Natural selection for blue and white aleurone color in barley, with yield and agronomic data
by Arthur L Dubbs
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Agronomy
Montana State University
© Copyright by Arthur L Dubbs (1958)
Abstract:
This study was conducted to compare the performance of blue and white aleurone seed at different
locations in the state. No differences were found in plant height, date of heading, tillering, percent
protein or seed weight. Blue aleurone seed averaged higher in percent skinning when threshed, Test
weight differences were small but in most cases favored the blue seed, which may have resulted from
the higher skinning percent of the blue seed. Yield comparisons of blue and white isogenic lines
showed no Significance due to, seed color; however, yearly differences did exist, but not significantly.
Blue and white seed grown in 50-50 mixtures showed a natural selection against blue seed when grown
at Moccasin for five years. Five bulked hybrids were grown at two locations. through various
generations to determine natural selection of seed color. Two of the hybrids did not fit their expected
ratios at Bozeman or Moccasin. Two had good fits at both locations. One performed as expected at
Moccasin but not at Bozeman. When all hybrids were averaged on a yearly basis two significant losses
in percent blue seed were obtained at At Moccasin a in 1955 and a Bozeman, one in 1953 and the other
in 1957 significant loss in blue seed was recorded gain in 1957. No natural selection trends could be
detected when the five bulked hybrids were grown at five locations in the state for two years. N a t u r a l S e l e c t i o n f o r B l u e an d W h it e
A l e u r d n e C o l o r i n B a r l e y , W ith Y i e l d
a n d Agrono mic D a ta
ARTHUR Lo DUBBS
A THESIS
Subm itted to th e G raduate F a c u lty
in
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t of th e re q u ire m e n ts
f o r th e d eg re e of
M a s t e r o f S c i e n c e i n Agronomy
at
Montana S t a t e C o l l e g e
A pproved:
H e a d , Ma j o I* D e p a r t m e n t ■ ■
Chairman,- E x a m i n i n g Committee'
/
«-»■
2
”
• ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The w r i t e r w i s h e s t o e x p r e s s a p p r e c i a t i o n t o Mr, R 0 F 0
E s l i c k , D r . E . R e H e h n s D r . A. H 0 P o s t , D r . J . C. H id e and
D r . W. E. B o o th f o r t h e i r a s s i s t a n c e a n d a d v i c e i n t h i s
study.
The w r i t e r a l s o w i s h e s t o e x p r e s s h i s a p p r e c i a t i o n t o
t h o s e p e r s o n n e l o f t h e B r a n c h E x p e r i m e n t S t a t i o n s who
a s s i s t e d in c o l l e c t i n g data =
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. ...............
o e e e e e e e e o o e e o e o e o o
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
o o e o e o o e e o o o o a o o o o o o
3
LXST- OF TABLES.
o o o o o » ® e e o o o o o o o o o o o
4
ABSTKACT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o .
6
INTRODUCTION. ......................
e o e o # o » e e d o o e o o o e o o e o
7
o o o o o o o o o o e o o ' o o o o o o o o o o o o o e a o o a o ' o o o
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LITERATURE REVIEW,o
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MATERIALS AND METHODS►o
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o o o o o o o o e e d o e o o e o e o o o o e s o o o o o o d
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RESULTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . o . o . . 0 0. 0 . . . . . . . . a . . . . . .
.X 5
Agr on om ic a n d Y i e l d C o m p a r i s o n s o f I s o g e n i c L i n e s .
15
N a t u r a l S e l e c t i o n f o r A le u ro n e C olor i n 50-50
M ixtures.
o o o e o o o o o o e p o o c e d o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o a
25
N a t u r a l S e l e c t i o n f o r A le u ro n e C o lo r i n Bulked
H ybrids
DISCUSSION o
SUMMARY
e o o o o e o o e e o p o o o e e o e o o o o o o o o p e e o o o o o o o o o o
27
o o o d o o o o e o e a e d o e o o o d o d o o a o d o o e d o o o o o o o o o o o
37
e e e » o d o d « 6 e e e o e e d e e » e e o e d e » o e a d e e e o e » * e o e o e o o
LITERATURE CITED
e
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
TABLE I
TABLE I I
TABLE I I I
TABLE IV
P la n t h e i g h t 9 date of heading, t i l l e r s
p e r t h r e e f e e t o f row a n d p e r c e n t s k i n ­
n i n g of b l u e a n d w h i t e i s o g e n i c l i n e s
o b t a i n e d by s e l l i n g when grown a t Moc­
c a s i n i n I 953 an d Bozeman i n 1 9 5 4 . <>«.<> « = «-<> <>
16
T e s t w e i g h t a n d y i e l d o f b l u e and w h i t e
a l e u r o n e i s o g e n i c l i n e s o b t a i n e d by
s e l l i n g when grown a t M o c c a s i n i n 1953
a n d a t Bozeman i n 1 9 5 4 .
. . . . . 0. . . . . . . 0«
17
Y i e ld s of b lu e v e r s u s w h ite a le u r o n e
I s o g e n i c l i n e s o b t a i n e d by b u l k i n g when
grown a t M o c c a s i n i n 1 9 5 3 , 1955 and
1956 and a t Bozeman, i n 1953 a n d 1 9 5 4 . . . . . . =
18
P la n t h e ig h t , date of heading, t i l l e r s
p e r t h r e e f e e t o f row a n d p e r c e n t p r o t e i n
of t h r e e blue and w h ite a le u r o n e i s o g e n ic
l i n e s o b t a i n e d by b u l k i n g when grown a t
M o c c a s i n i n 1 9 5 3 , 19,54 a n d 1 9 5 6 , a n d a t
Boz eman rn. 1 9 5 3 . . . . . . . . . . ° . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
TABLE V
T e s t w e ig h t of t h r e e b lu e and w h ite a l e u ­
r o n e i s o g e n i c l i n e s o b t a i n e d by b u l k i n g
when grown a t M o c c a s i n i n 1 9 5 3 , 1 9 5 4 ,
1955 a n d 1956 a n d a t Bozeman i n 1953
and 1 9
5
4
2
1
TABLE VI
Y ie ld s of blue v e rsu s w hite aleurone
i s o g e n i c T i t a n when grown a t M o c c a s i n
a n d Bozeman f r o m 1952 t o 1 9 5 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
P la n t h e i g h t , date of h eading, t i l l e r s
p e r t h r e e f e e t of r o w , p e r c e n t p r o t e i n
and t e s t w e ig h t of b lu e and w h ite a l e u ­
r o n e i s o g e n i c T i t a n when grown a t Mocc a s i n a n d Bozeman i n 1 9 5 2 , 1953 and 1 9 5 4 « . .
V .
23
Seed w e i g h t s i n g ram s p e r IGO k e r n e l s of
b lu e and w h ite a le u r o n e is o g e n ic l i n e s
f r o m s e e d grown a t M o c c a s i n a n d B o z e m a n . . . .
24
24
T able V II
TABLE V I I I
cao
art
X
Page
TABLE IX
TABLE X
TABLE XI
TABLE X I I
TABLE X I I I
TABLE XIV
TABLE XV
TABLE XVI.
The p e r c e n t b l u e a l e u r o n e s e e d o b t a i n e d
f r o m 50™5d m i x t u r e s compounded i n 1953
from b lu e and w h ite a le u r o n e i s o g e n i c
l i n e s arid grown i n s u c c e s s i v e y e a r s a t
M o c c a s i n f r o m 1953 t h r o u g h 1 9 5 7 ................. ..
26
Y early s h i f t s in p e rc e n t blue a le u ro n e
f r o m 5 0 - 5 0 m i x t u r e s compounded i n 1953
from b lu e and 'w h ite a le u r o n e i s o g e n i c
l i n e s a n d grown a t M o c c a s i n f r o m 1953
thrOUgh 1 9 5 7 oooooooooooooooo» oooooooooooooo
28
The p e r c e n t b l u e a l e u r o n e k e r n e l s i n
f i v e b u l k e d h y b r i d s when grown a t Moc­
c a s i n f r o m 1948 t h r o u g h l 9 5 7 . ° . . . c . . , o . . . , .
29
G e n era tio n s h i f t s in p e rc e n t blue a l e u ­
ro n e k e r n e l s from f i v e b u lk e d h y b r i d s
when grown a t M o c c a s i n f r o m 1948 t h r o u g h
1 9 5 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0° 00000000000000000000000
30
The p e r c e n t b l u e a l e u r o n e k e r n e l s i n
f i v e b u l k e d h y b r i d s when grown a t Boze­
man f r o m 1945 t h r o u g h 1 9 5 7 . ° ° . ° ° . ° . . . . ° , ° , °
32
G e n e ra tio n s h i f t s i n p e rc e n t blue a l e u 1r o n e k e r n e l s f r o m f i v e b u l k e d h y b r i d s
when grown a t Bozeman f r o m 1945 t h r o u g h
1957 . e e o o o o o o e o . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o . 000000
33
The p e r c e n t b l u e a l e u r o n e k e r n e l s i n
f i v e b u l k e d h y b r i d s when grown a t f i v e
l o c a t i o n s u n d e r i r r i g a t e d an d d r y l a n d
c o n d i t i o n s i n 1952 a n d 1953 f r o m s e e d
g r own a t Boz eman o o ° ° ° . ° ° ° ° ° ° ° o ° o o ° ° ° ° o o o ° * .
35
G e n era tio n s h i f t s in p e rc e n t blue a l e u ­
r o n e k e r n e l s i n f i v e b u l k e d h y b r i d s when
grown a t f i v e l o c a t i o n s u n d e r i r r i g a t e d
a n d d r y l a n d c o n d i t i o n s d u r i n g 1952 a n d
1 9 5 3 ° . . . O. 00 . 00°. OOO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . OOO
36
ABSTRACT
T h i s s t u d y was c o n d u c t e d t o compare t h e p e r f o r m a n c e o f
b lu e and w h ite aleU ro n e seed a t d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s i n th e
s t a t e „ No d i f f e r e n c e s w ere f o u n d i n p l a n t h e i g h t , d a t e o f
h e ad in g , t i l l e r i n g , p e rc e n t p r o te in or seed w eig h t.
Blue
a l e u r o n e s e e d a v e r a g e d h i g h e r i n p e r c e n t s k i n n i n g when t h r e s h e d ,
T e s t w e i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s ' were s m a l l b u t i n m o st c a s e s f a v o r e d
t h e b lu e s e e d , which m a y ' h a v e ' r e s u l t e d from th e h i g h e r s k i n ­
n i n g p e r c e n t o f t h e b l u e s e e d . . Y i e l d c o m p a r i s o n s , , o f b l u e an d
w h i t e i s o g e n i c l i n e s showed ho; S i g n i f i c a n c e duei t o ;. s e e d , c o l o r ;
however, y e a r l y d i f f e r e n c e s did e x i s t , but n o t s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
B l u e a n d w h i t e s e e d g r o w n . i n 5 0 - 5 0 m i x t u r e s showed a n a t u r a l
s e l e c t i o n a g a i n s t b l u e s e e d when {grown at" Moccas i n ; . f o r f i v e
y e a r s . F i v e b u l k e d h y b r i d s w d r e ,grown a t two l o c a t i o n s ,
t h r o u g h v a r i o u s g e n e r a t i o n s t o ■d e t e r m i n e - n a t u r a l s e l e c t i o n
"of s e e d c o l o r .
