The effects of sources of Vitamin A and yeast upon utilization of Vitamin A by beef calves : the effect
of feeding stilbestrol and antibiotics to cattle on a high barley fattening ration
by David P Heaney
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Animal Industry
Montana State University
© Copyright by David P Heaney (1956)
Abstract:
I. The first portion of the thesis presents the results of a study to determine the effects of sources of
vitamin A, and yeast, upon utilization of vitamin A by beef calves. Two types of concentrated; vitamin
A were studied: a corn-oil suspension of vitamin A (potency 1,600,000 I. U. per gram) and vitamin A
palmitate in gelatin (potency 250,000 I.U. per gram). Yeast was added to the depletion rations of half
the calves. The sixteen Hereford steer calves used in the trial were first depleted of vitamin A stores.
Supplemental vitamin A was then fed via capsule at levels of 50,000 I. U. per steer daily for five or ten
days, or 100,000 I. U. daily for ten days* Changes in blood plasma and liver vitamin A levels were
used to determine utilization of vitamin A, There were no consistent' differences in the effects of the
two types of vitamin A supplements used on plasma vitamin A content, or vitamin A storage in the
liver. The depletion of vitamin A from the liver was faster when the steers received the corn-oil
suspension of vitamin A. The addition of yeast to the ration had no apparent effect upon
plasma-vitamin A values, but did tend to induce higher liver stores of vitamin A with slower
subsequent depletion of liver stores® The level of 50,000 I.U. of vitamin A per steer daily for five
days, was insufficient to initiate liver storage. When increased to ten days, 50,000 I. TL did initiate
liver storage, and 100,000 I. U. per steer daily provided substantial liver storage. After vitamin A
supplementation stopped, plasma and liver vitamin A content decreased rapidly at first, but tended to
level off as the plasma and liver-vitamin A values decreased.
II. The second portion of the thesis presents the results of a cattle fattening trial designed to study the
effects of adding stilbestrol and/or aureomycin to a high-barley fattening ration. Forty yearling
Hereford steers were randomly divided into four lots of ten head each. The treatments used were: Lot 1,
10 milligrams of stilbestrol plus 75 milligrams of aureomycin per steer daily; Lot 2, 75 milligrams of
aureomycin per steer daily; Lot 3, control; and Lot 4, 10 milligrams of stilbestrol per steer daily. The
stilbestrol and aureomycin were incorporated into pelleted supplements which were group fed to each
lot of steers at a rate of one pound per head daily. In addition to the pelleted supplements each lot was
full-fed a basal ration of two-thirds barley and one-third beet pulp plus alfalfa hay free-choice. The
animals fed stilbestrol gained 9.3 percent faster than the controls while the aureomycin or
aureomycin-stilbestro1-fed animals gained 2.9 percent and 7 percent slower than the controls,
respectively. The stilbestrol-fed and aureomycin-fed steers required 39 and 8 pounds less feed per
hundredweight gain than the control steers, respectively, and the aureomycin-stilbestrol-fed steers
required 57 pounds more. All four lots of steers lost money as follows: stilbestrol $12.18 per steer,
aureomycin $14.67 per steer, aureomycin-stilbestrol $17.20 per steer; and control $l5.48 per steer. I.
II.
THE EFFECTS OF SOURCES OF VITAMIN A AND YEAST UPON UTILIZATION OF
VITAMIN A BY BEEF CALVES
THE EFFECT OF FEEDING STILBESTROL AND ANTIBIOTICS TO CATTLE ON A
HIGH BARLEY FATTENING RATION
by
DAVID P . HEANEY
A THESIS
S ubm itted to th e G raduate F a c u lty
in
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts
f o r th e d e g re e o f
M aster o f S cien ce i n Animal I n d u s tr y
at
Montana S ta te C ollege
Head, M ajor D epartm ent
Bozeman, Montana
A ugust, 1956
H M rIe
O
C
r 't f
- 2 -
< '1 » *
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The a u th o r w ish es t o e x p re ss h i s s in c e r e a p p r e c ia tio n to D r. 0 . 0 .
Thomas, Animal I n d u s tr y and Range Management D epartm ent, Montana S ta te
C o lle g e , Bozeman, Montana, f o r h i s in v a lu a b le a s s is ta n c e i n o rg a n iz in g
and c o n d u c tin g th e t r i a l s and f o r h i s guidance i n th e p r e p a r a tio n o f th e
m a n u sc rip t.
G ra te fu l acknowledgement i s made t o D r. J . W. S a ffo rd and D r. S tu a r t
Young, V e te r in a r y R esearch L a b o ra to ry , Montana S ta te C o lle g e , f o r p erform ­
in g th e l i v e r b io p s ie s and making th e u r e t h r a l m easurem ents, to D r. W. C.
M arquardt, V e te r in a r y R esearch L a b o ra to ry , Montana S ta te C o lle g e, f o r
making th e f e c a l egg c o u n ts and a d m in is te r in g th e p h e n o th ia z in e , and to
D r. B ernard O s tle , M athem atics D epartm ent, Montana S ta te C o lle g e, f o r h i s
a s s is ta n c e i n p e rfo rm in g , and i n t e r p r e t i n g th e r e s u l t s o f , th e s t a t i s t i c a l
a n a ly s e s .
A p p re c ia tio n i s extended t o :
The Montana Feed M an u factu rers A sso cia­
t i o n , f o r p ro v id in g th e c o s t o f p e l l e t i n g th e p r o te in su p p lem en ts; to The
American Cyanamid Company f o r f u r n is h in g th e aureom ycin and th e combined
a u re o m y c in -sti l b e s t r o l p re -m ix e s; to th e E l i L i l l y Company f o r fu r n is h in g
th e " S til b o s o l" p re -m ix ; to Chas. P f i z e r and C o., I n c . , f o r a re s e a rc h
g r a n t - i n - a i d which h e lp e d su p p o rt th e v ita m in A stu d y and f o r fu r n is h in g
th e two v ita m in A c o n c e n tr a te s .
119226
- 3 -
CONTENTSIn d ex to T ab les and F ig u re s ...............................
.
h
A b s t r a c t...........................................................................
.
6
E xperim ent I ..................................................................
. 7
I n tr o d u c tio n . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 7
L i t e r a t u r e Review ............................................
.
P ro c e d u re .............................................................
. 23
G eneral .....................................................
- 23
F i r s t D e p le tio n P e r io d ......................
♦ 23
F i r s t E x p erim en tal P e rio d . . . .
.. 26
Second D e p le tio n P e rio d ..................
. 26
Second E x p erim en tal P e rio d . . . .
. 27
R e s u lts and D is c u s sio n . . ......................
. 30
Summary.......................... ' ....................................
* U6
L i t e r a t u r e C ite d ............................................
. U9
Experim ent I I . . .
’.................................................
I n tr o d u c tio n . . . . .
9
.
...............................
. $k
L i t e r a t u r e Review............................................
. 57
P ro c e d u re ......................................................... .
. 68
R e s u lts and D i s c u s s i o n ...............................
.. 73
Summary. .....................................................
. .
. 86
L i t e r a t u r e C ite d . . . . ...........................
. 88
A p p e n d ix ..........................................................................
. 93
INDEX TO TABLES AND FIGURES
E xperim ent I ,
T a b le s:
I,
D e p le tio n R a tio n s U s e d ...........................................................................25
II.
Average W eights P e r S te e r D uring D e p le tio n P e rio d s . . . .25
III.
Blood P lasm a-V itam in A L ev els D uring D e p le tio n P e rio d s . .31
• IV .
Blood P lasm a-C aro ten e L e v e ls .................. . ...................................32
V.
D esign o f th e E xperim ent, Shomng S te e r s R eceiv in g
V arious T reatm ents ............................................ . .............................. 3h
V I.
Blood Plasm a-V itam in A L ev els D uring Supplem entary
P e r io d s ...........................................................................................................35
V II.
Blood Plasm a-V itam in A L ev els f o r Second E xperim ental
P e rio d Comparing L ev els o f Supplem ental V itam in A. . . . .35
V III.
L iv e r-V ita m in A L ev els Conparing Types o f Supplem ental
V itam in A................................................ ........................................ . . ♦ .36
IX.
L iv er-V itam in A L evels Comparing Y east v s . No Y east in
th e R a tio n ..........................................
36
F ig u r e s :
1.
T y p ic a l V itam in A D e f ic ie n t S te e r, W ith Shaved Area
Where L iv e r B io p sies Were Taken. .
. . i ......................
. .28
2.
P erfo rm in g a L iv e r B io p sy ......................................................... .... . .28
3.
P lasm a-V itam in A L e v e ls ............................... ■..........................................39
I).® Plasm a-V itam in A L e v e ls .....................................................
lj.0
5® L iv e r-V ita m in A L ev els For S te e rs Fed 50*OOOI . U........................I4.I
6,
L iv e r-V ita m in A L ev els For S te e rs Fed 100,000 I .U . . . . ,1+2
“
n?
“
Experim ent II.*'
T a b le s:
I*
E xperim ent D esign and Supplem ental R a tio n F o rm u latio n . . 69
II*
W eight G ains, Feed Consumption and F in a n c ia l R e tu rn s. . . 7il
III.
IV .
D a ily Feed Consumption P e r S te e r By P e rio d s . . . . . . .
79
Feed R equired P er Hundredweight Gain P er S te e r By
P e r i o d s .................................................................................................... . 80
V.
C arcass D ata and F in a n c ia l R e tu rn s ............................... ; . , . .8ij.
F ig u r e s :
I.
'
The S t i l b e s t r o l - F e d S te e rs A pproxim ately S ix Weeks B efore
th e End o f th e Experim ent . . ...................... .................................. 76
2.
C um ulative Average D a ily G a in s.................................................... . 7 6
A ppendix.
T a b le s:
I*
II.
III.
'
'
A n a ly sis o f V arian ce—F a tte n in g T r i a l . . . . . . . . . .
A n a ly sis o f V arian ce—-C o n tro l v s . S t i l b e s t r o l . . .
93
.9 3
A n a ly sis o f V arian ce— S t i l b e s t r o l v s . S t i l b e s t r o l P lu s
Aureom ycin............................... ... ................................................................. 93
IV .
A n aly sis o f V arian ce—Aureomycin v s . S t i l b e s t r o l Plus
Aureomycin. . . . ........................... ....
. . ............................... 93
—
6
—
ABSTRACT
I . The f i r s t p o r ti o n o f th e t h e s i s p r e s e n ts th e r e s u l t s o f a s tu d y to
d eterm in e th e e f f e c t s o f so u rc e s o f v ita m in A, and y e a s t, upon u t i l i z a t i o n
o f v ita m in A by b e e f c a lv e s . Two ty p e s o f c o n c e n tra te d ; v ita m in A were
s tu d ie d ? a c o r n - o i l su sp e n sio n o f v ita m in A (p o te n c y I , 600,000 I . U. p e r
gram) and -vitamin A p a lm ita te i n g e l a t i n (p o te n c y 2^0,000 I .U . p e r gram ). ■
Y east was added to th e d e p le tio n r a t i o n s o f h a l f th e c a lv e s . The s ix te e n
H erefo rd s t e e r c a lv e s u sed i n th e t r i a l w ere f i r s t d e p le te d o f v ita m in A
s t o r e s . Supplem ental v ita m in A was th e n f e d v ia c a p s u le a t l e v e l s o f 50,000
I . U. p e r s t e e r d a i l y f o r f i v e o r t e n d a y s, o r 100,000 I . U. d a ily f o r te n
days* Changes i n b lo o d plasm a and l i v e r v ita m in A l e v e l s w ere used to
d eterm in e u t i l i z a t i o n o f v ita m in A, There were no c o n s is te n t' d if f e r e n c e s i n
th e e f f e c t s o f th e two ty p e s o f v ita m in A supplem ents u se d on plasm a v ita m in
A c o n te n t, o r v ita m in A s to ra g e i n th e l i v e r . The d e p le tio n o f v ita m in A
from th e l i v e r was f a s t e r when th e s t e e r s re c e iv e d th e c o r n - o il su sp e n sio n
o f v ita m in A. The a d d itio n o f y e a s t to th e r a t i o n had no a p p a re n t e f f e c t
upon p la sm a -v ita m in A v a lu e s , b u t d id te n d to in d u ce h ig h e r l i v e r s to r e s o f
v ita m in A w ith slo w e r su b seq u en t d e p le tio n o f l i v e r s to r e s * The l e v e l o f
50,000 I . IL o f v ita m in A p e r s t e e r d a i l y f o r f i v e d a y s, was i n s u f f i c i e n t
to i n i t i a t e l i v e r s to r a g e , Ih e n in c r e a s e d t o te n d a y s, 50,000 I . U. d id
i n i t i a t e l i v e r s to r a g e , and 100,000 I . U . p e r s t e e r d a i l y p ro v id e d s u b s ta n ­
t i a l l i v e r s to r a g e . A f te r v ita m in A su p p le m e n ta tio n sto p p e d , plasm a and
l i v e r v ita m in A c o n te n t d e c re a se d r a p i d l y a t f i r s t , b u t te n d e d to l e v e l o f f
a s th e plasm a and liv e r - v i t a m i n A v a lu e s d e c re a se d .
I I , The second p o r tio n o f th e t h e s i s p r e s e n ts th e r e s u l t s o f a c a t t l e
f a t t e n i n g t r i a l d e sig n e d to s tu d y th e e f f e c t s o f adding s t i l b e s t r o l a n d /o r
aureom ycin t o a h ig h - b a r le y f a t t e n i n g r a t i o n . F o rty y e a r lin g H ereford
s t e e r s w ere random ly d iv id e d in to fo u r l o t s o f t e n head e a c h . The t r e a t ­
m ents u sed w e re s l o t I , 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l p lu s 75 m illig ra m s o f
aureom ycin p e r s t e e r d a i l y j Lot 2, 75 m illig ra m s o f aureom ycin p e r s t e e r
d a i l y ; Lot 3 , c o n tr o l; and L ot Ij., 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l p e r s t e e r
d a i l y . The s t i l b e s t r o l and aureom ycin w ere in c o rp o ra te d i n t o p e l l e t e d
supplem ents w hich were group fe d t o each l o t o f s t e e r s a t a r a t e o f one
pound p e r head d a ily * I n a d d itio n t o th e p e l l e t e d supplem ents each l o t was
f u l l - f e d a b a s a l r a t i o n o f tw o - th ir d s b a r le y and o n e - th ir d b e e t pulp p lu s
a l f a l f a hay f r e e - c h o i c e . The anim als f e d s t i l b e s t r o l g a in ed 9*3 p e rc e n t
f a s t e r th a n th e c o n tr o ls w h ile th e aureom ycin o r a u re o m y cin -sti l b e s t r o 1 -f e d
a n im als g a in e d 2 ,9 p e rc e n t and 7 p e r c e n t slo w er th a n th e c o n tr o ls , re s p e c ­
t i v e l y , The s t i l b e s t r o l - f e d and au reo m y cin -fed s t e e r s r e q u ir e d 39 and 8
pounds l e s s fe e d p e r hundredw eight g a in th a n th e c o n tr o l s t e e r s , r e s p e c tiv e ­
l y , and th e a u r e o m y c in - s tilb e s tr o l- f e d s t e e r s r e q u ir e d 57 pounds m ore. A ll
fo u r l o t s o f s t e e r s l o s t money a s f o llo w s i s t i l b e s t r o l $12.18 p e r s t e e r ,
aureom ycin Illj. , 67 p e r s t e e r , a u re o m y c in - s tilb e s t r o l $17.20 p e r s t e e r ; and
c o n tr o l $l5»li.8 p e r s te e r..
I.
THE EFFECTS OF SOURCES OF VITMIU A AMD !EAST UPOH
UTILIZATIOH OF VITAECH A BI BEEF CALVES
IHTRODUGTIOH
V itam in A, r e q u ir e d b y a l l a n im a ls, i s e s s e n t i a l f o r m ain ten an ce,
grow th, r e p ro d u c tio n , and m ilk p ro d u c tio n * One of th e m ost im p o rtan t fu n c -'
tio n s o f v ita m in A i s to keep th e e p i t h e l i a l s t r u c t u r e s o f th e body h e a lth y ,
and i n p ro p e r fu n c tio n in g c o n d itio n .
Lack o f th e v ita m in c au se s th e p ro ­
t e i n s o f th e e p i t h e l i a l c e l l s to b e tra n s fo rm e d i n t o k e r a t i n , an in s o lu b le
p ro te in .
When k e r a t i n i z a t i o n p ro g r e s s e s v e ry f a r , th e f u n c tio n s o f th e
e p i t h e l i a l s t r u c t u r e s a r e im p a ire d , and, i n many c a s e s , th e t i s s u e s a re so
weakened t h a t i n f e c t i o n s may g e t a f o o th o ld .
V itam in A i s a ls o n e c e s s a ry
f o r th e fo rm a tio n o f v i s u a l p u rp le w hich i s r e q u ir e d f o r v is io n i n dim l i g h t
f o r th e p ro p e r f u n c tio n in g o f th e n erv o u s system , and f o r p ro p e r grow th.
A lthough v ita m in A does n o t o c cu r as such i n fe e d s o f p la n t o r ig in ,
g re e n -le a v e d p l a n t s and c e r ta in o th e r fe e d s o f p la n t o r i g i n c o n ta in sub­
s ta n c e s grouped u n d e r th e te rm c a r o te n o id s .
c a r o te n o id s i s B e ta -c a ro te n e ,
The m ost im p o rta n t o f th e s e
C arotene i s c o n v e rte d in to v ita m in A w ith in
th e an im al body and i s , th e r e f o r e , u n d er n a t u r a l c o n d itio n s , th e source o f
v ita m in A f o r farm l i v e s t o c k .
When c o n s id e rin g th e n u t r i e n t s r e q u ir e d by farm li v e s t o c k , v ita m in A
p ro b a b ly ra n k s n e a r th e f i r s t in im p o rta n c e , e s p e c ia ll y f o r ru m in an ts i n
ran g e a r e a s .
F o r, i n th e s e a r e a s , liv e s to c k must s u b s i s t f o r c o n s id e ra b le
p o r tio n s o f each y e a r on d ry , m ature ra n g e w hich has l o s t m ost, i f n o t a l l ,
o f i t s v ita m in A p o te n c y .
The p o s s i b i l i t i e s of e n c o u n te rin g a v ita m in A
d e f ic ie n c y a re le s s e n e d c o n s id e ra b ly by th e f a c t t h a t an im als have th e
— Q **
a b i l i t y to s t o r e c o n s id e ra b le amounts o f v ita m in A d u rin g p e rio d s o f h ig h
v ita m in A i n t a k e «, However5 th e r e l a t i v e l y d ry c lim a te i n range a r e a s ,
b rin g in g ab o u t e a r l y m a tu rin g o f th e g r a s s , s e r io u s ly s h o rte n s th e lu s h
growing sea so n when v ita m in A s to ra g e i s p o s s i b l e .
C onsequently, v ita m in A
s to ra g e i s o f te n i n s u f f i c i e n t to c a r r y th e anim als' th ro u g h th e w in te r m onths,
e s p e c i a l l y a f t e r p e rio d s' o f drouth®
To s a fe g u a rd a g a in s t p o s s ib le v ita m in A.
d e f i c i e n c i e s , many ran g e liv e s to c k p ro d u c e rs have a d o p ted th e p r a c t i c e o f
f o r t i f y i n g w in te r su p p lem en ta l liv e s to c k " f e e d w ith v ita m in A*
The t r i a l r e p o r te d h e r e in was u n d e rta k e n to stu d y th e u t i l i z a t i o n and
s to ra g e o f two ty p e s o f v ita m in A c o n c e n tra te which m ight be used to f o r t i f y
com m ercial fe e d m ixtures®
Changes i p l i v e r and b lo o d p la sm a-v itam in A
l e v e l s w ere u s e d as y a r d s tic k s to d e te rm in e v ita m in A s to r a g e a n d /o r u t i l i z ­
a tio n *
The l i v e r and b lo o d p la sm a -v ita m in A l e v e l s w ere determ ined by
chem ical a n a ly s is o f blo o d and l i v e r sam ples c o lle c te d a t r e g u la r i n t e r v a l s .
I t was a ls o d e s ir e d to determ ine l e v e l s o f o r a l l y a d m in is te re d v ita m in A
(fe d f o r o n ly a s h o r t p e r io d o f tim e ), w hich would i n i t i a t e l i v e r sto rag e*
D uring a m in e ra l s tu d y w ith b e e f s t e e r c a lv e s d u rin g th e w in te r o f
1953-51|. (Thomas,'1951s.), r o u tin e b lo o d plasm a a n a ly s is in d ic a te d t h a t y e a s t
i n th e r a t i o n had a te n d en c y to d e c re a se p la sm a -v ita m in A and c a ro te n e
le v e ls .
To o b ta in f u r t h e r in fo rm a tio n on p o s s ib le i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p s b e ­
tw een y e a s t and v ita m in A, a c tiv e d ry y e a s t was in c o rp o ra te d in to th e
r a t i o n s o f h a l f th e s te e r s i n th e t r i a l r e p o r te d h e r e in .
- 9 -
LITERATURE R W IM
.
The p re s e n c e o f th e w a te r s o lu b le v ita m in s B and C i n c e r t a i n fo o d
m a te r ia ls was a s c e r ta in e d p r im a r i ly from d a ta g a th e re d from o b s e rv a tio n s on
d is e a s e *
I n c o n t r a s t , th e c o n c e p tio n o f f a t - s o l u b l e v ita m in A a ro se from
th e f a i l u r e to secu re norm al grow th in e x p e rim e n ta l an im als f o r a long
p e r io d ' o f tim e on p u r i f i e d d i e t s w hich f u r n is h e d adequate p r o t e i n s , f a t s ,
c a rb o h y d ra te s , and s a l t s *
Hopkins i n '1906 and Stepp i n 1909 b o th p re s e n te d
d a ta showing t h a t c e r t a i n f a t - s o l u b l e s u b s ta n c e s were in d is p e n s a b le f o r
grow th i n m ice and r a t s *
I t was n o t u n t i l 1913, how ever, t h a t th e e x is te n c e
o f v ita m in A was f i r s t c l e a r l y reco g n ized *
I n work w ith r a t s t h a t ap p eared
alm o st s im u lta n e o u s ly i n t h a t y e a r , McCollum and D av is, and Osborne and
M endel, a s c e r ta in e d th e p re s e n c e o f a' grow th f a c t o r , " f a t- s o lu b le A", d i f f e r ­
e n t i a t e d from o th e r compounds i n cod l i v e r o i l and i n b u tte r®
I n 1931,
K a rre r o b ta in e d a h ig h ly c o n c e n tra te d v ita m in A p r e p a r a tio n and d eterm in ed
th e s t r u c t u r e o f th e v ita m in and i n 1933 he and a s s o c ia te s e s ta b lis h e d i t s
chem ical n a t u r e .
I n 1937, Kuhn and M arrio n announced th e s y n th e s is o f
v ita m in A and Holmes and C orbet o b ta in e d v ita m in A f o r th e f i r s t tim e i n
c r y s t a l l i n e form*
C arotene was i s o l a t e d from c a r r o t s by W achenroder i n 1831
and W i l l s t a t t e r e s ta b lis h e d th e e m p e ric a l fo rm u la i n 1906.
The v ita m in A
a c t i v i t y o f th e c a r o te n o id s was d is c o v e re d by Stennbock i n 1919*
(Sherman
and S m ith, 1931, and R osenberg, 19U9).
G u ilb e rt e t a l (1935, 1937, 19l).0) d id much o f th e e a r l y work t h a t
e s ta b lis h e d th e minimum re q u ire m e n ts o f v ita m in A f o r farm a n im a ls.
T h e ir
work was based upon n ig h tb lin d n e s s as a c r i t e r i o n supplem ented by checks on
v ita m in A s t o r a g e E v i d e n c e was p re s e n te d w hich in d ic a te d t h a t th e amounts
4
*—10 —
o f v ita m in A o r c a ro te n e t h a t j u s t p re v e n t n ig h tb lin d n e s s r e p r e s e n t a
p h y s io lo g ic a l minimum,• Based on t h i s c r i t e r i a t h e i r s t a t e d re q u ire m e n ts f o r
c a t t l e , sh eep , sw ine and h o rs e s a l l f e l l w ith in the same r e l a t i v e ran g es*
The minimum c a ro te n e re q u ire m e n t was '25-33 microgram s p e r k ilo g ram o f body
w e ig h t d a i l y , and th e minimum v ita m in A re q u ire m e n t was. 5 to 8 m icro grams
p e r k ilo g ram o f body w eig h t d a i l y .
E x c e lle n t growth o c c u rre d a t th e s e
l e v e l s y e t s to ra g e a f t e r ex ten d ed p e rio d s was m eager.
S tu d ie s o f s to ra g e a t
d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s of in ta k e in d ic a te d t h a t le v e l s o f a t l e a s t f iv e tim e s th e
minimums w ould be a d e s i r a b l e minimum f o r p r a c t i c a l p u rp o s e s o f s i g n i f i c a n t
s to ra g e and re p r o d u c tio n .
The re q u ire m e n ts p e r u n it o f body w eig h t were
ab o u t th e same f o r young and o ld a n im a ls, b u t th e young w ere more su sc e p ­
t i b l e .to p a th o lo g ic a l m a n if e s ta tio n s d u rin g p r i v a t i o n .
