A Compilation of Cross-national Studies of Attitudes towards
Homosexuality and Gay Rights
Tom W. Smith,∗ Jaesok Son,† and Jibum Kim‡
November 2014
∗
NORC at the University of Chicago
NORC at the University of Chicago
‡
Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul
†
1
Contents
Ipsos
9
International Social Survey Program (ISSP)
15
Pew Global Attitudes Survey (Pew)
31
World/European Values Survey (WVS/EVS)
35
Eurobarometers (EB)
63
European Social Survey (ESS)
83
Gallup World Poll (GWP)
87
Latinobarometer (LB)
91
About the authors
95
About NORC
97
About the Institute
99
List of Tables
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Ipsos. Legal recognition for same-sex couples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ipsos. My views on same-sex marriage are different than they were five years
ago. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ipsos. Some cultures are not ready for same-sex marriage. . . . . . . . . . .
Ipsos. Same-sex marriage is or could be harmful to society. . . . . . . . . . .
Ipsos.Same-sex couples should have the same rights to adopt children as heterosexual couples do. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ipsos. Same-sex couples are just as likely as other parents to successfully raise
children. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ipsos.Same-sex couples should be able to have their marriage recognized in
[COUNTRY] if they get married in another country. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ipsos.Same-sex couples who are legally married in their home country should
be treated as married when they travel in another country. . . . . . . . . . .
ISSP. And what about sexual relations between two adults of the same sex, is
it always wrong, almost always wrong, wrong only sometimes, or not wrong
at all? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s populations reporting same-sex sexual relations are not wrong at all for 1991. . . . . . . . . . .
Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s populations reporting same-sex sexual relations are not wrong at all for 1994. . . . . . . . . . .
Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s populations reporting same-sex sexual relations are not wrong at all for 1998. . . . . . . . . . .
Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s populations reporting same-sex sexual relations are not wrong at all for 2008. . . . . . . . . . .
ISSP. Marriages for same-sex couples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pew. Homosexuality should be accepted by society. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pew. Ranking in 2008 by acceptance of homosexuality. . . . . . . . . . . . .
WVS. % Objecting to homosexuals as neighbors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
objecting to homosexuals as neighbors. (1989–1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
objecting to homosexuals as neighbors. (1994–1999) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
objecting to homosexuals as neighbors. (1999–2004) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population objecting
to homosexuals as neighbors. (2005–2008) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
15
25
26
27
28
29
31
32
36
39
40
41
42
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
EVS. % Objecting to homosexuals as neighbors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
objecting to homosexuals as neighbors. (1990–1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
objecting to homosexuals as neighbors. (1999–2001) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
objecting to homosexuals as neighbors. (2008–2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WVS. % Homosexuality is Always Justifiable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
that considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (1989–1993) . . . . . . . .
WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
that considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (1994–1999) . . . . . . . .
WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
that considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (1999–2004) . . . . . . . .
WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
that considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (2005–2008) . . . . . . . .
WVS. % Homosexuality is Always Justifiable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
that considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (1981–1984) . . . . . . . .
EVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
that considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (1990–1993) . . . . . . . .
EVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
that considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (1999–2001) . . . . . . . .
EVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
that considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (2008–2009) . . . . . . . .
WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
that considers homosexuals as the least like group. (1995–1999) . . . . . . .
EVS. “Homosexual cuple should be able to adopt children” % Agree or Strongly
Agree. (2008–2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EB. % Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is widespread. . . . .
EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
considers discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is widespread. (2012)
EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
considers the economic crisis increased discrimination on the basis of sexual
orientation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EB. % reporting witnessing discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.
EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
that reports witnessing discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is
widespread. (2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EB. % reporting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is more
widespread. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
reports discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is widespread. (2012)
EB. % Reporting having a LGB friend or acquaintance. . . . . . . . . . . . .
EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
reports having a LGB friend or acquaintance. (2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . .
43
45
45
46
47
50
51
52
53
54
56
56
57
58
59
60
63
64
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
% reporting that LGB candidates face a disadvantage in hiring decisions . .
EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
reports LGB people are disadvantaged in hiring decisions. (2012) . . . . . .
% reporting comfort with LGB people (8–10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
reports comfort with LGB people, 8–10 (2012) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
totally agrees to tends to agree with marriages for same-sex couples (2006) .
EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
that totally agrees to tends to agree with adoption authorisation for same-sex
couples (2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
agrees that same-sex couples should be able to live together (1993) . . . . . .
EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
agrees that same-sex couples should be able to marry each other (1993) . . .
EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
agrees that same-sex couples should be able to adopt children (1993) . . . .
EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
agrees that same-sex couples should be able to inherit from one another (1993)
EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
believes that homosexual tendencies is mainly inherited (1996) . . . . . . . .
EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
would be totally comfortable with a lesbian or gay neighbor (2008) . . . . .
ESS. % Agreeing that gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own
lives as they wish. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ESS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
that strongly agrees or agrees that gay men and lesbians should be free to live
their own lives as they wish (2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ESS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
that strongly agrees or agrees that gay men and lesbians should be free to live
their own lives as they wish (2012 - Countries released by 4/21/2014) . . . .
GWP. % Reporting homosexuality is morally acceptable or wrong by country
and year. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LB. % reporting that homosexuality is always justified by country and year.
LB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
reports that homosexuality is always justified (2009) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LB. % Strongly agreeing or agreeing to homosexual marriage (2010). . . . .
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
77
78
78
79
80
83
84
85
88
91
92
92
Ipsos
When you think about the rights of same-sex couples, which of the following comes closest
to your personal opinion?
Same-sex couples should be allowed to marry legally.
Same-sex couples should be allowed to obtain some kind of legal recognition, but not
to marry.
Same-sex couples should not be allowed to marry or obtain any kind of legal recognition.
Not sure
Table 1: Ipsos. Legal recognition for same-sex couples.
Ranking
Same-sex couples
should be allowed
to marry legally.
Sweden
Norway
Spain
Belgium
Germany
Canada
Great Britain
Australia
France
Italy
Argentina
United States
Hungary
Korea
Japan
Poland
81%
78%
76%
67%
67%
63%
55%
54%
51%
48%
48%
42%
30%
26%
24%
21%
Same-sex couples
should be allowed
to obtain some kind
of legal recognition,
but not to marry.
9
11
13
12
12
13
26
20
29
31
23
23
21
31
27
39
Same-sex couples
should not be allowed to marry or
obtain any kind of
legal recognition.
5
6
5
9
10
14
11
15
9
11
13
23
26
26
12
24
Not Sure
4
4
6
12
11
10
8
11
11
10
16
13
23
17
37
16
Still thinking about same-sex marriage, to what extent do you agree or disagree with the
following statements?
1. My views on same-sex marriage are different than they were five years ago.
2. Some cultures are not ready for same-sex marriage.
3. Same-sex marriage is or could be harmful to society.
4. Same-sex couples should have the same rights to adopt children as heterosexual couples
do.
5. Same-sex couples are just as likely as other parents to successfully raise children.
6. Same-sex couples should be able to have their marriage recognized in [COUNTRY] if
they get married in another country.
7. Same-sex couples who are legally married in their home country should be treated as
married when they travel in another country.
Table 2: Ipsos. My views on same-sex marriage are different than they were five years ago.
Ranking
Argentina
Korea
Japan
Poland
United States
Australia
Canada
Belgium
Italy
Germany
Sweden
Great Britain
Spain
France
Hungary
Norway
Strongly
agree
19%
5%
8%
9%
9%
8%
9%
8%
8%
8%
7%
5%
10%
8%
7%
3%
Somewhat
agree
31
43
28
24
24
25
23
23
23
21
22
23
17
19
20
16
Somewhat
disagree
16
32
45
34
25
29
27
21
22
33
11
34
20
21
15
27
Strongly
disagree
34
21
19
33
43
38
41
48
47
38
59
38
53
52
58
54
Table 3: Ipsos. Some cultures are not ready for same-sex marriage.
Ranking
Belgium
Germany
Korea
France
Great Britain
Canada
Japan
Hungary
United States
Norway
Poland
Argentina
Italy
Spain
Australia
Sweden
Strongly
agree
46%
42%
30%
50%
34%
40%
35%
54%
41%
29%
42%
45%
36%
37%
32%
30%
Somewhat
agree
41
45
57
36
52
44
49
28
39
49
36
32
40
38
43
40
Somewhat
disagree
7
8
8
7
9
9
12
10
12
11
11
11
13
13
14
15
Strongly
disagree
7
5
5
7
5
6
4
8
9
11
12
11
11
11
11
15
Table 4: Ipsos. Same-sex marriage is or could be harmful to society.