Two o f t h e h y b r i d s d i d n o t f i t ^ h e i r e x p e c t e d
r a t i o s a t . Bozeman o r M o c c a s i n . Two h a d good f i t s a t b o t h
lo catio n s.
One p e r f o r m e d a s e x p e c t e d a t M o c c a s i n . b u t n o t a t
Bozeman. When a l l h y b r i d s w ere a v e r a g e d on a y e a r l y b a s i s
two s i g n i f i c a n t l o s s e s i n p e r c e n t b l u e s e e d w e re o b t a i n e d a t
Bozeman, one i n 1953 a n d t h e o t h e r i n 1957.
At M o c c a s i n a
s i g n i f i c a n t l o s s i n b l u e s e e d was r e c o r d e d i n 1955 a n d a
g a i n , i n 1957« No n a t u r a l s e l e c t i o n t r e n d s c o u l d be d e t e c t e d
when t h e f i v e b u l k e d h y b r i d s were grown a t f i v e l o c a t i o n s
i n t h e s t a t e f o r two y e a r s .
-
7
-
INTRODUCTION
I n a p l a n t b r e e d i n g program i t
i s of i n t e r e s t to the
p l a n t b r e e d e r t o know how c e r t a i n p l a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s p e r ­
f o r m u n d e r v a r i o u s c l i m a t i c and s o i l s c o n d i t i o n s .
By know­
i n g t h i s he i s a i d e d i n m ak in g h i s p l a n t s e l e c t i o n s ,
Plant
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t e n d i f f e r when grown u n d e r d i f f e r e n t
c lim atic co nditions.
or fav orable,
T h ese d i f f e r e n c e s may be d e t r i m e n t a l
P l a n t h e i g h t , f o r i n s t a n c e , under normal r a i n
f a l l c o n d i t i o n s may be s a t i s f a c t o r y ,
b u t u n d e r d r o u g h t co n ­
d i t i o n s i t c a n be t o o s h o r t f o r c o m b i n i n g .
Some v a r i e t i e s
w i l l y i e l d h i g h e r t h a n o t h e r s d u r i n g y e a r s o f low r a i n f a l l
b u t l e s s when m o i s t u r e i s a d e q u a t e .
I t was t h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s s t u d y t o i n v e s t i g a t e one
of these p la n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,
blue a s c o n tr a s t e d to w hite
a l e u r o n e c o l o r , w h i c h i s common i n many b a r l e y v a r i e t i e s .
T his c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c o lo r of c a r y o p s is i s found in th e a l e u ­
ro n e l a y e r of th e endosperm,
I n m a k i n g b a r l e y s e l e c t i o n s w h e re t h e r e i s a c h o i c e
of blue and w h ite s e e d s , th e q u e s t io n o f t e n a r i s e s a s to
w h i c h t y p e s h o u l d be s e l e c t e d .
P e r h a p s one t y p e y i e l d s
h i g h e r u n d e r c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s o r shows more d r o u g h t r e s i s t
ance under o t h e r c o n d it i o n s .
Many q u e s t i o n s s u c h a s t h e s e
c o u l d be a s k e d , b u t o n l y t h r o u g h a p p l i e d r e s e a r c h c a n t h e y
be a n s w e r e d e
'i
8
=
LITERATURE REVIM
The a l e u r o n e l a y e r I n b a r l e y i s l o c a t e d i n t h e o u t e r m o s t
l a y e r o f c e l l s o f t h e endosperm,,
T h i s c o n s i s t s o f t h r e e (two
t o f o u r ) l a y e r s o f c u b i c a l c e l l s w h i c h c o n t a i n no s t a r c h b u t
a l e u r o n e g r a i n s composed p r i n c i p a l l y o f p r o t e i n .
(4 ) ^
B arley g r a in s vary in c o lo r through w h ite , v i o l e t ,
blue,
b l u e - g r a y , v i o l e t - r e d , brown t o b l a c k , w i t h i n t e r m e d i a t e
shades.
T h es e c o l o r s may o c c u r i n t h e h u l l s , p e r i c a r p , a l e u -
rone and o c c a s i o n a l l y t h e s t a r c h y endosperm.
H a r l a n (3)
r e p o r t e d t h a t . t w o p ig m e n ts were r e s p o n s i b l e f o r seed c o l o r ;
a m e l a n i n - l i k e compound, w h i c h i s b l a c k ; an d a n t h o c y a n i n ,
which i s r e d i n i t s a c i d and b lu e i n i t s a l k a l i n e c o n d i t i o n .
A l i g h t d e p o s i t o f t h e m e l a n i n - l i k e compound in. t h e h u l l s
r e s u l t s i n brown w h i l e a h e a v y d e p o s i t r e s u l t s i n b l a c k .
Anthocyanin in th e h u l l s r e s u l t s in l i g h t v i o l e t - r e d .
In
h u l l e s s k e r n e l s t h e m e l a n i n - l i k e compound i n t h e p e r i c a r p
'
•i
•
' •
:- ;
1 1
*.- .
r e s u l t s in b la c k , w hile an th o c y an in produces v i o l e t .
, ■
V-'
C,
■■
The a c i d
;• ••
c o n d i t i o n o f t h e a n t h o c y a n i n i n t h e p e r i c a r p s u p e r i m p o s e d upon
th e a lk a lin e c o n d itio n in the aleu ro n e la y e r g iv es the e f f e c t
of p u r p l e .
A blue a le u ro n e b en eath a c o l o r l e s s p e r i c a r p r e <
s u i t s i n b l u e - g r a y i W h it e h u l l s o v e r a b l u e a l e u r o n e c a u s e
.
the g rain to appear b lu ish -g ra y .
Black h u l l s over a blue
aleurone r e s u l t in black.
I/
Numbers i n p a r e n t h e s e s r e f e r t o l i t e r a t u r e c i t e d .
-
9
-
I n h e r i t a n c e o f t h e d i f f e r e n t d o l o r s i n b g r l e y h a v e b een '
r e p o r t e d by v a r i o u s a u t h o r s .
Daane ( 2 ) r e p o r t e d p u r p l e v e r s u s
w h i t e p e r i c a r p (Pp) a s due t o a s i n g l e f a c t o r .
M y l e r and Stan-
f Ofd ( 6 :) o b t a i n e d a r a t i o o f 12 p u r p l e , 3 b l u e an d I w h i t e i n
a c r o s s w i t h p u r p l e p e r i c a r p u n d e r l a i n w i t h b l u e a l e u r o n e a nd
a w hite p e r ic a r p .
Buckley ( I ) r e p o r t e d w h ite v e r s u s orange
lemma (Oo) a s b e i n g due t o a s i n g l e f a c t o r w h i c h i s l i n k e d w i t h
long v e rsu s sh o rt h a ire d r a c h i l l a
o f 3 9 oI p e r c e n t .
(Ss) w ith a c ro s s o v e r valu e
M yler and S t a n f o r d ( 6 ) a l s o found w h ite v e r ­
s u s o r a n g e lemma a s b e i n g due t o a s i n g l e f a c t o r b u t i n h e r i t e d
i n d e p e n d e n t l y from f a c t o r s i n l in k a g e g ro u p s I 9 . I I I 9 IV9 and
V.
A number o f a u t h o r s h a v e r e p o r t e d b l u e v e r s u s w h i t e a l e u ­
r o n e a s due t o a s i n g l e f a c t o r . . B u c k le y ( I ) p l a c e d (BI b l )
i n l i n k a g e g r o u p IV a s b e i n g l i n k e d w i t h ho o d e d v e r s u s awned
(Kk) w i t h a c r o s s o v e r v a l u e o f 4 0 . 6 p e r c e n t .
R o b e rts o n (7)
a l s o p l a c e d t h i s f a c t o r i n t h e same g r o u p a s b e i n g l i n k e d w i t h
hoods but w i t h a c r o s s o v e r of 2 2 .$8 p e r c e n t .
M yler and S ta n ­
f o r d ( 6 ) o b ta in e d a 3:1 s e g r e g a t i o n f o r blue a le u r o n e in th e
F 2 o f some - c r o s s e s j b u t o b t a i n e d a 9 : 7 r a t i o i n t h e Fg o f a
c r o s s b e t w e e n two w h i t e v a r i e t i e s w h i c h i n d i c a t e d t h e p r e ­
s e n c e o f two complementary., f a c t o r s .
One c o m p l e m e n t a r y f a c t o r
was f o u n d l i n k e d w i t h h o o d s i n g r o u p IV w i t h a c r o s s o v e r of
24.72 p e r c e n t .
The s e c o n d f a c t o r was l i n k e d w i t h h u l l e d v e r ­
s u s n a k e d (Nn) a nd p l a c e d i n g r o u p I I I w i t h a 9 «88 p e r c e n t
crossover v alu e.
S m i t h ( 8 ) i n h i s summary p l a c e d ( Bl^ b l ^ ) i n
“
10
"
g r o u p TV a s b e i n g l in k e d , w i t h h o o d s , l i g h t g r e e n s e e d l i n g ,
z o n e d l e a f , g l o s s y s e e d l i n g a nd s u s c e p t i b i l i t y t o m i l d e w 0
He
p l a c e d (Big b ig ) i n gro u p I I I a s b e in g l i n k e d t o naked seed
and r e d Stem0
L e j e u n e a nd P a r k e r ( 5 ) r e p o r t e d t h a t a l e u r o n e c o l o r h a s
no a c t u a l r e l a t i o n s h i p t o m e l l o w n e s s o r s t a r c h i n e s s i n b a r l e y 0
H o w ev e r, t h e y may be c l a s s e d a s n o n - m e l l o w u n d e r t h e p r e s e n t
i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of th e O f f i c i a l G rain S ta n d ard s of th e U nited
S tates=
Most m a l t s t e r s w i l l pay e q u i v a l e n t p rem iums f o r t h e
a c c e p t a b l e b l u e p e a r l v a r i e t i e s i f m a r k e t e d i n unmixed c a r l o t s an d o f s a t i s f a c t o r y m a l t i n g q u a l i t y .
M ix tu res of blue
a n d w h i t e p e a r l v a r i e t i e s a r e d i s c o u n t e d by b u y e r s e v e n
t h o u g h e a c h may be a n a c c e p t a b l e v a r i e t y .
” 11 —
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Three d i f f e r e n t s o u r c e s of b lue and w h ite a le u r o n e
i s o g e n i c m a t e r i a l w e re t e s t e d i n t h i s s t u d y .
One s o u r c e
c o n s i s t e d o f s e v e n l i n e s d e v e l o p e d by D r 6 G6 A6 Weibe a t
B e l t s v i l l e s M aryland.
T h ese l i n e s w e r e d e v e l o p e d fro m t h e
f o l l o w i n g c r o s s e s o r C o m p o site c r o s s e s :
M a n c h u r i a x C6 I .
5 7 1 9 9 3 1 - 1 8 s M a n c h u r ia x 0 . I . 4 4 2 4 9 3 2 - 1 8 s M a n c h u r i a x C0 I .
2 3 8 4 , 3 3 - 1 8 , M a n c h u r i a x C= I„ 4 4 2 8 , 3 4 - 1 8 , 0 . I .
s e l . 3 5 , 3 5 - 2 6 , C0 I .
5 4 6 1 , C0 C 6 s e l .