Evidence was a ls o
advanced t h a t in d ic a te d v ita m in A re q u ire m e n ts a re r e l a t e d to body w e ig h ts
r a t h e r th a n en erg y re q u ire m e n ts as was p r e v io u s ly supposed.
I f v ita m in A
re q u ire m e n ts w ere r e l a t e d to energ y re q u ire m e n ts , th e r a t , w ith i t s h ig h e r
m e ta b o lic r a t e , sh o u ld have a re q u ire m e n t o f about f iv e tim e s t h a t o f farm
an im als when based on u n i t o f body w e ig h t.
The d a ta in d ic a te d t h a t in
a c t u a l i t y th e re q u ire m e n ts w ere v e ry n e a r ly th e same p e r u n i t o f w e ig h t.
The d a ta a ls o showed a te n d en c y f o r th e r a t e o f d e p le tio n o f v ita m in A
s to r e s to d e c re a s e as d e p le tio n advanced and r e s e r v e s became s m a lle r ;
Moore
(1 939), u s in g n y c ta lo p ia and p a p i l l a r y edema as c r i t e r i a s u b s ta n tia te d th e
re q u ire m e n ts e s ta b lis h e d by G u ilb e rt and c o -w o rk e rs.
Lewis and W ilson
(I9l|.5), u s in g grow th, b lo o d l e v e l s , and l i v e r sto ra g e as c r i t e r i a a ls o
i n d ic a te d t h a t about e ig h t m icrogram s was th e minimum re q u ire m e n t f o r
c a lv e s .
Moore e t a l (I9lt3) p r e s e n te d d a ta which in d ic a te d t h a t th e m easu re-
- 11 -
ment o f s p in a l f l u i d p r e s s u r e i s a f a i r l y c r i t i c a l in d e x o f adequacy o r
in ad eq u acy o f c a ro te n e i n t a k e .
U sing t h i s a s a c r i t e r i a th e y determ ined
t h a t a c a ro te n e in ta k e o f 66 m icro grams p e r k ilo g ram body w eig h t was a
d a i l y w in te r minimum re q u ire m e n t f o r d a ir y c a lv e s ,
Riefman e t a l (IplfB) i n w orking w ith r a t s found th e r a t e o f a b s o r p tio n
o f v ita m in A t o be p r o p o r tio n a l to th e 'c o n c e n tra tio n of th e a d m in is te re d
m a te ria l*
There was no r e l a t i o n s h i p found betw een th e r a t e o f a b s o rp tio n
o f n e u t r a l f a t and v ita m in A,
B a rric k e t a l (19U8) s tu d ie d th e a b so rp tio n
o f c a ro te n e and v ita m in A from th e g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t o f th e sheep®
They found t h a t r e l a t i v e l y la r g e amounts o f v ita m in A w ere re q u ire d to cause
a n o tic e a b le r i s e o f v ita m in A i n th e b lo o d plasm a.
The change i n th e
v ita m in A c o n te n t o f th e b lo o d was much slo w er and l e s s pronounced fo llo w in g
th e a d m in is tr a tio n o f c a ro te n e th a n i n th e case o f v ita m in A.
No a b s o rp tio n
was o b serv ed a s a r e s u l t o f a d m in is te rin g e i t h e r v ita m in A o r c a ro te n e i n t o
th e colon®
Esh e t a l (19I48) r e p o r te d t h a t , i n d a ir y a n im a ls, th e r e was an
in d i c a t i o n t h a t l e c i t h i n enhanced a b s o r p tio n of v ita m in A.
L e c ith in added
to v ita m in A in c r e a s e d th e tra n s m is s io n o f c o l o s t r a l v ita m in A»
A lthough m ost te x tb o o k s s t a t e t h a t th e c o n v e rsio n o f c a ro ten e i n t o
v ita m in A o c c u rs c h i e f l y i n th e l i v e r , c o n s id e ra b le d a ta i s accu m u latin g to
in d i c a t e th e i n t e s t i n a l w a ll i s th e p rim a ry s i t e o f c o n v e rs io n .
However,
c o n f l i c t i n g o b s e r v a tio n s o ccu r i n th e l i t e r a t u r e and i t i s p ro b a b le t h a t
c o n v e rs io n can o ccu r a t more th a n one s i t e i n th e body.
Kon and Thompson
( I 9 9 l) j on th e b a s is o f e v id en c e p r e s e n te d i n an e x te n s iv e l i t e r a t u r e rev iew ,
concluded t h a t c a ro te n e i s tra n s fo rm e d to v ita m in A m ain ly i n th e i n t e s t i n a l
w a ll and t h a t i t i s c a r r ie d th e n c e by th e ly m p h a tic s to th e blo o d stream and
-1 2 -
f i n a l l y uo th e l i v e r .
A lexander and Goodwin (1950) d em o n strated c o n v ersio n
o f c a ro te n e to v ita m in A i n r a t s i n e i t h e r th e i n t e s t i n e o r th e i n t e s t i n a l
w a ll*
O ra l a d m in is tr a tio n o f c a ro te n e to r a t s w ith th e i n t e s t i n a l ly m p h atic
v e s s e l c a n n u la te d r e s u l t e d i n a marked in c r e a s e in th e v ita m in A c o n te n t o f
tiie lymph.
Ho c a ro te n e was o b serv ed i n the lymph,
Thompson e t aL (1950)
made e x te n s iv e s tu d ie s o f i n t e s t i n a l c o n v e rsio n i n r a t s and p i g s . ' They
found t h a t v e r y l i t t l e c o n v e rsio n to o k p la c e u n t i l a f t e r th e b i l e and pan­
c r e a t i c ju i c e e n te r e d th e i n t e s t i n e w ith th e peak o f c o n v e rsio n j u s t p ro x ­
im al to th e m iddle o f th e i n t e s t i n e .
When th e i n t e s t i n a l c o n te n ts were
w ashed o u t from th e l i v i n g i n t e s t i n e , v ita m in A ap p eared a lm o st e x c lu s iv e ly
i n th e w a l l o f th e i n t e s t i n e , in d i c a t i n g c o n v ersio n i n th e w a ll r a t h e r th a n
i n th e c o n te n ts o f th e d ig e s tiv e t r a c t .
The e f f i c i e n c y o f c o n v e rsio n o f
c a ro te n e in c r e a s e d w ith th e s t a t e o f d is p e r s io n .
Evidence a ls o in d ic a te d
t h a t v ita m in A i s tr a n s p o r te d t o th e l i v e r by th e lymph.
K losterm an e t a l (191+9) i n j e c t e d c a ro te n e suspended i n w a te r o r c a ro ­
te n e i n c o tto n s e e d o i l ^ n to th e b lo o d stre am o f sh ee p .
They found t h a t
i n j e c t e d c a ro te n e was v e ry r a p id ly removed from th e blood stre am .
However,
a p p a r e n tly t h i s c a ro te n e was n o t c o n v e rte d t o v ita m in A as no in c re a s e o f
th e v ita m in in b lo o d o r s to ra g e i n th e l i v e r was n o te d .
Lambs g iv en c a r o - •
te n e by mouth o r "allowed g reen g ra s s f o r a s h o r t p e r io d showed an in c re a s e
o f v ita m in A i n th e blood serum .
These o b s e rv a tio n s , co u p led w ith th e f a c t
t h a t no m easurable amount o f c a ro te n e i s found i n th e b lo o d o f norm al sh eep ,
s u g g e s t t h a t c a ro te n e i s c o n v e rte d t o v ita m in A b y sheep d u rin g d ig e s tio n
a n d /o r a b s o r p tio n r a t h e r than by th e l i v e r .
Swick e t a l (1952) re p o rte d
t h a t when la r g e doses o f c a ro te n e were" g iv e n p ig s s i x t o seven hours b e fo re
— 13 —
s la u g h te r , th e r e was a m arked in c r e a s e (up t o 20 f o ld ) i n th e c o n c e n tra tio n
o f v ita m in A i n th e m e se n te ric lymph w ith a sm a lle r r i s e i n th e blood plasm a
and i n t e s t i n a l T ralle
Church e t a l (19510 s tu d ie d th e u t i l i z a t i o n o f in tr a v e n o u s ly adm inis­
t e r e d c a ro te n e by sheep and c a t t l e *
ra tio n ,
The c a ro te n e u sed was an aqueous p re p a ­
In w e th e rs, in c r e a s e s i n p la sm a -v ita m in A a f t e r c a ro te n e in j e c t i o n s
w ere h ig h ly s i g n i i i c a n t ,
I n c a lv e s , on th e o th e r hand, c a ro te n e i n j e c t i o n
caused no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n p la sm a -v ita m in A v a lu e s o r l i v e r s t o r age*
I n a d d itio n , advanced v ita m in A d e f ic ie n c y symptoms p r e s e n t i n some o f
th e c a lv e s w ere n o t r e l i e v e d and ap p eared to p ro g re s s d u rin g th e te n days o f
th e e x p erim en t,
Eaton e t a l ( l9 5 l) r e p o r te d a v e ry li m i t e d c o n v ersio n o f
c a ro te n e to v ita m in A i n th e bloo d o f v ita m in A d e f i c i e n t d a ir y c a lv e s g iv e n
in tra v e n o u s i n j e c t i o n s o f aqueous su sp e n sio n s o f c a r o te n e ,
Warner and
Maynard (1952) r e p o r te d t h a t in tr a v e n o u s ly i n j e c t e d c a ro te n e i n coconut o i l
gave no b e n e f i c i a l e f f e c t s when a d m in is te re d to v ita m in A d e f ic ie n t d a ir y
c a lv e s .
However, i n a second t r i a l w ith aqueous c o l l o i d a l c a ro te n e a d m in is­
t e r e d in tr a v e n o u s ly , a s i g n i f i c a n t in c r e a s e i n plasm a—v ita m in A was o b ta in e d .
P a r r i s h e t a l ( l 9 5 l ) s tu d ie d th e r e l a t i v e v a lu e s o f v ita m in .A and
c a ro te n e i n swine r a t i o n s d u rin g g e s ta tio n and l a c t a t i o n .
A lthough th e r e
was no p o s i t i v e ev id en ce t h a t th e c a ro te n e supplem ented g i l t s o r t h e i r p ig s
s u f f e r e d from a v ita m in A d e fic ie n c y ,, th e d a ta c l e a r l y showed t h a t , u n i t
f o r u n i t , c a ro te n e i s l e s s e f f e c t i v e th a n p refo rm ed v ita m in A as a v ita m in A
supplem ent f o r swine d u rin g g e s ta tio n and e a r l y l a c t a tio n *
H entges e t a l
(1952) s tu d ie d th e e f f e c t s o f c a ro te n e a d m in is te re d o r a l l y , . in tr a m u s c u la r ly
and in tr a v e n o u s ly on v ita m in A d e f ic ie n c y i n p ig s .
I t was found th a t, w ith
)
aqueous p r e p a r a tio n s o f c a r o te n e , a l l th r e e methods a ffo rd e d com plete re c o v ­
e ry from v ita m in A d e f ic ie n c y symptoms an d norm al plasm a—v ita m in A le v e ls *
O ra lly a d m in is te re d c a ro te n e was c o n v e rte d m ost r a p id ly w h ile in tra v e n o u s
i n j e c t i o n s w ere u t i l i z e d b e fo re in tra m u s c u la r i n j e c t i o n s .
C arotene i n c o t­
to n s e e d o i l a d m in is te re d in tr a m u s c u la r ly rem ained a t th e s i t e o f i n j e c t i o n
and was i n e f f e c t i v e i n r e l i e v i n g a v ita m in o s is A.
B ie r i and P o lla r d ( 193J3 )
d e m o n strated r a p id c o n v e rsio n o f c a ro te n e to v ita m in A i n r a t s , u sin g i n t r a ­
venous i n j e c t i o n s o f c a ro te n e d is p e r s e d i n w a te r .
D uring p e r io d s when th e c a ro te n e o r v ita m in A in ta k e i s h ig h anim als
have th e a b i l i t y t o s t o r e v ita m in A and c a r o te n e .
In s tu d ie s w ith r a t s ,
D avies and Moore (1935) showed t h a t th e a d u l t r a t i s . a b l e to s to r e , w ith
m assive d o s e s , enough v ita m in A i n i t s l i v e r to su p p ly i t s t h e o r e t i c a l
re q u ire m e n ts f o r a c e n tu r y , b u t t h a t th e s e s u p e rflu o u s s to r e s are "elim in a ted
a t a v e ry r a p i d r a t e u n t i l a s t a t e o f s t a b l e s to ra g e i s re a c h e d .
,G u ilb ert
and H a rt (193U) r e p o r te d t h a t th e l i v e r t i s s u e o f m ature b e e f cows, re a r e d
u n d er fa v o ra b le c o n d itio n s , was found t o have a c o n c e n tra tio n o f v ita m in A
a p p ro x im a tin g t h a t o f h ig h p o te n c y cod l i v e r o i l .
There i s some e v id en c e t h a t i n s to r a g e , a s i n a b s o rp tio n , an aqueous
medium may be s u p e r io r t o an o i l y medium. ' Sobel.;e t a l ’(191*8) i n ex p erim en ts
w ith r a t s d e m o n strated t h a t v ita m in A was more e f f e c t iv e (a s m easured by
l i v e r s to r a g e ) when d is p e r s e d i n aqueous m edia th a n i n o i l y s o lu tio n s .
S obel and R osenberg (1950) r e p o r te d t h a t , i n r a t s , o r a l l y in g e s te d v ita m in
A i n an aqueous d is p e r s io n was more e f f e c t i v e l y t r a n s f e r r e d to m ilk and
s to r e d i n th e s u c k lin g o f f s p r i n g th a n v ita m in A i n o i l s o l u t i o n ( s to r e s were
f o u r tim e s .q s g r e a t ) .
Johnson and-Baumann (19U9), i n stu d y in g d e p le tio n
- 15 -
and u t i l i z a t i o n o f "vitamin A i n r a t s , found t h a t th e r e t e n t i o n o f v ita m in A
i s im proved when th e in ta k e o f food i s r e s t r i c t e d .
A lso , th e y re p o rte d t h a t
i n n o rm a lly growing r a t s , a d e c re a se i n th e h e p a tic re s e rv e s o f v ita m in A
was accom panied by an in c r e a s e i n th e amount and c o n c e n tra tio n o f th e v i t a ­
min i n th e k id n e y ,
No such k id n e y in c r e a s e o c c u rre d i n r a t s whose growth
was r e s t r i c t e d d u rin g d e p le t io n ,
F rey and Jen se n (l9lj.6) r e p o r te d t h a t , i n c a t t l e , th e r a t e o f d ep letio n ,
o f th e h e p a tic r e s e r v e s o f v ita m in A and c a ro te n e d e c re a se d a s th e h e p a tic
re s e r v e s o f th e two c o n s ti tu e n ts d e c re a s e d .
The d a ta in d ic a te d t h a t h e p a tic
re s e r v e s o f c a ro te n e a r e m a in ta in e d i n c a t t l e i n d i r e c t p ro p o r tio n to th e
c a ro te n e i n t a k e , and t h a t an in c r e a s in g r a t e o f lo s s o f h e p a tic r e s e r v e s o f
v ita m in A o c c u rre d w ith d e c re a se d c a ro te n e in ta k e ,
Braun (I 9k5 ) p re s e n te d
d a ta w hich su g g e ste d t h a t u t i l i z a t i o n o f s to r e d v ita m in A f i r s t fo rc e s
a v a ila b le c a r o te n o id s to r e s t o be c o n v e rte d i n t o v ita m in A, th u s d e c re a sin g
th e c a r o te n o id l e v e l w ith o u t d e c re a s in g t h e "vitamin A l e v e l a t f i r s t .
There was' no c o r r e l a t i o n betw een c a ro te n o id and v ita m in A v a lu e s o f th e
l i v e r and th o se o f th e b lo o d u n d er norm al c o n d i t i o n s , ' O nly upon r a p id de­
p l e t i o n and below norm al s to ra g e was low v ita m in A s to ra g e r e f l e c t e d by low
b lo o d l e v e l s ,
W atkins and Kriox (l951j.) r e p o r te d on a s tu d y o f su p p lem en tal,
fe e d in g o f ra n g e b re e d in g cows d u rin g th e p r e c a lv in g and c a lv in g p e r io d .
The d a ta in d ic a te d t h a t even w ith o u t su p p lem en tal fe e d in g o f c a ro te n e , th e r e
w ere no m ajor d e f ic ie n c ie s o v er an e ig h t y e a r p e rio d , even in th e most
c r i t i c a l s e a so n ,
R iggs (I9 h 0 ) r e p o r te d wide v a r i a t i o n s i n th e tim e re q u ire d , f o r d e p le ­
t i o n o f v ita m in A r e s e r v e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n o ld e r a n im a ls.
A p p aren tly th e
- 16 -
c o n d itio n o f th e ran g e p la y s a la r g e p a r t .
A ran g e in d e p le tio n tim e s, f o r
260 ra n g e c a t t l e , was from th r e e t o s ix te e n months w ith s h o r te r tim es i n d ry
y e a rs w ith l i m i t e d g re e n g r a s s .
A lso , h e r e p o r te d one s te e r which rem ained
on a d e f i c i e n t r a t i o n f o r 38I days w ith o u t becoming c o m p le te ly n ig h t b lin d ,
b u t which showed numerous o th e r symptoms o f d e f ic ie n c y , in c lu d in g s w e llin g
o f th e j o i n t s , s u g g e s tin g a p o s s ib le d if f e r e n c e between in d iv id u a ls i n th e
I
a b i l i t y to u t i l i z e c a ro te n e o r v ita m in A f o r a g iv e n p h y s io lo g ic a l f u n c tio n .
G u ilb e r t and H a rt (193U) i n ex p erim en ts w ith s t e e r s , h e i f e r s , and m ature
cows, r e p o r te d t h a t th e c a ro te n e in th e a d ip o se t i s s u e , w hich c o n s t i t u t e s a
p a r t o f th e v ita m in A r e s e r v e , may be w ithdraw n d u rin g v ita m in A p r iv a tio n
T jith o u t c o in c id e n ta l w ithdraw ing o f d ep o t f a t .
Sheep a p p a r e n tly have .a slo w er d e p le t io n r a t e th a n c a t t l e , and u n d er
norm al c o n d itio n s th e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a v ita m in A d e f ic ie n c y i n sheep i s
p r o oab ly r a t h e r re m o te .
Gunha e t a l ( 19I46) r e p o r te d t h a t when ewes had
g ra z ed on g re e n m ountain f e e d d u rin g th e summer, low q u a l i t y roughages
d u rin g th e w in te r d id n o t a f f e c t r e p r o d u c tio n .
Blood plasm a—v ita m in A de­
te rm in a tio n s o f th e ewes and lambs showed v e ry l i t t l e
o f roughage f e d .
d if f e r e n c e , r e g a r d le s s
W eir e t a l ( I 9 h 9 ), on th e o th e r hand, found t h a t th e q u a l­
i t y o f w in te r roughage fe d to ewes which h ad been on p a s tu r e d u rin g th e
summer d id in flu e n c e th e blood plasm a—v ita m in A le v e l s and th e l i v e r v ita m in
A r e s e r v e s o f ewes and t h e i r lam bs.
However, th e a b i l i t y o f sheep to w ith ­
s ta n d ex ten d ed p e r io d s on a low c a ro te n e r a t i o n was d e m o n strated by ewes
w hich w ere on a s tra w r a t i o n f o r two s u c c e s s iv e w in te r s .
W hile th e s e ewes
d id n o t m a in ta in a s h ig h a blood l e v e l o r l i v e r s to r a g e , th e y d id m a in ta in
l e v e l s above th e c r i t i c a l l e v e l s .
P ie rc e (19E>1|.) i n a s tu d y c o v e r in g .seven
- 17 -
y e a rs and f iv e re p ro d u c tiv e c y c le s a ls o found t h a t d e p le tio n o f v ita m in A
r e s e r v e s i n sheep was slo w .
I t to o k a t l e a s t 16 t o 19 months to low er th e
p la sm a -v ita m in A v a lu e from abou t 30 m icrogram s p e r hundred m i l l i l i t e r s
down t o about 20 m icrogram s p e r hundred m i l l i l i t e r s •
D avis and Madsen (iP U l) r e p o r te d on an e x te n s iv e stu d y o f v ita m in A
and c a ro te n e i n c a t t l e b lo o d p lasm a.
The d a ta in d ic a te d t h a t lo n g c o n tin u e d
in a d e q u a te c a ro te n e in ta k e and v ita m in A d e f ic ie n c y i n c a t t l e can be d e t e r ­
mined by b lo o d a n a l y s i s »
The c r i t i c a l l e v e l o f c a ro te n e i n th e plasm a was
found t o be 20 to 23 m icrogram s p e r hundred m i l l i l i t e r s and f o r v ita m in A
i n th e same sample a b o u t 16 m icro grams p e r hundred m i l l i l i t e r s . .
C a ttle
h aving c a ro te n e and v ita m in A v a lu e s a t th e s e l e v e l s o r above u s u a lly d id
n o t show th e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c c l i n i c a l symptoms o f v ita m in A d e f ic ie n c y .
The
d a ta a ls o in d ic a te d t h a t a f t e r c a t t l e have b een d e p le te d o f c a ro ten e
r e s e r v e s th e b lo o d c a ro te n e l e v e l i s dependent upon c a r o te n e in ta k e , and
th e v ita m in A c o n te n t o f blo o d plasm a i s c lo s e ly r e l a t e d t o i t s caro ten e
c o n te n t.
However, v ita m in A v a lu e s te n d to re a c h a s ta b l e l e v e l and do
n o t in c r e a s e p r o p o r tio n a l ly w ith in c r e a s in g c a ro te n e l e v e l s (above 0 ,9
m illig ra m s p e r hundred m i l l i l i t e r s , a ls o r e p o r te d b y Braun i n 1 9 ^3 ).
H e ife rs r e c e iv in g 20 to U3 m icrogram s o f c a ro te n e d a i l y p ro d u ced d e f i c i e n t
c a lv e s a lth o u g h th e m o th ers th em selv es rem ain ed a p p a r e n tly n o rm al.
When
h e i f e r s r e c e iv e d 60 m icrogram s o f c a ro te n e d a i l y , a p p a r e n tly norm al c a lv e s
w ere b o rn .
Payne and Kingman (19U7) r e p o r te d t h a t , to su p p o rt normal
g e s ta tio n , f i r s t c a l f , ran g e H erefo rd h e i f e r s must have c o n s id e ra b ly h ig h e r
p la sm a -c a ro te n e l e v e l s th a n aged H erefo rd cows.
The d a ta in d ic a te d t h a t th e
l e v e l f o r f i r s t c a l f h e i f e r s m ust be a t l e a s t HO m icro grams p e r hundred
- 18 -
m i l l i l i t e r s t o su p p o rt norm al g e s ta tio n w hereas aged cows w ith l e v e l s a s low
as 83 m icrogram s p e r hundred m i l l i l i t e r s had no a b o r tio n s o r d e fic ie n c y
symptoms o v e r a two y e a r p e rio d *
Braun (±9b5) and S u tto n e t a l {l9k $) r e ­
p o r te d t h a t v ita m in A and c a ro te n e decrease! m ark ed ly i n b lo o d plasm a o f
c a t t l e a t th e tim e o f p a r t u r i t i o n and b e g in n in g la c t a t i o n ..
The maximum de­
c re a s e i n b lo o d p la sm a -c a ro te n e was re a c h e d one week fo llo w in g p a r t u r i t i o n
and amounted to Ij.6 p e r c e n t o f th e th r e e week p r e p a r t urn l e v e l .
A i t was th r e e days and 5>2 p e r c e n t, r e s p e c t i v e l y ,
For v ita m in
P a r r i s h e t a l (1951)
s t a t e d t h a t , i n sw ine, v ita m in A c o n c e n tra tio n s i n th e b lo o d serum o f th e
dams d e c re a se d as p a r t u r i t i o n approached and in c re a s e d d u rin g th e days
im m ed iately fo llo w in g p a r t u r i t i o n .
Rasmussen e t a l (19I4.U) r e p o r te d t h a t th e
h o rs e has norm al plasm a v a lu e s c o n s id e ra b ly below th o s e o f th e cow, and
a p p a r e n tly i s i n e f f i c i e n t i n th e c o n v e rsio n o f c a ro te n e t o v ita m in A,
Jack so n ( l 9 3 l ) i n s tu d ie s w ith r a t s showed t h a t m in e ra l o i l causes a
c o n s id e ra b le l o s s o f v ita m in A i f i t i s mixed w ith th e so u rce o f v ita m in A
p r i o r t o in g e s t io n .
A u tiliz a tio n .
S e p a ra te a d m in is tr a tio n o n ly s l i g h t l y a f f e c te d v ita m in
B u tch er e t a l (19314.) r e p o r te d t h a t th e p re s e n c e o f m in e ra l
o i l had no a d v e rse e f f e c t upon th e v ita m in A p o te n c y o f cod l i v e r o i l .
However, r e l a t i v e l y s m a ll amounts o f m in e ra l o i l had a m arked e f f e c t i n
lo w e rin g v ita m in A p o te n c y from c a r o te n e .