Ranking
Norway
Spain
Sweden
Germany
Belgium
Great Britain
Italy
Australia
Canada
Japan
France
Argentina
United States
Poland
Korea
Hungary
Strongly
agree
4%
5%
6%
6%
8%
8%
10%
12%
11%
6%
15%
17%
21%
18%
11%
22%
Somewhat
agree
5
10
10
13
15
16
15
15
17
21
17
17
19
22
34
25
Somewhat
disagree
19
19
9
26
22
32
25
28
25
53
22
24
24
31
36
23
Strongly
disagree
72
66
75
55
55
44
50
46
48
20
47
42
37
29
19
30
Table 5: Ipsos.Same-sex couples should have the same rights to adopt children as
heterosexual couples do.
Ranking
Sweden
Spain
Canada
Germany
Belgium
Norway
Australia
Great Britain
United States
Japan
France
Argentina
Korea
Hungary
Italy
Poland
Strongly
agree
56%
52%
45%
37%
41%
41%
37%
34%
38%
15%
31%
33%
11%
18%
19%
13%
Somewhat
agree
22
20
25
33
26
26
30
31
26
45
22
19
35
24
22
14
Somewhat
disagree
11
14
15
17
17
15
27
21
16
30
16
21
31
17
21
27
Strongly
disagree
12
13
15
12
17
17
16
14
21
11
31
28
22
41
37
46
Table 6: Ipsos. Same-sex couples are just as likely as other parents to successfully raise
children.
Ranking
Sweden
Norway
Canada
Germany
Australia
Spain
Great Britain
Belgium
United States
France
Japan
Argentina
Italy
Hungary
Korea
Poland
Strongly
agree
57%
55%
48%
42%
42%
49%
37%
42%
39%
39%
15%
34%
24%
17%
6%
15%
Somewhat
agree
24
25
28
32
30
24
35
28
26
25
46
24
26
29
36
22
Somewhat
disagree
10
13
14
17
18
17
18
20
16
18
29
18
22
19
36
27
Strongly
disagree
9
8
9
8
10
10
10
11
18
18
9
23
29
35
22
37
Table 7: Ipsos.Same-sex couples should be able to have their marriage recognized in
[COUNTRY] if they get married in another country.
Ranking
Sweden
Norway
Spain
Belgium
Germany
Canada
Argentina
Great Britain
Australia
Italy
United States
France
Poland
Japan
Korea
Hungary
Strongly
agree
67%
56%
57%
47%
41%
47%
42%
36%
39%
34%
32%
33%
22%
14%
9%
20%
Somewhat
agree
21
25
22
28
34
27
28
34
28
27
25
23
33
39
42
28
Somewhat
disagree
5
10
11
15
14
14
11
18
16
17
18
18
20
34
28
14
Strongly
disagree
7
10
9
11
11
12
19
13
17
22
25
26
25
14
20
38
Table 8: Ipsos.Same-sex couples who are legally married in their home country should be
treated as married when they travel in another country.
Ranking
Sweden
Spain
Norway
Belgium
Germany
Canada
Argentina
Great Britain
France
Australia
Italy
United States
Japan
Poland
Korea
Hungary
Strongly
agree
75%
63%
63%
52%
45%
47%
48%
38%
47%
39%
40%
36%
16%
23%
10%
22%
Somewhat
agree
15
23
22
33
38
31
27
36
26
33
31
30
46
35
46
30
Somewhat
disagree
5
8
8
6
10
11
10
17
11
16
15
15
29
20
26
13
Strongly
disagree
4
6
7
9
7
10
16
9
15
13
14
19
10
21
17
34
Source: Ipsos On-Line Panel, May 7–21, 2013; adult 16-18/64 years old.
