s were sown S ig n i f ic a n t re d u c tio n s in y i e l d were o b ta in e d from th e wide s p a c in g s , In 19^0 and 1951$ Rescue was sown a t 20, ItO, and 60 lb s o /a , i n 6 , 1 2, 1 8 , 2Lt, and 30 in c h rows a t H avre. D i s t i n c t re d u c tio n s i n y i e l d were o b ta in e d from th e 6 to 12 arid from th e 12 to 1 8 , a f t e r th e 18 in c h d is ta n c e was re a c h e d no f u r t h e r re d u c tio n s in y ie ld o c c u rre d . r a t e s had l i t t l e e f f e c t on y ie ld s a t any o f th e l o c a t io n s . Seeding P r o te in d e t e r ­ m in a tio n s made w ith s p rin g w heat a t Havre in d ic a te d t h a t th e c o n te n t was n o t m a te r ia lly a f f e c te d a t any o f th e s p a c in g s . B a rle y sp a c in g t r i a l s were conducted a t Bozeman i n 19Ui$ 19U7, 19^9, 1950, and 1951« Spacings o f 6 , 12, 1 8 , and 2h in c h e s w ere sown a t normal r a t e s o f s e e d in g . D uring t h e f i v e y e a r p e r io d , th r e e v a r i e t i e s , Compana, T i ta n , and G la c ie r were u se d . Y ie ld s o f b a r le y w ere n o t m a t e r i a l l y de­ p re s s e d f o r th e w ide sp a c in g s as few s i g n i f i c a n t y i e l d d if f e r e n c e s were n o te d . Compana was b e t t e r a d ap te d th a n G la c ie r and T ita n f o r growing in w id e ly spaced rows i n 1950. T e s tin g o f h a l f and f u l l r a t e o f see d in g o f th e 6 in c h sp ac in g gave r e d u c tio n s in y i e l d f o r th e h a l f r a t e a s compared to th e f u l l r a t e o f th e 6 ,.1 2 , and 18 in c h row s. Spacing y i e l d s were n o t a f f e c te d by d a te s o f seed in g i n 1 9 5 0 .' T e s t w e ig h ts o f b a r le y w ere n o t changed by row s p a c in g s . E ig h t v a r i e t i e s o f b a r le y w ere grown in 6 and 12 in c h d r i l l rows a t M occasin i n 1951. w ere n o te d . Ho v a r i e t y x sp a c in g s i n t e r a c t i o n s The y i e l d o f a l l v a r i e t i e s a t 6 and 12 in c h e s w ere n e a r ly id e n tic a l. Oat s p a c in g s t e s t s were conducted a t Bozeman in 19U7, 19li9, 1950, and 1951 in l a t i n square d e s ig n s . 12, 18, and 2h in c h e s . th e 6 in c h s p a c in g . O ats was sown a t normal r a t e s i n rows o f 6 , H a lf and norm al r a t e s o f seed in g were t e s t e d w ith Over th e fo u r y e a r p e r io d , s ix v a r i e t i e s were compared O at y ie ld s were d e p re sse d more by w ide sp ac in g th a n were b a r le y y i e l d s . T e s t w e ig h ts were n o t a f f e c t e d by sp a c in g . i n t e r a c t i o n s were n o t o b ta in e d . S ig n i f ic a n t v a r i e t y x sp acin g The h a l f r a t e o f seed in g was low er in y i e l d th a n th e 6 in c h f u l l r a t e and e q u al i n y i e l d t o th e 12 and 18 in ch f u ll ra te . I t was found by a n a ly s is o f th e d a ta f o r G la c ie r and B rid g e r over a th r e e y e a r p e rio d t h