The c a ro te n e a b so rb e d i n un­
a s s im ila te d m in e ra l o i l was v o id e d i n th e fe c e s i n alm o st d i r e c t p ro p o r tio n
to th e amount o f c a ro te n e f e d , in d i c a t i n g t h a t th e u t i l i z a t i o n o f c a ro te n e
was alm ost c o m p le te ly p re v e n te d by th e m in e ra l o i l .
Lease and Steenbock (1939) p r e s e n te d d a ta showing t h a t th e r a te o f lo s s
o f v ita m in A from th e l i v e r o f th e r a t was n o t a f f e c te d g r e a tly , i f a t a l l .
- 19 -
b y t h e amount o f f a t i n th e d i e t , by fe e d in g o f r a n c id f a t s , or by th e ra p id
d e p le tio n o f f a t from th e l i v e r as e f f e c t e d by 'th e a d m in is tr a tio n o f c h o lin e .
H u eld er and K e lly (l9 l|2 ) fo u n d , "with r a t s , t h a t adding te n p e r c e n t f a t to a
b a s a l d i e t a id e d a b s o r p tio n o f v ita m in A s u f f i c i e n t l y t o produce s t a t i s t i c
c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t g a in s i n w e ig h t over a b a s a l d i e t c o n ta in in g no f a t , b u t
n o t ov er a fcasal d i e t c o n ta in in g f i v e p e r c e n t f a t *
Brown and B loor (19k!?)
r e p o r te d t h a t th e n a tu r e o f th e f a t b e in g ab so rb ed seemed to be o f some
im portance i n th e u t i l i z a t i o n o f c a ro te n e from c a r r o t by th e r a t .
L iv e r
s to ra g e was h ig h e r when th e r a t s w ere f e d l i q u i d a c id d i e t s th a n when fe d
s o l i d a c id d i e t s .
Parham e t a l (19$0) s tu d ie d th e in flu e n c e o f s o lv e n t e x - .
t r a c t e d v e rs u s h y d ra u lic p ro c e ss e d c o tto n s e e d m eals in b e e f cows.
They
found t h a t a lth o u g h th e d if f e r e n c e i n l e v e l s o f blood f a t was s t a t i s t i c a l l y
s i g n i f i c a n t , t h i s d if f e r e n c e ap p eared to have l i t t l e
o f c a ro te n e and v ita m in A i n th e b lo o d .
r e la tio n s h ip t o l e v e l s
P ap er (l95>0), i n work w ith b e e f
c a lv e s , found t h a t when th e f a t c o n te n t o f th e r a t i o n was r a i s e d from two
to f iv e and o n e - h a lf p e r c e n t, th e p la sm a -c a ro te n e l e v e l ro s e s i g n i f i c a n t l y .
P la sm a -v ita m in A, and l i v e r - v i t a m i n A and c aro ten e were n o t a f f e c t e d .
Thomas e t a l (l 9h 9) found t h a t when young c a lv e s (u n d er 90 days) had been
on a h ig h v ita m in A i n t a k e , th e e lim in a tio n o f c a ro te n e and v ita m in A d id
n o t im m e d ia te ly change th e p la sm a -v ita m in A c o n c e n tra tio n w hereas e lim in a ­
t i o n o f f a t a s w e ll r e s u l t e d in a m arked in c r e a s e i n p la sm a -v ita m in A.
Ross and G allup (I 9 k 9 ) r e p o r te d on s tu d ie s w ith b e e f c a t t l e w ith i n d i ­
c a te d an in v e r s e r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een th e l e v e l o f p la sm a -in o rg a n ic -p h o s ­
p horus and p la s m a -c a ro te n e .
C a ttle w ith I oit plasm a-phosphorus l e v e l s had
been o b serv ed t o have h ig h e r plasm a c a r o te n e l e v e l s th a n c a t t l e w ith norm al
- 20 -
o r above norm al l e v e l s o f plasm a-phosphorus*
K losterm an e t a l (195,2) found
t h a t , i n r a t s g iv e n e q u a l amounts o f c a ro te n e o r v ita m in A, l i v e r s to r e s o f
v ita m in A were g r e a t e r i n tiie anim als fe d low phosphorus th a n i n th o se fe d
h ig h phosphorus r a tio n s *
Tjiey a ls o r e p o r te d a h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t n e g a tiv e
c o r r e l a t i o n betw een p la sm a -in o rg a n ic -p h o sp h o ru s and v ita m in A i n lambs fe d
low and ad eq u ate phosphorus r a t i o n s d e f i c i e n t i n c a r o te n e .
(195,3) r e p o r te d s im ila r r e s u l t s w ith s t e e r s and lam bs.
G allup e t a l
I n s t e e r s w hich had
been d e p le te d i n phosphorus and vitam in A re s e r v e s and th e n given d a i l y
c a ro te n e supplem ents ( h a l f a ls o re c e iv e d p h o sp h o ru s), th e p la sm a -c a ro te n e
l e v e l s w ere c o n s i s t e n t l y h ig h e r i n th e s t e e r s on th e low -phosphorus r a t i o n ,
w h ile th e p la sm a -v ita m in A v a lu e s w ere low er*
There was d e c re a se d l i v e r
v ita m in A s to ra g e i n th e phosphorus d e f i c i e n t s te e r s *
■
The r e s u l t s o b ta in e d
w ith lam bs i n a s im ila r experim en t showed a d i f f e r e n t tr e n d to t h a t n o te d
w ith c a t t l e .
P la sm a -v ita m in A v a lu e s w ere h ig h e r i n th e phosphorus de­
f i c i e n t lambs and th e l i v e r v ita m in A s t o r e s were g r e a te r i n -the phosphorus
d e f i c i e n t lam b s.
Thomas e t al_ (1933) r e p o r te d s im ila r r e s u l t s i n b e e f cows
w ith p la sm a -c a ro te n e v a lu e s g e n e r a lly h ig h e r i n th e phosphorus d e f i c i e n t
cows th a n i n th o s e f e d ad eq u ate p h o sp h o ru s.
M ilk from th e phosphorus
d e f i c i e n t cows c o n ta in e d more c a ro te n e b u t l e s s v ita m in A th a n t h a t from
th e cows fe d a d eq u a te phosphorus*
King e t a l (19I1.O) r e p o r te d t h a t , i n c a t t l e , a re d u c ed p la sm a-v itam in C
l e v e l o ccu rs s h o r t l y a f t e r th e sumptoms o f a v ita m in o s is A appear*
The sub­
cu tan eo u s i n j e c t i o n o f c r y s t a l i n e a s c o rb ic a c id seemed t o a l l e v i a t e s e v e r a l
symptoms a s s o c ia te d w ith a la c k o f v ita m in A, nam ely, a n o tic e a b le im prove­
ment i n th e pough s c a ly c o n d itio n o f th e h a i r and s k in and an a tte n u a tin g
C
— 21 —
e f f e c t upon r e t i n a l hem orrhages*
Boyer e t a l (l 9h2 ) a ls o r e p o r te d a d e f in ­
i t e i n d i c a t i o n o f an i n t e r r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een blo o d p la sm a -a s c o rb ic a c id
and v ita m in A i n d a ir y c a lv e s , p a r t i c u l a r l y when v ita m in A v a lu e s f e l l below
10 m icrogram s p e r hundred m i l l i t e r s .
I t was a lso found t h a t in r a t s , when
v ita m in A d e f ic ie n c y d e v e lo p s , th e e x c r e tio n o f v ita m in C i s g r e a t l y 'reduced,
in d i c a t i n g t h a t th e lo w ered blo o d and t i s s u e v ita m in C i s th e r e s u l t o f
im p a ire d s y n th e s is ,
Mayer and K rehl (IStIiS) found t h a t one o f th e f i r s t
symptoms o f th e v ita m in A d e f ic ie n c y syndrome i n th e r a t was a d e p le tio n o f
th e a n im a l’ s v ita m in C r e s e r v e s , ev idenced by symptoms re se m b lin g scu rv y and
c u ra b le by a s c o r b ic a c id a s w e ll as b y a .d e crea se i n th e a s c o rb ic a c id con­
t e n t o f th e l i v e r , b lo o d , and a d r e n a ls ,
D avies and Moore (I S lil) and Hickman e t a l (ISI4.2) r e p o r te d a pronounced
s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t betw een v ita m in A and v ita m in ,.E,
I t was n o tic e d t h a t
v ita m in E d e f i c i e n t r a t s had much lo w er v ita m in A r e s e r v e s th a n r a t s r e c e iv ­
in g e q u a l amounts o f v ita m in A p lu s supplem ents o f v ita m in E.
The d a ta i n ­
d ic a te d t h a t th e e f f e c t o f th e v ita m in E d e f ic ie n c y does n o t l i e e n t i r e l y i n
th e i n a b i l i t y o f th e l i v e r to a b so rb v ita m in A b u t a ls o i n a d e c re a se d
power o f r e t e n t i o n a f t e r a b s o r p tio n .
P ro lo n g ed d e f ic ie n c y o f v ita m in E le d
t o a seco n d ary d e f ic ie n c y of v ita m in A as in d ic a te d by th e d isa p p e a ra n c e o f
v ita m in A from th e l i v e r .
A lso, a v ita m in A d e f ic ie n c y was p re v e n te d by
th e a d m in is tr a tio n o f v itam in E to low v ita m in A r a t i o n s .
M cG illwray (l95>l) p u b lis h e d a r e p o r t on th e a p p a re n t i n t e s t i n a l sy n t h e s i s o f c a ro te n e by sh e e p .
C a r o te n e -lig n in r a t i o s were s tu d ie d and meas­
u re d a t d i f f e r e n t p o in ts o f th e d ig e s t iv e t r a c t , in g e s te d fo o d , and v o id ed
feces.
The l i g n i n re c o v e ry i n th e fe c e s was 96 p e rc e n t in d ic a tin g n e g l i g i ­
~ 22 -
b le d i g e s t i b i l i t y . .
stom achs.
The r a t i o s rem ain ed r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e th ro u g h th e
I n th e i n t e s t i n e th e c a r o te n e - lig n in r a t i o s d e c re a s e d th ro u g h
th e u p p e r p o r ti o n o f th e s m a ll i n t e s t i n e , in c re a s e d th ro u g h th e ileum re a c h ­
in g a maximum i n th e caecum, and d e c re a se d s l i g h t l y th ro u g h th e colon and
re c tu m .
Some anim als a c t u a l l y showed a n e g a tiv e c a ro te n e b a la n c e .
The
a u th o r s t a t e d t h a t s y n th e s is o f c a r o te n e b y i n t e s t i n a l m icro -o rg an ism s had
been d e m o n strated on an a g ar medium in n o c u la te d w ith c a e c a l c o n te n ts .
- 23 -
PROCEDURE
G eneral
The experim ent c o n s is te d o f two e x p e rim e n ta l p e rio d s o f v ita m in A
supplem entation®
P re v io u s to each o f th e two p e rio d s o f v ita m in A su p p le ­
m e n ta tio n , th e s t e e r s were fe d r a t i o n s low i n v ita m in A u n t i l th e b lo o d
p la sm a -v ita m in A l e v e l s dropped t o a p p ro x im a te ly 12 m icrogram s o f v ita m in
A p e r hundred m i l l i l i t e r s - o f plasm a*
Tito form s o f v ita m in A c o n c e n tra te —
a c o r n - o i l v ita m in A su sp e n sio n w ith a p o te n c y o f 1 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0 I . Us o f
v ita m in A p e r gram and v ita m in A p a lm ita te i n g e l a t i n w ith a p o te n c y o f
250,000 I . Ue o f v ita m in A p e r gram—w ere u sed a s su p p lem en ta l v ita m in A
so u rc e s d u rin g th e two e x p e rim e n ta l p e rio d s *
On December 23, 1951+, s ix te e n H e refo rd s t e e r c a lv e s w ere d iv id e d in to
two l o t s o f e ig h t c a lv e s each and p la c e d i n s e p a r a te , b u t a d jo in in g , pens*
Each pen c o n ta in e d e ig h t in d iv id u a l fe e d in g s t a l l s i n a shed, where th e
s t e e r s w ere in d i v i d u a l l y f e d , and an o u ts id e e x e r c is e area*
w a te rin g ta n k was lo c a te d in s id e th e sh ed .
A common
D uring th e p e r io d from December
23, 1951+ to Ja n u a ry 10, 1955, th e c a lv e s w ere in d i v i d u a l l y f e d two pounds
p e r h ead d a i l y o f a g r a in supplem ent (a b o u t 17 p e rc e n t crude p r o te in ) and
a p p ro x im a te ly s i x pounds o f low q u a l i t y hay p e r head d a ily *
On Ja n u a ry 6,
one s t e e r d ie d o f u r in a r y c a l c u l i , and was re p la c e d b y .a h e a lth y anim al on
Jan u a ry 10*
F i r s t D e p le tio n P e rio d
On Ja n u a ry 11, th e c a lv e s were w eighed and i n i t i a l blo o d sam ples were
ta k e n from th e ju g u la r vein *
The c a lv e s were th e n fe d v ita m in A d e p le tio n
r a t i o n s c o n s is tin g of a p p ro x im a te ly seven pounds o f w heat s tra w p e r anim al
-
2h
-
d a i l y p lu s th r e e pounds o f a g ra in supplem ent c o n ta in in g ab o u t 30 p e r c e n t
crude p r o t e i n .
The g r a in r a t i o n f o r h a l f th e c a lv e s (fo u r from each pen)
c o n ta in e d 3*5» p e r c e n t a c tiv e d r ie d y e a s t, w hich p ro v id e d an in ta k e o f
a p p ro x im a te ly 0 ,1 pound o f y e a s t p e r s t e e r d a ily .
The co m p o sitio n o f th e
su p p le m e n ta l r a t i o n s i s p r e s e n te d i n Table I .
The s te e r s rem ained on v ita m in A d e p le tio n r a t i o n s f o r a p e rio d o f 12?
d a y s, u n t i l May 1 8 ,
For th e f i r s t th r e e months o f t h i e p e rio d , w eig h ts and
b lo o d s a n p le s w ere ta k e n e v e ry 28 d ay s, e x c e p t th e t h i r d p e r io d which was
d e la y e d a week (to 35 d ay s) b ecau se o f e x c e s s iv e snow.
w e ig h ts and b lo o d sam ples w ere ta k e n e v e ry llj. days *
A fte r A p ril 1 2 ,
On A p ril 12, th e in ta k e
o f c o n c e n tra te s was in c r e a s e d to fo u r pounds p e r head d a i l y ( y e a s t was
d e c re a se d to 2 ,5 p e r c e n t o f t h e r a t i o n to h o ld in ta k e s te a d y a t approxim ate­
l y 0 ,1 pound d a i l y ) «
By t h i s tim e , some o f th e s t e e r s were b e g in n in g to
show d e f ic ie n c y symptoms such as in c o o r d in a tio n and im p a ire d v is io n .
A fte r A p ril 1 2 , seven s t e e r s w hich had p la sm a -v ita m in A l e v e l s o f l e s s
th a n 15 m icro grams p e r hundred m i l l i l i t e r s were g iv en a d a i l y supplem ent o f
a p p ro x im a te ly 2500 I , U, o f v ita m in A to sto p f u r t h e r d e p le tio n o f v ita m in
A s to r e s u n t i l th e re m a in in g s t e e r s became s u f f i c i e n t l y d e p le te d ,
c i a l so u rce o f v ita m in A (p o te n c y :
A commer­
10,000 I , U, p e r gram) was used f o r t h i s
p u rp o se and was mixed w ith soybean o i l m eal so t h a t th e f i n a l m ix tu re would
c o n ta in 2500 I , U, o f v ita m in A i n one ta b le sp o o n o f th e soybean o i l m eal.
The d e s ir e d amount o f soybean o i l m eal was th e n added t o th e d a i l y g ra in
r a t i o n o f th e s t e e r s r e q u ir in g v ita m in A su p p le m e n ta tio n .
On May 2, su p p le ­
m e n ta tio n o f v ita m in A was a d ju s te d , w ith some c a lv e s b e in g reduced to 1250
I , U, p e r d a y and o th e r s added to th e su p p lem en tal l i s t , a t a l e v e l o f
— 20 —
T able 1«
D e p le tio n R atio n s Used
R a tio n Mo,
In g re d ie n ts :
B a rle y
B eet P u lp , D.M.
Soybean O il Meal
L in se ed O il Meal
U rea (262)
Wheat Bran
Bonemeal
T race M in erals
S a lt
A ctiv e Dry Y east
Tj
I
2
%
%'
20.20
28.75
20.00
20.00
20.00 •
20.00
1 0 .0 0
10.00
3.00
3.00
1 0 .0 0
1 0 .0 0
2.00
2.00
0.20
1.00
0.20
1.00
3.50 I /
0 .0 0
D ecreased to 2.5% a f t e r A p ril 12th*
T able 11»
R a tio n No,
T reatm ent
Average W eights P e r S te e r D uring D e p le tio n P e rio d s
I
No Y east
2
Y east l /
D a te:
Average w eig h t p e r s t e e r
December 22
k97
Jan u a ry 11
U70
F e b ru a ry 8
li65
March 8
000
A p ril 12
552 .
A p ril 2k
501
May 10
552 \
June llj.
573
T o ta l Gain P e r S te e r
76
D a ily Gain P e r S te e r to June lit
0»i|3
l/
(L b s.)
50?
1:86
1:83
0 llt
559
060
55k
080
73
0.1:2
Y east was n o t in c lu d e d i n th e r a t i o n u n t i l J a n u a ry 11.
- 26 -
e i t h e r 12^0 I , U 4, o r 2^00 I , U. d a ily , depending upon th e p la sm a -v ita m in A
le v e ls .
By May 10, th e av erag e p la sm a -v ita m in A l e v e l s were dovm to 12
m icrogram s p e r hundred m i l l i l i t e r s o f p la sm a.
F i r s t E x p erim en tal P e rio d
On May 18 l i v e r sam ples ( l to 2 grams i n w e ig h t) w ere c o lle c te d from
each s t e e r by b io p s y te c h n iq u e ( S e g h e tti and M arsh, 1953)»
Each s t e e r was
g iv en one c a p s u le , c o n ta in in g £0,000 I , U. o f v ita m in A, each day f o r f iv e
c o n se c u tiv e days b e g in n in g on May 19«
The two v ita m in A c o n c e n tra te s ,
v ita m in A i n o i l and v ita m in A p adm it a te i n g e l a t i n , were a d m in is te re d so
t h a t fo u r c a lv e s on each o f th e two d e p le tio n r a t i o n s r e c e iv e d one ty p e .
Blood sam ples were ta k e n on May 18 and on th e 3 rd , 6 th , 8 th , and 1 0 th days
th e re a fte r.
On th e 1 0 th day, a seco n d l i v e r sample was o b ta in e d to d e te r ­
mine v ita m in A s to ra g e i n th e l i v e r .
Second D e p le tio n P e rio d
F ollow ing th e f i r s t te n -d a y e x p e rim e n ta l p e r io d , w hich ended May 28,
th e c a lv e s w ere c o n tin u e d on th e d e p le tio n r a t i o n s p r e v io u s ly u s e d .
Blood
sam ples w ere ta k e n on June 11; and J u ly 12 to check th e r a te o f d e p le tio n o f
p la sm a -v ita m in A.
By J u ly 12, s e v e r a l o f th e c a lv e s had p la sm a -v ita m in A
l e v e l s o f l e s s th a n l £ micrograms p e r h u n d red m i l l i l i t e r s *
On J u ly 18, fo u r
c a lv e s isrith p la sm a -v ita m in A le v e ls betw een 10 and l £ m icro grams p e r hundred
m i l l i l i t e r s were p la c e d on a d a i l y supplem ent o f 12£0 I . U, o f v ita m in A
p e r day«
Seven o th e r c a lv e s w ith plasm a l e v e l s o f l e s s th a n 10 micro grams
p e r hundred m i l l i l i t e r s w ere p ro v id e d a d a i l y supplem ent o f 2£00 I . U* o f
v ita m in A d a i l y .
On J u ly 26, th e y e a s t was removed from th e r a t i o n .
- 27 -
Second E xperim ental P e rio d
'
The second e x p e rim e n ta l p e r io d began on J u ly 27, when th e f i r s t l i v e r
sam ples w ere c o lle c te d , and c o n tin u e d f o r t h i r t y days®
The s t e e r s were
g iv e n c o n c e n tra te d v ita m in A, v i a c a p s u le , d a i l y f o r t e n days b e g in n in g
J u ly 27*
B ecause th e r e s u l t s o f th e f i r s t e x p erim en tal p e r io d re v e a le d
t h a t th e l e v e l s o f su p p lem en ta tio n were to o low to produce d e f i n i t e p a t t e r n s
o f l i v e r s to r a g e , t h e l e v e l o f v ita m in A su p p lem en ta tio n a n d /o r th e le n g th
o f th e su p p lem en tal p e r io d w ere in c r e a s e d d u rin g th e second e x p e rim e n ta l
p e rio d *
The s t e e r s w hich had re c e iv e d v ita m in A i n o i l and v ita m in A
p a lm ita te in g e l a t i n , r e s p e c tiv e ly , d u rin g th e f i r s t e x p e rim e n ta l p e r io d
w ere random ly d iv id e d i n t o two groups each*
One group re c e iv e d $0,0 0 0 I* IT-*
and th e o th e r group 100,000 I* U. d a ily o f i t s r e s p e c tiv e c o n c e n tra te , so
t h a t th e s t e e r s w ere d iv id e d in to fo u r groups acc o rd in g to tre a tm e n t as
f o llo w s :
(1)
Four c a lv e s , e a c h r e c e iv in g $0,0 0 0 u n its o f v ita m in A i n o i l
d a i l y f o r te n d a y s,
(2)
F our c a lv e s , each re c e iv in g 100,000 u n its o f v ita m in A i n o i l
d a i l y f o r t e n days*
(3 )
Four c a lv e s , each r e c e iv in g £0,000 u n its o f v ita m in A p a lm ita te
i n g e l a t i n d a i l y f o r t e n d ay s.
(U)
Four c a lv e s , each r e c e iv in g 100,000 u n its o f v ita m in A p a lm ita te
i n g e l a t i n d a i l y f o r te n d a y s .
One c a l f i n group 2 d ie d on J u ly 31 o f a c u te p e r i t o n i t i s r e s u l t i n g from
a duodenal p u n c tu re d u rin g th e l i v e r b io p s y on J u ly 27.
Blood sam ples were tak en from th e ju g u la r v e in on th e 1 s t , 2nd, '3 rd ,
- 28 -
F ig u re I ,
T y p ica l v ita m in A d e f i c i e n t s t e e r w ith
shaved a re a showing where l i v e r
b io p s ie s were ta k e n .
F ig u re 2.
P erform in g a l i v e r b io p s y
- 29 -
!(.•fch, 6 th , 8th,.. 1 0 th , 15t h , 2 0 th , 25t h , and 30t h days o f th e e x p erim en tal
p e rio d ( J u ly 27 c o n sid e re d th e 1 s t d a y ).
L iv e r sam ples w ere o b ta in e d on th e
1 s t , 1 0 th , .20th, and 30t h days*
A ll b lo o d sam ples c o lle c te d d u rin g th e t r i a l were a n a ly z e d f o r p la sm av ita m in A and p la sm a -c a ro te n e c o n te n t (Boyer e t a l , 1 9 5 3 ).
The l i v e r sam ples
w ere a n aly z e d f o r v itam in. A c o n te n t (m o d ified method o f G allup and H o efer,
19b6).
The combined s c a le s and b le e d in g c h u te , u sed d u rin g th e f i r s t d e p le tio n
p e r io d , was s i t u a t e d a p p ro x im a te ly one h undred y a rd s from th e d r y - l o t p e n s .
A fte r g ra s s began to grow i n th e S p rin g i t became d i f f i c u l t to move th e
s t e e r s from th e d r y - l o t pens to the s c a le house w ith o u t some o f th e s te e r s
consuming g reen g r a s s .
T h e re fo re , s in c e any c a ro te n e in g e s te d w h ile th e
s t e e r s were b e in g moved t o and from th e w eighing pen w ould a f f e c t th e bloodl e v e l s o f b o th c a ro te n e and v ita m in A, th e s t e e r s w ere n o t w eighed a f t e r
May 10, w ith th e e x c e p tio n o f one" w e ig h t on June lli, a f t e r th e end o f th e
f i r s t e x p e rim e n ta l p e r io d .
A b le e d in g c h u te was c o n s tr u c te d w ith in one o f
th e d r y - l o t pens and was u sed f o r th e c o l l e c t i o n o f th e b lo o d sa n p le s .a f t e r
May 10*
The s t e e r s were tru c k e d a d is ta n c e o f about f i v e m ile s f o r th e
c o l l e c t i o n o f th e l i v e r sam ples, w hich were ta k e n a t th e V e te rin a ry R esearch
L a b o ra to ry a t Montana S ta te C o lle g e .
— 30 —
RESULTS AMD DISCUSSION
The av erag e w e ig h ts by p e r io d , t o t a l g a in s p e r s t e e r and d a i l y g a in s
p e r s t e e r a re p re s e n te d i n T ab le II *
During th e p re lim in a r y p e rio d , when
th e s t e e r s re c e iv e d low q u a l i t y -hay p lu s a g ra in supplem ent ( ap p ro x im a te ly
17 p e r c e n t crude p r o t e i n ) , s t e e r s i n b o th groups l o s t w e ig h t, 22 and 23
pounds p e r s t e e r f o r group I and 2, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Y east was n o t in c o rp o r­
a te d i n t o th e su p p lem en tal r a t i o n u n t i l Ja n u a ry 11, when the crude p r o t e i n
c o n te n t o f th e supplem ent was in c r e a s e d to a p p ro x im a te ly 30 p e r c e n t.