Sample sizes (unweighted): Argentina=502; Australia=1005; Belgium=505; Canada=1005;
France=1005; Germany=1005; Great Britain=1005; Hungary=505; Italy=1005; Japan=1007;
Norway=412; Poland=505; South Korea=503; Spain=1005; Sweden=505; United States=1005
Ipsos. Same-Sex Marriage: Citizens in 16 Countries Assess Their Views on Same-Sex
Marriage for a Total Global Perspective. New York, NY: Ipsos Global @dvisor. http:
//www.ipsos-na.com/download/pr.aspx?id=12795
International Social Survey Program
(ISSP)
Table 9: ISSP. And what about sexual relations between two adults of the same sex, is it
always wrong, almost always wrong, wrong only sometimes, or not wrong at all?
1991
1994
1998
Australia
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
53.0
8.2
9.4
23.2
6.3
2168
50.4
7.2
9.2
24.7
8.5
1779
45.8 33.2
8.3
5.5
14.0 9.0
26.9 41.6
5.0
10.6
1288 1675
Austria
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
33.3
15.0
19.8
16.1
15.8
962
42.2 26.5 18.7
15.2 8.9
8.1
12.5 17.8 11.7
11.8 32.8 37.8
18.3 13.9 23.7
1000 1001 1020
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Belgium (Flanders)
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
2008
11.3
5.1
15.9
53.8
13.8
1258
Table 9: ISSP. Sexual relations between two adults of the same sex (continued)
1991
1994
1998
2008
Bulgaria
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
66.4 60.5 –
3.4
8.7
–
2.8
2.9
–
7.6
13.2 –
19.8 14.6 –
1144 1099
Canada
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
32.9 31.6
4.4
4.7
7.3
11.0
35.1 41.9
20.4 10.8
1531 946
Chile
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
83.8 62.6
3.6
7.9
3.7
10.2
5.4
16.8
3.5
2.5
1503 1467
Croatia
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Cyprus
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
56.0 65.8
17.6 12.5
11.2 5.2
11.2 8.5
4.0
8.0
1000 1000
–
–
–
–
–
50.0
8.4
5.0
17.3
10.3
1188
Table 9: ISSP. Sexual relations between two adults of the same sex (continued)
1991
1994
1998
2008
Czech Republic
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
23.7
10.0
16.9
31.7
17.7
1024
25.5 29.7
9.7
18.0
17.1 19.3
24.8 21.3
23.0 11.7
1222 1417
Denmark
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
56.0 65.8
17.6 12.5
11.2 5.2
11.2 8.5
4.0
8.0
1000 1000
Dominican Republic
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
72.3
11.2
8.0
6.8
1.8
2086
Finland
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
22.7
7.1
8.3
48.6
13.2
1136
France
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
37.5 26.1
7.3
6.5
14.0 14.3
26.9 36.0
14.4 17.1
1119 2427
Table 9: ISSP. Sexual relations between two adults of the same sex (continued)
1991
1994
1998
2008
Germany, East
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
26.1 36.5
7.7
6.3
8.3
7.3
27.2 21.5
30.6 28.5
1486 1097
27.2
7.7
10.7
27.6
26.9
998
21.8
9.6
15.7
40.4
12.5
510
Germany, West
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
24.6 31.0
8.3
7.7
11.7 10.7
30.0 24.6
25.4 26.0
1346 2324
22.9
10.7
14.6
30.3
21.5
996
26.3
7.1
11.8
39.6
15.2
1148
Great Britain
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
52.0 48.4
7.1
5.5
10.1 8.6
18.8 22.2
11.9 15.3
1221 1000
38.7
7.1
11.6
30.5
12.1
800
27.2
6.7
11.1
42.4
12.4
1972
Hungary
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
77.7
10.9
3.0
5.1
3.2
998
79.4 60.2
6.9
12.3
4.9
7.3
3.7
13.1
5.2
7.0
1493 998
48.4
18.6
11.4
15.9
5.6
1003
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
95.4
3.7
0.4
0.1
0.4
2000
Indonesia
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
Table 9: ISSP. Sexual relations between two adults of the same sex (continued)
1991
1994
1998
2008
Ireland
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
60.9 56.8
8.0
4.8
8.5
4.8
12.5 13.8
10.2 19.8
1005 938
47.3
10.5
9.4
19.2
13.6
1009
24.8
9.1
13.0
34.6
18.5
2048
Israel
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