a t no sp a c in g x y e a r in t e r a c t i o n s o c c u rre d . During 19h99 when o a t s , b a rle y ? and s p rin g w heat w ere grown i n a l a t i n sq u are designi n 6 , 1 2 , 18, and 2k in c h ro w s, i t was found t h a t d e p re s s io n s i n y i e l d s ' due to w ide row sp a c in g were g r e a t e r f o r s p rin g w heat th a n were y i e l d d e p re s s ­ io n s f o r barley- o r o a ts . “ 57 ” LITERATURE CITED Ie ATKINSON, ALFRED and DONALDSON, N. C. ~ Dry farm g r a in t e s t s i n Montana6 M ont6 Ag. Exp. S ta 6 B ul6 H O . 1916« 20 S ta 6 B u l6 100. and NELSON, J 6 B6 - W in ter w h eat. 1915« Mont. Ag6 Exp6 3« ' CHAMPLIN, MANLEY - Summer - fa llo w s u b s t i t u t e s f o r Saskatchewan® S ask 6 B u l6 16« 19214.0 Un6 Uo COLE, JOHN S. and HALISTED, A6 L6 - M ethods o f w in te r w heat p ro d u c tio n a t th e F o r t Hays B ranch S ta tio n , U.S.D.A. B u l6 109U. 1922. 5, ENGLEDOW, F6 L. - On sp acin g e x p erim en ts w ith s p rin g w h e a t. S c i0 18;1-UO. 1928. 6« GARDNER, F6 H6 and SANDER, H. G6 - On th e s p rin g c u l t i v a t i o n o f autumnsown w h eat. J o u r 6 A gr6 S c i6 27;UU7-U5l. 1937« 7« HARPER, HORACE J . - E f f e c t o f row sp ac in g on th e y ie ld o f s m a ll.. g ra in n u rs e c ro p s . J o u r , Amer6 Soc6 Agron6 9:785-795« 19U6, 8, HUGHES, H. D. and HENSON, E. R. - Crop p ro d u c tio n . M acM illan C o , 1930. (Page U6l) 9« IMMER,' F. R6 - R e la tio n betw een y ie ld in g a b i l i t y and hom ozygosis, J o u r6 Amer6 Soc6 A gron6 33:200- 206,■' 19Ul. New York. J o u r6 A gr6 The 10, KIESSELBACH, T6 A. and SPRAGUE, ,H. B6 - 'R e la tio n o f w heat s p ik e to en v iro n m en tal f a c t o r s , J o u r 6 Amer6 go c, Agron6 l8:U 0-60.. 1926, 11, , ANDERSON, 'ARTHUR and LINESS, W6 E . - C u ltu ra l p r a c t i c e s i n w in te r whep.t p ro d u c tio n . Un6 Nebr6 B u i. 286, 193U« 12, . . '______■ ________ - W inter w heat i n v e s t i g a t i o n s , -Un N ebr. B ul6 31« 1925 13« LEONARD, W. H6 and CLARK, A. G. - P ie ld p l o t te c h n iq u e . P u b lish in g Co, 211-220. 19U8, , M in n ,'B u rg ess IUo MCCLELLAND, C. K, - B o rd er.ro w s o f o a t p lo t s as a f f e c t in g y ie ld s and v a r i a b i l i t y . J o u r . Amer6 Soc6 Agron6 26;U91-U96. 193U. 15« ' McKEE, CLYDE and MAY, R6 W. - Furrow d r i l l f o r sowing w in te r w heat in C e n tra l M ontana6 Mont. A gr6 Exp6 S t a 6 B u l6 177. 1925, 16, MONTGOMERY, E 6 G6 - O ats c u l t i v a t i o n . Un6 N ebr6 B u l6 113. • 1906, ~ f>8 “ 17o RUSSELj, SIR JOHN'S. - S o il c o n d itio n s and p la n t grow th. Longmans G reen and Co. 578-582. 19it9e 180 SALMON, S. C. - Seeding sm all g ra in s i n fu rro w s. Tech. B ui. 13.- 192U. 19» SNEDECOR, G. 20. SPRAGUE, H. B. - and FERRIS, N, F . - The e f f e c t o f sp a c in g se e d on t h e developm ent and y ie ld o f b a r le y . J o u r . Amer. • Soc. Agron. 