At
t h i s tim e , th e s t e e r s w ere fe d ab o u t sev en pounds o f w heat s tra w p e r head
d a ily .
There was a f u r t h e r d e c re a se i n w eight from Jan u a ry 11 to F e b ru a ry
8, 10 and 3 pounds p e r s t e e r f o r groups I and 2, r e s p e c t i v e l y .
A fte r
F e b ru a ry 8, t h e s t e e r s made g a in s o f a p p ro x im a te ly 1,2]? pounds p e r head
d a i l y u n t i l A p ril 12.
A fte r A p ril 12, how ever, when v ita m in A d e fic ie n c y
symptoms became a p p a re n t, grow th c e a se d u n t i l May 1 0 , when th e l a s t w e ig h ts
were ta k e n b e fo re th e f i r s t p e rio d o f -vitamin A s u p p le m e n ta tio n .
The
av erag e w e ig h ts on June l i t , tw enty-tw o days a f t e r a d m in is tr a tio n o f
su p p lem en tal v ita m in A had stopped , showed t h a t f u r t h e r g a in s had been made.
Except f o r m inor p e r io d to p e rio d v a r i a t i o n , th e av erag e lo s s e s and g a in s
o f th e s t e e r s w ere rem ark ab ly u n ifo rm .
Very good r e s u l t s w ere o b ta in e d w ith t h e d e p le tio n r a t i o n s u sed i n th e
e x p erim en t, as in d ic a te d b y th e p la sm a -v ita m in A le v e l s p r e s e n te d i n T able
I I I 5 and th e p la sm a -c a ro te n e l e v e l s p r e s e n te d i n Table IV .
During th e f i r s t
e x p e rim e n ta l p e r io d i n p a r t i c u l a r , th e d e c re a s e in p la sm a -v ita m in A was
f a i r l y c o n s is te n t th ro u g h o u t th e 127-day d e p le tio n period®
l h i l e th e v i t a ­
min A d e p le tio n o f t h e s t e e r s re c e iv in g y e a s t was slow er d u rin g th e f i r s t
— 31 ~
p a r t o f th e period^, th e d e p le tio n d u rin g th e l a t t e r p a r t o f th e p e rio d was
a c c e le r a te d .
By A p ril 12, th e r e was o n ly a s l i g h t ad v an tag e i n the av erag e
p la sm a -v ita m in A le v e l s from th e y e a s t- f e d s t e e r s .
Table I I I .
T reatm ent
Blood Plasm a-V itam in A L ev els D uring D e p le tio n P erio d s.
;■
X east
No Y east
D ate:
Ja n u a ry 11
F e b ru a ry 8
March 8
A p ril 12
A p ril 26
May 10
May 18
May 21;
May 26
May 28
June II4
J u ly 12
J u ly 2?
IiLcrograms p e r 100 m i l l i l i t e r s
(A verage) .
28.9
29.6
26.1
17.8 •
1 2 .9
1 1 ,6
13.3
29.9
25.0
19.1
1 6 .0
1 3 .3
12.0
25.9
20.8
1 6 .3
" 25.U
20.8
lit .3
1 5.1
2L.2
17.3
11.0
12.0
12 .1
1 2 .5
S t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is ( O s tle , 195k) showed th e d e p le tio n i n p la s m a - v ita ­
min A c o n te n t ( to A p ril 1 2 ), f o r each group o f s t e e r s , t o be a sim ple l i n e a r
r e g r e s s io n w ith a h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t (B C O l) c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e le n g th
o f tim e th e s te e r s w ere fe d v ita m in A d e p le tio n r a t i o n s and th e d ecrea se i n
p la sm a -v ita m in A c o n te n t.
A fte r A p ril 1 2, i t became n e c e s s a ry t o p ro v id e su p p lem en tal v ita m in A
to some s t e e r s on b o th r a t i o n s to p re v e n t th e p la sm a -v ita m in A le v e ls o f
th e s e s t e e r s from becom ing d an g ero u sly low b e fo re th e r e s t o f th e an im als
re a c h e d a s a t i s f a c t o r y s ta g e o f d e p le t io n .
I t was b e lie v e d t h a t a l e v e l o f
2500 I , U. o f su p p lem en ta l v ita m in A p e r day w ould m a in ta in th e p lasm av ita m in A' l e v e l and p re v e n t a f u r t h e r d e p le t io n .
However, i t was found th a t
- 32 -
T able IV .
ELood Plasma—C arotene L ev els
R a tio n
D ates
J a n u a ry 11
F e b ru a ry 8'
March 8
A p ril 12
A p ril 26
May 10
May 18
May 21
May 2h
May 26
May 28
June Ili
J u ly 12
J u ly 2?
J u ly 28 '
J u ly 29
J u ly 30
A ugust I
A ugust 3
A ugust 3
A ugust 10
A ugust 13
August 20
A ugust 23
Y east
No Y east •
M icrograms p e r 100 m i l l i l i t e r s
.(Average)
1 3 2 ,6
1 3 3 .1
1|6*6
Ltl. Ii
26,lj.
23.6
13.3
9.8
8 ,0
8 ,0
1 1 ,9
1 1 ,6
6 .I 4
9.3
16.3
27.8
23.8
23.0
23.3
26.0
23.1
1 8 .1;
1 7 .6
19.1
1 7 .3
l6 ,li
lli.l
13.9
1 1 .0
io .3
7.9
12.0
1 2 .1 .
6 ,6
9.9
18.8
13.8
lli.l
12.3
16.8
18 .8
19.1
12.0
1 1 .1
13 «6
1 3 . li.
12.0
,1 1 .7
- 33 even t h i s r e l a t i v e l y low l e v e l o f v ita m in A in ta k e f r e q u e n tly caused th e
blood p la sm a -v ita m in A l e v e l s to r i s e , in d ic a tin g a d i f f e r e n c e ' i n th e e f f i ­
c ie n c y Tidth which in d iv id u a l anim als u t i l i z e v ita m in A.
A ccordingly, th e
l e v e l o f su p p le m e n ta tio n was d e c re a se d to 1250 I . U. daddy f o r s e v e ra l
s te e rs .
The s l i g h t r i s e i n average p la sm a -v ita m in A betw een May 10 and May
18 was u n d o u b te d ly due to th e a d d itio n o f t h i s su p p lem en tal v ita m in A to
th e r a tio n s o f seme o f th e s t e e r s .
The v ita m in A d e p le tio n o f the s t e e r s d u rin g th e seco n d d e p le tio n p e r ­
io d was more e r r a t i c .
I t i s b e lie v e d t h a t t h i s was due p r im a r ily to th e
d i f f i c u l t y i n keep in g th e s t e e r s from consuming any g ra s s d u rin g th e lu s h
grow ing s e a so n .
The fe n c e l i n e s su rro u n d in g th e two l o t s were soaked w ith
o i l t o p re v e n t th e growth of g r a s s , and an y g ra s s o b serv ed was p h y s ic a lly
removed from th e p e n s .
I n s p i t e o f th e s e p re c a u tio n a ry m e asu re s, th e
p la sm a -c a ro te n e v a lu e s p re s e n te d i n T ab le IV in d ic a te th e s t e e r s u n d o u b ted ly
o b ta in e d some g r a s s .
The d e sig n o f th e e x p e rim e n t, showing how th e s t e e r s w ere su b d iv id e d
i n t o th e v a rio u s tr e a tm e n ts , i s p r e s e n te d in Table V.
The av erag e blood
p lapm a-v ita m in A l e v e l s o f t h e s t e e r s d u rin g th e two e x p e rim e n ta l p e r io d s '
o f su p p le m e n ta tio n are p re s e n te d i n T ab les VI and V II.
The average l i v e r
v ita m in A l e v e l s f o r th e two e x p e rim e n ta l p e rio d s are p re s e n te d in T ables
V III and IX.
The fe e d in g o f $0,0 0 0 I . U. o f v ita m in A p e r s t e e r d a i l y r e s u l t e d i n a
s u b s t a n t i a l r i s e i n p la sm a -v ita m in A l e v e l s d u rin g th e f i r s t e x p e rim e n ta l
p e r io d (May 18 to May 2 8 ) ,
This r i s e i n p la sm a-v itam in A v a lu e s was to be
e x p e c te d , s in c e th e amount of v ita m in A supplem ented d a i l y (50,000 I . U .)
. — 3li. -
T ab le V.
T reatm en t:
S te e r No.
61
62
63
6k
63
66
67
68
71
72
73
7lt
73
76
77
78
D esign o f th e E xperim ent, Showing S te e rs R eceiv in g
V arious T re a tm e n ts.
V itam in A
i n G e la tin
V itam in A
i n O il
X
X*
Y east
X
X
X
X"::"
No Y east
■
X
X
X*
X
X
X
X
x"::
K
Tc
X
X ■
X
X.
X" '
X
■ X
X
X
X
X*
X
X
X
X
X
■^Received 100,000 I ,. U» p e r s t e e r d a i l y d u rin g th e second
su p p lem en tary p e r io d .
- 35> T able V I.
Blood Plasm a-V itam in A L ev els D uring Supplem entary
P e rio d s .
V itam in A
V itam in A
T re a tm e n t:
i n G e la tin
i n O il
le a s t
No Y east
■Micrograms p e r 100 M i l l i l i t e r s
D a te :
(A verage)
May 18
111* 6
14.9
1 6 .3
1 3 .3 '
May 21
13.0
1 4 .6
16.9
17.3
May 2\x
26.3
■24.0
23*9
24*4
May 26
21.0
20,8
20.8
19.3
May 28
1 4 .6
1 3 .0
. 14.3
■ 13.4
/
J u ly 27.
111.. 9
9.4 I
1 2 .3
J u ly 28
29.1
. 1 7 .1 22.7
J u ly 29
3.0.9
22.6
19.6
J u ly 30
27.1
23.9
26.4
A ugust I
34.0
33.3
33.7
August 3
34.8
33.9
33.4
August 9
32.4
29.7
32.3
A ugust 10
26.6
24.9
24.3
August 13
20.6
19.7
I 9 i3
August 20
20.1
19.8
18.9
■ A ugust 23
1 3 .3
1 3 .3
13 .3
I / One s t e e r d ie d a s r e s u l t o f b io p s y ; f ig u r e s i n th e s e
a re a v erag e s o f seven s t e e r s , (seco n d p e rio d o n ly )
12.0 l /
33.1
32.3
26.7
3 3 .1
3 4 .4
30.4
27.3
18.4
18.4
1 3 .3
groups
Table V II. B lood P lasm a-V itam in A L e v e ls For Second E xperim ental
________P e rio d Comparing L evels o f Supplemental- V itam in A.
V itam in A in. O il
. V itam in A i n G e la tin
100,000 I . U.,
30,000 I . U1,
30,000 I . u . 100,000 I,U ,
Micrograms p e r 100 M i l l i l i t e r s
D ate:
(A verage)
J u ly 27
9.3
9.3 I /
17.3
•
12.3
J u ly 28
36.0
28.3
22.3
13.3
J u ly 29
22.3
22.7
'24.3
37.3
J u ly 30
26.8
29.0
23.3
27.3
August I
32.3
33.7
30.3
36.3
A ugust 3
32.8
32.0
34.3
37.3
A ugust 3
29.0
29.8
33.0
30.4
August 10
23.0 .
22.3
28.3
28.3
20.0
A ugust 13
16.8
19.3
22.3
A ugust 20
20.0
18.0
16.3
. 23.3
A ugust 23
16.0
18.0
11.3
1 2 ,3
I / One s t e e r d ie d as r e s u l t o f b io p sy ; f ig u r e s i n t h i s group a re
a v erag e s o f th r e e s t e e r s .
~ 36 —
Table V I I I , L iv e r V itam in A L ev els Comparing l^ypes o f Supplem ental
____
V itam in A.
Type o f
Supplem ent;
V itam in A i n O il
V itam in A i n G e la tin
L evel o f
- S u p p le m e n ta tio n ; 30,000 i . u . :LOO,000 I .U . 30,000 I.U . 100,000 I .U .
M icrograms p e r gram
D ate;
(A verage)
May 18 l /
2 ,1 0
2 .2 6
May 28
-1.91
2 .1 6
-
' J u ly 27
A ugust 3
August 13
August 23
l/
2/
3/
.
0.88
2.93
1.73 3 /
0.90 2 /
3.88
6 ,8 0
Iu 03
L.23
2.78
0.93 3 /
6,80
W3
2.30
2.13
1 .1 3 37
Lu 03
F a ile d t o o b ta in a l i v e r sample from one s t e e r i n each groupj
F ig u re s f o r th e f i r s t p e r io d a re av erag es o f sev en s t e e r s e a c h ,
One s t e e r d ie d as r e s u l t o f b io p s y ; f ig u r e s i n t h i s group a re
a v e ra g e s o f th r e e s t e e r s ,
F a ile d to o b ta in l i v e r sam ples from one s t e e r on th e s e d a te s ;
F ig u re s a re a v e ra g e s o f th r e e s t e e r s .
Table IX ,
L iv e r V itam in A L evels Comparing l e a s t i n th e R atio n and
Mo Y east i n th e R a tio n
R a tio n ;
D ate;
May 18
May 28
Y east
'
.
Mo Y east ■
M icrogram s.p e r gram
(A verage)
2 .3 1
2.0 0 I /
2 .2 3
1 .7 3 “
J u ly 27
2.20 2 /
i . a 3/
August 3
3 .b 6 IuZh
A ugust 13
Lu 21 3 /
2.19
A ugust 23
3.2L 37
2.77
I / F a ile d to o b ta in l i v e r samples from 2 s t e e r s ; f ig u r e s f o r th e
f i r s t p e rio d a re a v erag e s of s i x s t e e r s ,
2 / One s t e e r d ie d a s r e s u l t o f b io p s y ; f ig u r e s i n t h i s group are
a v erag e s o f seven s t e e r s ,
3 / F a ile d to o b ta in l i v e r sample from one s t e e r on th e s e d a te s ;
f ig u r e s f o r th e s e d a te s a re a v erag e s o f sevpn s t e e r s .
~
~
3 7
-
i s a p p ro x im a te ly te n tim es th e d a ily v ita m in A re q u ire m e n t f o r f i v e hundred
pound s t e e r s .
I t vri.ll be n o te d , how ever, t h a t as soon a s v ita m in A su p p le ­
m e n ta tio n sto p p ed , th e p la sm a -v ita m in A l e v e l s r a p id ly d e c re a se d .
By May
28, f i v e days a f t e r th e l a s t su p p lem en tal v ita m in A was g iv e n , th e p la sm av ita m in A v a lu e had alm o st r e tu r n e d to th e le v e l s p r e s e n t b e fo re su p p le ­
m e n tal v ita m in A was a d m in is te re d .
The l i v e r v ita m in A l e v e l s , how ever, d e c re a se d by .06 to «23 m icro grams
o f v ita m in A p e r gram o f l i v e r d u rin g the- te n days between th e two l i v e r
b io p s ie s o f th e f i r s t e x p e rim e n ta l p e r io d .
No.l i v e r sam ples were c o lle c te d
on th e f i f t h , day when the l a s t v ita m in A c a p su le was a d m in istered ^ th e r e f o r e ,
i t was n o t p o s s ib le to determ in e w h e th er any l i v e r s to ra g e had o c c u rre d a t
t h a t tim e .
However, th e d a ta i n d i c a t e s . t h a t , when s t e e r s have been on
v ita m in A d e f i c i e n t r a t i o n s , su p p le m e n ta tio n a t a l e v e l o f 30,000 I . U.
d a i l y f o r a p e rio d o f f i v e days was n o t s u f f i c i e n t to s to p f u r t h e r d e p le tio n
o f l i v e r s to r e s o f v ita m in A f o r any a p p r e c ia b le le n g th o f tim e .
The h ig h e r l e v e l s of su p p le m e n ta tio n a n d /o r lo n g e r p e r io d o f su p p le­
m e n ta tio n d u rin g th e second e x p e rim e n ta l p e r io d p ro duced more d e f i n i t e
re s u lts .
The a d m in is tr a tio n , v i a c a p s u le , o f e i t h e r 30,000 I . U. o r 100,000
I . TI. o f v ita m in A d a ily p e r s t e e r f o r t e n days produced s u b s ta n tia l i n ­
c re a s e s i n p la sm a -v ita m in A c o n te n t, w ith th e g r e a te r re s p o n se from th e
h ig h e r l e v e l o f s u p p le m e n ta tio n .
I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g to n o te t h a t th e peak
plasm a l e v e l s o f v ita m in A w ere re a ch e d from two to f i v e days b e fo re su p p le ­
m e n ta tio n sto p p e d .
The re a s o n f o r t h i s s l i g h t drop i n p la sm a -v ita m in A
w h ile th e s te e r s were s t i l l re c e iv in g su p p lem en tal v ita m in A i s n o t known.
When v ita m in ■A su p p le m e n ta tio n sto p p e d , th e r e was a c o m p a ra tiv e ly r a p id
d e c lin e i n p la sm a -v ita m in A l e v e l s .
T y p ica l re s p o n se s from th e tiro le v e l s
o f v ita m in A su p p le m e n ta tio n a re p re s e n te d g r a p h ic a lly i n F ig u re s 3 and It*
The in c r e a s e i n p la sm a -v ita m in A d u rin g th e su p p lem en tal p e rio d s was
c o m p a ra tiv e ly r a p id w ith b o th l e v e l s o f v ita m in A su p p le m e n ta tio n .
A fte r
su p p le m e n ta tio n stopped, th e p la sm a -v ita m in A l e v e l s d e c lin e d sh ap p ly f o r
th e f i r s t t e n d ay s.
T h e re a fte r, th e r a t e o f d e c lin e i n p la sm a -v ita m in A
l e v e l s te n d e d to become slo w e r a s th e p la sm a -v ita m in A l e v e l s d e c re a se d .
TJhen a n a ly z e d s t a t i s t i c a l l y (O s tle , 1 9 5 h ), th e changes i n p la s m a -v ita ­
min A l e v e l s d u rin g th e second e x p e rim e n ta l p e rio d w ere fo u n d to fo llo w a
q u a d ra tic ty p e o f r e g r e s s io n (seco n d d e g re e e q u a tio n ) .
For each tre a tm e n t,
th e r e was a h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t (P<eO l) c o r r e l a t i o n between th e p la s m a -v ita ­
min A l e v e l s and th e d a te o f th e p e r io d .
D uring th e second e x p e r im e n ta l'p e rio d , th e h ig h e r l e v e l s o f v ita m in A
su p p le m e n ta tio n a n d /o r lo n g e r p e r io d o f su p p lem en ta tio n a ls o s tim u la te d an
in c r e a s e i n l i v e r v ita m in A c o n te n t.
I t may be n o ted t h a t th e su p p lem en tal
l e v e l o f 30,000 I . U. o f v ita m in A p e r s t e e r d a ily r e s u l t e d i n o n ly a s l i g h t
l i v e r v ita m in A s to ra g e d u rin g th e te n day p e r io d (T able V III and F ig u re £ )•
However, th e a d m in is tr a tio n o f 100,000 I . U, o f v ita m in A p e r s t e e r d a i l y
r e s u l t e d i n a s u b s t a n t i a l in c r e a s e i n liv e r - v i ta m i n A c o n te n t d u rin g th e
te n day p e r io d .
A fte r v ita m in A su p p lem en ta tio n was s to p p e d , th e amount o f
v ita m in A i n th e l i v e r d e c re a se d r a p id ly f o r th e f i r s t te n d a y s, a f t e r w hich
th e r a t e o f d e p le tio n te n d e d to le v e l o f f .
The s te e r s w hich re c e iv e d y e a s t
i n th e r a tio n p re v io u s to th e second e x p e rim e n ta l p e rio d had a s l i g h t l y
h ig h e r s to ra g e o f v ita m in A i n th e l i v e r , w ith l e s s su b se q u e n t d e p le tio n ,
th a n th e s t e e r s w hich d id n o t re c e iv e y e a s t i n th e r a t i o n . .
50,000 I.IT. (G e la tin )
Supplem ental
P e rio d
August
F ig u re 3«
Plasmar-Vitamin A L e v e ls.
1 0 0 .0 0 0 I .U . ( G ffla tin ')
I
i
Supplem ental
P e r io d
!
July-
27
29
F ig u re U.
August
I
3
S
Plasm a-V itam in A L e v e ls .
10
15
20
25
50,000 I ,U« (G e la tin )
j^_ Sup plem ental Ppri ori ^
F ig u re
Liver- -V itanin
L evels
S te e rs
100.000 I.U . (G e la tin )
Supplem ental P e rio d
F ig u re 6.
L iv er-V itam in A L evels f o r S te e rs Fed 100,000 I . U.
-IlJThe d a ta seemed to in d ic a te t h a t a r e l a t i v e l y sm all p ro p o r tio n o f th e
v ita m in A a d m in is te re d o r a l l y su b se q u e n tly ap p eared i n th e b lo o d plasm a and
l i v e r s o f th e s t e e r s .
T h e re fo re , an e s tim a tio n was made o f th e t o t a l i n ­
c re a s e o f plasm a and l i v e r v ita m in A p e r s t e e r d u rin g th e second p e rio d o f
v ita m in A su p p le m e n ta tio n .
The s t e e r s w ere n o t s la u g h te re d a t th e end o f
th e t r i a l , so no d a ta was c o lle c te d on th e av erag e l i v e r w e ig h ts o r t o t a l
blood p e r s t e e r , nor w ere a c c u ra te body w e ig h ts a v a ila b le d u rin g th e p e rio d
o f s u p p le m e n ta tio n .
T h e re fo re , i t was n o t p o s s ib le to d eterm in e th e t o t a l
amount o f v ita m in A w hich a p p ea re d i n th e blood and l i v e r s w ith any d egree
o f a c c u ra c y .
I t was b e lie v e d , how ever, t h a t even an approxim ate d e term in a ­
t i o n w ould be o f some v a lu e .
I n m aking th e a p p ro x im a tio n , th e l i v e r s w ere c o n sid e re d to weigh I eOij.
p e r c e n t o f th e liv e w e ig h t o f th e s t e e r s (Edelmann e t a l , 19ij.3), and th e
w e ig h t o f th e b lo o d was c o n sid e re d t o be 7 .7 p e r c e n t o f th e liv e w e ig h t
(Dukes, 19li.7)•
On th e b a s i s o f t h i s in fo rm a tio n , th e a v erag e w eight o f
blood and l i v e r p e r s t e e r were c a lc u la te d from th e average w e ig h ts p e r s t e e r
re c o rd e d on June llj...
(These w ere th e l a s t w e ig h ts ta k e n d u rin g th e t r i a l ) .
The t o t a l w e ig h t o f b lo o d p e r s t e e r was th e n c o n v erted to m i l l i l i t e r s by
u t i l i z i n g th e s p e c if ic g r a v i t y o f s t e e r b lo o d and plasm a was c o n sid e re d to
be 60 p e rc e n t o f th e blo o d (Dukes, ± 9 k 7 )•
Once th e t o t a l volume o f b lo o d
p lasm a, and w eig h t o f l i v e r , p e r s t e e r was known, th e r e s u l t s o f th e chemi­
c a l a n a ly s e s o f th e blo o d plasm a and l i v e r sam ples were u sed to d eterm in e
th e t o t a l number o f m icrogram s o f v ita m in A p e r s te e r a p p e a rin g i n th e
b lo o d plasm a and l i v e r s *
To c o n v e rt th e m icro grams o f v ita m in A to i n t e r ­
n a t i o n a l u n i t s , 0 ,2 3 m icrogram s o f v ita m in A was c o n sid e re d to be e q u a l to
one i n t e r n a t i o n a l u n it ( E v e r e tt, I 9I4.6 ) .
When th e s e , c a lc u la tio n s w ere made, i t was found t h a t th e in c r e a s e i n
plasm a and l i v e r - v i t a m i n A acco u n ted f o r a p p ro x im a te ly $ p e rc e n t o f th e .
v ita m in A fe d a t a l e v e l o f £0,000 I* U* p e r s t e e r d a ily o v er th e te n day
p e rio d *
When a l e v e l o f 100,000 I* TI* was f e d d a ily f o r te n d a y s, a p p ro x --
im a te ly 8 p e r c e n t o f th e v ita m in A could be accounted f o r i n th e b lo o d and
l i v e r s o f th e s t e e r s .
S ince th e s t e e r s were d e f i n i t e l y d e f i c i e n t i n v i t a ­
min A when su p p le m e n ta tio n s t a r t e d , i t i s p ro b a b le t h a t s u b s t a n t i a l amounts
o f v ita m in A w ere removed from th e b lo o d stream by th e body t i s s u e s when
th e p la sm a -v ita m in A l e v e l s began to r is e *
In s p ite o f th e f a c t t h a t t h i s
would account f o r some o f th e v ita m in A f e d , i t seems a p p a re n t t h a t th e
m ajo r p a r t o f th e v ita m in A t h a t was fe d to th e s t e e r s was e i t h e r d e stro y e d
o r f a i l e d to be absorbed by th e i n t e s t i n a l t r a c t ,
No d e f i n i t e c o n c lu s io n s can be made a b o u t th e e f f e c t s o f th e v a rio u s
tre a tm e n ts u se d i n th e t r i a l because o f th e sm all number o f an im als a v a i l ­
a b le f o r each tre a tm e n t*
The f a i l u r e to o b ta in l i v e r sam ples from some o f
th e s t e e r s , and th e d e ath o f one s t e e r , f u r t h e r d e c re a se d th e amount o f d a ta
o b tain ed *
However, c e r t a i n tr e n d s were n o te d which w ould b e a r f u r t h e r i n ­
v e s tig a tio n .