5 4 6 1 , C. C6
5461, C0 C. s e l . 3 6 , 3 6 - 2 6 a n d C0 I 0
37, 37-26.
The l i n e s a r e i d e n t i f i e d by t h e
n u m b e r s 3 1 - 1 8 t h r o u g h 3 7 - 2 6 w i t h t h e f i r s t number r e p r e s e n t ­
i n g t h e s e l e c t i o n number a n d t h e s e c o n d t h e y e a r o f s e l e c t i o n .
T h e s e l i n e s w ere d e v e l o p e d by s e l f i n g f o r 18 a n d 26 g e n e r a ­
tio n s.
Thus t h e p e r c e n t o f g e n e s common t o b o t h p a i r s i s
g r e a t e r t h a n 99=99 p e r c e n t w i t h t h e l i n k e d g e n e s h a v i n g a
minimum e f f e c t .
A n o t h e r s o u r c e o f i s o g e n i c l i n e s was d e v e l ­
oped by Mr. R 6 E . E s l i c k a t Montana S t a t e C o l l e g e by b u l k i n g
t h e b lu e and w h ite a le u r o n e seed from a c r o s s i n th e f o u r t h
generation.
A lthough t h e r e a re v a r i a t i o n s in genotypes in
,
e a c h l i n e , t h e same p l a n t t o p l a n t v a r i a t i o n s h o u l d be r e p r e ­
s e n t e d i n e a c h b u l k , t h i s b e i n g i n f l u e n c e d by l i n k e d g e n e s .
The l i n e s o b t a i n e d by b u l k i n g a r e f r o m t h e c r o s s e s T r e b i D ryland x G l a c i e r ,
5 2 - 5 3 9 6 , G l a c i e r x M a r s , 5 2 -5 3 9 7 and
G la c ie r x M anchuria, 52-5398.
The T i t a n i s o g e n i c s were
s e l e c t e d f r o m d r i l l e d p l o t s i n w h i c h n um erous b l u e a l e u r o n e
-
12
-
t y p e s were n o te d w i t h t h e b lu e a l e u r o n e p l a n t s b e in g i n d i s ­
t i n g u i s h a b l e from t h e norm al T i t a n 0
To o b t a i n t h e i s o g e n i c
l i n e s 200 p l a n t s o f b l u e a n d 200 o f w h i t e w e re s e l e c t e d and
bulked0
Y i e l d s and o t h e r agronomic d a ta c o l l e c t e d from th e i s o ­
g e n i c l i n e s w ere o b t a i n e d f r o m r e p l i c a t e d n u r s e r i e s grown a t
M o c c a s i n an d Bozeman0
T h es e n u r s e r i e s c o n s i s t e d o f s i n g l e row
p l o t s s 18 f e e t l o n g s p a c e d I f o o t a p a r t .
The g r a i n a t b o t h
l o c a t i o n s was t h r e s h e d i n a V o g e l t h r e s h e r .
Seeding a t both
l o c a t i o n s was a c c o m p l i s h e d w i t h a b e l t s e e d e r m o u n te d b e h i n d
a trac to r.
Seed w e i g h t s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d by w e i g h i n g s i x s a m p l e s ,
e a c h c o n s i s t i n g of 100 r a n d o m l y p i c k e d k e r n e l s .
I n 1953 s t w e l v e 50-5 0 m i x t u r e s o f b l u e a n d w h i t e a l e u ­
r o n e k e r n e l s w e r e compounded.
E a c h m i x t u r e c o n s i s t e d of 200
s e e d s e a c h o f b l u e a n d w h i t e s e e d f r o m t h e same i s o g e n i c .
T h e s e w e re grown a t M o c c a s i n f r o m 1953 t h r o u g h 1957 i n s i n g l e
row p l o t s , 18 f e e t l o n g w i t h no r e p l i c a t i o n .
Each y e a r t h r e e
100 s e e d s a m p l e s w e re r a n d o m l y p i c k e d f r o m t h e t h r e s h e d g r a i n
a n d t h e number o f b l u e a l e u r o n e k e r n e l s p r e s e n t w e r e r e c o r d e d
a s p e r c e n t of t h e t o t a l .
The s e e d p l a n t e d e a c h y e a r was f r o m
seed h a rv e s te d th e p re v io u s y e a r.
The f o u r c r o s s e s . G l a c i e r . x C o l s e s s , G l a c i e r x M a rs,
G l a c i e r x . M a n c h u r i a a n d T r e b i - D r y l a n d x G l a c i e r , w ere made by
S. Cf. L i t z e n b e r g e r i n 1943 a t Bozeman.
The
p l a n t s w e re
~
13
"
grown i n t h e g r e e n h o u s e d u r i n g t h e w i n t e r o f 1944 a n d t h e Fg
p l a n t s i n t h e f i e l d i n 1944«
The G -Iacier x T i t a n c r o s s was
made by Mr0 l s l i c k a t Bozeman i n 1948«
The g e n e r a t i o n s o f
t h e s e h y b r i d s w e r e grown i n b u l k u n t i l 1957 a t Bozeman,
1948 t h e
In
s e e d g e n e r a t i o n o f G l a c i e r x M a r s s G l a c i e r x Man- '
c h u r i a a n d T r e b i - D r y l a n d x G l a c i e r were grown a t M o c c a s i n 0
In
1952 a l l f i v e c r o s s e s were grown a t M o c c a s i n w h i c h i n c l u d e d
G l a c i e r x G o l s e s s F ^ s G l a c i e r x T i t a n F ^ s G l a c i e r x M a n ch u ria
F y s G l a c i e r x Mars F y s a n d T r e b i - D r y l a n d x G l a c i e r F y 0
The
g e n e r a t i o n s grown a t M o c c a s i n w ere c o m p a r a b l e t o t h o s e grown
a t Bozeman.
The e x p e c t e d r a t i o s f o r e a c h c r o s s w e r e d e t e r m i n e d
by t h e a l e u r o n e c o l o r o f e a c h p a r e n t i n t h e c r o s s .
Since the.
a l e u r o n e c o l o r i s c o n t r o l l e d by two c o m p l i m e n t a r y g e n e s w i t h
one g ene l o c a t e d i n l i n k a g e g r o u p I I I a n d t h e o t h e r i n I T s a
c r o s s i n v o l v i n g two w h i t e p a r e n t s w o u ld h a v e a n e x p e c t e d r a t i o
o f 9 b l u e s e e d t o 7 w h i t e , w h i l e a c r o s s b e tw e e n a b l u e a n d a
w h i t e s e e d e d p a r e n t w o u ld r e s u l t i n a r a t i o o f 3 : 1 .
The c a l ­
c u la te d p e rc e n t blue k e r n e l s in each seed g e n e r a tio n f o r 9:7
:.l r a t i o s a r e a s f o l l o w s :
G eneration
9:7 R atio
F3
39:06
1I
■
n
Fy
Fg
Fo
Fio
F ll
FlZ
. .
31.64
28.22
26.59
25.79
25.39
25.20
25.10
25.05
25.02
3:1 R a tio
\
62.50
56.25
53.13
51.56
50.78
50.39
50,20
50.10
50.05
50.02
—
14
"■
I d e n t i f i c a t i o n and p l a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e v a r i e t i e s u s e d
in the c ro s se s are as fo llo w s:
V ariety
U , I , N o , Alevuone
Color
G lacier
6976 w h i t e
C olsess
2792 b l u e
Mars
7015 w h i t e
T itan
7055 w h i t e
Manchuria
2947 b l u e
T r e b i = D r y l a n d 6981 b l u e
Row
No,
6
6
6
6
6
6
Awn
Awn
Type
B arbing
awned s e m i - s m o o t h
rough
ho o d e d
smooth
awned
smooth
awned
rough
awned
rough
awned
The g e n e r a t i o n s grown a t M o c c a s i n w e re c o m p a r a b l e t o t h o s e
grown a t Bozemanc
P l a n t i n g s c o n s i s t e d o f one r o w , 18 f e e t
l o n g w i t h no r e p l i c a t i o n s .
The p e r c e n t a g e o f b l u e a l e u r o n e
s e e d i n e a c h g e n e r a t i o n was d e t e r m i n e d i n t h e . same m anner a s
f o r t h e 50=50 m i x t u r e s .
I n 1952 t h e f i v e c r o s s e s w e r e grown a t f i v e l o c a t i o n s i n
t h e s t a t e under d r y la n d and i r r i g a t e d c o n d i t i o n s .
i n g g e n e r a t i o n s e e d f r o m Bozeman o n l y was p l a n t e d :
C olsess
The f o l l o w =
G lacier x
G l a c i e r x T i t a n F ^ 9 G l a c i e r x Mars F ^ 9 G l a c i e r x
Manchuria F ^ 9 and T reb i= D ry la n d x G l a c i e r F ^ ,
i n s i n g l e 18 f o o t ro w s w i t h no r e p l i c a t i o n .
P l a n t i n g s were
The s e e d h a r v e s t e d
*v
i n 1952 a t e a c h l o c a t i o n was a g a i n p l a n t e d i n 1953 a t t h e
l o c a t i o n f r o m w h i c h i t was h a r v e s t e d .
Sam ples o f t h e s e e d
h a r v e s t e d each y e a r were s e n t t o th e a u th o r f o r d e t e r m i n a t i o n
of p e rc e n t blue a le u ro n e seed.
A l l m a t e r i a l t e s t e d was grown u n d e r d r y l a n d a t M o c c a s i n
a n d u n d e r i r r i g a t i o n a t Bozeman,
—15 "
RESULTS
A g ronom ic a nd Y i e l d C o m p a r i s o n s o f I s o g e n i c L i n e s
The d a t a shows n o d i f f e r e n c e s i n p l a n t h e i g h t , d a t e o f
h e a d i n g o r t i l l e r s p e r t h r e e f e e t o f row a t M o c c a s i n ( T a b l e I ) ,
when t h e b l u e v e r s u s w h i t e a l e u r o n e p a i r s d e v e l o p e d by s e l f ' i n g w e re c o m p a r e d »
T h is could have been e x p e c te d s in c e th e s e
l i n e s w ere d e v e l o p e d a f t e r s e l f i n g f o r I S t o 26 g e n e r a t i o n s 0
The p e r c e n t s k i n n i n g o f s e e d a t Bozeman a s d e t e r m i n e d by
t h r e e r u n s t h r o u g h a h e a d t h r e ’s h e r showed d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n
p a irso
F i v e o f t h e s e v e n l i n e s showed a h i g h e r d e g r e e of
skinned blue k e r n e l s 0
In s i x out of seven com parisons a t
M o c c a s i n a n d i n f i v e o u t o f s e v e n c o m p a r i s o n s a t Bozeman,
blue had h ig h e r t e s t w eight th an w h i t e „
(Table I I )
Thus
e l e v e n o f t h e f o u r t e e n c o m p a r i s o n s w e re in. f a v o r o f t h e b l u e
aleu ro n e„
T h i s h i g h e r t e s t w e i g h t may be e x p l a i n e d by c o n ­
s id e r in g th e h ig h e r p e rc e n t sk in n in g of the blue seed.
The
a n a l y s i s o f v a r i a n c e f o r y i e l d showed no s i g n i f i c a n t c o l o r
or color x s tr a in in te r a c tio n .