23:5l6-53L« 1931. ■ 21. STEPHANS, DAVID E ., McCALL, MAX A., and BRACKEN, AARON F . - E xperim ents i n w heat p ro d u c tio n on th e d ry la n d s o f th e w e ste rn U n ite d S t a t e s . U.S.D.A. B u i. 1173. 1923. - S t a t i s t i c a l m ethods. Iow a. New York'. ■ K ans. A gr. Exp. S ta . C o lle g ia te P r e s s . 1950. - 5 9 - APPENDIX A T able I . Agronomic d a ta f o r w in te r w heat, showing y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, p r o t e i n , and head p o p u la tio n s from co n tin u o u s fo u r y e a r row sp ac in g s tu d y , Bozeman, 191*8 to 1951. Seeding R ate 1*0 l b s . ______ 1 2 -in c h no c u l t i v a t i o n s Year Y ie ld T.W. Heads* P r o te in 19U8 ' 1 6 .7 6 1 .5 6 1 .0 18 191*9 20.3 1 0 .3 1950 20.1 6 1 .5 18 1951 6 .7 5 8 .5 lit.5 A verage 6 0 .6 TB 12.1* T tt 50 l b s . 191*8 21.1 6 1 .5 8 .6 191*9 21.1 6 1 .5 17 1950 22.6 6 1 .0 58.0 1951 9 .3 19 11*.I* Average 60.1* TB TH75 1 1 .5 60 l b s . 191*8 25.3 6 1 .0 191*9 17.1* 11.1* 6 1 .5 17 1950 19.9 6 2 .0 5 .6 57.0 18 1951 lit.5 Average TB TITo m 3oT3 Grand Average 1 7 .2 60.1* 18 1 2 .3 1 8 -in c h two c u l t i v a t i o n s Y ield f.W . Heads P r o te in 23.1* 62.0 23.6 6 0 .5 1 1.6 17 26.8 6 1 .5 9 .6 58 .0 15 15.1 TB T in * T t t MTB 29.9 61 .5 21 25 .2 6 1.0 n .i 27.1 6 1 .5 1 2 .2 57.5 20 1 5 .9 IT T t t M n* TITB 30.5 6 1 .5 21 1 2 .0 27.1* 61.0 27.0 6 1 .5 11.6 5 8 .5 18 1 5 .9 2 0 6 0 .6 TBTo 20 22.8 6 0 .5 1 3 .6 19 Seeding R ate 1*0 l b s . D3 0 -in ch two c u lt i v a t i ons** Y ield T.W Heads P r o te in 20.2 61 .5 23.3 61 .0 15 1 2 .5 22.7 6 1 .5 10 6 .7 6 0.0 11*.9 TBTI 61.0 TI T tt 22.0 6 2 .0 16 23.1 6 1 .0 1 2 .5 22.8 61.0 6 .2 5 9 .5 11 11*.8 TB T t t MTB TO 26.6 62 .0 12.1 23.7 6 1 .0 19 23.0 62 .0 7.2 58.0 12 1 5 .2 MTB TB IO T O 1 9 .0 6 0 .9 lit 1 3 .7 Y ear 191*8 191*9 1950 1951 Average 50 l b s . 191*8 191*9 1950 1951 Average 60 l b s . 191*8 191*9 1950 1951 Average Grand A verage * ** 2l*-inch two c u l t i v a t i o n s Y ield T.W. Heads P r o te in 6 2 .0 2 7 .U 6 1 .0 1 2 .0 26.7 15 62.0 23.1* 59.0 9 .5 15 1 5 .1 11*.6 6 0 .9 TB 6 2 .0 2 9 .7 61.0 1 2 .1 25.1* lit 6 1 .5 23.5 1 0 .3 5 8 .5 15 1 5 .3 MTB T tt TB T O 6 2 .0 27.1 61.0 26.1 19 1 1 .7 6 2 .0 21*. 7 59.0 1 5 .2 1 0 .7 13 Euo TB T tt TITB llt.l 6 0 .9 15 23.1 Heads p e r sq u are f o o t. Two s ix in c h rows space t h i r t y in c h e s a p a r t. — Table 11» 6 0 — A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat y i e ld , fo u r y e a r row spacing and c u l t i v a t i o n e x p e rim e n t, M occasin, 191*8 to 191)1. V a ria tio n Due: Sums o f S q u ares Mean Square 3 2 6 11 6702.26 37.75 825.31* 7565.35 223U.08 1 8 .8 6 137.56 16.21*** Rows 4-Rows x Y rs. R ates Y ears x R ates E r r o r (b) P lo ts o f R ates 8 2 6 8 “15“ 209.17 108.1*3 287.55 17.21* 8197.7k 51*. 22 1*7.92 2.16 25.10** 22.19** Spacings Y ears x S pacings E rro r (c) P lo t s o f S pacings 3 9 21* ~T7~ 926.82 211*. 71* 11*3.16 8850.07 308.91* 23.86 5 .9 6 51.81*** I*. 