Adding y e a s t t o th e r a t i o n s had v e ry l i t t l e e f f e c t on p la sm a -
v ita m in A l e v e l s , b u t th e r e was an in c r e a s e i n l i v e r - v i ta m i n A s to ra g e and
a s l i g h t d e c re a s e i n th e r a t e of d e p le tio n o f l i v e r s t o r e s .
However, no
l i v e r sam ples was o b ta in e d from s t e e r number 77 on J u ly 27, and t h i s s t e e r
had s u b s t a n t i a l l y h ig h e r th a n average l iv e r - v i ta m i n A l e v e l s d u rin g th e r e s t
o f th e p e r io d .
C o n v ersely , s t e e r number 63,- from w hich no liv e sr sampj.es
w ere o b ta in e d on August l £ and 20, had s l i g h t l y low er th a n av erag e l i v e r -
v ita m in A l e v e l s d u rin g th e f i r s t h a l f o f th e p e r io d .
T h e re fo re , i t i s
p o s s ib le t h a t th e a p p a re n t d if f e r e n c e s n o te d may have been due to e x p e r i­
m e n ta l e r r o r ,
The two ty p e s o f v ita m in A c o n c e n tra te u sed i n th e t r i a l produced o n ly
m inor v a r i a t i o n s i n th e in c r e a s e i n p la sm a -v ita m in A,
L iv e r s to ra g e from '
th e two ty p e s o f v ita m in A was p r a c t i c a l l y i d e n t i c a l .
However, th e r e was
an i n d i c a t i o n t h a t when v ita m in A p a lm ita te i n g e l a t i n w as. f e d , th e r e s u l t ­
a n t l i v e r s to r e s were m a in ta in e d f o r a lo n g e r p e r io d o f tim e a f t e r v ita m in
A su p p le m e n ta tio n sto p p e d .
W hile s t e e r s t h a t had re c e iv e d b o th ty p e s o f
v ita m in A c o n c e n tra te had a d e p le tio n i n l i v e r 's t o r e s o f v ita m in A a f t e r
su p p le m e n ta tio n sto p p ed , th e r a t e o f d e c lin e was more r a p id i n th e s t e e r s
w hich had re c e iv e d th e c o r n - o il su sp e n sio n o f v ita m in A.
—
1+6
—
SUMMARY
S ix te e n H erefo rd s t e e r c a lv e s w ere u sed t o s t i l l y th e e f f e c t s o f two
ty p e s o f c o n c e n tra te d vitam in -A su p p lem en ts, and th e e f f e c t s o f a c tiv e d ry
y e a s t i n th e r a t i o n , upon th e s t e e r s ' b lo o d plasm a and l i v e r v ita m in A
c o n ten t#
The two ty p e s o f c o n c e n tra te d v ita m in A u sed w e re :
a c o r n - o il
su sp e n sio n o f v ita m in A w ith a p o te n c y o f 1 ,6 0 0 ,0 0 0 I , U. p e r gram,' and
v ita m in A p a lm ita te i n g e l a t i n w ith a p o te n c y of 2^0,000 I , U» p e r gram*
The t r i a l c o n s is te d of two p e rio d s o f v ita m in A su p p lem en ta tio n , each
o f w hich was p re c ed e d by a p e r io d o f d e p le tio n o f v ita m in A s to re s *
The
d e p le tio n r a t i o n s c o n s is te d o f a p p ro x im a te ly sev en pounds o f w heat s tra w
p e r s t e e r d a i l y p lu s th r e e pounds o f a p r o t e i n supplem ent (30 p e r c e n t crude
p ro te in ).
H a lf th e s t e e r s re c e iv e d 0 .1 pound o f a c ti v e d ry y e a s t p e r day
i n th e su p p lem en t.
Good r e s u l t s w ere a c h ie v e d w ith th e d e p le tio n r a t i o n s
u sed and no d i f f i c u l t y was e n co u n tered i n re d u c in g th e p la sm a -v ita m in A
l e v e l s t o th e d e s ir e d v a lu e o f a p p ro x im a te ly 12 m icrd grams p e r hundred
m illilite rs .
D uring th e two p e rio d s o f v ita m in A su p p le m e n ta tio n , each ty p e o f
c o n c e n tra te d v ita m in A was f e d t o h a l f th e s t e e r s on each r a t i o n .
D uring
th e f i r s t p e r io d , th e s t e e r s were f e d £0,000 I . U. o f v ita m in A p e r s te e r
d a ily .
D uring th e second p e r io d , th e le n g th of th e su p p lem en tal p e rio d
was in c r e a s e d to t e n d a y s, and th e s t e e r s w ere f e d e i t h e r £0,000 I . U. o r
100,000 I . U. d a i l y o f th e a p p lic a b le v ita m in A c o n c e n tr a te .
Blood sam ples
w ere ta k en from th e ju g u la r v e in th ro u g h o u t th e t r i a l and were an aly zed f o r
p la sm a -v ita m in A and c a ro te n e c o n ten t*
L iv e r sam ples w ere c o lle c te d d u rin g
th e p e r io d s o f su p p le m e n ta tio n and were a n aly z e d f o r v ita m in A c o n te n t.
The r e s u l t s in d ic a te d t h a t , w h ile th e fe e d in g o f 50,000 I . U* o f v i t a ­
min A d a i l y f o r f iv e days caused a s u b s t a n t i a l r i s e i n p la sm a -v ita m in A
c o n te n t, th e fiv e - d a y p e rio d o f su p p le m e n ta tio n was n o t s u f f i c i e n t to p ro ­
v id e f o r s to ra g e o f v ita m in A i n th e l i v e r .
However, when th e p e rio d o f
v ita m in A su p p le m e n ta tio n was in c re a s e d to te n d ay s, a l e v e l o f - 50,000 I* U.
d a i l y was s u f f i c i e n t to i n i t i a t e l i v e r s to ra g e .(0 ,2 to 2 ,0 m icrogram s p e r
gram o f l i v e r ) ,
A l e v e l o f 100,000 I , . U, o f v ita m in A d a i l y p e r s te e r f o r .
te n days was found to p ro v id e a s u b s t a n t i a l l i v e r s to ra g e (a p p ro x im a te ly 6
m icrogram s p e r gram o f l i v e r ) .
Both l e v e l s o f su p p le m e n ta tio n in c re a s e d
p la sm a -v ita m in A l e v e l s m arkedly, w ith g r e a t e r in c r e a s e s from th e h ig h e r
l e v e l o f su p p le m e n ta tio n .
I t was fo u n d t h a t , a f t e r v ita m in A supplem enta­
t i o n sto p p e d , th e d e c re a se i n plasm a and li v e r - v i t a m i n A was m ost r a p id
d u rin g th e e a r ly s ta g e s o f d e p le tio n , and te n d ed to l e v e l o f f as th e plasm a
and liv e r - v i t a m i n A v a lu e s d e c re a s e d .
S t a t i s t i c a l l y , th e p la sm a -v ita m in A v a lu e s d u rin g th e d e p le tio n p e rio d
fo llo w e d a p a t t e r n o f sim ple l i n e a r r e g r e s s io n w ith h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t
(P < .0 l) c o r r e l a t i o n betw een th e number o f days th e s t e e r s were on d e p le tio n
r a t i o n s and th e p la sm a -v ita m in A c o n te n t.
During th e e x p e rim e n ta l p e rio d s
o f v ita m in A s u p p le m e n ta tio n , b o th th e plasm a and l iv e r - v i ta m i n A v a lu e s
fo llo w e d a q u a d r a tic r e g r e s s io n w ith a h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t (R < ,0 l) c o r r e la ­
t i o n betw een th e d a te o f the p e rio d and th e plasm a o r l iv e r - v i ta m i n A
c o n te n t.
The a d d itio n o f y e a s t t o th e r a t i o n had no a p p a re n t e f f e c t ,upon p lasm av ita m in A v a lu e s , b u t th e r e was an in d ic a tio n t h a t th e fe e d in g p f y e a s t i n ­
duced h ig h e r l i v e r s to r e s o f v ita m in A w ith slo w er su b seq u en t d e p le tio n o f
liv e r s to re s .
There w e re .no c o n s is te n t d if f e r e n c e s between, th e e f f e c t s o f
th e two ty p e s o f "vitamin A supplem ents u sed on e i t h e r th e in c r e a s e o f p la sm av ita m in A c o n te n t, o r th e amount o f v ita m in A s to ra g e i n th e l i v e r .
However,
th e d e p le tio n o f v ita m in A s t o r e s from th e l i v e r s was f a s t e r when th e s t e e r s
had re c e iv e d th e c o r n - o i l su sp e n sio n o f v ita m in A.
The r i s e i n blo o d plasm a and li v e r - v i t a m i n A c o n te n t d u rin g th e su p p le ­
m en tal p e r io d s acco u n ted f o r o n ly a s m a ll p o r tio n o f th e t o t a l v ita m in A
f e d ; a p p ro x im a te ly f i v e p e rc e n t when a l e v e l o f £0,000 -I. »Hf ,was. fe d 'and
a p p ro x im a te ly e ig h t p e r c e n t when a l e v e l o f 100,000 I . U. was f e d .
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A i n t a k e . J o u r, o f Anim, S c i. 8 : 631.
Thomas, 0 . 0 » , W. D. G allup and C. K, W h ite h a ir. 1953« E f f e c t o f phosphor­
ous d e f ic ie n c y on m etabolism o f c a ro te n e and v ita m in A by b e e f cows.
J o u r, o f Anim. S c i» 12;i372,
Thomas, 0 . 0 .
1954«
U npublished d a ta .
Montana S ta te C o lle g e , Bozeman.
Thompson, S. T ., R. B rande, M. E. C o ats, A. T. Cowie, J . Ganguly and S. K.
Kon. 1950« F u r th e r s tu d ie s o f t h e c o n v e rsio n o f b e ta - c a ro te n e to
v ita m in A i n th e i n t e s t i n e . B r i t . J o u r, o f W utr. 4:398*
W arner, R. G. and L. A. Maynard. 1952. The m etabolism o f in tr a v e n o u s ly
a d m in is te re d c a ro te n e i n th e d a ir y c a l f . J o u r, o f Anim, S c i. 1 1 :7 8 0 ,
W atkins, W. E. and J . H, Knox8 1954» A s tu d y o f th e su p p lem en ta l fe e d in g
o f c a ro te n e f o r ran g e b re e d in g cows d u rin g the p re c a lv in g and c a lv in g
p e r io d . J o u r, o f Anim. S c i. 13:490«
W eir, W. C ., A. L. Pope, P . H. P h i l l i p s and G* B o h ste d t. 1949» The e f f e c t
o f a low c a ro te n e w in te r r a t i o n on th e b lo o d , m ilk and l i v e r concen­
t r a t i o n s o f v ita m in s A and G o f ewes and t h e i r lam b s. J o u r, o f Anim.
Scie 8 :3 8 1 .
.
— Bh -
II.
THE EFFECT OF FEEDING STILBESTRQL MD ANTIBIOTICS TO CATTLE
ON A HIGH BAELEI FATTENING RATION
INTRODUCTION
W ithin th e p a s t f i f t y y e a r s , th e fe e d in g o f l iv e s to c k h as r a p id ly be­
come a s c i e n t i f i c e n t e r p r i s e .
At th e t u r n o f th e c e n tu ry , th e in fo rm a tio n
on l iv e s to c k fe e d in g and anim al n u t r i t i o n was e x tre m e ly fragm entary? s p e c i­
f i c knowledge and a c c e p te d p r a c t i c e s w ere more o f te n based on th e e x p erien ce
o f s u c c e s s f u l f e e d e rs th a n upon th e r e s u l t s o f a c tu a l e x p e rim e n ts.
Only
c a rb o h y d ra te s , f a t s , p r o te in s and a few m in e ra ls w ere .reco g n ized a s e sse n ­
t i a l d ie ta ry c o n s titu e n ts .
S ince th e n , and e s p e c ia ll y d u rin g th e l a s t
tw e n ty to t h i r t y y e a r s , r a p id p ro g re s s i n anim al fe e d in g h as been made
th ro u g h w e ll c o n tr o lle d r e s e a r c h p r o j e c t s .
Some f o r t y d i f f e r e n t n u t r i e n t s
a re now known to be needed by the- grow ing, f a t t e n i n g a n d /o r re p ro d u c in g
a n im a l.
The d is c o v e r ie s o f th e v ita m in s , o f th e r o l e o f th e amino a c id s ,
and o f s e v e r a l more ’e s s e n t i a l m in e ra l elem en ts have been among th e compara­
t i v e l y r e c e n t im p o rta n t c o n tr ib u tio n s o f r e s e a r c h which have en ab led th e
s c i e n t i f i c f e e d e r o f to d ay to c o n tin u a lly in c re a s e th e p ro d u c tio n o f h is
a n im a ls, and a t th e same tim e d e c re a se th e fe e d r e q u ir e d p e r u n i t o f p ro ­
d u c tio n .
•
In a d d itio n to n u t r i e n t re q u ire m e n ts, o th e r d is c o v e r ie s have been made
w hich have r a i s e d th e l e v e l o f p ro d u c tio n , d e crea se d th e c o s t o f p ro d u c tio n ,
o r b o th .
The d is c o v e ry t h a t ru m in an ts can u t i l i z e n o n p ro te in -n itro g e n com- ■
pounds, such a s u re a , i n t h e i r r a tio n s h as p ro v id e d a cheap so u rce o f
p ro te in .
A n tib io tic s a re now u sed e x te n s iv e ly i n th e swine and p o u ltr y
in d u s trie s .
Also f a l l i n g in to t h i s c a te g o ry i s th e use o f s y n th e tic p ro d u c ts .
such a s d i e t h y l s t i l b e s t r o l «
D i s t h y l s t i l b e s t r o l j commonly knovni a s S t i l b e s t r o l j i s a s y n th e tic chem­
i c a l compound w ith a c t i v i t y s im ila r to t h e fem ale hormone " E s tr a d io l" .
S til-
b e s t r o l i s n o t a new P ro d u c tj f o r i t has been m an u factu red com m ercially f o r
about tw en ty y e a r s .
I t h as been u sed f o r about f i f t e e n y e a rs in h u m a n and
v e t e r i n a r y m edicine a s a th e r a p e u tic a g e n t i n t r e a t i n g v a rio u s d is o r d e r s o f
th e re p ro d u c tiv e t r a c t .
I t h a s - a ls o b een u sed co m m ercially i n th e p o u ltr y
in d u s tr y f o r s e v e r a l y e a r s , p r im a r i ly f o r th e f a t t e n i n g o f c o c k e re ls .
In
p o u ltr y , s t i l b e s t r o l i s p la c e d u n d er th e s k in o f th e b ir d , u s u a lly i n th e
n eck , i n th e form o f a p e l l e t im p la n t.
The p e l l e t im p la n t has a ls o been t r i e d e x p e rim e n ta lly on m ost s p e c ie s
o f farm a n im a ls, in c lu d in g c a t t l e .
In th e c a se o f f a t t e n i n g c a t t l e , i n ­
c re a s e s i n r a t e o f g ain and fe e d e f f i c i e n c y have been a ch ie v e d by u s in g
s t i l b e s t r o l im p la n ts 5 how ever, th e s e ad v an tag es have b een accompanied by
u n d e s ir a b le s id e e f f e c t s such a s r e s t l e s s n e s s o f th e c a t t l e , r id i n g , h ig h
t a i !h e a d s , sag g in g b a c k s , mammary developm ent, low ered c a r c a s s q u a lity and,
i n some c a s e s , r e s id u a l p e l l e t s rem ain in g i n th e m eat.
For t h i s re a so n ,
im p la n ts i n c a t t l e have n o t been recommended f o r on-farm u s e , alth o u g h
r e c e n t e x p erim en ts have shown more fa v o ra b le r e s u l t s when lo w er l e v e l s o f
s t i l b e s t r o l im p la n ts were u s e d .
The id e a o f in c o r p o r a tin g s t i l b e s t r o l i n th e feed r a th e r th an a d m in is - '
t e r i n g i t as p e l l e t im p la n ts was d eveloped a t th e Iowa A g r ic u ltu r a l Exper­
im ent S ta tio n about f i v e y e a rs ago.
I n 1951, n u t r i t i o n i s t s a t Iowa S ta te
C o lleg e n o tic e d t h a t lambs on a c e r t a i n f a t t e n i n g r a t i o n made f a s t e r g a in s
th a n co u ld re a s o n a b ly be e x p ec te d from th e ty p e o f r a t i o n th e y were f e d .
—
—
Samples o f th e r a t i o n w ere ta k e n to th e la b o r a to r y where c a r e f u l a n a ly se s
r e v e a le d t r a c e s o f hormone a c t i v i t y i n p a r t s o f th e r a t i o n .
I t was a ls o
found t h a t s e v e r a l o th e r fe e d s showed v a r ia b le t r a c e s o f e s t r o g e n i c 'a c t i v i t y .
I t was t h i s c lu e w hich l e d D r. Wise B urroughs and h is a s s o c ia te s to b e g in a
s e r i e s o f ex p erim en ts d e sig n e d t o e x p lo re th e p o s s i b i l i t i e s o f adding h o r m o n e-lik e su b sta n c e s to f a tte n in g r a t i o n s f o r c a t t l e ,
S t i l b e s t r o l was used
i n th e e x p erim en ts because i t was th e c h e a p e st and m ost r e a d i l y a v a ila b le
s y n th e tic fem ale sex h o rm o n e .' As a r e s u l t o f th e s e i n v e s t i g a t i o n s . The
F e d e ra l Food and Drug A d m in is tra tio n r e le a s e d s t i l b e s t r o l f o r on-farm use i n
r a t i o n s f o r b e e f c a t t l e w eighing o v er 600 pounds b ein g f a tte n e d f o r s la u g h te r .
The fe e d in g o f s t i l b e s t r o l to f a t t e n i n g c a t t l e p ro b a b ly has been ac­
c e p te d f a s t e r th a n any o th e r com parable d is c o v e ry i n fe e d in g h i s t o r y .
W ith­
i n th e f i r s t s i x months a f t e r s t i l b e s t r o l became a v a il a b le , i t was b ein g
fe d t o more th a n 5>0 p e r c e n t o f th e c a t t l e on f a t t e n i n g r a t i o n s in t h i s
c o u n try ,
Montana c a t t l e p ro d u c e rs , i n common w ith fe e d e rs e lse w h e re, have
a ls o e x h ib ite d a g r e a t d e a l o f i n t e r e s t i n th e fe e d in g o f s t i l b e s t r o l .
A c co rd in g ly , th e Montana A g r ic u ltu r a l E xperim ent S ta tio n r e c e n t l y conducted
th e ex p erim en t r e p o r te d h e r e in .
T his e x p erim en t was d e sig n e d to stu d y th e
e f f e c t s o f adding s t i l b e s t r o l , aureom ycin, and aureom ycin p lu s s t i l b e s t r o l
to a r a t i o n c o n ta in in g b a r l e y as th e p r i n c i p l e component, b ecau se b a r le y i s
th e m ost abundant and econom ical f a t t e n i n g fe e d f o r t h i s a r e a .
LITERATURE REVIEW
In p o u l t r y , th e a d m in is tr a tio n o f s t i l b e s t r o l by subcutaneous p e l l e t
im p la n ts has r e s u l t e d i n in c re a s e d grow th r a t e s and f a t d e p o s itio n (L orenz,
19h3 and ±9k5$ Andrews and Bohren, 19h7)*
In c re a s e d r a t e o f g a in and
im proved fe e d e f f i c i e n c y th ro u g h th e u s e o f s t i l b e s t r o l im p la n ts have a ls o
been d e m o n stra te d i n lam bs (Andrews e t a l , 19h9i Jo rd a n , 1950: P e rr y e t a l ,
1951)5 and i n c a t t l e (D inusson e t a l , 1950; Andrews e t a l , ISkS and 1 9 5 0 ).
However, th e s e a d v an tag es were o f te n accom panied b y such u n d e s ir a b le s id e
e f f e c t s as low ered c a rc a ss y i e l d , e le v a te d ta i l h e a d s , low ered l o i n s , r e s t ­
le s s n e s s , rid in g , e tc .
A fte r p r e lim in a r y e x p lo ra to ry ex p erim en ts produced en co u rag in g r e s u l t s
from th e use o f s t i l b e s t r o l i n c a t t l e f a t t e n i n g r a t i o n s , th e Iowa A g ric u l­
t u r a l E xperim ent S ta tio n conducted a s e r i e s o f ex p erim en ts d esig n ed to s tu d y
th e e f f e c t s o f fe e d in g s t i l b e s t r o l w ith v a rio u s r a t i o n s to c a t t l e w eighing
o v e r 600 po u n d s.
B urroughs e t a l (l951l) p u b lis h e d s e v e r a l r e p o r ts p r e s e n t­
in g th e r e s u l t s o f th e v a r io u s e x p erim en ts co n d u cted .
I n th e f i r s t e x p e r i­
m ent, fo u r l o t s , o f e ig h t s t e e r s each , w ere f u l l - f e d a 6O-I4.O co rn and cob
m eal m ix tu re p lu s th r e e pounds p e r s t e e r d a i l y o f a supplem ent c o n ta in in g
s tilb e s tro l.
For th e f i r s t 112 d ay s, th e l e v e l s o f s t i l b e s t r o l fe d were 0 ,
0 *06, 0 .2 k ) and 0 ,6 0 m illig ra m s p e r s t e e r d a i l y f o r th e fo u r l o t s , re s p e c ­
tiv e ly .
At th e end o f 112 d ay s, when i t became e v id e n t t h a t th e le v e ls
b e in g fe d were too low , th e amounts o f s t i l b e s t r o l fe d to l o t s 3 and It,
r e s p e c t i v e l y , w ere in c re a s e d to 5 and 10 m illig ra m s p e r s t e e r d a ily .
W hile
fe e d in g l e v e l s o f s t i l b e s t r o l below 0*60 m illig ra m s produced l i t t l e o r no
s tim u la tio n i n g a in s , th e ■fe e d in g o f 5 o r 10 m illig ra m s d a ily p e r s t e e r
—
£ 8
—
r e s u l t e d i n in c re a s e d g a in s w ith l e s s fe e d r e q u ir e d p e r pound o f g a in .
There were no a p p a re n t d if f e r e n c e s i n c a r c a s s q u a l i t y betw een th e s t e e r s on
d i f f e r e n t tr e a tm e n ts .
In a d d itio n to th e s e a d v an tag es, no u n d e s ira b le s id e
e f f e c t s such a s r e s t l e s s n e s s , r i d i n g , h ig h ta ilh e a d s o r lo w ered lo i n s co u ld
be n o te d a t any tim e d u rin g th e e x p erim en t.
In th e second ex p erim en t, s t i l -
b e s t r o l was f e d a t th e l e v e l s o f 0, 2 ,7 $ , $ and 11 m illig ra m s p e r s t e e r
d a i l y w ith a c o n v e n tio n a l c o rn -h a y ty p e f a t t e n i n g r a t i o n .
The r e s u l t s show­
ed p r o g r e s s i v e ly f a s t e r r a t e s o f g a in as th e amount o f s t i l b e s t r o l fe d was
in c r e a s e d .
The f a s t e s t g a in in g l o t o f an im als ( r e c e iv in g 11 m illig ra m s o f
s t i l b e s t r o l d a ily ) g a in ed 37 p e r c e n t f a s t e r th a n th e c o n tr o l anim als d u rin g
th e 112-day fe e d in g p e r io d .
The a p p e t i t e s o f th e s t e e r s r e c e iv in g s t i l b e s ­
t r o l were in c re a s e d and th e feed r e q u ir e d p e r pound o f g ain was d e c re a se d .
I n a 113-d a y fe e d in g p e r io d , A ngus-H ereford c ro s s b re d , y e a r lin g h e i f e r s w ere
f e d a 60—!(.0 c o rn and cob m eal m ix tu re p lu s a p r o te in su p p lem en t.
The a d d i­
t i o n o f 6 o r 12 m illig ra m s of s t i l b e s t r o l t o th e d a i l y r a t i o n o f each h e i f e r
s u b s t a n t i a l l y s tim u la te d liv e w e ig h t g a in s w ith th e g r e a t e s t s tim u la tio n
o b ta in e d from th e h ig h e r l e v e l ,
W hile fe e d consum ption was n o t m a te r ia lly
a l t e r e d , fe e d c o s ts p e r pound o f g a in w ere red u ced by 10 p e r c e n t,
v e rs e e f f e c t s were n o te d a t any time*
Ho a d -'
S te e r s fe d 3*5 m illig ra m s o f s t i l ­
b e s t r o l d a i l y w ith a 65-35 c o m and cob m eal m ix tu re made f a s t e r gains th a n
anim als n o t r e c e iv in g s t i l b e s t r o l w ith e i t h e r a 65-35 c o rn and cob meal
m ix tu re o r a c o n v e n tio n a l c o rn -h a y ty p e r a tio n *
In a n o th e r t r i a l , s t e e r s
w ere fe d low -g rad e roughage ( c o r n s ta lk s i l a g e ) p lu s s im plem ents th e f i r s t
tw o - th ir d s o f a fe e d in g p e r io d and a ground c o rn f i n i s h i n g r a t i o n p lu s th e
same supplem ents th e l a s t o n e - th ir d o f th e p e r io d .