Y i e l d s o f t h e b u l k e d b l u e and w h i t e i s o g e n i c p a i r s f ro m
th e t h r e e c r o s s e s (Table I I I )
show no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e ,
I n 1 9 5 3 9 a t Bozeman t h e b l u e l i n e s a p p r o a c h e d b e i n g s i g n i f ­
i c a n t l y h i g h e r i n y i e l d t h a n t h e w h i t e , b u t i n 1954 t h e w h i t e
l i n e s on t h e a v e r a g e y i e l d e d h i g h e r t h a n t h e b l u e , a l t h o u g h
not s i g n i f i c a n t l y so.
P la n t h e ig h t, date of h ead in g , t i l l e r s
an d p e r c e n t p r o t e i n ( T a b l e 17) show no g r e a t d i f f e r e n c e s
—
Table I 0
Isogenic
L ines
16
“
P l a n t h e i g h t , d a te of heading^ t i l l e r s p e r th r e e
f e e t o f row a n d p e r c e n t s k i n n i n g o f b l u e and
w h i t e i s o g e n i c l i n e s O b t a i n e d by s e l f i n g when
grown a t M o c c a s i n i n 1953 bnd Bozeman i n 1954=
Plant
H
e
ight
A leurone■
"inches'
Color
Mocc 0
D ate
F irst
H eaded
T illers
per 3 ft.
o f row
Per­
cent
skin­
ning
Boz =
Mocc 0
Mocc 0
: 7-11
7-11
101
97
15
15
80
101
24
22
31-18
Blue
W hite
2 7 ........'
28
32-18
B lue
W h ite
29 '
28
7-8
7-8
33-18
B lu e
W h ite
29
29
7-14
7-14
89
58
8
9
34—18
B lu e
W h ite
31
31
7-10
7-10
83
91
18
12
35-26
Blue
W h ite
31
29
7-6
7-6
95
62
27
. 26
36—26
B lu e
W h ite
29
29
7 -1 1
7-11
63
68
11
5
37-26
B lu e
W hite
27
2?
7-9
7-9
77
54
7
3
Average
Blue
W h ite
29
29
7-9
7-9
84
76
16
13
■:
V
- 17 Table I I ,
Isogenic
L ine
31-18 '
32-18
33-18
34-18
35-26
T e s t w e i g h t an d y i e l d o f b l u e and W h ite a l e u r o n e
i s o g e n i e l i n e s o b t a i n e d by s e l f i n g when grown a t
M o c c a s i n i n 1953 an d a t Bozeman i n 1954° "
T e s t W eight
' ■ l b , p e r bn.
M occ0
Boz0
A leurone
C olor
B lue
W h ite
:
..
.■
42
40
'
.
Y ield
Eu, p e r a c r e
Mocc0
Boz,
'5 0 .8
g o 02
28b9
2 9 .1
70,4
50,1'
2 5 .5
2 4 .6
4 9 .3
5 7 .7
44 =5
6 1 .7
B lu e
W h ite
42 " '
40
4 9 .0
Blue
W h it e
45
45
4 9 .3
21,3
18.1
B lue
W h ite
47
44
49 =4
22.8
67 .6
4 9 .5
3 2 .6
64,1
41
40
47.1
46,6
35 .9
3 0 .3
6 7 .8
7 8 .7
B lu e
W h ite
. . .
50,1
5 0 .5
-
..
36-26
B lue
W h ite
45
44
5 2 .7
5 2 .6
3 9 .6
3 6 .2
81.7
86.8
37-26
B lue
W h ite
43
41
50 .2
51 .0
3 1 .8
3 4 .8
8 5 .1
8 3 .7
Average
B lu e
W h ite
44
42
50,1
4 9 .7
2 9 .4
2 9 .4
6 6 .2
6 9 .4
A n a ly sis of V ariance - Y ield
Source
S train s
E r r o r (a)
Color
Color x S t r a i n s
E r r o r (b )
D egrees of
Freed o m
Mocc o
Boz o
6
•6
I
6
7
7
21
I
7
24
Mean S q u a r e s
Moec.
Boz.
9 2 3 6 .6 6
2 440.54
I 6646
0.14
1678 .5 6
2 2 1 562.01
89251
9097
4943
9671
“
T a b l e III=,
18
-
Y ie ld s of blue v e rs u s w hite a le u ro n e is o g e n ic l i n e s
o b t a i n e d by b u l k i n g when grown a t M o c c a s i n i n 1 9 5 3 9
1955 and 1956 an d a t Bozeman i n 1953 a n d 1954°
A leurone
Color
Y i e l d - B u s h e l s p e r A c re
G l a c i e r G l a c i e r T r e b l e ■B u s h e l s
per
Dryland
X
X
X
A cre
Mars
M a n ch u ria G l a c i e r
L ocation
Year
Grown
M occasin
1953
B lue'
W h it e
36.0
36,5
34.2
33.7
40 o4 ■
39.3
36.9
36.5
M occasin
1955
Blue
Whitg
I 608
I 608
1 4 °6
14.5
16.1
17 =6
15.8
l6o3
M occasin
1956
Blue
W h it e
30.9
30.3"
24 04
24° 6
29.8
28.1
28.4
27.7
Bozeman
1953
B lu e
W h it e
7 6 .8 .
73.1
66 o0
4606
48.8
64.7
56.2
1954
B lu e
W hite
6/4*0/4*
75.9
7860
72.1
73.3
70ol
76.7
Bozeman
78o8
51.2
A n a l y s i s of V a r i a n c e - Y i e l d
Degrees of
Fre ed o m
Mean S q u a r e s
Mocc 0 Boz o Mocc.
, Boz 0
Source
Years
C olor
Crosses
Years x
Years x
Color x
Years x
E rror
*
C olor
Crosses
Crosses
Color x G rosses
2
I
2
2
4
2
4
68
S ig n ific a n t a t the 5 percent le v e l
I
I .
2
I
2
2
2
44
204785*
56.
9742
163
- 1590
21
187
62715
171307
1581
38297
49651
79680
14232
3707
397352
-i
T a b l e TVc
Isogenic
L ines
G lacier
x Mars
1 9
P la n t h e ig h t, date of heading, t i l l e r s per th ree
f e e t o f row a n d p e r c e n t p r o t e i n o f t h r e e b l u e and
w h i t e a l e u r o n e i s o g e n i c l i n e s o b t a i n e d by b u l k i n g
when grown a t M o c c a s i n i n 1 9 5 3 9 1954 and 1 9 5 6 ,
and a t Bozeman i n 1953°
Plant
Date
T TTlers
T ercent
H eight'
F irst
per 3 f t 0
P ro tein
A leurone In ch es
Headed
o f row
Color
1954 1956 1954 1955
195T"
1953“
MocCo Moc& MocCo Mo c Co Mocc o Boz0
Moce
B lue
W h ite
24
24
21
21
6-28
7-5
7 - 6 . 6-28
G lacier x
M a n c h u r i a Blue
W h ite
24
24'
21
21
7 - 7 ■ 6=28
47-6
6—28
Trebi=
D ryland x
G lacier
B lu e
W h ite
23
23
21
21
7-7
7-6
6—26
6—2 6
24
24
21
21
7-6
7-7
6—28
6—28
Average
B lue
W hite
65
74
11.6
11 o4
11,2
74 ■
86
12 oO
12 o2
11 =7
11 o8
103
101
12,3
12,9
12,8
12,4
81
87
12,0
12,2
12,1
11 o8
11,8
/
“
betw een p a ir s =
20
“
Seven of t h e tw e lv e t e s t w e ig h ts a t M occasin
were h i g h e r f o r blue a l e u r o n e th a n w h ite w h ile t h r e e o u t of
s i x a t Bozeman were h i g h e r f o r b l u e a l e u r o n e =
( T a b l e V)
The
o v e r a l l a v e r a g e t e s t w e i g h t shows b l u e t o w e i g h 0=5 p o u n d s
p e r b u sh e l h i g h e r t h a n th e white=
I n G l a c i e r x Mars t h e b l u e
i s alw ays h ig h e r in t e s t w eight th an th e w h ite w h ile th e o th e r
two c r o s s e s a r e v a r i a b l e =
Y i e l d s b e tw e e n t h e b l u e a n d w h i t e T i t a n w ere n o t s i g n i f ­
i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t = H o w ev e r, d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n y e a r s d i d
ex ist =
( T a b l e VI)
In 1952, a t M occasin th e w h ite y i e l d e d
s i g n i f i c a n t l y h ig h e r th a n th e blue =
D uring the t h r e e y e a rs
t e s t e d a t both l o c a t i o n s th e w hite y ie ld e d h ig h e r than the
blue i n f o u r out of s i x com parisons =
On t h e a v e r a g e t h e w h i t e
y ie ld e d h i g h e r th a n th e blue a t both lo c a tio n s =
e n c e s b e tw e e n p l a n t h e i g h t s w e re r e c o r d e d =
No d i f f e r ­
(Table V II)
The
b l u e T i t a n showed some d i f f e r e n c e s i n d a t e of h e a d i n g , r a n g ­
i n g fro m .o n e t o t h r e e days l a t e r t h a n th e white=
was a p p r o x i m a t e l y t h e same =
T illerin g
The p r o t e i n c o n t e n t v a r i e d one
p e r c e n t i n f a v o r o f t h e b lu e s e e d , which i s p e rh a p s a s s o c i a t e d
w ith s l i g h t l y l a t e r heading=
Of t h e f i v e c o m p a r i s o n s o n l y two
f a v o re d t h e b lu e seed in t e s t w e i g h t ; however, t h e a v e ra g e s
were o n ly 0 ,1 pounds p e r b u sh e l d i f f e r e n t .
Seed w e i g h t s ( T a b l e V l l T ) showed no d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n
b l u e a n d w h i t e seed=
The s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e s i n t e s t w e i g h t
w h i c h f a v o r e d t h e b l u e s e e d w e r e n o t r e f l e c t e d i n t h e Seed weights=
-
T a b l e V.
21
T e s t w e i g h t o f t h r e O b l u e Mnd w h i t e a l e u r o n e i s o g e n i c
l i n e s o b t a i n e d by b u l k i n g when grown a t M o c c a s i n i n
1 9 5 3 s 1 9 5 4 , 1955 a n d 1956 and a t Bozeman i n 1953 a nd
1954.
T e s t W eight - l b . p e r B u s h e l
Iso g e n ic A leurone
1954
1953'
1955 1956
C o l o r Boz c /Md c Cb Boz o Mocc o Moc c o Mocc =
L ines
G lacier
x Mars
G lacier x
M anchuria
T rebiD ryland x
G lacier
A v e ra ge
Avg =
42.0
38.0
43 =6
42 =4
44.7
43.0
37.8
38.0
40 =0
42.3
41.3
42.9.