00** 6 18 1*8 11*3 70.52 6 7 .3 5 370.87 9931.62 1 1 .7 5 I*. 71* 7.73 D egrees o f Freedom Y ears R e p lic a tio n s E rro r (a) P lo ts o f Y rs, & R ep l. R ates x Spacings Y rs. x R ate x Spac. E r ro r (d) T o ta l T ab le I I I . F. Value 1 .5 2 A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat t e s t w e ig h t, fo u r y e a r row sp ac in g c u l t i v a t i o n e x p erim en t. M occasin, a n d V a ria tio n Due: D egrdes o f Freedom sums of Squares Mean Square 3 2 3 6 8 1.63 .20 2.1 2 .1*8 21.10 .1 0 .71 .0 8 1.81* 2.1*2 3.1*8 7.71* 9 2.17 .31 .2 7 .19 .2 3 Y ears R ates Spacing R a te s x S pacings Y ears x R a te s Y ears x Spacings Y rs0 x R a te s x Spac. E rro r T o ta l 1 9 1 * 8 - 1 9 ^ 1 . 6 9 18 33 ~TT~ FZ V alue 3.0% - —6l “ T able IV. A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat p r o t e i n , fo u r y e a r row sp a c in g and c u l t i v a t i o n , e x p erim en t. M occasin, 1 9 lt8 -1 9 5 l. V a ria tio n Due: D egrees o f Freedom T e s ts R ates Spacings R ates x S pacin gs 2 2 3 6 T e s t x R ates T e s t x S pacings T e s t x R ates x Spac. E rro r T o tal T able V. U 6 12 22 Sums o f S quares Mean Square F. Value 10,305.39 71.05 9U0.22 155.62 5,152.69 35.53 313.1*1 25.91* 6.62** ——— 11*1.78 1*78.61 35.39 79.77 35.13 1*7.36 1*21.55 1,01*1.91* — — — 1 2 ,5 lU .£ 2 55 A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r w in te r w heat head c o u n ts , fo u r y e a r row sp acin g and c u l t i v a t i o n , e x p erim en t. M occasin, 1 9 h 8 -1 9 5 l. V a ria tio n Due: D egrees o f Freedom 2 2 3 6 T e s ts R ates S pacings R a te s x S pacings T e s t x R ates T e s t x Spacings T e s t x R ates x Spac. E r ro r T b t a I* 6 12 22 l 3 5 Sums o f Squares Mean Square 107.39 19.06 196.09 26.1*9 53.70 9.53 65.36 I*.ll* 11*. 91 1*3.65 31*.72 93.28 3.73 7.27 2.89 I*.21* UU2. 31 F. Value 2.21* 15.1*2** —— - 6 2 - APPENDIX B Table I . Agronomic d a ta f o r row sp ac in g s tu d ie s w ith s p rin g w heat, showing av erag e y i e l d , t e s t w e ig h t, and p r o te in c o lle c te d f o r th e y e a rs and s t a t i o n s as l i s t e d . M occasin—19k7—T h a tc h e r—D u p lic a te d Randomized b lo c k s . S eeding Spacing in in c h e s ~E~ ra te lb s . 12 18 30 24 2 1 .1 1 8 .2 B u ./A. 60 1 2 .9 1 4 .9 1 6 .5 1 5 .6 50 1 7 .0 1 6 .3 1 9 .9 17 .1 1 6 .1 1 5 .6 1 6 .8 ko 16.4 1 7 .1 1 8 .2 1 6 .2 30 17.4 16 .3 1 9 .1 6 0 .6 T e st w eight 6o,8 60 .8 6 1 .0 6 1 .0 36 1 2 .6 1 4 .7 1 3 .2 lit.6 6 0 .9 Bozeman—19ii7 —T h a tc h e r- -D u p lic a te d Randomized Seeding S p acin g E~ 12 ra te lb s . 18 Bu./A . 90 6o.Zi 6 5 .S 5 8 .9 63.2 54.2 55.2 75 60 59.7 5 4 .5 3 3 .3 56.2 5 2 .8 h5 51 .9 T e st w eight 5 8 .6 5 8 .2 5 8 .9 36 4 l.l— 3 5 .3 4 1 .6 3 6 .8 5 8 .9 Blocks, in in c h e s 30 24 4 5 .8 50 .3 4 3 .8 5 2 .0 53.6 4 4 .4 50 .1 4 3 .4 59.1 5 8 .5 Bozeman—1 9ll 9 T h a tc h e r- - L a tin s q u a re . Spacing i n in c h e s Seeding ra te lb s . 