The a d m in is tr a tio n o f
-
5 9
-
10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l p e r s te e r d a i l y i n th e supplem ents a g ain i n ­
c re a s e d th e g ain s and d e c re a se d th e c o s t o f gain*
I n one ex p erim en t when
l e v e l s o f 20 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l were fe d , g a in s were f u r t h e r in c r e a s ­
ed o v er th e 10 m illig ra m l e v e l .
However, v a r io u s d is e a s e c o n d itio n s en­
c o u n te re d d u rin g th e e x p erim en t made i t d i f f i c u l t t o e v a lu a te th e f i n a l
re s u lts .
In sum m arizing th e r e s u l t s o f th e s e s i x e x p e rim e n ts, C u lb e rtso n efc a l
(19514) concluded t h a t 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l d a i l y p e r anim al was th e
m ost d e s i r a b l e fe e d in g l e v e l .
I t was found t h a t , on th e a v erag e , g a in s were
s tim u la te d by 19 p e r c e n t, a p p e ti te by 5 p e r c e n t, and fe e d e f f ic ie n c y im­
p ro v ed by 11 p e r c e n t.
C arcass e v a lu a tio n s were f u l l y as good when s t i l b e s ­
t r o l had been in c lu d e d i n th e r a t i o n as th e y w ere when c a r c a s s e s were p ro ­
duced w ith no hormone a d d itio n .
No d i f f i c u l t i e s such a s r i d i n g , r e s t l e s s ­
n e s s , h ig h ta i l h e a d s o r low ered lo i n s w ere n o te d a t ' any tim e ,
S ince t h i s p r e lim in a r y work was com pleted, a number o f s t i l b e s t r o l
fe e d in g experim ents have been conducted by s e v e ra l ex p erim en t s ta t io n s under
a w ide v a r i e t y o f fe e d in g and en v iro n m e n ta l c o n d itio n s .
Deans et_ a l (1955) found t h a t liv e w e ig h t g ain s w ere s i g n i f i c a n t l y i n ­
c re a s e d when a l e v e l o f 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l d a i l y was fe d th e l a s t
81). days o f a ll|.0-day fe e d in g t r i a l .
C arcass g rad e, d r e s s in g p e rc e n t and
r ib - e y e le a n -m o is tu re c o n te n t were n o t a f f e c te d .
An in c r e a s e i n m o istu re
c o n te n t o f th e e x te r n a l f a t approached s ig n if ic a n c e .
M urphree e t a l (1955)
r e p o r te d on two t r i a l s i n w hich y e a r lin g s t e e r s were fe d s t i l b e s t r o l .
F eed in g 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l d a i l y in c re a se d - g a in s 20 p e r c e n t over
g a in s o f c o n tr o l a n im a ls, w h ile s te e r s fe d 5 m illig ra m s g ained f a s t e r i n one
—
6 0
—
t r i a l b u t made no in c r e a s e in g a in o v e r t h e c o n tr o ls i n th e second t r i a l .
The d a ta a ls o in d ic a te d t h a t th e m ajor re sp o n se from s t i T b e s tro l was d u rin g
th e f i r s t 100 days o f t h e fe e d in g p e r io d .
Baker (1955) r e p o r te d t h a t s t i l -
b e s t r o l f e d a t l e v e l s o f 10 and 20 m illig ra m s p e r head d a i l y r e s u lte d i n 10
and 16 p e rc e n t g r e a te r g a in s , r e s p e c t i v e l y , and a p p ro x im a te ly 6 to 7 p e rc e n t
g r e a t e r .feed consum ption when compared to C o n tro l an im als n o t re c e iv in g
s tilb e s tro l.
The r a tio n s u sed c o n s is te d o f ground-snapped c o rn , c i t r u s .
m o la sse s, c o tto n s e e d meal and h ay .
B e ll e t a l (1955) found t h a t th e a d d i­
t i o n o f s t i l b e s t r o l to a h ig h u re a r a t i o n (u re a p ro v id e d 32 p e rc e n t o f th e
n itr o g e n fe d ) im proved r a t e o f g a in , fe e d e f f i c i e n c y and f i n a n c i a l r e tu r n s
p e r a n im a l.
Aunan e t a l (1955) r e p o r te d an in c r e a s e o f 15 p e rc e n t i n d a i l y g a in s
w ith SeU p e r c e n t l e s s fe e d when s te e r s w ere fe d 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l
d a i l y i n d ry l o t .
When compared to c o n tr o l s t e e r s fe d th e same le n g th o f
tim e , no d if f e r e n c e s were a p p a re n t i n c a r c a s s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s e x ce p t a l a r g ­
e r a re a o f r ib - e y e m uscle i n th e su p p lem en ta l g ro u p .
M itc h e ll a t a l (1955)
found t h a t when s t i l b e s t r o l (10 m illig ra m l e v e l ) and n o n s t i l b e s t r o l fe d
s t e e r s were fe d to e q u al s la u g h te r w e ig h ts (1100 p o u n d s), th e s t i l b e s t r o l fe d s t e e r s made 28.6 p e r c e n t more r a p id g a in s on 2 0 ,i). p e rc e n t l e s s concen­
tra te s .
When th e s t i l b e s t r o 1 -fe d s t e e r s w ere fe d u n t i l th e y consumed th e
same amount o f c o n c e n tra te s as th e c o n tr o l s t e e r s , th e s t i l b e s t r o l - f e d •
s t e e r s g a in ed 1 7 .6 p e r c e n t more r a p id ly on 1 8 .8 p e rc e n t l e s s c o n c e n tra te s
p e r u n i t o f g a in .
Beeson e t a l (1955) r e p o r te d t h a t fe e d in g 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l .
p e r head d a i l y in c re a s e d g a in s o f y e a r lin g s t e e r s b y 22 p e r c e n t jaut fe e d in g
- 61 ^
'
175 m illig ra m s o f t e s t o s t e r o n e in c re a s e d g a in s o n ly s l i g h t l y ,
A com b in atio n
o f s t i l b e s t r o l and t e s t o s te r o n e p ro duced h ig h e r g a in s th a n te s t o s te r o n e
a lo n e , but n o t as h ig h as g a in s r e s u l t i n g from s t i l b e s t r o l a lo n e .
P e rry e t a l (1955) r e p o r te d a h ig h ly s i g n i f i c a n t in c r e a s e i n g a in s when
s t e e r s w ere fe d 10 m illig ra m s o f . s t i l b e s t r o l p e r head d a i l y w ith 9 to 12
p e r c e n t l e s s fe e d r e q u ir e d p e r u n i t o f gain*
In t h i s e x p e rim e n t, in c r e a s e
i n t e a t le n g th , some e le v a tio n o f th e t a i l h e a d and some r e la x a ti o n o f th e
lum bar v e r te b r a e c o u ld be re c o g n iz e d , though th e e f f e c t s w e re "n o t as m arked
a s when fo llo w in g p e l l e t a d m in is tr a tio n .
A ls o ,.th e c a r c a s s g rad es o f th e
s t i l b e s t r o l - f e d an im als w ere s l i g h t l y i n f e r i o r to th e c o n tr o l s t e e r s .
IQLosterman e t a l (1955) found t h a t , when an e s s e n t i a l n u t r i e n t , p r o te in ,
i s d e f i n i t e l y l im it e d , s t i l b e s t r o l i s i n e f f e c t i v e i n s tim u la tin g g a in s .
However, when 0*75 pound o f 1 ,5 pounds o f soybean o i l m eal p e r head d a i l y
was f e d , th e re s p o n s e from s t i l b e s t r o l a t th e lo w er l e v e l o f p r o te in su p p le ­
m e n ta tio n was f u l l y e q u a l to t h a t o b ta in e d w ith th e h ig h e r l e v e l o f p r o t e i n
s u p p le m e n ta tio n .
Burroughs e t a l (1955) p re s e n te d d a ta w hich in d ic a te d t h a t liv e w e ig h t
g a in s o f s t e e r s , fo llo w in g the rem oval o f s t i l b e s t r o l from w in te rin g r a tio tis ,
were n o t le s s e n e d d u rin g a su b seq u en t p a s tu r e fe e d in g se a so n (when compared
t o g a in s made by c a t t l e on p a s tu r e w hich had n o t p r e v io u s ly re c e iv e d s t i l ­
b e s tro l).
I n f a c t , i n th e 160 and 1 8 0 -d ay p a s tu r e fe e d in g p e rio d s r e p o r te d ,
th e r e was s l i g h t b e n e f i c i a l c a r ry -o v e r e f f e c t from th e p re v io u s s t i l b e s t r o l
fe e d in g .
Baker e t al_ (1955) found t h a t , when y e a r lin g s t e e r s on p a s tu r e
re c e iv e d su p p lem en tary f e e d , th e a d d itio n o f 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l
p e r s t e e r d a i l y to th e supplem ent in c r e a s e d g a in s by 20 p e rc e n t and d e c r e a s -
“ 62 —
ed th e amount o f fe e d and number o f p a s tu r e days r e q u ir e d p e r hundred pounds
g a in e d .
A lb e rt e t a l (1955) r e p o r te d t h a t s t e e r s b e in g f u l l - f e d ground e a r
corn and a p r o t e i n supplem ent w h ile on p a s tu r e gained 1 2 .7 p e rc e n t f a s t e r w ith a 9 .5 p e r c e n t s a v in g i n fe e d c o s t when 7 .5 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l
d a i l y was added to th e r a t i o n .
R e s u lts r e p o r te d by C u lb e rtso n e t a l (1955) showed t h a t , w ith s te e r
c a lv e s w eighing I^O pounds, liv e w e ig h t g a in s were s tim u la te d b y adding s t i l ­
b e s t r o l to f a t t e n i n g r a t i o n s .
However, th e stim u lu s t o r a t e o f g a in was
s l i g h t l y l e s s th a n t h a t o b ta in e d w ith h e a v ie r c a t t l e *
G re a te r s tim u lu s was
o b ta in e d w ith 5 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l d a i l y th a n w ith 10 m illig ra m s , i n ­
d ic a tin g t h a t low er l e v e l s o f s t i l b e s t r o l a re r e q u ir e d f o r maximum e f f e c t s
w ith l i g h t e r a n im a ls.
The fe e d sav in g o f 8 p e rc e n t was a ls o somewhat lo w er
th a n -th a t o b ta in e d w ith h e a v ie r c a t t l e .
n o te d .
No u n d e s ir a b le s id e e f f e c t s were
Andrews e t a l (1955) r e p o r te d t h a t b o th s t e e r and h e i f e r c a lv e s
(U50 pounds) r e c e iv in g 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l d a ily g a in ed 20 p e rc e n t
f a s t e r th a n c o n tr o l an im als and r e q u ir e d 16 p e r c e n t l e s s fe e d p e r u n i t o f
gain*
A ll anim als f e d hormone—li k e m a te r ia ls e x h ib ite d mammary developm ent
and h e i f e r s e x h ib ite d en larg em en t o f th e v u lv a .
R ich ard so n e t a l (1955)
found t h a t when 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l d a i l y was added t o w in te rin g
r a t i o n s f o r b e e f s t e e r and h e i f e r c a lv e s (335 to 550 p o u n d s), d if f e r e n c e s
i n g a in were v e r y s l i g h t .
A d ig e s tio n t r i a l w ith y e a r lin g s t e e r s showed a
s i g n i f i c a n t lo w e rin g o f d i g e s t i b i l i t y when s t i l b e s t r o l was added to th e
ra tio n .
Baker and Jack so n (1955) r e p o r te d s im ila r r e s u l t s w ith 535 pound
c a lv e s on w in te r in g r a t i o n s .
The a d d itio n o f 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l
d a i l y p e r head r e s u l t e d i n r a t e s o f g a in o n ly s l i g h t l y f a s t e r th a n th e
-
c o n tr o l a n im a ls.
63
-
Bie fe e d e f f i c i e n c y was unchanged.
B urroughs e t a l (1955) found t h a t , i n a p r e lim in a r y s tu d y w ith lim ite d
num bers, th e fe e d in g o f IG m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l d a i l y p e r cow s tim u la t­
ed g a in s and re d u c e d fe e d c o s ts when fe d to n o n -p re g n a n t, b e e f b re e d in g cows.
However, w ith p re g n a n t cows, g a in s w ere s l i g h t l y re d u c ed , fe e d c o s ts s l i g h t ­
l y in c re a s e d , and th e b i r t h w e ig h t o f c a lv e s was s l i g h t l y lo w er when 10
m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l d a i l y p e r cow was fe d d u rin g g e s ta tio n .
Because i t i s o f te n a s ta n d a rd p r a c t i c e f o r fe e d e rs t o have hogs f o l ­
low ing c a t t l e i n th e f e e d lo t, s p e c u la tio n h a s a r is e n as t o w hether o r n o t
b re e d in g g i l t s o r sows may be a d v e r s e ly a f f e c te d when fo llo w in g c a t t l e b e in g
fe d s t i l b e s t r o l .
t h i s q u e s tio n ,
To d a te , v e ry l i t t l e in fo rm a tio n i s a v a il a b le t o answ er
C u lb e rtso n e t a l (1955) r e p o rte d t h a t tw elve g i l t s fo llo w ­
in g s t e e r s r e c e iv in g 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l d a i l y a p p a re n tly s u ffe re d
no i l l e f f e c t s when compared to c o n tro l g i l t s .
The g i l t s were b re d w h ile
i n th e l o t s w ith th e c a t t l e , and farro w ed norm al l i t t e r s .
There was no i n ­
d i c a t io n t h a t any s t i l b e s t r o l w hich may have been p ic k e d up from th e c a t t l e
droppings had a d e tr im e n ta l e f f e c t on b re e d in g p e rfo rm an c e.
Andrews e t a l
(1955) r e p o r te d t h a t open g i l t s fo llo w in g s t i l b e s t r o l - f e d c a lv e s e x h ib ite d
t e a t developm ent and e n la rg e d v u lv a .
K a s te lic e t a l (1955) r e p o r te d th e r e s u l t s o f c a rc a s s e v a lu a tio n s tu d ­
i e s w ith 92 c a t t l e from fo u r Iowa e x p e rim e n ts.
There were no c o n s is te n t
d if f e r e n c e s i n s h rin k a g e , d re s s in g p e rc e n ta g e s o r l i v e anim al o r c a rc a ss
g ra d e s .
The s t i l b e s t r o l - f e d anim als had a s l i g h t l y h ig h e r p e rc e n ta g e o f
le a n m eat i n th e r i b c u ts and l a r g e r a re a o f r ib - e y e m u scle.
I t was n o te d
t h a t in d iv id u a l v a r i a t i o n was g r e a te r th a n v a r i a t i o n betw een groups o f
—
an im als from d i f f e r e n t tr e a tm e n ts .
61;
—
The s t i l b e s t r o l - f e d an im als had a s l i g h t ­
l y low er m o istu re c o n te n t in th e r ib - e y e m u scle.
P r e s to n ab a l (1956) examined c a t t l e t i s s u e s by mouse u te rin e -w e ig h t
te c h n iq u e s e n s i t i v e enough to d e te c t 1«U to 3 m icrogram s o f s t i l b e s t r o l p e r
k ilo g ra m o f t i s s u e (depending on w h eth er th e t i s s u e was m uscle, o r f a t i n
c o m p o s itio n )»
T iss u e s o f c a t t l e from f o u r ex perim ents re c e iv in g up t o 12
m illig ra m s o f '" s t i l b e s t r o l d a i l y w ere t e s t e d .
T issu es a ssa y e d in c lu d e d le a n
m u scle, f a t , l i v e r , kid n ey , h e a r t , p o o le d o f f a l in c lu d in g t r i p e , i n t e s t i n a l
t r a c t , lu n g s and s p le e n . \Wo e s tr o g e n ic r e s id u e s were found i n any o f th e
t i s s u e s s tu d ie d .
T urner (1956), u s in g th e same te c h n iq u e , found no d e t e c t ­
a b le r e s id u e s i n e d ib le re d m eat, rib '-e y e , neck trim m in g s, to n g u e, l i v e r ,
h e a r t , s p le e n , b r a in , depot f a t o r d ig e s t iv e t r a c t s from an im als w hich r e ­
c e iv e d 10 m illig ra m s
of s t i l b e s t r o l p e r day i n th e r a t i o n . However,
dences o f e s tr o g e n ic a c t i v i t y were found i n
and lu n g s (10 to 12 p a r t s p e r b i l l i o n ) .
cows were fe d th e 10
e v i­
th e k id n ey s (U p a r t s p e r b i l l i o n )
I t was a ls o found t h a t when d a ir y
m illig ra m l e v e l o f s t i l b e s t r o l , th e r e was as much
e s tr o g e n ic a c t i v i t y i n th e d r ie d fe c e s as was p r e s e n t i n th e fe e d .
P e rry
e t a l (1955) r e p o r te d no r e s id u a l hormone i n th e meat o f b e ef anim als
w h e th er hormone fe e d in g was stopped e i t h e r one o r seven days b e fo re sla u g h ­
te r.
W hile th e r e h as n o t been, to d a t e , a n y r e p o r ts c o n cern in g th e mechan­
ism b y w hich th e in c re a s e d growth r a t e i s brought about th ro u g h fe e d in g
s t i l b e s t r o l , th e r e have been s tu d ie s cp n d u cted w ith c a t t l e im p la n te d w ith
s tilb e s tro l.
Clegg and Cole (195U) r e p o r te d n itr o g e n r e t e n t i o n to be alm ost
doubled i n b e e f s t e e r s r e c e iv in g p e l l e t im p la n ts o f 60 m illig ra m s o f s t i l -
— 6f> ■*-
b e s t r o l i n th e ear#
F e c a l n itr o g e n rem ained unchanged, th e d if f e r e n c e s
■being i n e x c r e tio n o f u r in a r y n itr o g e n , in d ic a tin g .a tr u e in c re a s e i n n i t r o ­
gen sto ra g e #
Blood plasm a t o t a l l i p i d s rem ained unchanged, in d ic a tin g t h a t
in c r e a s e d g ain s a re n o t due to in c r e a s e d f a t d e p o sitio n #
The w eig h ts o f
p i t u i t a r y and a d re n a l g la n d s Tfere s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r i n t r e a t e d a n im a ls.
T hyroids w ere l a r g e r i n s t e e r s b u t s m a lle r i n h e i f e r s .
n o t a l t e r e d , b u t c o rp o ra l u t e a fo rm a tio n was d e p re ss e d .
O varian w eig h t was
Growth hormone and
a d re n o c o rtic o tr o p h ic hormone c o n te n t o f t r e a t e d s te e r p i t u i t a r i e s was n o t
s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from c o n tr o ls , b u t th e p i t u i t a r i e s o f t r e a t e d h e i f ­
e r s c o n ta in e d tw ic e as much grow th hormone as th e u n tr e a te d .
Clegg and
C a rro l (195>6) r e p o r te d f u r t h e r s tu d ie s o n .c a r c a s s co m p o sitio n and b lo o d
c o n s titu e n ts *
C arcass e v a lu a tio n s in d ic a te d d e c re a se d f a t d e p o s itio n and
in c r e a s e d p r o t e i n a n ab o lism .
s i g n i f i c a n t l y in c re a se d *
v e s s i c l e e p ith e liu m .
C r o s s - s e c tio n a l a re a o f th e eye m uscle was
S te e rs had e n la rg e d k id n ey s and s tim u la te d sem in al
No d if f e r e n c e was fo u n d i n bone and m o istu re co n ten t*
There were no d if f e r e n c e s i n p la sm a -g lu c o se , n o n - p r o te in - n itr o g e n , serum '
p ro te in -b o u n d io d in e ( in d i c a tin g no th y r o id e f f e c t ) , o r p o ta ssiu m o r sodium
io n s .
S e v e ra l w orkers have r e p o rte d in c r e a s e d r a t e o f g a in a n d /o r improved
fe e d e f f i c i e n c y when aureom ycin i s in c lu d e d i n h ig h -ro u g h ag e ty p e w in te rin g
r a t i o n s f o r b e e f c a t t l e (Burroughp e t aL, 19&b$ Duitsman and K e s s le r, 195>3>
19%ks and 195>5>! P e rr y e t aL, 19E>lfj Beeson and P e rry , 195ki and Beeson e t a l ,
19550*
However, T otusek and Lynd (l9% k)> and T otusek e t a l (1955)j f a i l e d
to o b ta in in c r e a s e d r a t e o f g a in o r fe e d e f f ic ie n c y by adding aureom ycin to
w in te r in g r a t i o n s f o r s t e e r c a lv e s .
— 66 Ih e n in c o rp o ra te d i n t o h ig h -c o n c e n tr a te r a t i o n s , th e fe e d in g o f a o re o m ycin has g iv en in c o n s i s te n t r e s u l t s .
Duitsm an and K e s s le r (1955) r e p o r te d
l e s s fe e d r e q u ir e d p e r u n i t o f g a in when aureom ycin was f e d to b e e f s t e e r s
on a f a t t e n i n g r a t i o n .
P e rry e t a l (195U) r e p o r te d b o th in c re a s e d r a t e o f
g a in and d e c re a se d fe e d r e q u ir e d p e r u n i t o f g a in when aureom ycin was fe d i n
a h ig h -c o n c e n tr a te r a t i o n .
However, i n a second e x p erim en t, su p p lem en ta tio n
o f a h ig h -c o n c e n tr a te r a t i o n w ith aureom ycin d id n o t a f f e c t e i t h e r r a t e o f
g a in o r fe e d e f f i c i e n c y ,
Beeson and P e r r y (195U) o b ta in e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y
f a s t e r gains w ith 10 p e r c e n t l e s s fe e d p e r pound o f g a in when aureom ycin
was added t o f a tte n in g r a t i o n s o f s t e e r s and h e i f e r s .
Baker and Jackson (1955) r e p o r te d d e c re a se d g a in s and in c re a s e d fe e d
r e q u ir e d p e r u n i t o f g a in when aureom ycin was added to f a t t e n i n g r a tio n s
f o r tw o -y e a r-o ld s t e e r s .
A m ix tu re o f aureom ycin and s t i l b e s t r o l in c re a s e d
g a in s o v e r c o n tr o l a n im a ls, b u t d id n o t e q u a l g a in s made b y anim als fe d
s t i l b e s t r o l o n ly .
B urroughs e t a l (1955) found t h a t th e a d d itio n o f e i t h e r
aureom ycin o r s t i l b e s t r o l t o high -ro u g h ag e, r a t i o n s d e c re a se d c o s ts p e r pound
o f g ain s*
Adding a com bination o f aureom ycin and s t i l b e s t r o l to th e r a t i o n
r e s u l t e d i n in c re a s e d fe e d c o s ts p e r pound o f g ain when compared to th e
a d d itio n o f e i t h e r in g r e d ie n t alone*
H entges e t a l (1955) r e p o r te d an 11 p e r c e n t in c r e a s e i n gain when
s t e e r s were fe d 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l d a i l y .
A ureom ycin-fed s t e e r s
g a in ed f a s t e r th a n th e c o n tr o ls th e f i r s t 28 days o f th e 109-d a y fe e d in g
p e r io d b u t t h e r e a f t e r e x h ib ite d lo w er w e ig h t g a in s , l e s s a p p e t i t e , and were
d i f f i c u l t to keep on f e e d .
S te e rs r e c e iv in g a co m b in atio n o f aureom ycin
and s t i l b e s t r o l made th e f a s t e s t g a in s th e f i r s t 35 days o f th e experim ent.
- 67 b u t f in i s h e d th e t r i a l o n ly s l i g h t l y ahead o f th e c o n tr o l a n im a ls.
Baker
(19I?6 ) r e p o r te d t h a t th e a d d itio n o f e i t h e r te rra m y c in o r aureom ycin to •
s t e e r f a t t e n i n g r a t i o n s c o n ta in in g s t i l b e s t r o l s l i g h t l y d e c re a se d g a in s
•with v e ry l i t t l e d if f e r e n c e i n fe e d e f f i c i e n c y .
f
- 68 -
PROCEDURE
F o r ty y e a r lin g H e refo rd s t e e r s , p r e v io u s ly u sed f o r a -winter fe e d in g
e x p erim en t, were used i n th e t r i a l r e p o r te d h e r e in .
A fte r th e w in te rin g •
t r i a l , a l l th e anim als w ere h an d led and fed. to g e th e r f o r th r e e weeks t o •
m inim ize th e e f f e c t s o f ' th e p re v io u s tre a tm e n ts b e fo re th e f a t t e n i n g e x p er­
im ent s t a r t e d .
F iv e days b e fo re th e b e g in n in g o f th e experim ent,- th e s t e e r s
w ere random ly d iv id e d i n t o f o u r l o t s o f t e n head e a c h .