42.5
39.0
42.0
48.3
40 =0
41.0
42.8
43.1
43.3
43.8
47.6
47.8
39.0
39.1
41.3
42.9
42.3
43.1
B lu e
W h ite
4 8 .g 46.0
48.4 _ 42.3
47.5
39.2
B lue
W hite
4?.9 ' 4 1 . 7 47.6
48.7 4 1 . 3 ' 47.7
B lu e
W h it e
48.5
48.3
40.3
42.3
Blue
W h ite
48.4
48.5
42.7
42.0
47.7
47.4
40 =2
38.0
39.0
43.6
■■■
T a b l e VI„
22
”
Y ie ld s of blue v e r s u s w hite d le u ro n e is o g e n ic T ita n
when grown a t M o c c a s i n a nd Bozeman fro m 1952 t o
1956o
Y e a r Grown
______ B u s h e l s p e r A c r e ______
Moccasin
Bozeman
B lue ' ■'
B lue
White
W h ite
1952
20.2
26.7
48.2
57.1
1953
..3 8 .2
42.0
58.2
53.4
29.3
68.8
71.5
1955*
75.3
74.8
1956*
83.0
88.8
66 =7
69.1
1954
2 9 . 3 ........
Average
*
29.2
32.7
Not i n c l u d e d i n A n a l y s i s o f V a r i a n c e
■ '■
Source
A n a ly s is of V ariance
D egrees of Freedom
Mean S q u a r e s
L ocation
I
1058000
C olor
I
21060
Years
2
75313
L o c a tio n s x Color
I
18
L o c a tio n s x Years
2
50933
C olor x Years
2
8684
L o c a tio n x Color x Years
2
2996
34
289297
E rror
- 23 T a b l e 711»
P la n t h e i g h t , d a te of h e ad in g , t i l l e r s per th r e e
f e e t o f ro w , p e r c e n t p r o t e i n a nd t e s t w e i g h t o f
b l u e and w h i t e a l e u r o n e i s o g e n i c T i t a n when grown
a t M o c c a s i n a n d Bozeman i n 1 9 5 2 , 1953 a n d 1954«
T itan
Char a c t e r
L ocation
P lant h eig h t
inches
F i r s t headed
date ■
.
' Mocc..'
Year
' , 1952
1954
Mod c .
1952
1953
1954
Noo t i l l e r s p e r
3 f t . o f row
Mocc.
Percent p ro tein
Boz.
1953 '
Mocc.
1953
1954 •
BoZ»
Average t e s t w eig h t
I'
29
W h it e
' '' '22
29
■■. '
■
T est w eight
l b s . p e r bu.
B lue
'
.1953.': , -
1952
1953
1954
6-2$
7-5
7-5
6-3,2.
7-5
7-4
94.0
96.2
' 14.3
. 13.3:
44»8
• 4 7 0O -
43.0
- 4 8.2
49.0
53.1
50.6
50.0
52.9
51.1
48.9
49.0
-
Table V I I I o
Isogenic
Line
24
-
Seed w e i g h t s i n grains p e r 100 k e r n e l s o f b l u e a nd
w h i t e a l e u r o n e i s o g e n i c l i n e s f r o m s e e d grown a t
M o c c a s i n ' a n d ' BOzemaho
Grams p e r .100 k e r n e l s
A le u rO n e
M occasin
Bozeman
A v e rag e
Color
. 1 9 5 3 . 1954
1954
1955 . 1953.
$2-5396
B lu e
W h ite
':2 o96
2 .?0
2.60
, 3 :6 3 ; : , 2 . 77__ , 2 . 5 7
4.63
4.57
4.47
4.37
52-5397
BlUe'
W h it e
3 4 7 ' 2.98
\3 ,p p
3.%3
• ■ •;
2.6$
2.63
4.80
4.68
4.52
4.60
52-5398
Blue
W h ite
2,93
2.90
2.37
2.37
2.18
2.22
4.28
4.32
3.97
3.98
3.15
3.16
31-18
B lue
W h ite
2 02
1.9
3.20
3.03
2.70
. 2.47
32-18
B lue
W h ite
2.1
.2.0
3.33
3.42
2.72
2.71
33-18
B lu e
W h ite
2.9
2.9
.3.73
3.70
3.32
3i3o
34-18
Blue
W h it e
2.4
2.4
3.0$
3.08
26 73
2.74
35-26
Blue
W h ite
3.5
3.5
4.90
5.10
4 =20
4.30
36—26
B lue
W h ite
3.6
3.2,
4.52
4.50
4 =06
3.85
4.07
4.02
3 .3 9 .
3.46
3.98
3.98
3.31
3.30
.
37-26
B lu e
W hite.
2.7
2.9
Average
B lu e
W h it e
2.84 .
2.80
2.68
2.71
2.48
2.47
4.57
4.52
3.46
3.46
.
3.62
3.63
—2 5 “
N a t u r a l S e l e c t i o n f o r A l e u r o n e C o l o r i n 5 0 -5 0 M i x t u r e s
R e s u l t s o b t a i n e d . f ro m t h e 5 0 - 5 0 m i x t u r e s i n d i c a t e a n a t u ­
r a l s e l e c t i o n a g a i n s t b l u e a l e u r o n e s e e d a t M o c c a s i n ( T a b l e IX) „
C h i - s q u a r e t e s t s w e re c o n d u c t e d on e a c h m i x t u r e t o d e t e r m i n e
w h e t h e r t h e p e r c e n t a g e s w e r e random v a r i a t i o h s f r o m t h e e x ­
pected,
S i n c e a l l p e r c e n t a g e s a r e e x p e c t e d t o be 50 p e r c e n t 8
a s e t o f l i m i t s c o u l d be c a l c u l a t e d w h i c h would a p p l y t o a l l
f ig u r e s in the ta b le except the av erag es.
The l i m i t s w h i c h c a n
be c a l c u l a t e d by t h e c h i - s q u a r e t e s t a r e 50 ^ 9«8 p e r c e n t f o r
a 5 p e r c e n t l e v e l o f s i g n i f i c a n c e a n d 50 £ 1 2 , 9 p e r c e n t f o r
the I percent le v e l.
I n . 1957 f o u r o f t h e m i x t u r e s w e r e be lo w
t h e 50 p e r c e n t e x p e c t e d b l u e s e e d w i t h a p r o b a b i l i t y o f l e s s
t h a n one p e r c e n t t h a t t h i s was a random v a r i a t i o n .
The o t h e r
m i x t u r e s showed t h e n o r m a l d e v i a t i o n s w i t h a few p e r c e n t a g e s
b e i n g a b o v e o r b e lo w t h e e x p e c t e d ; however* t h e s e r e t u r n e d t o
n o r m a l t h e f o l l o w i n g y e a r a n d may r e p r e s e n t s a m p l i n g v a r i a t i o n .
T h r e e o f t h e m i x t u r e s * 33-18* 3 4 - 1 8 an d 35-26* r e m a i n e d n e a r
t h e e x p e c t e d 50 p e r c e n t i n d i c a t i n g e q u a l c o m p e t i t i v e a b i l i t y
of th e b lue w ith t h e w h ite s e e d .
The b l u e i n t h e T i t a n mix­
t u r e showed t h e l e a s t c o m p e t i t i v e a b i l i t y by d r o p p i n g t o 9o0
p e r c e n t blue a le u r o n e in 1956.
A l l y e a r s * e x c e p t 19.53» show­
ed an a v e ra g e l o s s i n p e r c e n t b lu e seed w ith th e l o s s e s in
1 9 5 5 9 195 6 a nd 1957 b e i n g s i g n i f i c a n t .
The g r e a t e s t l o s s i n
p e r c e n t b l u e s e e d was i n 1955 w i t h a n a v e r a g e d r o p o f 6 . 9
percent.
2 6 ■=■
T a b l e IX,
The p e r d d h t b l u e a l e u h d n e s e e d o b t a i n e d f r o m $0-5 0
m i x t u r e s dompbunded i n 1953 f r o m b l u e an d w h i t e
a l e u r o n e i s o g e n i c l i n e s an d grown i n s u c c e s s i v e
y e a r s a t M o c c a s i n f r o m 1953 t h r o u g h 1957»
P e r c e n t Blue A l e u r o n e i n M i x t u r e
Isogenic
1953
•- • : * v
1954' '
I ■
1955
1956
1957
31-18
5 4 ,Q..
T 7q .6**
47.3
48.7
42,0
32-18
48.7 .
.4 9 .7 .
43.7
32.7**
25.7**
33-18
71.3**
59.0
60.0**
56.3
52.3
3 4 —1 8
52.3
.5 4 .0
44 00
52;7
51.0
35-26
48.7
45.0
42.7
30.0**
49.7
36-26
49.7
48.0
40,7
42.7
40.7
37-26
46 O0
40.0*
39.3*
54.7
34.7**
38-26
56.3
48.3
37.7*
23.7**
29.7**
52-5396
47.3
45.3
48.3
43.0
40,3
52-5397
5 1 .7
48.7
40.3
33.3**
42,3
52-5398
51.3
48.3
40.3
47.0
41.0
T itan
45.3
40.3
29.0**
9.0**
11.3**
Average
51.9
49.7
42.8**
39.5**
38.4**
L ines
.
■
*
S i g n i f i c a n t a t th e 5 p e r c e n t l e v e l from t h e e x p e c te d ,
**
S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e I p e r c e n t l e v e l from t h e e x p e c te d .
-
27
-
Table X r e p r e s e n t s th e s h i f t s i n p e rc e n t b lu e aleuroneo
U sing th e p e r c e n t a g e s o b ta in e d th e p r e v io u s y e a r a s th e e x p e c t ­
e d , a c h i - s q u a r e t e s t was c o n d u c t e d on a l l f i g u r e s i n t h e
t a b l e , except the a v e ra g e ^ , to determ ine i f a s i g n i f i c a n t g a in
o r l o s s i n p e rc e n t blue seed o c c u r r e d .
The l o s s r e c o r d e d i n
1955 was t h e o n l y y e a r w i t h a s i g n i f i c a n t s h i f t i n b l u e s e e d
a s d e t e r m i n e d by s t u d e n t ’ s p a i r i n g m eth o d o f a n a l y s i s .
N a t u r a l S e l e c t i o n f o r A le u ro n e C o lo r i n Bulked H y b rid s
.
■-
—
'
The r e s u l t s f r o m : t h e : f i v e b u l k e d h y b r i d s grown a t Moec a s i n ( T a b l e XI) show c o n s i d e r a b l e v a r i a t i o n f r o m t h e e x p e c t ­
ed p e r c e n t a g e s .
According to th e c h i-s q u a re t e s t ,
G lacier x
T ita n had th e b e st f i t f o r th e expected r a t i o of 9:7°
T rebi-
D r y l a n d x G l a c i e r h a d t h r e e g e n e r a t i o n s w h i c h d e v i a t e d f ro m
t h e e x p e c te d , w h i l e th e o t h e r f o u r g e n e r a t i o n s were normal
.sh ifts.
G l a c i e r x M anchuria had f o u r g e n e r a t i o n s i n sequence
t h a t w ere b e lo w t h e e x p e c t e d p e r c e n t a g e ; h o w e v e r , i n 1957 i t
was w i t h i n t h e f i d u c i a l l i m i t s o f t h e e x p e c t e d p e r c e n t a g e .
G l a c i e r x Mars a n d G l a c i e r x C o l s e s s d i d n o t f i t
ratio s.
th e expected
G l a c i e r x.M ars ranged above th e ex p ected i n p e rc e n t
b l u e s e e d w h i l e G l a c i e r x C o l s e s s was b e lo w .
Table X II p r e s e n t s th e s h i f t s i n p e rc e n t b lu e a le u ro n e
betw een g e n e r a t i o n s .