6 - h a lf 6 - f u l l 12 18 24 B u./A . (Normal) T e st w eight 72.2 7 9 .8 7 1 .9 52.7 2 8 .9 6 l ,6 61 .8 6 1 .6 51.7 6 1 .8 Havre- I 950-51 —R escue—T r ip lic a te d Randomized B locks. Seeding Spacing in in c h e s ra te lb s . T 12 18 30 24 14.6 Bu./A . 60" 1 5 .0 1 5.4 1 9 .4 1 6 .5 16.2 hO 1 8 .4 1 6 .9 1 4 .5 1 5 .9 20 1 5 .6 1 5.2 17.7 15 .3 1 7 .3 T e st w eig h t 5 3 .6 5 2 .8 54.8 53.2 5 3 .3 1 8 .6 P r o te in 1 7 .6 18.4 1 8 .5 1 7 .9 - 63 - T ab le I I . A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r s p rin g w heat y i e l d row sp a c in g stu d y . M occasin, 19lt7. V a ria tio n Dues D egrees o f Freedom Sum o f Square Mean Square B locks S pacings E rro r (a) P l o t s o f Spac. I 5 5 11 12.61 126.65 109.52 218.70 12.61 25.33 21.90 B locks R a te s E r ro r (b) P lo ts o f ra te s I 3 3 7 12.61 10. U9 .98 2U.OO 1 2 .6 1 3.50 .3 3 P lo t s o f Spac. Dev. o r r a t e p l o t s from b lo c k R ates x Spac. E r r o r (c) T o ta l T ab le I I I . 11 6 15 15 H IT ” 218.78 11.17 5 8 .2 5 30.81 35U.81 3 .8 8 2.U2 ~ T r~ Value 1 .1 6 10.67-** 1 .6 0 A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r s p rin g w heat y i e l d , row sp a c in— gC, -s tu d y .> - —V Bozeman, 19^7 V a ria tio n Due: D egrees o f Freedom B locks S p acings E rro r (a) P lo ts o f Spac. I 5 5 11 B locks R ates E r ro r (b) P lo ts o f r a t e s I 3 3 ~T~ P lo t s o f Spac. Dev. o f r a t e p lo ts from b lo ck s R a te s x Spac. E r ro r (c) T o ta l Sum o r Squares Mean Square .Oli 2,li09.iiC 65.26 2 , Ii 76.70 .o k k & .8 8 .Oli 122.6k 196.6k 319.32 .o k k o .8 8 6 5 .5 5 ll 2,k 7 6 .7 0 6 15 15 H7 319.28 72.16 237.k3 3 ,1 0 5 .5 7 1 3 .k5 k .8 l 1 5.83 tl.-iiidard E r ro r p. V alue 35.83** 3.667 Not s ig . Not s ig . - 6L T a b le IV e A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r s p r i n g w h e a t y i e l d , row s p a c i n g s t u d i e s , Bozem an, 19U9. V a r ia tio n Due; D egrees o f Freedom Columns Rows Spacing S rro r U h h 12 Total T able V. ~% r Sum o f Square 112. U LlS.88 8,h09.76 1,891.39 13,9^2.UU Mean Square F. Value 2,102.UU $.15* U07.87 A n a ly sis of v a ria n c e f o r s p rin g w heat y ie ld . row sp acin g s tu d ie s . H avre, 1950-19$!. V a ria tio n Due; Y ears Reps R ates Spacings Y ears x R ates Y ears x Spac0 R a te s x Spac. R. x S. x Y0 E rro r T o ta l D egrees o f Freedom Sums o f Squares I 2.81 2 2 U 1 .3 8 2 U 8 8 58 “ 89“ .69 iUo.Uo 2U.55 105.87 31.7U # .9 8 159.UU U96.86 Mean Square F0 Value .35 35.10 12.28 26.U7 3.97 3.75 2.7$ 12.76** 2.U7 9.62** I . UU 1.36 — 65 ** APPENDIX C Table I . Agronomic d a ta f o r row sp ac in g s tu d ie s w ith b a r le y , showing av erag e y ie ld and t e s t w e ig h t, c o lle c te d a t Bozeman f o r th e y e a rs as l i s t e d . 1 9 liU ~ F t. E l l i s —F iv e Randomized Reps. S p acin g s in in c h es V a rie ty _____ 6 12 G la c ie r B u ./a . 52.1 6 5 .2 Compana____ B u ./a ._____ 7 2 .2 _____ 7 1 ,6 19liU— B oz.