Animals from each
o f th e p re v io u s w in te r - f e e d in g tre a tm e n ts w ere d i s t r i b u t e d e q u a lly among th e
fo u r l o t s .
The d r y - l o t pens used f o r th e experim ent c o n s is te d o f a s h e l t e r ­
ed a re a in s id e .a b arn and an o u ts id e e x e r c is e a re a .
I n A ugust, th e in s id e
a re a o f each p e n was sp ra y ed w ith Lindane and th e s t e e r s were sp ray ed w ith
D. D. T. to c o n tr o l f l i e s .
The s t e e r s were w eighed f o r th r e e c o n se c u tiv e days a t th e b e g in n in g o f
th e e x p e rim e n t.
The th r e e - d a y average was ta k e n f o r th e s t a r t i n g w eig h t
and th e t h i r d day (June 15) was c o n sid e re d th e i n i t i a l day o f th e e x p e r i­
m ent.
A -b a sa l r a t i o n c o n s is tin g o f tw o - th ir d s b a r le y and o n e - th ir d b e e t
p u lp was g ro u p -fe d to each l o t .
A lf a lf a hay was g ro u p -fe d i n o u ts id e fe e d
r a c k s . ,Supplem ental p e l l e t s w ith and w ith o u t s t i l b e s t r o l and aureom ycin
w ere g ro u p -fe d a t th e r a t e o f one pound p e r head p e r d ay .
The d esig n o f th e
ex perim ent and t h e co m p o sitio n o f th e p e l l e t e d supplem ents i s shown i n T able
I.
*
There was c o n s id e ra b le p r e c i p i t a t i o n d u rin g th e f i r s t p a r t o f June,
and th e fe e d in g pens became v e ry muddy.
By m id-June s t e e r s i n a l l l o t s
w ere e x h ib itin g symptoms o f c o c c id io s is and w ent o f f fe e d .
S te e rs .w ith ■
th e m ost sev e re symptoms were i n l o t I , and two s t e e r s i n t h a t l o t re c e iv e d
- 69 T able I :
Experim ent D esign and S upplem ental R a tio n F o rm u latio n
Lot No:- '
R a tio n No:
T re a tm e n t: '
I •
2
I1
,2
1.
Ayreomycin & Aureomycin
S tilb e s tro l
I n g r e d ie n ts (L bs. p e r to n )
Wheat m ixed fe e d
Ground b a r le y
D ehydrated a l f a l f a meal
Soybean m eal
Urea ( 262)
Cane m olasses
S a lt
D icalcium p h o sp h ate
"CCClt Trace m in e ra l
V itam in D-3 supplem ent l /
L e d e rle A urofac 2-A 2 /
" S t i l b o s o l tl' ( L illy ) 3/
L e d e rle A ureomycins t i l b e s t r o l supplem ent U/
600
72U
300
100
50
150 '
20
W
Ii
2
' "
■
.............
.
10
2000 L bs.
l/
2/
3/
Ij/
3 ,0 0 0 u n i t s
P ro v id e s 75
P ro v id e s 10
P ro v id e s 10
ment*
' 3
I
C o n tro l
b
3
S tilb e s tro l
600
600
692
73li
300
100
50
■ 150
20
IiO
Ii
2
600
71U
300
100
50
150
20
IiO
It
2
300
100
50
150
20
IiO
Ii
2
' li2
20
———
2000 Lbs.
-----
2000 Lbs*
2000 L bs.
v ita m in D-3 p e r gram.
mg, aureom ycin p e r pound o f supplem ent.
mg. s t i l b e s t r o l p e r pound o f su p p lem en t.
mg. s t i l b e s t r o l and 75 mg. aureom ycin p e r pound o f su p p le ­
tre a tm e n t -with "Sulm et" (90 grams over a th re e -d a y p e rio d f o r each s t e e r ) .
A fte r June 15,. th e w e a th e r became warm and d ry , and th e c o c c id io s is symptoms
g r a d u a lly d is a p p e a re d .
■During th e th re e -w e e k p e r io d b e fo re t h e s t a r t o f th e t r i a l , , th e fe e d
g iv en th e s t e e r s had been g r a d u a lly in c re a s e d to about f iv e and o n e -h a lf pounds o f g ra in p e r s t e e r p e r day; how ever, a s a r e s u l t o f th e c o c c id io s is ,
. i t was n e c e s s a ry to d e c re a se th e fe e d l e v e l to two pounds o f th e b a s a l
r a t i o n p e r s te e r d a i l y .
T his amount was g ra d u a lly in c re a s e d u n t i l th e
s t e e r s w ere consuming sev en and o n e -h a lf pounds p e r head d a i l y a t th e end
- 70
o f th r e e w eeks»
T-
Each l o t o f s te e r s re c e iv e d an e q u al amount o f g r a in d a i l y
d u rin g t h i s s t a r t i n g p e r io d .
Throughout th e r e s t o f th e t r i a l , each l o t
-
was fe d th e b a s a l r a t i o n on th e b a s is o f a p p e t i t e , so t h a t th e fe e d g iv en .
i n a tw e n ty f o u r h our p e rio d was j u s t c le a n e d u p .
The an im als were fe d th e
b a s a l r a t i o n once a day, i n th e m o rn in g ,' u n t i l a consum ption o f te n pounds
p e r head d a ily was re a c h e d .
T h e r e a f te r , th e b a s a l r a t i o n was fe d tw ice
d a i l y , th e f i r s t fe e d in g a t 8:00 A.M. and th e second at lt:00
The p e l l e t e d supplem ents were fe d a t a r a t e o f one pound p e r s te e r
d a i l y th ro u g h o u t th e t r i a l ‘and were mixed w ith th e b a s a l r a t i o n a t th e tim e
o f th e m orning f e e d in g .
The p e l l e t s were o n e -fo u rth in c h i n d ia m e ter and
w ere fe d i n t a c t d u rin g th e f i r s t p a r t o f th e e x p e rim e n t.
As th e d a ily fe e d
consum ption re a ch e d a l e v e l o f te n pounds o f c o n c e n tra te p e r head, th e •
s t e e r s i n l o t s I and 2 (which re c e iv e d aureom ycin in c o rp o ra te d in to th e
p e l l e t s ) began s o r tin g t h e i r g r a in and le a v in g th e p e l l e t s i n th e fe e d bunks.
However, when th e p e l l e t s were red u ced t o crum ble form by p a s s in g them
th ro u g h a r o l l i n g m i l l , th e s o r tin g sto p p ed and th e s t e e r s a g a in co m p le tely
c le a n e d up t h e i r f e e d .
A fte r .Ju ly 23, a l l l o t s re c e iv e d th e supplem ents i n
crum bled form to e f f e c t u n ifo rm tre a tm e n t.
No o th e r s o r tin g o f c o n c e n tra te s
was e n c o u n te re d th ro u g h o u t th e r e s t o f th e e x p erim en t.
Samples o f each o f
t h e p e l l e t e d supplem ents w ere c o lle c te d d u rin g th e t r i a l and s e n t to E li
L i l l y and Company f o r a s s a y to check th e s t i l b e s t r o l c o n te n t.
At th e b e g in n in g o f th e t r i a l , th e h ay was fed a t a l e v e l o f seven
pounds p e r s t e e r d a i l y .
A fte r th e s t e e r s re a c h e d a c o n c e n tra te consum ption
o f a p p ro x im a te ly te n pounds d a ily , i t was no lo n g e r n e c e s s a ry to l i m i t th e
hay.
T h e re fo re , d u rin g th e rem ainder o f th e .experim ent, th e h ay was fe d
- 71 a c c o rd in g t o a p p e ti te i n th e same manner as th e c o n c e n tr a te s .
The hay was
w eighed i n t o open fe e d ra c k s each m orning, im m ed iately a f t e r th e concen­
t r a t e s w ere p la c e d i n th e fe e d bu n k s.
R efused stem s w ere w eighed back and
re c o rd e d once o r tw ic e each week.
I n a d d itio n to th e b a s ic tr e a tm e n ts , h a l f th e s t e e r s i n each l o t were
random ly s e le c te d f o r tr e a tm e n t w ith a p p ro x im a te ly UO. grams o f p h e n o th ia z in e (a d m in is te re d by c a p s u le ) on J u ly I .
At t h i s tim e , f e c a l sam ples were
ta k e n from each s t e e r f o r worm egg c o u n ts to d eterm ine th e d egree o f p a r a ­
s ite in fe s ta tio n .
'
The s t e e r s were i n d i v id u a lly w eighed a t 28-day i n t e r v a l s .
c o rd s were k e p t o f fe e d consumed.
D a ily r e ­
At th e c lo s e o f th e e x p erim en t, w eig h ts
were a g a in re c o rd e d f o r t h r e e su cc e ssiv e , days (December 8, 9 and 1 0 ), th e
av erag e b ein g ta k e n as th e f i n a l w e ig h t.
December 10 was c o n sid e re d as th e
f i n a l day o f th e fe e d in g p h ase o f th e e x p e rim e n t.
The s t e e r s were g iv e n a
norm al fe e d Sunday m orning (December 11) and a t UsOO P . M. a l l rem aining
g ra in was w eighed back and th e s t e e r s were fe d o n ly hay t h a t n ig h t.
On ■
December 12, th e s t e e r s w ere tru c k e d to G reat F a l l s , M ontana, where th e y '
were s la u g h te re d on December 1 3.
I n d iv id u a l w e ig h ts o f th e s t e e r s w ere r e ­
corded on December 11 when th e g ra in was removed, and on December 12 immed­
i a t e l y p r i o r to- b e in g lo a d e d onto th e tr u c k s to o b ta in sh rin k a g e d a ta .
Un­
f o r t u n a t e l y , i t was n o t p o s s ib le to o b ta in in d iv id u a l w e ig h ts a t G reat F a lls
when th e s t e e r s were unloaded from th e . t r u c k s . . A "total...group w e ig h t was
o b ta in e d , how ever, and t h i s allow ed th e av erag e sh rin k a g e f o r th e t r a n s i t '
p e r io d to be d e term in e d , even though i t was n o t p o s s ib le to d eterm ine l o t
d if f e r e n c e s .
- 72 Each s t e e r ’s in d iv id u a l i d e n t i t y ' ( e a r ta g ) was t r a n s f e r r e d to th e c a r ­
c a s s on th e k i l l i n g flo o r*
C arcass w e ig h ts were re c o rd e d im m ed iately a f t e r
t h e ' s t e e r s were d re s s e d and hung on th e r a i l and a g ain a f t e r - a tw enty fo u r
hour s h rin k i n th e c o o le r .
The c h i l l e d c a rc a s s e s w ere g raded b y a f e d e r a l
g ra d e r and th e grades re c o rd e d .
The p en es from th e c o n tr o l and s t i l b e s t r o l
f e d s t e e r s were a ls o c o lle c te d , and u r e t h r a l d ia m e te rs w ere m easured to
d eterm in e th e e f f e c t o f f e e d in g s t i l b e s t r o l ,
■
- 73 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The d e s ig n o f th e experim ent p ro v id e d t h a t th e p e l l e t e d supplem ents
used sh ould be i d e n t i c a l f o r each l o t o f s t e e r s , except f o r th e le v e l o f
• aureom ycin a n d /o r s t i l b e s t r o l in c lu d e d i n th e p e l l e t s .
w ere fo rm u la te d to p r o v id e :
The fo u r supplem ents
( l ) 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l p e r s t e e r
d a i l y , (2 ) 7£ m illig ra m s of aureom ycin p e r s t e e r d a ily , (3 ) 10 m illig ra m s
o f s t i l b e s t r o l p lu s 75» m illig ra m s o f aureom ycin p e r s te e r d a ily , o r (Ij.)
c o n tr o l c o n ta in in g n e i t h e r s t i l b e s t r o l n or aureom ycin (s e e Table I ) .
I1Vhen
th e sam ples o f th e fo u r supplem ents w ere a n aly z e d f o r s t i l b e s t r o l c o n te n t,
i t was found th e two supplem ents w hich c o n ta in e d s t i l b e s t r o l a c t u a l l y
p ro v id e d 9 .7 and 9 .5 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l to th e s te e r s fe d s t i l b e s ­
t r o l o n ly and a com bination o f s t i l b e s t r o l and aureom ycin, r e s p e c tiv e ly .
The supplem ent w hich was fo rm u la te d to c o n ta in aureom ycin o n ly was f r e e o f
s tilb e s tro l.
However, th e c o n tr o l p e l l e t was found t o c o n ta in s u f f i c i e n t
s t i l b e s t r o l to p ro v id e a l e v e l o f 1 .8 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l p e r s t e e r
d a ily .
The re a s o n f o r t h i s p re se n c e o f s t i l b e s t r o l i n th e c o n tr o l su p p le ­
m ent i s n o t known, b u t i t cannot be ig n o re d f o r i t i s q u ite p o s s ib le t h a t
a l e v e l o f 1 .8 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l p e r s t e e r d a i l y co u ld cause some
s tim u la tio n i n g a in s .
T h e re fo re , a lth o u g h a c o n tr o l l o t o f s t e e r s i s
d e s ig n a te d f o r c l a r i t y o f p r e s e n ta tio n , i t m ust be remembered t h a t t h i s i s
t e c h n i c a l l y in a c c u r a te becau se o f th e s t i l b e s t r o l c o n te n t o f th e c o n tr o l
su p p lem en t.
The r e s u l t s o f th e tre a tm e n ts on g a in s , feed consum ption and e f f i c i ­
ency, and f i n a n c i a l r e t u r n s p e r s t e e r a re summarized i n T a b l e 'l l .
The
in c r e a s e i n a v erag e g a in made by l o t I4. ( s t i l b e s t r o l fe d ) o v er l o t 3 (co n -
- 7b -
T able IJ . UI ..*
V
W eight G ains,, XFeed
Consumption and F in a n c Lia
C UlIR
L Cetu
U U Xrn
l U s'.
> »
L o t No;
T reatm ent
I
2
Aureomycin & Aureomycin
S tilb e s tro l
Length o f p e r io d (Days)
178
178
S te e r s p e r l o t
10
10
Average w e ig h t p e r s t e e r ( l b s . )
560 .
In itia l
550 .
F in a l
971
979
Gain
Iill
429
D a ily g a in
2.31
2.41
Average d a i l y fe e d consum ption p e r s t e e r ( l b s . )
Supplem ent
I.
I
Hay
•5 .2
4.9 '
G rain mix
14.6
■ I li.5
T o ta l
20.5
2 0 .7
Feed p e r cw t. g a in ( l b s . )
Supplem ent
. U3.7
4 1 .7
Hay
203.2
231.1
G rain mix
639+2
604.9
T o ta l
’ "•
- 91U.0
849.8
Feed c o s t p e r c w t ,.g a in l / $18.99
$17.73
In v e stm en t p e r s t e e r
Value June 15 l /
. $123.68
$126.05
Feed c o s t o f g a in
$76.49
$76.04
T o ta l
.
$199.72
$202.54
R e tu rn p e r s t e e r • 2 /
.$185.33 - $185.05.
Loss p e r s t e e r f
$17.20
$14.67
\ ~
l/
2/
3/
U/
' 3
4
C o n tro l 'S t i l b e s t r o l
10
178
10
553
995
554
1037
178
442
2.49
I
4 .5
15.8
21.3
40.5
180.5
636.7
. 857.7
$17.82
$124.42
$78.82
'
483.
2.71
I
4 .5
1 6 .7
22.2
3 7 .1
1 6 4 .5
616.7
. 818.3
$17.28
$124*72
$204.24
$187.76
$83.38
$208.10
$195.92
$15,48
$12.18
P r ic e s u sed f o r f ig u r in g fe e d c o s t: B arley $1|.E>.00/ to n ; b e e t p u lp
$1;9 .1 0 /to n ; hay $ 2 0 .00/ to n . P r o te i n su p p lem en ts: I n g r e d ie n ts $ 5 0 .0 0 /
to n p lu s p e l l e t i n g c o s t $1 2*00/ t o n p lu s c o s t o f p rem ix where a p p li­
c a b le . P rem ixes added t o one to n o f p e l l e t s : S t i l b o s o l $10.00;
A urofac $18«U8; s t i l b e s t r o l p lu s aureom ycin $ 2 3 ,5 0 .
The v a lu e on June 15 was based on a v is u a l a p p r a is a l a t $ 2 2 .5 0 /c w t.
T h is a p p r a is a l was made by a com m ittee c o n s is tin g o f : E, P, O rc u tt ■
and N. A. Jaco b sen ,' E x ten sio n L iv e s to c k .S p e c ia lis ts , and R, H, E l le r d ,
Bozeman L iv e s to c k A uctio n Company.The s te e r s , were s o ld t o G reat F a lls Meat Co. on th e b a s i s o f c a r c a s s
grade and w e ig h t. The p ric e , re c e iv e d was $32.00 p e r c w t, o f c a r c a s s .
Labor c o s ts n o t in c lu d e d .
- 7S -
■fcrol) r e p r e s e n ts an in c r e a s e o f 9*3 p e rc e n t*
The d e c re a se s i n average g a in
made by l o t s 2 (aureom ycin) and I (aureom ycin p lu s s t i l b e s t r o l ) i n com pari­
son to th e c o n tr o l an im als were 2*9 p e r c e n t and 7 .0 p e r c e n t, r e s p e c tiv e ly .
S t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is — a n a ly s is o f v a ria n c e — (O 'stle, 195U) showed th e
d if f e r e n c e s i n g a in s among th e f o u r l o t s o f s t e e r s to be s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g ­
n i f i c a n t (P<»0£).
However, a t th e 3 p e r c e n t l e v e l o f p r o b a b i l i t y , th e r e
were no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s due to in d iv id u a l tre a tm e n ts when compared
to th e c o n tr o l s t e e r s .
Because th e v a l i d i t y of th e c o n tr o l i s q u e s tio n a b le ,
s e p a r a te a n a ly s e s o f v a ria n c e were made o f th re e o th e r tre a tm e n t com pari­
sons ( c o n tr o l v e rs u s s t i l b e s t r o l , s t i l b e s t r o l v e rs u s s t i l b e s t r o l p lu s
aureom ycin, and aureom ycin v e rs u s s t i l b e s t r o l p lu s au reo m y cin ).
In each
o f th e s e th r e e a n a ly s e s o f v a ria n c e , o n ly th e d a ta from th e two groups o f
s t e e r s i n q u e s tio n was in c lu d e d i n th e a n a l y s i s .
The r e s u l t s re v e a le d a
s i g n i f i c a n t (P<*05) d if f e r e n c e i n g a in betw een th e s t i l b e s t r o l - f e d s te e r s
and th e s t e e r s f e d s t i l b e s t r o l p lu s aureom ycin, s u g g e s tin g a p o s s ib le
in te ra c tio n .
There w ere no s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e s i n g a in ( a t th e 3 p e r ­
c e n t l e v e l o f p r o b a b i l i t y ) betw een th e au reo m y cin -fed s t e e r s and th e s t e e r s
fe d s t i l b e s t r o l p lu s aureom ycin o r th e s t i l b e s t r o l - f e d s t e e r s and th e
c o n tro ls .
The s t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s e s w ere made w ith th e assu m p tio n t h a t
th e r e w ere no l o t e f f e c t s .
■
.
(A n a ly sis o f v a ria n c e t a b l e s a re shown i n th e
a p p e n d ix ).
The cum ulated average d a i l y g ain s a re p re s e n te d i n g ra p h ic form i n
F ig u re 2 .
The g r e a t e s t in c r e a s e i n av erag e d a i l y g a in d e m o n strated b y l o t
U ( s t i l b e s t r o l ) , compared to th e c o n tr o ls , was a t th e end o f th e t h i r d and
f o u r th p e rio d s when th e r e was an in c r e a s e o f 12 ,9 p e r c e n t and 1 1 «,L p e r c e n t.
—
F ig u re I .
7 6
-
The s t i l b e s t r o l - f e d s t e e r s ( l o t k ) a p p ro x i­
m a te ly s i x weeks b e fo re th e end o f th e
e x p erim en t.
♦»••••»♦».•»#««
Aureomycin
S tilb e s tro l
"I
■■ —
—
I
——
C o n tro l
S tilb e s tro l
F ig u re 2 .
C um ulative av erag e d a i l y g a in s
MMB
—*
■ I
■ — ,I m
Aureomycin
■
- 77 re s p e c tiv e ly .
A fte r th e end o f th e f o u r th p e r io d on O ctober Ij., th e d i f ­
fe re n c e d e c re a se d slo w ly u n t i l th e f i n a l date' o f th e ex p erim en t.
However,
th e d if f e r e n c e s f o r l o t s I and 2 fo llo w a q u ite d i f f e r e n t p a t t e r n , w ith th e
g r e a t e s t d e c re a se b ein g a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e ex p erim en t (30 p e rc e n t and
22 p e rc e n t r e s p e c t i v e l y ) .
These d if f e r e n c e s g r a d u a lly d e c re a se d u n t i l th e
end o f th e f i f t h p e r io d (November l ) when t h e r e was o n ly I). p e rc e n t and I eU
p e rc e n t d e c re a se i n a v e r a g e 'd a ily g a in f o r l o t s I and 2, r e s p e c t i v e l y . •
T h e r e a f te r , th e d if f e r e n c e s in c r e a s e d s l i g h t l y u n t i l th e end o f th e e x p e r i­
ment .
The f ig u r e s f o r av erag e d a ily fe e d consum ption and fe e d e f f ic ie n c y
p r e s e n te d i n Table I I a re th e o v e r a ll a v e ra g e s fo r th e e x p erim en tal p e r io d .
The a d d itio n o f 10 m illig ra m s o f s t f l b e s t r o l t o th e d a i l y r a t i o n p e r s te e r .
in c re a s e d th e average d a i l y fe e d consum ption by 0 .9 pounds (U*2 p e r c e n t) .
The a d d itio n o f 7E> m illig ra m s o f aureom ycin o r a c o m b in atio n o f 75 m i l l i ­
grams o f aureom ycin and 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l to th e d a ily r a t i o n
d e c re a se d th e d a i l y fe e d consum ption by 0 .8 pounds (3 .7 5 p e r c e n t) and 0 .6
pounds (2 .8 p e r c e n t ) , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
I t may be n o te d t h a t , w ith th e excep­
t i o n o f l o t I , th e d if f e r e n c e s in fe e d consum ption w ere due m a in ly to
c o n c e n tr a te . i n t a k e .
The fe e d re q u ire d p e r-h u n d re d w e ig h t g a in was d e c re a se d
by U«6 p e rc e n t and one p e r c e n t by th e a d d itio n o f s t i l b e s t r o l and au reo ­
mycin r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The a d d itio n o f b o th aureom ycin and s t i l b e s t r o l
in c re a s e d the- fe e d r e q u ir e d p e r hundredw eight g a in by 6 .6 p e r c e n t.
These
d if f e r e n c e s in fe e d e f f i c i e n c y r e s u l t e d i n a sav in g o f fe e d c o s ts p e r u n i t
o f g a in o f 3 p e rc e n t and 0 .5 p e rc e n t f o r l o t s U ( s t i l b e s t r o l ) and 2 (a u re o ­
m ycin), r e s p e c tiv e ly , when compared to th e c o n tr o l l o t .
Lot I (aureom ycin
-
7 8
-
p lu s s t i l b e s t r o l ) had an in c re a s e o f fe e d c o s ts p e r u n i t o f g a in o f 6 .6
p e rc e n t when compared to th e c o n tr o l l o t .
As p r e v io u s ly m entioned, a l l fo u r l o t s o f s t e e r s were g iv en th e same
amount o f fe e d o n ly w h ile th e y were b e in g s t a r t e d on c o n c e n tr a te s .
When
th e c o n c e n tra te in ta k e re a c h e d a l e v e l o f seven and o n e - h a lf pounds p e r
head d a ily , a p p e ti te d if f e r e n c e s became a p p a r e n t.
l o t was f u l l - f e d a c c o rd in g to a p p etitew
A fte r t h i s tim e , each
The d a ta on av erag e fe e d con­
sum ption p e r p e r io d p r e s e n te d i n T ab le I I I shows t h a t l o t s 3 and It
e x h ib ite d in c r e a s e d a p p e ti te v e ry e a r l y i n th e e x p erim en t.
The in c re a s e
i n fe e d consum ption by th e s t i l b e s t r o 1 -f e d s te e r s o v er th e c o n tro ls d id
n o t become a p p a r e n t . u n t i l 't h e t h i r d p e r io d .
Erom th e end o f th e second
p e r io d (A ugust 9) u n t i l th e end o f th e e x p erim en t, how ever, th e s t e e r s r e ­
c e iv in g s t i l b e s t r o l i n th e r a t i o n c o n s i s t e n t l y consumed s u b s t a n t i a l l y more
fe e d p e r day th a n any o f th e o th e r th r e e l o t s o f s t e e r s .
The two l o t s o f
s t e e r s r e c e iv in g aureomyc'in c o n s i s t e n t l y had a lo w er fe e d consum ption th a n
t h e c o n tr o l s t e e r s .
The fe e d r e q u ire d p e r hundredw eight g a in by p e rio d s i s p r e s e n te d .in
T able IV .
The d if f e r e n c e s i n fe e d e f f i c i e n c y from p e r io d to p e rio d are
not c o n s is te n t.
However, th e f ig u r e s do in d ic a te c e r t a i n tr e n d s .