The f i g u r e s shown a r e t h e p e r c e n t ab o v e
o r b e lo w i n p e r c e n t , b l u e s e e d f r o m t h e e x p e c t e d a f t e r t h e
d e v i a t i o n s from a norm al s h i f t had been removed.
T h i s was
c a l c u l a t e d by d e t e r m i n i n g t h e e x p e c t e d d r o p i n p e r c e n t b l u e
28
—
T a b l e Xe
Isogenic
—
Y e a r l y s h l f t e i n p e r c e n t b l u e a I e u r one f r o m 50-50
m i x t u r e i compounded i n 1953 f r o m b l u e a n d w h i t e
a l e u r o n e i s o g e n i c l i n e s a nd grown a t M o c c a s i n
f r o m 1953 t h r o u g h 1957=
Y e a r l y S h i f t s i n P e r c e n t :B lue A l e u r o n e
L ines
1955
1956
1957
/16.0**
-22.7**
/ 1 =4
- 6.7
- 1 =3
/ 1 =0
— 6 =0
-11=0*
- 7.0
33-18
/ 2 1 . 3**
-12,3**
/ 1 =0
- 3.7
— 4.0
34-18
/ 2.3'
/1-7. .
-10.0*
/ 8.7
- 1 =7
35-26
— 1 =3
- 3=7 .
- 2.3
-12.7*
/19.7**
36-26
— 0 =3
- 1 =7
- 7 =3
/ 2.0
- 2.0
37-26
— 4 =0
— 4 =0
- 0 =7
/15.4**
-20=0**
38-26
/ 6 =3
- 8 =0
-10.6*
-14=0 * *
/ 6=o
52-5396
- 2 =7
— 2 =0
/ 3.0
- 5.3
— 2=7
52-5397
/ 1 =7
— 3 =0
™ 8 =4
- 7 =0
/ 9.0
52-5398
/ 1 =3
— 3 =0
— 8 =0
/ 6 =7
— 6 =0
T itan
- 4 =7
- 5 =0
-11=3*
-20.0**
/ 2 =3
Average
/ 1.9
- 2 =2
- 6 . 9**
- 3.3
- 1 =1
1953
I?34.
31-18
/ 4 =0
32-18
/.
*
S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 5 p e r c e n t l e v e l f ro m t h e e x p e c t e d =
**
S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e I p e r c e n t l e v e l fr o m t h e e x p e c t e d =
Table XI.
The p e r c e h t b l u e a l e d r o i i b K e r n e l s i n f i v e b u l k e d
h y b r i d s when grown a t M o c c a s i n f r o m 1948 t h r o u g h
1957 o
1
P e r c e n t B lu e A l e u r o n e i n Each G e n e r a t i o n
Year
G lacier
G lacier
" X
X
T rebiD ryland
Grown
G lacier
G lacier
X
X
X
M anchuria,
. 3 : 1 R atio
Mars
.9:7 R a tio
47.0
42,7
1948
4 7 03
„ '. ' 5 1 . 3* * r \
1952
43.7.
. ..
1953
39.3*
59.6**
19 54
38.3*
1955
21.3
35.0
33.3**
27.7
4 0 . 0*
2 4 . 0**
32.7
64,7** .
42.0
23.7**
26.0
3 2 . 0**
57.3**
39.7*
17.3**
. 22.3
1956
33.7**
46.7**
34.7*
25.7**
O
1—
I
CNi
Percent
B lu e
P lanted
G lacier
C oisess
T itan
3 : 1 R a t i o 3:1 R a t i o 9:7 B a t i O
1957
4 0 . o':
51.7**
41.3
3 2 . 0 **
31.0
47.3
.
$4.6** '
149.0
. 43.7
;
,0
* S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 5 p e r c e n t l e v e l f r o m -the e x p e c t e d r a t i o .
** S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e I p e r c e n t l e v e l f ro m the. e x p e c t e d r a t i o .
MOTE:
C r o s s e s w i t h M a n c h u r i a 3 Mars a n d T r e b i - D r y l a n d r a n g e d i n s e e d
g e n e r a t i o n s from E5 th ro u g h
°
C l a c i e r x C o l s e s s f r o m F^ t h r o u g h F ^ 1 .
G l a c i e r x T i t a n f r o m F^ t h r o u g h F ^ 0 -
-
Table X I I »
Year
Grown
30
-
G e n era tio n s h i f t s in p e rc e n t blue a le u ro n e k e r n e l s
f r o m f i v e b u l k e d h y b r i d s when grown a t M o c c a s i n
f r o m 1948 t h r o u g h 1 9 $ 7 .
D e v i a t i o n s , a is g a i n o r l o s s o f p e r c e n t b l u e
from t h e e x p ec te d
G lacier G lacier
G lacier . G lacier , T rebi" X
X
X
X
D ryland
V
x.
Mars'.
T itan
Manchuria
"i Gla c i e r O o l s e s s
1952
- 2 , 9 ......... 4 4 . 8 ’; . — 4 . 6
1953
~ 4»I ,
1954
- o . 9 ...
1955
- 6 .2 '
1956
/ 1.7
1957
Average
A v e r a ge
- 0.45
■- - 3 . 4
— 8.8
/ 6.6
— 0 663
. / 5.6..
/ 2.2'
- 0.1
- 5.7
/ 0.18
- 7.1
— 2.2
— 6.3
- 3.3
- 4.1 8 * *
-10.5*
- 5.0
/ 8.4*
- 1.1
— 1 008
/ 6.3
/
/ 6.6
/ 6.3
/1 0.1*
/
- 1.02
/ 0.63
- 1.07
— 0.08
/ 1.10
- 0.09
\
"
'
/
5.9
5.1
.
* Significant shift at the 5 percent level„
** Significant shift at the I percent level.
5.73^*
—
31
”
f o r t h a t g e n e r a t i o n and. a p p l y i n g t h i s p e r c e n t a g e t o t h e o b ­
served w ith the d iffe re n c e recorded in t h i s . t a b l e as genera­
tio n s h i f t o
A l t h o u g h two o f t h e c r o s s e s d i d n o t f i t t h e
expected r a t i o ,
s h i f t s b e t w e e n g e n e r a t i o n s w e re q u i t e n o r m a l
w i t h o nly t h r e e s h i f t s d e v i a t i n g from th e e x p e c te d .
p e r f e c t s h i f t a l l a v e r a g e s s h o u l d be z e r o .
For a
The g a i n o r l o s s
i n p e r c e n t b l u e f o r a l l h y b r i d s b e tw e e n y e a r s shows a s i g ­
n i f ic a n t lo s s in 19559 a year fav o rin g n a tu r a l s e le c tio n fo r
w h ite s e e d , ahd a s i g n i f i c a n t g a in i n 1957, a y e a r f a v o r i n g
n a tu r a l s e l e c t i o n f o r blue s e e d „
T h es e same, h y b r i d s w e r e grown a t Bozeman ( T a b l e X I I I )
d u r i n g t h e same y e a r s a n d g e n e r a t i o n s a s a t M o c c a s i n .
G lacier
x T i t a n and G l a c i e r x Manchuria p erfo rm ed a s e x p e c te d w h ile
the o th e r th re e h y b rid s did not f i t t h e i r re s p e c tiv e r a t i o s .
T r e b i - D r y l a n d x G l a c i e r was t h e o n l y c r o s s w h i c h d i d n o t p e r ­
f o r m a t Bozeman a s a t M o c c a s i n .
The s h i f t s b e t w e e n g e n e r a t i o n s ( T a b l e XIV) w e r e c a l c u ­
l a t e d i n t h e same m an n e r a s f o r M o c c a s i n .
At Bozeman t h e s i g ­
n i f i c a n t s h i f t s w e r e more n u m erous t h a n a t M o c c a s i n ; h o w e v e r ,
t h e a c c u m u l a t i o n s o f t h e s e s h i f t s f o r e a c h h y b r i d .was n o n ­
sig n ific an t.
When c o m p a r i n g a l l t h e h y b r i d s on a y e a r l y b a s i s
two s i g n i f i c a n t l o s s e s i n p e r c e n t b l u e a I e u r one w e r e o b t a i n e d ,
o n e i n 1953 a n d t h e o t h e r i n 1957»
T h es e two l o s s e s i n p e r ­
c e n t b l u e a t Bozeman d i d n o t o c c u r a t M o c c a s i n f o r t h e . same
years
=
Table XIIIo
32
—
The p e r c e n t b l u e a I e U r one k e r n e l s i n f i v e b u l k e d
h y b r i d s when' grown a t Bozeman f r o m 1945 t h r o u g h
195 7 -
P e r c e h t B lu e A l e u r o n e i n Each G e n e r a t i o n
Year
1 G lacier
G lacier
T rebiD ryland
X
X
Grown
G lacier
G lacier
X
X
X
Manchuria'
3:1 R atio
%
' G lacier
3:1 R atio
'Mans '
. 9 :7 R atio
'•
''
6#-0** '
C olsess
T itan
3 :1 R a t i o 9 :7 R a ti o
32.7**
1945
58-3'
19.46
52-7
' " 5 2 -O** ;
1947
47 - O
42.7**
47-3
41-3**
1948
44-7.
46-3**
34-7**
21.3**
35.0
1952
55-7
46.7**
39-7
46.3
31-7
1953
43-7
41-0**
29.3**
35.3**
19-7 .
1954
56-7
42.0** .
29.7**
25.0**
15-7*
1955
61-3*
52.3** .
33.3**
24.3**
13.3**
1956
58.0
43-0** .
33.3**
25-3**
20.7
1957
51-3
38.0**
29.7**
21.3**
25.3
'
. 4
5
- 7
*
.
43.0**
* S i g n i f i c a n t a t th e 5 p e r c e n t l e v e l from t h e e x p e c te d r a t i o ** S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e I p e r c e n t l e v e l f r o m t h e e x p e c t e d r a t i o NOTE;
C r o s s e s w i t h M a n c h u r i a 9 Mars a n d T r e b i - D r y l a n d r a n g e d i n s e e d
G e n e r a tio n from
through
(
G l a c i e r x C o l s e s s f r o m F^ t h r o u g h F - ^ 0 .
G l a c i e r x T i t a n from F^ th ro u g h F ^ q0
)
-
T a b l e XIV,
33
-
G e n eratio n s h i f t s in p e rc e n t blue a le u ro n e k e r n e ls
f r o m f i v e b u l k e d h y b r i d s when grown a t Bozeman
f r o m 1945 t h r p u g h ' 1 9 5 7 .
D e v ia tio n s , a s 'g a i n or l o s s of p e rc e n t blue
from th e e x p e c te d
A v e r a ge
Year
G lacier
X
G lacier ,T rebix
D ryland
Grown
, G lacier
G lacier
X
X
C olsess
T itan
.X
M anchuria"
M a rs'
G lacier
1946
/ 0.2:.');: ; - ' 3 : i "
1947
== 2 o8
— 3.6
... / 4 . 1 .
1948
- 0.9
/ 6.1
-11.2*
1952
/11.7* . . / 1 . 8
1953
-11.6*
- 5.0
-10.1*
1954
/13.2**
/ 1.3
/ 0.5
1955
/ 4.7
/10.5*
1956
— 3.2
1957
Average
);/i6 .3 * * ,
/ 4.47
/ 2.6
/ 0 008
-17.7**
- 5.93
/25.6**
/ 0.2
/ 8.96
-10.2*
- 9.44**
-10.0*
“ 3.4
/ 0.32
/ 3.7
— 0.6
— 2.2
/ 3.22
- 9.2
/ 0.03
/ 1.1
■ / 7.5*
/ 0.76
- 6.7
- 5.0
— 3.6
— 4.0
/ 4 06
- 2.94?*
/ 0.51
— Oo 69
/ 0.58
— 1 066
- 0.58
- 0.37
. '/'5.5,.