—Five Randomized Reps. S p acin g s in in ch es V a rie ty ________ 6 ~T2 G la c ie r B u ./a . 34.9 43.9 Compana_____B u ./a . 48.7_____33.4 194 9—Bozeman—L a tin Square V a rie ty G la c ie r 6 - h a lf B u ./a . T. W. 99.7 47.4 S p acin g s in in c h e s 6 -fu ll 12 104.2 45.9 93.6 46.9 95.9 48.1 24 85.8 47.5 1950— Bozeman—L a tin Square S p l i t P lo t- —Normal Date o f S e e d in g . V a rie ty G la c ie r Compana T ita n B u ./a . T. W. B u ./a . T. W. B u ./a . T. W. 6- h a l f 6 3 .6 46.1 75.8 50.0 41.5 50.3 S pacings in in ch es 12 6 -fu ll 18 67.8 45.4 71.8 50.4 54.0 51.1 72.3 4 8 .6 62,0 50.0 57.5 50.2 61.5 46.9 67.3 50.5 48.0 51.9 24 48.7 46.5 53.7 50.2 42.1 51.8 1950—Bozeman—b a tin g Square S p l i t P lo t L ate Date of S eed in g Spacing in in c h e s 6 12 ---------- TB V a rie ty G la c ie r B u ./a . 66 .8 74.5 70.5 T. W. 45.0 44.1 46.9 Compana Bu. / a . 74.2 51.9 68.5 T. W. 50.0 51.0 5o.4 1951—Bozeman—T r i p lic a te d Randomized B locks V a rie ty G la c ie r Compana T ita n B u ./a . T. W. B u ./a . T. W. B u ./a . T. W. 6 - h a lf 6 -fu ll 60.5 43.0 67.5 48.7 69.0 46.6 72.5 41.0 61.6 49.2 64.3 47.1 S p acin in in c h e s 12 ~TB~ 82.0 42.0 63.9 48.5 69.6 44.4 86.3 44.0 73.0 50.0 69.3 48.5 “ SIT 76.8 45.1 - T a b le I I . — A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r y i e l d o f b a r l e y , row s p a c i n g s t u d i e s . F t . E l l i s , 19W i. V a ria tio n Due: D egrees o f Freedom R eps. V a rie ty S pacings V ar. x Spac. E r ro r T o ta l h I I I 12 ~w ~ Sums o f Squares 559 13 506 28U 858 2,212 Mean Square 13 506 281* 71 f. Value 7.07* 3.98 A n a ly sis o f f a r ia n c e f o r y i e l d o f b a r le y , row sp acin g s tu d ie s , Bozeman, 19Ult. • T ab le I I I . D egrees of1 Freedom V a ria tio n Due: Reps. V a rie ty Spacings V a r. x Spac. E r ro r Total" T ab le IV. 66 h I I I 12 ~T9~ Sums o f Squares 193 873 19U 236 683 > Mean Square 873 19U 236 57 F. Value 15.33** 3 .Iil li.lli 2,179 A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r b a r le y y i e l d , row sp a c in g s tu d ie s , Bozeman, 19U9. ________________________________ G la c ie r B a rle y ________________ __________ V a ria tio n D egrees o f Sums o f Mean F. Dues_____________________________ Freedom________ Squares Square Value Columns Rows Spacings E rro r T o ta l U U h 12 20 336 323 9U5 925 27530 2363.07 77 — 6? T a b le V. A n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r b a r l e y y i e l d , row s p a c in g s t u d i e s , two d a t e s , t h r e e v a r i e t i e s , f i v e s p a c i n g s , B ozem an, 1 9 5 0 . V a ria tio n Due: D egrees o f Freedom R eps. Spacings E r ro r (a) P lo t s o f Spac. R eps. V a r ie tie s E r ro r (b ) P lo t s o f V a r. Reps. D ates E r r o r (c) P lo ts o f D ates V ar. D ates V ar. V ar. x D ates (d) T ab le VI. Sums o f Squares Mean Square P. Value 2 2 h 11,520 15,791 170,206 200,517 7,895 k2,552 .19 2 I 