For
example,, th e d a ta in d ic a te s t h a t th e g r e a t e s t improvement i n fe e d e f f i c i ­
ency e x h ib ite d by th e s t i l b e s t r o l s t e e r s came d u rin g "the f i r s t 8Ij. days o f
th e t r i a l ( t h i s was a ls o th e p e r i o d 'o f g r e a t e s t in c r e a s e i n p a te of g a in ) .
A lso , th e in c r e a s e d hay consum ption by l o t s I (aureom ycin p lu s s t i l b e s t r o l )
and 2 (aureom ycin) acco u n ted f o r th e m ajo r p o r tio n o f th e d if f e r e n c e s in
fe e d e f f i c i e n c y f o r th e s e l o t s .
Table I I I .
D aily Feed Oonsnmption Per S teer by P e rio d s.
L o flT o .
T reatm ent
I"""
Atireomycin &
S tilb e s tro l
2
. Aureomycin
3
C o n tro l
P e rio d !
G rain
Hay
June I 3 to J u ly 12
3-5
6 .6
5 .5
6 .6
5 .8
J u ly 13 to Aug. 9
11.9
7 .0
1 2 .1
6.8
Aug. 9 to S e p t. 6
1 5 .8
5 .5
16 .7
S e p t. 7 to O c t. It
1 7 .8 ■ = It*3
O ct. 3 to Mot . I
1 8 .6
N ov.-2 to M ov.,29
h
S tilb e s tro l
Feed Consumed (Pounds) l /
G rain
Hay
G rain
Hay
G rain
Hay
6 .5
5.8
6 .5
lit. 2
5 .2
lit. 2
5.1t
lt.lt
1 7 .6
3.0
18.6
3.9
1 8 .1
3 .7
17 .7
it. 8
20.6
3 .8
Iu 2
1 7 .7 .
. It.I
■20-.k
3.8
21.5
3.J
1 7 .lt
I t.2 .
1 6 .1
It.I
1 8 .7
3.8
19.1
3 .8
Not . 30 t o Dec. 10
lit.3
it. 3
1 5 .1
It. 2
17.6
3 .7
18.1
3 .7
Average f o r a l l p e rio d s
lit. 5
5.2
lit .6
Iu 9
1 5.8
It.5
1 6 .7
it.5
l/
F ig u re s do n o t in c lu d e th e p r o te in supplem ent w hich was fe d a t th e r a te o f one
pound p e r head d a i l y .
Table IV,
Feed Required P er Himdre&veight Gain Per S te e r by P eriods j /
Lot Rb.
Treatm ent
■ I " '" "
Aureomycin &
S tilb e s tro l
2
Aureomycin
3
C o n tro l
k
S tilb e s tro l
Feed P e r Hundredweight Gain "(Pounds) 2 /
G rain
Hay
G rain
Hay
G rain
Hay
Hay
P e rio d :
G rain
June I 3 to J u ly 12
303.3
363.6
272.0
323.7
222.2
230.1
207.4
234.3
J u ly 13 to Aug. 9
k k l» k
263.9
I4.7O.8
262.8
346,8
202.3
309.6
1 92.2
Aug. 10 to S e p t. 6
312. U
1 7 8 .0
3 ii.b
1 30.2
330.3
91.3
461.2
93.3
S e p t. 7 to O c t. it
320.2
123.2
347.6
1 13.3
336.3
1 4 3 .4
382.8
107.3
O ct. 3 to .H o v . I
81.0,3
1 8 8 .1
783.1
181.9
1079.1
200.0
1296.8
220,7
Hov. 2 to Nov. 29
962.0
230.7
1022.6
248.9
900.7
1 8 4 .3
802.6
16O.3
Average f o r a l l p e rio d s
639.2
231.1
604.9
203.2
636.7
180.3
616.7
l6 4 i3
l/
2/
The f i n a l 10-day p e rio d i s n o t in c lu d e d , s in c e th e s t e e r s made p r a c t i c a l l y no g ain s
o r a c t u a l l y l o s t w e ig h t and fe e d e f f i c i e n c y f ig u r e s f o r t h i s s in g le p e rio d would be
m e a n in g le ss.
"
"
F ig u re s do n o t in c lu d e th e amount of p r o te in supplem ent fe d .
- 8 1 -
The g e n e ra l tr e n d s in d ic a te d by th e p e r t i n e n t d a ta a re f a i r l y c o n s i s t ­
e n t w ith w hat m ight be e x p e c te d from t h i s ty p e o f a t r i a l .
in ta k e in c r e a s e d , th e g a in s o f th e s t e e r s in c r e a s e d .
As th e fe e d
As th e c o n c e n tra te
consum ption in c r e a s e d , th e r e l a t i v e hay consum ption d e c re a se d , e f f e c t in g
w id e r c o n c e n tra te -ro u g h a g e r a t i o s a t th e h ig h e r l e v e l s o f fe e d consump­
tio n .
C o n sid e rin g th e e n t i r e e x p e rim e n ta l p e r io d , as fe e d consum ption and
g a in s in c r e a s e d , th e fe e d r e q u ir e d p e r hundred pounds o f g a in became lo w er
and th e fe e d c o st p e r hundred pounds o f g a in d e c re a se d .
(L ot 2 i s a minor
e x c e p tio n ) .
I n a d d itio n to th e c o c c id io s is o u tb re a k a t th e v e r y b eg in n in g o f th e
e x p erim en t, two sev e re c a s e s o f f o o t - r o t were e n co u n te re d d u rin g th e e x p e r­
im e n t.
W hether th e s e d is e a s e c o n d itio n s in flu e n c e d th e r e s u l t s o f th e
t r i a l to any g r e a t e x te n t i s a m a tte r f o r s p e c u la tio n .
,
The most sev e re
symptoms o f c o c c id io s is w ere p r e s e n t i n th e s t e e r s o f l o t s I and 2 ,
These
two l o t s a ls o made th e slo w e st comeback when th e symptoms o f c o c c id io s is
c le a r e d so i t i s p o s s ib le t h a t th e f i n a l r e s u l t s m ig h t have been somewhat
a l t e r e d by t h i s e a r ly o u tb re a k o f c o c c id io s is .
The f i r s t c a se o f f o o t - r o t o c c u rre d i n O ctober when one s t e e r i n th e
s t i l b e s t r o l - f e d l o t became a f f l i c t e d .
The s t e e r was t r e a t e d w ith llS ulm et'1
and p e n i c i l l i n and re c o v e re d i n about th r e e weeks tim e .
The s t e e r d id n o t
go o f f - f e e d d u rin g th e i l l n e s s b u t f a i l e d t o make any g a in d u rin g O cto b er,
w hich p ro b a b ly acco u n ts f o r th e p o o r fe e d e f f ic ie n c y o f th e s t i l b e s t r o l fe d
s t e e r s d u rin g t h a t m onth.
However, th e in d iv id u a l re c o rd s showed t h a t th e
s t e e r made a v e ry good comeback d u rin g th e l a s t six. weeks o f th e ex p erim en t
so i t i s d o u b tfu l w h eth er th e f i n a l r e s u l t s were m a t e r i a l l y a f f e c t e d .
- 82 -
The second case o f f o o t - r o t o c c u rre d i n l o t I (aureom ycin p lu s efc ilb e s t r o l ) on December Ij.. ■ T h is s t e e r r e c e iv e d th e same tre a tm e n t as th e
f i r s t anim al h a v in g f o o t - r o t , and r a s b e g in n in g to re c o v e r when th e e x p e r i­
ment ended.
S ince t h i s s te e r had no chance to re g a in l o s t w eig h t, i t i s
p o s s ib le t h a t t h i s c a se o f f o o t - r o t may have s l i g h t l y a f f e c t e d th e f i n a l
r e s u l t s f o r th e l o t r e c e iv in g aureom ycin p lu s s t i l b e s t r o l . ' However, th e
av erag e d a i l y g a in f o r th e re m a in in g nine, s t e e r s was 2 .2 9 pounds p e r s t e e r
d a ily .
T his i s o n ly a v e ry s l i g h t in c r e a s e o v er th e 2 . 2 6 pounds p e r s te e r
d a i l y when the a f f e c te d s t e e r was in c lu d e d i n th e c a lc u la tio n and i t i s
.u n lik e ly t h a t th e fe e d e f f i c i e n c y was m a t e r i a l l y a f f e c t e d .
None o f th e s t e e r s e x h ib ite d any te n d en c y to go o f f fe e d th ro u g h o u t
th e t r i a l (e x c e p t a t th e v e ry b e g in n in g when c o c c id io s is caused a l l l o t s
to go o f f f e e d ) .
However, i t seemed t h a t th e re may have been a d e c re a se d
p a l a t a b i l i t y when aureom ycin was in c o rp o ra te d in to th e p e l l e t e d supplem ents,
w hich m ight a cc o u n t f o r th e low er c o n c e n tra te consum ption b y l o t s I and 2 .
I t was n e c e s s a ry to fe e d th e p e l l e t s i n crum bled form to s to p th e s te e r s
i n l o t s I and 2 from s o r tin g the g ra in and r e f u s in g th e p e l l e t s .
marked d if f e r e n c e i n fe e d in g b e h a v io r was n o tic e d .
A lso, a
The morning fe e d in g
o f c o n c e n tra te s was p la c e d i n th e fe e d bunks f i r s t , w ith th e hay weighed
in to th e h ay ra c k s im m ed iately a fte rw a rd .
I t was o b serv ed t h a t th e s te e r s ,
i n l o t s I and 2 ( r e c e iv in g aureom ycin) w ould c o n s is te n tly le a v e th e g ra in
a s soon a s hay was a v a il a b le , and move to th e hay r a c k s .
The s t e e r s i n
l o t s 3 and U ( c o n tr o ls and s t i l b e s t r o l - f e d , r e s p e c tiv e ly ) would rem ain a t
th e g r a in bunks f o r a c o n s id e ra b le le n g th o f tim e b e fo re moving to th e hay
ra c k s
.
'
- 83 -
The f i n a n c i a l r e tu r n s p re s e n te d i n Table I I re v e a l a f i n a n c i a l lo s s
f o r a l l fo u r l o t s o f s t e e r s .
T his l o s s was m a in ly due t o th e u n fa v o ra b le
n e g a tiv e m argin e n c o u n te re d ,in the e x p e rim e n t.
At th e tim e th e ex p erim en t
began, th e g ra s s c o n d itio n s were v e ry fa v o ra b le , c a u sin g a h ig h demand
f o r fe e d e r s to c k .
The r e s u l t was an a p p r a is a l o f $22.50 p e r hundredw eight
as th e liv e w e ig h t v a lu e o f th e s te e r s a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e e x p erim en t.
When th e s t e e r s w ent to m ark et, th e r e was v e ry l i t t l e
r e s u l t i n g i n a low m arket v a lu e .
demand f o r f a t c a t t l e ,
The #32.00 p e r hundredw eight re c e iv e d f o r
t h e c a r c a s s e s c o n v e rte d to liv e w e ig h t s e l l i n g p r ic e s o f :
$ 1 9 .Il+, $ 1 8 .9 5 ,
$18.79 and $18.85 p e r hundredw eight f o r l o t s I th ro u g h b , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
-
I f th e s e f ig u r e s a re compared to th e fe e d c o s t p e r hundredw eight gained-,
p re s e n te d i n Table I I , i t w i l l be seen t h a t t h e fe e d c o s t p e r hundredw eight
g a in was l e s s th a n th e s e l l i n g p r ic e i n each c a s e .
T h e re fo re , had th e
m argin b een norm al, th e c a t t l e would have made a p o s i t i v e f i n a n c i a l r e t u r n .
As i t w as, how ever, th e s t e e r s s u f f e r e d f i n a n c i a l lo s s e s o f :
$17.20,
$1)4. 67, $15,148 and $12.18 p e r s t e e r f o r l o t s I th ro u g h I4, r e s p e c tiv e ly .
When compared to th e c o n tr o l a n im a ls, th e s e f ig u r e s r e p r e s e n t a sa v in g ,
a f t e r fe e d c o s ts , o f 2 1 .3 p e r c e n t and 5 .2 p e rc e n t f o r th e s t i l b e s t r o l - f e d
and au reo m y cin -fed s t e e r s , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
The s te e r s fe d a com bination o f
aureom ycin and s t i l b e s t r o l re tu rn e d 1 1 .1 p e r c e n t l e s s th a n th e c o n tr o l
a n im a ls .
The p e r t i n e n t c a r c a s s d a ta i s p r e s e n te d i n Table V.
I t w i l l be n o te d
t h a t n e ith e r th e c a r c a s s g rad es n o r th e tr u c k in g s h rin k a re in c lu d e d . ' The
c a r c a s s e s o f a l l f o r t y s t e e r s graded c h o ic e , so t h a t th e r e were no l o t
d iffe re n c e s .
Because i t was im p o ssib le to c a lc u la te tr u c k in g s Irrinkage
-Qbf o r each in d iv id u a l s t e e r , o n ly th e group sh rin k a g e was d e term in e d .
av erag e tr u c k in g sh rin k a g e f o r th e group was 3 .6 ^ p e r c e n t.
The
The d re s s in g
p e rc e n ta g e s w ere c a lc u la te d b y -d iv id in g th e c h i l l e d c a r c a s s w eig h ts by th e
liv e w e ig h ts a t Bozeman (minus th e 3 ,6 k p e r c e n t t r a n s i t s h r ip k ) .
T his
c a l c u l a t i o n was th e o n ly method a v a ila b le s in c e in d iv id u a l liv e w e ig h ts were
n o t o b ta in e d a t G reat F a l l s .
Lot I had ab o u t a one p e rc e n t h ig h e r d re s s in g
p e rc e n ta g e , b u t th e r e w ere o n ly m inor d if f e r e n c e s i n d re s s in g p e rc e n ta g e s
among th e o th e r th r e e l o t s .
e r s h rin k among th e l o t s .
There were no a p p re c ia b le d if f e r e n c e s i n c o o l­
A lso , th e r e were no condemned l i v e r s o r c a r c a s s ­
e s from any o f th e s te e r s i n any o f t h e . l o t s .
T able V.
C arcass D ata.
L ot Bo *
T reatm ent
I '
2
Aureomycin & Aureomycin
S tilb e s tro l
Avg. h o t c a r c a s s w ts . (lbs.) 3 9 0.6
Avg. c h i l l e d c a r c a s s w t.
( lb s .)
373*8
Avg. c a r c a s s s h rin k ( l b s . ) . ' 11.8
C h illin g s h r in k (%)
2 .3
Avg. d r e s s in g p e r c e n t l /
61.73
I/
3
C o n tro l
Ii
S tilb e s tro l
387*8
398*2 .
626,2
373*1
383*3
610.3
13*7
lli*7
III..9 '
2.3
60.91
2.1i9
2.31
60,60
60.93
D re ssin g p e rc e n ta g e s w ere f ig u r e d by d iv id in g th e c h i l l e d c a rc a s s
w e ig h ts by liv e w e ig h ts a t Bozeman (minus t h e ' 3*61$ tr u c k in g s h rin k ).
The a d m in is tr a tio n o f p h e n o th ia z in e had v e r y l i t t l e e f f e c t upon th e
w e ig h t g a in s o f th e s t e e r s , . The v e ry s l i g h t d if f e r e n c e s i n r a t e o f g a in
w ere n o t c o n s is te n t, b u t v a r ie d from l o t to l o t i n fa v o r o f the' t r e a t e d
o r n o n - tr e a te d s t e e r s .
D re ssin g p e rc e n ta g e s were c o n s i s t e n t l y low er f o r
th e t r e a t e d anim als (0 .2 to 0 .9 p e r c e n t ) .
I n th r e e o f th e fo u r l o t s r e ­
tu r n s p e r s t e e r were s l i g h t l y i n f a v o r o f th e n o n - tr e a te d a n im a ls .
a l l c a s e s , th e d if f e r e n c e s were v e ry s l i g h t .
In
S ince a l l l o t s o f s te e r s
- 85 - ' •
w ere group f e d , and h a l f th e s t e e r s i n each l o t w ere t r e a t e d w ith phenot h i a z i n e , i t was n o t p o s s ib le t o d eterm in e d i f f e r e n t i a l fe e d consum ption
between, the t r e a t e d and u n tre a te d , a n im a ls.
None o f th e s te e r s e x h ib ite d
any e x te r n a l s ig n s o f p a r a s i t e i n f e s t a t i o n , and f e c a l- e g g co u n ts b e fo re
tr e a tm e n t w ith p h e n o th ia z in e showed o n ly norm al p a r a s i t e i n f e s t a t i o n .
These r e s u l t s in d ic a te t h a t a s in g le a d m in is tr a tio n o f p h e n o th ia z in e i s
n o t b e n e f i c i a l f o r c a t t l e w hich do n o t have an abnorm al p a r a s i t e i n f e s t a ­
t i o n , on f a t t e n i n g r a t i o n s .
The penes from th e c o n tr o l and s t i l b e s t r o l - f e d s t e e r s w ere o b ta in e d
a t th e tim e o f s la u g h te r f o r u r e t h r a l measurement*
The u r e th r a were d i s ­
te n d e d w ith l i q u i d l a t e x , clamped o f f , and p la c e d i n 10 p e rc e n t fo rm a lin ,
1 .5 p e rc e n t a c e tic a c id s o lu tio n f o r 36 h o u rs .
The l a t e x c a s ts w ere th en
rem oved, by c u ttin g away th e u r e th r a s , and m easured e v e ry two c e n tim e te rs*
The r e s u l t s showed o n ly s l i g h t d if f e r e n c e s i n average u r e t h r a l d iam eters
(5*U m illim e te r s f o r th e c o n tr o l s t e e r s compared to 5*2 m illim e te r s f o r
th e s t i l b e s t r o l - f e d s t e e r s ) o r s m a lle s t u r e t h r a l d iam eters (U .l m illim e te rs
f o r th e c o n tr o l s t e e r s compared to 1|.,0 m illim e te r s f o r th e s t i l b e s t r o l - f e d
s te e rs ).
These r e s u l t s in d ic a te t h a t s t i l b e s t r o l h as no e f f e c t on u r e t h r a l
d ia m e te r once th e p e n is h a s re a c h e d m ature grow th.
- 86 SUMMARY
F o r ty y e a r lin g H erefo rd s t e e r s .^ re/'f.an d p m ly /'.d iv id ed in to fo u r l o t s o f
te n head each f o r a f a t t e n i n g e x p e rim e n t d e sig n e d t o s tu d y th e e f f e c t s o f
ad d in g s t i l b e s t r o l a n d /o r aureom ycin to a h ig h - b a r le y f a t t e n i n g ra tio n *
The tre a tm e n ts u sed w ere:
l o t I , fe d a com b in atio n o f 10 m illig ra m s s t i l :. ; :"'
b e s t r o l and 75 m illig ra m s aureom ycin; l o t 2, fe d 75 m illig ra m s o f aureo­
....
.
. . .
m ycin; l o t 3 , c o n tr o l; and l o t k> fe d 10 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l .
The
s t i l b e s t r o l and aureom ycin were in c o rp o ra te d in to p e l l e t e d supplem ents
.
w hich were gro-cp fe d to each l o t o f s t e e r s a t a r a t e -o f one pound p e r s t e e r
d a ily *
The c o n tr o l supplem ent was in te n d e d t o be f r e e o f b o th s t i l b e s t r o l
and aureom ycin; how ever, a s s a y r e s u l t s showed a le v e l o f 0.00039 p e rc e n t
s t i l b e s t r o l was a c t u a l l y p r e s e n t i n th e c o n tr o l su p p lem en t.
S in ce t h i s
would p ro v id e a p p ro x im a te ly 1 .8 m illig ra m s o f s t i l b e s t r o l p e r s te e r d a ily ,
i t i s p o s s ib le t h a t th e g a in s o f th e c o n tr o l s t e e r s were a f f e c t e d .
In
a d d itio n to t h e p e l l e t e d su pplem en ts, each l o t o f s t e e r s was group fe d a
b a s a l r a t i o n o f tw o - th ir d s b a r le y and o n e - th ir d b e e t p u lp a cc o rd in g to
a p p e tite .
A lf a lf a 'h a y was a ls o fe d acc o rd in g to a p p e t i t e .
The average d a i l y g a in s f o r th e I 78-d a y fe e d in g p e rio d w ere 2 .2 6 ,
2 . L i, 2.L9 and 2.71 pounds p e r s t e e r d a i l y f o r l o t s I th ro u g h L, re s p e c ­
tiv e ly .
The an im als R e c e iv in g s t i l b e s t r o l made 9 .3 p e rc e n t f a s t e r g ain s
■;W
th a n th e c o n tr o ls .w h ile th e anim als f e d aureom ycin o r aureom ycin p lu s
s t i l b e s t r o l g a in ed 2 .9 p e r c e n t and 7 p e r c e n t slow er th a n th e c o n tr o ls ,
re s p e c tiv e ly .
The d if f e r e n c e s i n r a t e o f gain" betw een th e fo u r l o t s o f
s t e e r s were s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t (P<(,.0 5 ) , b u t th e r e were no s i g n i f i ­
c a n t d if f e r e n c e s ( a t th e 5 p e r c e n t- le v e l o f p r o b a b ility ) due to in d iv id u a l
- 87 -
tre a tm e n ts when compared to th e c o n tr o l s te e rs *
The d if f e r e n c e i n g a in
betw een l o t I and l o t k ( s t i l b e s t r o l p lu s aureom ycin v e rs u s s t i l b e s t r o l
o n ly ) were s i g n i f i c a n t (P *0^), su g g e s tin g an i n t e r a c t i o n between s t i l ­
b e s t r o l and aureom ycin.
The s t i l b e s t r o l and aureom ycin groups re q u ire d ,39 pounds and 8 pounds
l e s s fe e d p e r hundredw eight g a in , r e s p e c t i v e l y , than th e c o n tr o ls w h ile th e
a u r e o m y c in - s tilb e s tr o l group r e q u ir e d 37 pounds m ore.
The a u re o m y c in - s til-
b e s t r o l l o t had a s l i g h t l y h ig h e r av erag e d re s s in g p e rc e n t th a n th e o th e r
lo ts .
O th e rw ise, th e r e w ere no a p p re c ia b le d if f e r e n c e s i n c a rc a s s d a ta .
There w a s 'a f i n a n c i a l l o s s f o r a l l l o t s due to an u n fa v o ra b le m arg in .
The average l o s s p e r s t e e r f o r th e fo u r, l o t s was as fo llo w s :
s tilb e s tro l
$ 1 2 .1 8 ; aureom ycin $ ll|..67j aureom ycin p lu s s t i l b e s t r o l $ 1 7 .2 0 ; and c o n tr o l
$ l3 .i;8 .
O n e -h a lf th e s t e e r s o f each l o t were t r e a t e d Tfith lj.0 grams o f phenoth i a z i n e a t th e b e g in n in g o f th e t r i a l .
T his tre a tm e n t had no a p p re c ia b le
e f f e c t upon th e g a in s , c a rc a s s d a ta o r f i n a n c i a l r e t u r n s .
The fe e d in g o f s t i l b e s t r o l to y e a r lin g s t e e r s had no a p p a re n t e f f e c t ,
e i t h e r on a v erag e u r e t h r a l d ia m e te rs o r s m a lle s t u r e t h r a l d ia m e te rs .
No
u n d e s ir a b le s id e e f f e c t s due t o th e fe e d in g o f s t i l b e s t r o l w ere n o ted a t
any tim e d u rin g th e e x p erim en t.
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15:13*
- 93 APPENDIX
T able I ,
A n a ly sis o f V a ria n ce —F a tte n in g T r ia l.
Source o f V a r ia tio n
d. f .
.
Among tre a tm e n ts
3
I
C e n t, .v s , A u re o -.-S til
I
C e n t. v s . A ureo.
I
G ont. v s . S t i l .
36
W ith in T reatm ents
- " - S ta t is ti c a lly s i g n i f i c a n t (P.^.O^)
Sum o f Squares
27,726.9
4,898.
911.25
8,082.2
109,520.2
Mean Square
9,242.3*
4,898.45
911.25
8,082.2
3,042.2278
V
T able I I .
A n a ly sis o f V a ria n ce — C o n tro l v s . S t i l b e s t r o l ,
Source o f V a ria tio n
C o n tro l v s . s t i l b e s t r o l
W ith in tre a tm e n ts
■Table I I I .
a. f .
i'
18
Sum of. Squares
8,080.2
43,880.6
Mean Square
8,080.2
2,437.8111
A n a ly sis o f V a ria n ce — S t i l b e s t r o l v s . S t i l b e s t r o l P lu s
Aureomycin.
Source o f V a r ia tio n
a. f .
S tilb e s tro l v s. S t i l .
p lu s A ureo.
W ith in tre a tm e n ts
1.
• 18
Sum o f S quares
25,561.25
74,986.5
Mean Square
25,561.25*
4,165.9167 .
- " - S ta tis tic a lly s i g n i f i c a n t (?.<■«>05>)
T able IV ,
__________
A n a ly sis o f V a ria n ce —Aureomycin v s , S t i l b e s t r o l P lu s
Aureomycin,___________________________ .__________________
Source o f V a r ia tio n
a. f . '
A ureo, vs* S t i l . p lu s A uero. I
W ith in T reatm en ts
18
Sum o f Squares
1,584.2
65,639.6
Mean Square
1,584.2
3,6 4 6 ,6 4 4 4
/
119226
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