. -10.3*
* S ig n if ic a n t s h i f t a t the 5 p ercen t I e v e l 0
** S i g n i f i c a n t s h i f t a t t h e I p e r c e n t l e v e l »
™
34
"
To o b t a i n a d d i t i o n a l d a t a c o n c e r n i n g n a t u r a l s e l e c t i o n
f o r b l u e a n d w h i t e a l e . u r o n e s e e d , p l a n t i n g s f o r two y e a r s w ere
made a t t h r e e o t h e r l o c a t i o n s i n t h e s t a t e „
man s e e d was u s e d a s t h e s e e d s o u r c e .
( T a b l e XV)
Boze­
At H u n t l e y a n d C r e s t o n
t h e h y b r i d s w e re grown u n d e r b o t h d r y l a n d an d i r r i g a t e d c on­
d itio n s.
S i n c e o n l y two y e a r s d a t a w ere o b t a i n e d , no g e n e r a l
t r e n d s f o r n a t u r a l s e l e c t i o n of blue and w h ite a le u r o n e seed
c a n be. d e t e c t e d .
The c h i - s q u a r e t e s t was u s e d i n t h i s t a b l e
: I
"■
t o o b t a i n s i g n i f i c a n t d e v i a t i o n s from th e e x p ec te d r a t i o f o r
t h e two g e n e r a t i o n s . . G l a c i e r x M a r s , T r e b i - D r y l a n d x G l a c i e r
and G la c i e r x C o ls e s s d id n o t f i t t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e r a t i o s a t
a l l l o c a t i o n s , w h i l e G l a c i e r x M a n c h u r ia shows a b e t t e r f i t
under i r r i g a t i o n than u n d e r!d ry lan d .
G lacier x T itan , as a t
M o c c a s i n a n d Bozeman ( T a b l e s XI a n d X I I I ) , showed a good f i t .
T a b l e XVI p r e s e n t s t h e g e n e r a t i o n s h i f t s i n p e r c e n t b l u e
at. th e v a rio u s l o c a t i o n s .
T h es e s h i f t s w ere d e t e r m i n e d i n
t h e same .manner a s f o r T a b l e s . X I I a n d XIV.
When c o m p a r i n g
the accum ulated g a in s o r l o s s e s of each h y b rid under dryland
o r i r r i g a t i o n , o n l y one a c c u m u l a t i o n was s i g n i f i c a n t .
T h at
was G l a c i e r x Mars u n d e r d r y l a n d , w h i c h h a d a s i g n i f i c a n t
gain.
When t h e a c c u m u l a t e d g a i n o r l o s s by y e a r s i s c o m p a r e d ,
Bozeman showed a s i g n i f i c a n t l o s s i n p e r c e n t b l u e i n 1953
w h i l e S i d n e y i r r i g a t e d a n d H u n t l e y d r y l a n d h a d g a i n s i n 19$2
a n d 1953 r e s p e c t i v e l y .
35
T a b l e XV0
-
The p e r c e n t b l u e a l e u r o n e k e r n e l s I n f i v e b u l k e d
h y b r i d s when grown a t f i v e l o c a t i o n s u n d e r i r ­
r i g a t e d a n d d r y l a n d c o n d i t i o n s i n 1952 a n d 1953
f r o m s e e d grown a t Bozeman,
G lacier
X
, P e r c e n t B lu e A l e u r o n e
G lacier T rebiG lacier
X
X
Dryland
G lacier
X
X
Manchuria
. ^6
P e r c e n t Blue
P lanted
Year L o c a tio n
Mars
f6
G lacier
'
C olsess
T itan
F6
? 5
F 4
35.0
44 o7
46.3
34.7
21.3
55.7
Irrig ated
1952
1953
Bozeman
1952
1952
46.7**
39.7*
4 1 . 0** • 29.3**
46.3
43.7 .
H untley
41.0*
50.0**
25.7**
34.7** . 3 8 .0**
C reston
41.3"
38.0**
59.7**
52.7**
27.7**
37.3**
28.3**
33.7**
45.7
46.0**
39.3*
29.7**
34.0**
24.7**
25.3**
2 5 .0**
37.7**
30.0
1953
1952
1953
1953
Sidney
” (early)***
" ( l a t e ) ***
35.3**
31.7
19.7*
2 3 .0
28.0
51.0
42.7
45.7**
47.0**
3 8 .0**
52.3**
59.6**
4 0 . 0*
39.3**
40.0*
33.3**
24.O**
27.7
32.7
27.7**
4 6 .0**
3 0 .0**
2 1 .0**
2 4 .0
35.0
Dryland
1952
1953
M occasin
1952
1953
H untley
1952
C reston
1953
58.3**
28.0**
3 8 . 0 * * . 45.7**
30.3**
31.7**
44.7
33.3**
47.7**
34.7**
37.0*
36.7**
25.3**
2 2 .6
* S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 5 p e r c e n t l e v e l from t h e e x p e c te d
** S i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e I p e r c e n t l e v e l f r o m t h e e x p e c t e d
*** E a r l y a n d l a t e p l a n t i n g s .
26.7
-
T a b l e XVI.
36
—
G e n e r a tio n s h i f t s i n p e r c e n t bine a le u r o n e k e r n e l s
i n f i v e b u l k e d h y b r i d s when grown a t f i v e l o c a t i o n s
u n d e r i r r i g a t e d a n d d r y l a n d c o n d i t i o n s d u r i n g 1952
a n d 1 9 5 3 o' ; ;
D e v i a t i o n s a s g ain Sr l o s s in p e r'
cen t blue from ’ expected
Year
G lacier G lacier T rebi- G lacier G lacier
L ocation
x
, ; x ..^ D r yxl a n d
X
x
• ______
M a n c h u r i a Mars
G la c ie r ColSess T ita n
Irrig ated
1952 Bozeman
Avg0
■r •
1953
/11.7*
-11.6*
1952 H u n t l e y
- 3.0 . /
1952 C r e s t o n
1953
- 2.7
- 2.7
/14.8**
- 5.8
1952 S i d n e y
1953 (E)* * *
1953 (L)* * *
/ 1.7
/ 5.8
- 2.5
/ Iol
/ 1.1
/ 2.4
A v e r a ge
— Oe41
/ 1.94
/1 .8
- 5.0
/
5 . 5 /2 5.66**/ 0.2
. 0 . 1 * -10.3* -10.2*
8.5
5.1
/
/
/14.0** / 6.8
/ 8.96
- 9.44**
/ 2.89
6.5 / 7.6
9.9* / 6 . 0
- 8.2
/ 1.00
/ 5.7
/ 2.62
/ 4.0
/ 1.1
/ 0.8
/ 6.5
- 6.6
— 1.6
/ 3.82*
- 1.56
— 1 .16
- 0.89
/ 0.88
5.1
9.2
4.9
2.34 / 6.10
Dryland.
1952 M o c c a s i n — 6 . 0
1953
/ 1.7
1952 H u n t l e y
1952 C r e s t o n
1953
4.2
-16.7** / 1 . 1
/17.3** /13.2**
0 .8
/
2.9
- 2.33
/
5
.62*
/
0.3
/ 1.52
“
5.34
0,52
/
3.7
1.7
/16.0**
-10.7*
-
/
3.95
* S ig n ific a n t s h i f t a t the 5 percent le v e l.
** S i g n i f i c a n t s h i f t a t t h e I p e r c e n t l e v e l .
*** E a r l y a n d l a t e p l a n t i n g s .
f
— 7.2
/ 3.26
/14.1** /13.7** /11.32*
CN
— 6.0
4.3
/
-
/ 1 2 . 6 * * - 3.5
— 8.6
/
5.8
1.7
to
Average
/ 5.8
/ 0.4
O
1953
/ 7.4
/ 8,3
—
4. 5
/
-
3.3
- 2.74
/
0 .2 2
/
I »44
~ 37 “
DISCUSSION
When t h e i s o g e n i c l i n e s o f b l u e a n d w h i t e a l e u r o n e s e e d
w e r e compa red o n l y s m a l l d i f f e r e n c e s were f o u n d i n p l a n t h e i g h t s
d a te of h e a d in g , t i l l e r i n g ,
p e r c e n t p r o t e i n a nd k e r n e l w e i g h t
d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d t e s t e d a t M o c c a s i n a n d Bozeman,
T est weight
d i f f e r e n c e s w e r e s m a l l b u t i n m o s t c a s e s t h i s d i f f e r e n c e was
c o n s i s t e n t l y in fa v o r of th e blue se e d .
Since th e p r e lim in a r y
i n f o r m a t i o n i n d i c a t e s t h e b l u e s e e d shows a t e n d e n c y t o h ave
a h i g h e r degree of s k in n in g , t h i s m ay,account f o r th e h ig h e r
t e s t w eighto
No d i f f e r e n c e s i n y i e l d w e r e o b t a i n e d o v e r a
p e rio d of y e a r s .
How ever, i n c e r t a i n y e a r s t h e b l u e a l e u r o n e
s e e d s y i e l d e d h i g h e r t h a n t h e w h i t e , w h i l e t h e r e v e r s e would
happen i n o t h e r s .
The b u l k e d i s o g e n i c s showed a c o n s i s t e n t l y
h i g h y i e l d f o r b l u e a l e u r o n e a t Bozeman i n 1953 a n d c o n s i s t ­
e n t l y lo w y i e l d i n 1954°
S in c e t h e s e l i n e s were b u lk ed in
t h e f o u r t h g e n e r a t i o n , l i n k e d g e n e s c o u l d be m a k i n g t h i s
d ifferen ce.
The 5 0 - 5 0 m i x t u r e s grown a t M o c c a s i n show a n a t u r a l
s e l e c t i o n a g a i n s t blue a le u ro n e se e d .
This s i g n i f i c a n t l o s s
in blue seed o ccurred a f t e r the t h i r d y e a r.
S i n c e t h e s e m ix ­
t u r e s w e r e made f r o m i s o g e n i c l i n e s w h ic h h a d b e e n s e l f ed
f o r 18 a nd 26 y e a r s , l i n k a g e s s h o u l d h a v e no e f f e c t s .
There­
f o r e , t h i s n a t u r a l s e l e c t i o n i s p r o b a b l y c a u s e d by p l e o t r o p i s m .
o r very c lo s e ly lin k e d genes.
I n 1955 a t M o c c a s i n , w h i c h was
t h e y e a r w i t h t h e g r e a t e s t l o s s i n b lu e s e e d , a l l t o p growth
™ 38 ~
was d e s t r o y e d , by h a i l oh J u n e 26 when t h e p l a n t s w e re i n t h e
j o i n t i n g s t a g e ; h o w e v e r , t h e p l a n t s r e c o v e r e d an d p r o d u c e d
seedo
I f t h e l o s s i n b l u e s e e d was due t o n o n - d e v e l o p m e n t
of c o lo r because of l a t e n e s s in m a t u r i t y , the p e rc e n ta g e s
s h o u l d h a v e b e en h i g h e r t h e f o l l o w i n g - y e a r „
S i n c e t h i s was
n o t t h e c a s e , o t h e r f a c t o r s must h a v e b e e n i n v o l v e d .