2 I k , 520 5 ,Okl 1,116 20,677 5 , Okl 558 9.0 3 2 I 2 — 5” l k , 520 235 H ,k 3 1 26,Ittb 235 5,715 .Ok 2 2 I 2 Ih 52,k90 5,911 k ,k k k 3,616 8 l,k 7 8 366,279 26,2k5 2,955 k,kkk l,8 o 8 5 ,8 2 0 k .5 l* .51 .7 7 .31 T S\ rr\ Spac. x S pac. x D a te s x Spac. x E r ro r T o ta l — A n a ly sis o f varian ce for b a r le y y ie ld , row spacing s tu d ie s , normal date o f seed in g , Bozeman, 1951. V a ria tio n Due: R eps. S p acings E r ro r (a ) P lo t s o f Spac. V a r ie tie s V ar. x Spac. E r r o r (b) T otal D egrees o f Freedom Sums o f Squares 2 k 8 ~~W ~ 5 ,k 2 2 100,30k 111,007 216,733 2 8 20 CU 165,272 56,k80 96,781 535,266 Mean Square FT" Value 25,076 13,876 1.8 1 82,636 7,060 k ,8 3 9 17.08** l.k 6 - T a b le V I I . D egrees o f Freedom R ep s. S p a c in g s E r r o r (a ) P lo t s o f Spac. T a b le V I I I . V a r ia t io n D ue: R ep s. Y ears S p a c in g s Y r s. x Spac. E rror T o ta l - A n a l y s is o f v a r i a n c e f o r b a r l e y y i e l d , row s p a c i n g s t u d i e s , B ozem an, 1 9 5 1 . V a r ia t io n D ue: V a r ie tie s V ar. x S p ac. E r r o r (b ) T o ta l 6 8 2 3 6 Sums o f S q u a re s Mean S q u a re 126,100 31,932 99,935 10,6UU 16,656 11 257,967 2 6 56,531 37,715 U5,U82 297,732 28,266 6,291 2,8^3 16 IT " F. V a lu e 9.95** 2.21 A n a ly s is o f v a r ia n c e f o r t h r e e y e a r s o f G la c ie r b a r le y y i e l d , B ozem an, 19^9-1951. D egrees o f Freedom Sums o f S q u a re s 2 2 U 3,611 5 3 6 ,5 5 9 6U,5o5 8 28 5 6 ,8 6 0 270,015 "W 9 3 1 ,6 1 0 Mean S q u a re 2 6 8 ,2 8 0 1 6 ,1 2 6 7 ,1 0 8 9 ,6 h h F. V a lu e 27.81** 1.67 —— - 6 9 - APPENDIX D Table I . Agronomic d a ta f o r row sp ac in g s tu d ie s conductdd w ith o a ts a t Bozeman, showing y ie ld and t e s t w e ig h ts of v a r i e t i e s used f o r th e y e a rs a s l i s t e d . 19ii7—T r i p l i c a t e d Randomized B lo ck s. S p acin g s in in c h es V a r ie tie s 5~ IT ™ 18 B rid g e r B u ./a . 1 2 8 .0 1/40.3 1 3 6 .5 T. W. 36.1 35.8 3 5 .0 Gopher B u ./a . 121.8 132.7 1 2 5 .9 T. W. 36.U 35.7 35.1l O verland B u ./a . 121.2 118.8 121.14 T. W. 324.6 3 5 .5 35.3 2L 1 1 5 .6 3L.9 1 0 1 .0 36.1 1 0 6 .6 3 5 .6 I ^ i 9—L a tin Square S p l i t P lo t D esign. V a r ie tie s B rid g e r Gopher B u ./a . T. W. B u ./a , T. W. 6 - h a lf 12U.6 1 2 .2 112.li I4I.6 Spacings in in c h e s 6 -fu ll 12 18 1 0 2 .6 110.7 113.1 242.14 1 2 .5 L2.5 120.24 1 0 2 .1 1 0 6 .0 L i.5 L i. 7 L i.5 ~ w 108.0 L2.L 99.1 L i. 7 195»0—L a tin Square S p l i t P lo t D esign. V a r ie tie s B rid g e r Gopher V-R x Ban. B u ./a . T. W. B u ./a . T. W. B u ./a . T. W. 6 - h a lf 1 0 7 ,0 38.7 1 1 1 .6 3 6 .9 108.2 3 7 .0 S p acin g s in in c h es 6 -fu ll 12 18 1 0 6 .6 9L.5 9 5 .9 3 8 .L 37.8 3 7 .9 108.6 97.8 98.1 3 6 .5 36.3 3 7 .L 1 0 2 .6 1 1 3 .L 9 8 .9 36.8 36 .2 36 .7 T T 95. L 38 .0 98.0 36.9 8 8 .9 3 7 .0 1951—L a tin Square S p l i t P lo t D esign . V a r ie tie s B rid g e r M ission C. I . 