C o m p arin g t h e r e s u l t s o f t h e f i v e b u l k e d h y b r i d s grown
a t H o c c a s i n a nd Bozeman,. C l a c i e r x Mars an d C l a c i e r x C o l s e s s
did not f i t
th e ir resp ectiv e r a tio s a t e ith e r lo ca tio n .
T r e b i - D r y l a n d x G l a c i e r h a d a good f i t a t M o c c a s i n b u t a pool*
f i t a t Bozeman.
catio n s.
G l a c i e r x T i t a n h ad a good f i t a t b o t h l o ­
I t i s su sp ected t h a t lin k e d genes account f o r th ese
d i f f e r e n c e s when t e s t i n g f o r n a t u r a l s e l e c t i o n i n a b u l k e d
population.
C o l s e s s , f o r exam ple, i s a b lu e seeded v a r i e t y
w i t h h o o d s a n d one c o l o r f a c t o r l i n k e d .
T h i s w o u ld c a u s e
a d e c r e a s e i n p e r c e n t b l u e s e e d i f t h e r e was a n a t u r a l s e l e c ­
t i o n w h i c h d i d n o t f a v o r t h e hooded t y p e s .
A nother f a c t o r
w h i c h may c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e l o s s i n b l u e s e e d i s t h e amount
of s h a t t e r i n g .
S i n c e t h e b l u e s e e d shows a h i g h e r d e g r e e of.
s k in n in g , t h e r e i s a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t i t w i l l have h ig h e r
amounts of s h a t t e r i n g i n th e f i e l d .
When t h e b u l k e d h y b r i d s w e r e grown a t f i v e l o c a t i o n s ,
no t r e n d s f o r s e l e c t i o n could , d e f i n i t e l y be d e t e c t e d .
How­
e v e r * d i f f e r e n c e s b e tw e e n l o c a t i o n s d i d e x i s t , w h i c h was t h e
purpose of t h i s t e s t .
From t h e d a t a c o l l e c t e d . G l a c i e r x
•*
39
-
M a n c h u r i a showed a g r e a t e r l o s s o f b l u e s e e d Under d r y l a n d
c o n d itio n s th an under i r r i g a t i o n .
G l a c i e r x Mars g a i n e d i n
p e r c e n t b lu e seed u n d e r b o th d r y l a n d and i r r i g a t i o n w ith th e
g a i n on d r y l a n d b e i n g s i g n i f i c a n t *
• •
" V
*
A l l l o c a t i o n s e x p e c t Boze"
man showed a l o s s i n b l u e c o l o r f o r T r e b i - D r y l a n d X G l a c i e r 0
G l a c i e r x G o l s e s s g a i n e d i n p e r c e n t b l u e s e e d Under d r y l a n d
and i r r i g a t i o n *
G l a c i e r x T i t a n showed a l o s s o f b l u e s e e d
u n d e r i r r i g a t i o n a n d a g a i n on d r y l a n d *
I f s e l e c t i o n s w e re t o be made f o r c o m p e t i t i v e t y p e s
b a s e d on s e e d c o l o r i n t h e f i v e b u l k e d . h y b r i d s , i t a p p e a r s
t h a t o n l y b l u e a l e u r o n e p l a n t s w o u ld be s e l e c t e d f r o m t h e
G l a c i e r x Mars C r o s s , S i n c e t h e p e r c e n t b l u e s e e d was h i g h e r
th a n th e expected a t both lo c a tio n s *
The w h i t e a l e u r o n e p l a n t s
o f G l a c i e r x C o l s e s S would be s e l e c t e d f o r b o t h l o c a t i o n s
s i n c e t h e b l u e s e e d showed t h e l e a s t c o m p e t i t i v e a b i l i t y *
At MoeOasin e i t h e r b l u e o r w h i t e s e e d e d p l a n t s c o u l d be
s e l e c t e d from th e T re b i-D ry la h d x G l a c i e r c r o s s , but only
t h e w h i t e s e e d e d p l a n t s a t Bozeman*
Th t h e G l a c i e r x T i t a n
C r o s s e i t h e r s e e d c o l o r c o u l d be s e l e c t e d f o r b o t h l o c a t i o n s
s i n c e t h i s c r o s s perform ed a s expected*
I n 1955 a t M o c c a s i n , w h i t e s e e d e d showed s i g n i f i c a n t
g a i n s i n b o t h t h e b u l k e d h y b r i d s and t h e 50^50 m i x t u r e s
w h ile th e w h ite bulked isogeniC S y i e l d e d a p p ro x im a te ly
one b u s h e l p e r a c r e more *
Such r e l a t i o n s h i p s w e r e n o t c o n ­
s i s t e n t h o w e v e r , p e r h a p s due t o t h e d i f f i c u l t y o f m e a s u r i n g yield*
<'r,, •i i i
o CfQKn
Of t h e f i v e c r o s s e s t e s t e d , i t was n o t i c e d t h a t G l a ­
c i e r x T i t a n h a d t h e m o st v a r i a b i l i t y i n s e e d c o l o r ,
e s p e c i a l l y when grown u n d e r i r r i g a t i o n .
Many s e e d s were
f o u n d w i t h o n l y a s m a l l p a t c h o f c o l o r n e a r t h e germ e n d ,
w h i c h c o u l d cause, v a r i a t i o n s i n s e e d c o u n t s .
== 41 ~
SUMMARY
No d i f f e r e n c e s i n - p l a n t h e i g h t , d a t e o f h e a d i n g ^ t i l l e r ­
i n g , p e r c e n t p r o t e i n o r s e e d w e i g h t w e r e o b t a i n e d when i s o ­
g e n i c l i n e s o f b l u e a n d w h i t e a I e u r one s e e d c o l o r w e r e com­
pared 0
T e s t w e i g h t d i f f e r e n c e s w ere s m a l l b u t i n m o st e a s e s
favored th e blue seed.
B l u e s e e d on t h e a v e r a g e h ad a h i g h e r p e r c e n t o f s k i n n e d
k e r n e l s a f t e r t h r e s h i n g t h a n t h e w h i t e , w h i c h may h a v e c a u s e d
th e h ig h e r t e s t w e ig h ts of th e blue seed.
Y i e l d s o f i s o g e n i c l i n e s showed no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r ­
e n c e s due t o s e e d c o l o r .
Y e a r l y d i f f e r e n c e s d i d e x i s t w h ic h
f a v o r e d t h e b l u e s e e d i n some y e a r s a nd w h i t e t h e o t h e r s .
The 5 0 - 5 0 m i x t u r e s o f b l u e a n d w h i t e a l e u r o n e s e e d showed
a n a t u r a l s e l e c t i o n a g a i n s t b l u e c o l o r when grown a t M o c c a s i n ,
The y e a r i n w h i c h t h e g r e a t e s t l o s s i n b l u e s e e d o c c u r r e d a
h a i l storm e a r l y i n t h e growing seaso n d e s t r o y e d a l l to p
grow th.
T h is caused th e r e s u l t i n g reg ro w th t o produce s i g ­
n i f i c a n t l y l e s s blue a le u ro n e seed than th e p re v io u s y e a r.
D u r i n g t h e f i v e y e a r s t h e s e m i x t u r e s w ere grown, t h e a v e r a g e
l o s s i n b l u e s e e d was 1 1 , 6 p e r c e n t ,
F i v e b u l k e d h y b r i d s w ere grown a t M o c c a s i n a n d Bozeman
through v a rio u s g e n e ra tio n s to determ ine the n a t u r a l s e l e c t i o n
f o r a le u ro n e seed c o l o r ,
Two o f t h e h y b r i d s , G l a c i e r x C o l -
s e s s and .G l a c i e r x M ars, d id n o t f i t t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e r a t i o s
— 42 “
a t e ith e r lo catio n .
G l a c i e r x C o l s e s e r a n g e d below t h e e x .
■ ■
■■
p e c t e d i n p e r c e n t b l u e s e e d w h i l e G l a c i e r X" Mars r a n g e d
above0
T r e b i - D r y l a n d . x G l a c i e r had a b e t t e r f i t t o i t s
e x p e c t e d r a t i o a t M o c c a s i n t h a n a t Bozeman,
G lacier x
T i t a n a nd G l a c i e r x M a n c h u r i a p e r f o r m e d a s e x p e c t e d a t b o t h
lo catio n s,
'
F i v e b u l k e d h y b r i d s w e re grown f o r two y e a r s a t f i v e
.
l o c a t i o n s u s i n g a common s e e d s o u r c e t o d e t e r m i n e t h e i r
n a t u r a l s e l e c t i o n u n d e r d r y l a n d an d i r r i g a t e d c o n d i t i o n s .
Two y e a r s d a t a was n o t s u f f i c i e n t t o d e t e r m i n e n a t u r a l
selectio n tren d s.
The d a t a c o l l e c t e d d u r i n g t h i s p e r i o d ,
h o w e v e r , i n d i c a t e d i f f e r e n c e s c o u l d e x i s t b e tw e e n l o c a t i o n s
when grown u n d e r d r y l a n d a nd i r r i g a t i o n .
— 43 ”
LITERATURE CITED
Io ' B u o k l e y g Co Eo Ho
In h e rita n c e in b a rle y w ith s p e c ia l
r e f e r e n c e t o t h e c o l o r o f c a r y o p s i s a nd lemma o
A g r o 10 ;
20
460-492.
D a a n e g H.
19300
Linkage r e l a t i o n s i n b a r l e y 0
E x p 0 S t a 0 T e c h . B u i . 78;
3=-
H a r l a n g H. J 0
S ci0
M in n 0 A g r 0
1931 =
Some d i s t i n c t i o n s i n o u r c u l t i v a t e d
b a r l e y s w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e i r u se i n p l a n t b r e e d i n g ,
U0 Sd .Dept, A g r i 0 B u i , 137° PP. 38«
4« - H e c t o r g I , M0
crops.
A frica,
5.
1914°
I n t r o d u c t i o n t o th e botany of f i e l d
C e n t r a l News. Agency L t d og J o h a n n e s b u r g , S o u t h
C e re a ls E o l 0 I ; 251-254,
L e j u n e g A, I , a nd P a r k e r , I , " H ,
1936,
F arm ers and s h ip p e r s
g u i d e t o prem iums o f h i g h q u a l i t y m a l t i n g b a r l e y .
Mid­
w e s t B a r l e y Im p rovem ent A s s o c , B u i , p p , 6 - 7 ° J a n , 1953°
6.
M y l e r g J , L , a nd S t a n f o r d , E, H,
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7°
J o u r , S o c , A g r o n , 34: 4 2 7 - 4 3 6 ,
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R o b e r t s o n , D, Wog Deming, G, W, a n d K o o n c e g D,
tance in b a rle y .
8,
Color i n h e r i t a n c e in
Sm ith, L u th e r,
J o u r, A g r0 Res, 44:445-466,
Inheri­
1932°
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The
3
128950
N378
D85
D ubbs, A. L.
N a tu r a l s e l e c t i o n f o r
b lu e and w h ite a le u ro n e
c o lo r in b a rle y . . .
co p . 2
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