6611 B u ./a . T. W, B u ./a . T. ¥ . B u ./a . T. W. 6 - h a lf llh .l 36.6 914.14 3 6 .6 101.5 3 6 .6 S pacings ih in ch es 12 6 -fu ll 18 1 16.2 1 1 2 .0 1 1 1 .L 36 .2 36 .2 36.3 96.1 102.3 93 .5 37 .2 3 6 .2 36 .7 9 6 .6 1 1 1 .5 99.1 35.8 35.6 3 6 .1 T ” 1 03.9 36.7 90.5 37.3 96.3 3 6 .6 - 70 T a b le I I . A n a l y s is o f v a r i a n c e f o r y i e l d o f o a t s , row s p a c i n g s t u d i e s , Bozem an, 19U 7. V a ria tio n Dues D egrees o f Freedom R e p lic a tio n s Columns V a r ie tie s E rro r ( a) P lo t s o f V ar. 2 2 2 2 o ............. Sums o f S quares 3,568 12,92k 31,586 17,659 65,737 2 3 6 ll 3,568 82,319 23,286 109,203 P lo t s o f V ar. E r r o r ( b ) + Spac. V ar. x Spac. E r r o r (c) T o ta l 8 9 6 12 65,737 105,635 9,299 85,959 266,536 T able I I I . LfN R e p lic a tio n s S pacings E r ro r (b) P lo ts o f Spac. Mean Square F. Value 15,793 8,830 1 .7 9 27,k50 3,881 7.07** 1 ,550 7,163 -- — A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d o f o a t s , row sp a c in g s tu d ie s , Bozeman, 19h9» V a ria tio n Due: D egrees o f Freedom Sums o f Squares h I h 9 I k , 829 19k 3,2k9 18,272 h h h 12 I k , 829 617 2,0k5 3,728 21,219 9 20 Ii 16 W 18,272 6,390 766 2,789 28,226 R e p lic a tio n s V a r ie tie s E r ro r ( a) P lo ts o f V ar. R e p lic a tio n s Columns Spacings E r ro r (b) P lo t s o f Spac. P lo ts o f V ar. C o l. + Spac. + E r r o r (b) V ar. x Spac. E r ro r (c ) T o ta l T Mean Square Value 19k 812 —— 511 311 1 .6 5 16k 175 —— - Tl T a b le IV . A n a l y s is o f v a r i a n c e f o r y i e l d o f o a t s , row s p a c in g s t u d i e s , B ozem an, 1 9 5 0 . D egrees o f Freedom V a ria tio n Due: R e p lic a tio n s Columns Spacings E r ro r (a) P l o t s o f Spac. R e p lic a tio n s V a r ie tie s E r r o r (b) P lo ts o f V ar. h h I , it60 2,307 U 12 ~% r~ 2,99b h 2 8 “ nr“ P lo t s o f Spac. V a r . + E r r o r (b) V ar. x Spac. E rro r (c) T o ta l T ab le V. Sums o f Squares 2b 10 8 32 Mean Square P. Value 71*9 259 2.89 1,1*60 125 700 2,285 63 87 — —— 9,761* 825 1*71 3,705 11*, 765 60 116 —— 3.103 9,76k A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e f o r y i e l d o f o a ts , row sp acin g s t u d i e s . Bozeman, 1951. V a ria tio n Due: R e p lic a tio n s Columns S pacings E rro r ( a) P lo ts o f 6pac. R e p lic a tio n s V a r ie tie s E rro r (b) P l o t s o f V ar. P lo t s o f Spac. V ar.+ E r r o r (b) V ar. x Spac. E rro r (c ) T o ta l D egrees o f Freedom h h h 12 T b 2 8 ~nr 2b 10 8 32 “ TIT" Sums o f Squares Mean Square 1,253 1,1*95 853 868 I*,1*75" 1,253 3,357 1,125 5,735 213 72 1,679 11*1 I*, 1*70 !*,1*82 71*5 2,705 12,1*01 103003 93 85 F. Value 2.95 11.99** 1.10 MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY I TRBAarrc 3 762 *1001 4669 3 103003_ N378 ____cqp.2 K859r KralX^-JjL' RovTspacing stu dies with cereal grains in Montana. DATE ISSUED TO H378 ^ S S 'S r C o p . tL. 103003