50.2
9.2
15.6
16.8
8.3
991
53.2 55.8 54.3
7.7
5.6
6.0
6.8
7.0
7.2
25.3 26.9 29.8
7.0
4.7
2.7
1287 1203 1173
Italy
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
61.0
12.0
13.4
8.5
5.1
999
60.3
6.1
6.2
17.7
9.6
999
Japan
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
55.9 35.6 27.3
19.1 27.0 24.7
9.6
15.9 23.6
1.5
3.9
5.4
14.0 17.6 19.0
1307 1368 1197
Kenya
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
49.8 31.9
8.7
16.2
15.0 20.5
16.1 21.4
10.4 10.1
1008 1078
–
–
–
–
–
89.5
5.7
1.2
2.3
0.7
1502
Table 9: ISSP. Sexual relations between two adults of the same sex (continued)
1991
1994
1998
2008
Korea
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
70.6
13.1
7.9
6.7
1.7
1508
Latvia
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
51.8 67.4
12.5 11.8
8.1
6.0
12.4 8.5
15.2 6.4
1198 1069
Mexico
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
55.6
11.2
10.1
15.2
7.9
1462
The Netherlands
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
14.3 16.6
3.7
3.5
12.7 10.6
56.3 55.9
13.0 13.4
1635 1968
14.6
4.4
11.5
61.7
7.8
2015
11.9
2.4
10.3
69.6
5.9
1872
New Zealand
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
55.0 48.0
6.5
4.6
9.3
6.9
16.8 26.2
12.2 14.4
1070 1047
46.0
6.1
9.9
28.7
9.3
974
31.1
7.7
11.1
39.9
10.3
995
Table 9: ISSP. Sexual relations between two adults of the same sex (continued)
1991
1994
1998
2008
Norway
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
41.0 38.8
5.4
4.6
9.6
9.1
26.7 30.2
17.3 17.5
1506 2087
32.9 22.2
5.5
4.0
12.2 9.3
37.6 56.7
11.8 7.9
1522 1059
The Philippines
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
82.2
9.9
5.7
2.0
0.2
2977
83.5
11.1
2.5
2.5
0.5
1200
Poland
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
59.4 68.2
6.7
5.1
4.2
3.9
12.3 12.6
17.4 10.2
1063 1596
59.2 56.7
7.1
8.2
4.3
5.0
12.7 20.0
16.7 10.1
1138 1261
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
73.7 41.9
4.5
9.2
7.3
14.5
14.1 28.9
0.4
5.6
1184 968
58.7
13.2
6.6
6.3
15.3
2963
45.0
12.4
4.3
12.9
25.5
1997
54.2
14.2
5.2
14.3
12.1
1703
Portugal
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
Russia
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
84.3
9.2
2.8
3.5
0.2
3253
78.7
12.1
3.4
4.4
1.4
1200
64.2
12.0
3.6
8.3
12.0
1015
Table 9: ISSP. Sexual relations between two adults of the same sex (continued)
1991
1994
1998
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
47.2 48.3
9.7
12.8
8.7
7.9
18.5 21.0
15.8 10.0
1264 1098
45.7
11.5
8.8
9.2
24.8
2080
51.3
9.5
6.8
5.9
26.6
1032
41.3
11.4
13.8
15.0
18.5
955
43.7
9.3
13.3
20.6
13.1
1023
South Africa
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
83.6
3.8
3.2
7.7
1.6
3285
Spain
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
39.3 30.0 24.9
6.0
6.3
6.4
4.9
9.2
10.0
36.3 45.2 51.6
13.4 9.3
7.1
2494 2488 2369
Sri Lanka
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Slovakia
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
Slovenia
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
2008
59.5
7.5
2.0
1.0
10.6
1676
Table 9: ISSP. Sexual relations between two adults of the same sex (continued)
1991
1994
1998
2008
Sweden
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
44.6 30.9 25.3
4.7
6.2
6.1
4.6
6.7
6.2
25.7 43.7 51.2
20.3 12.5 11.2
1472 1182 1232
Switzerland
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
19.7 16.6
6.3
5.3
15.9 14.7
39.3 56.6
18.8 6.8
1199 1229
Taiwan
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
53.1
9.0
10.2
17.5
10.3
1924
Tanzania
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
74.5
19.7
2.4
3.2
0.2
1519
Turkey
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
90.8
2.9
1.8
2.1
2.4
1453
Table 9: ISSP. Sexual relations between two adults of the same sex (continued)
1991
1994
1998
2008
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
81.2
4.2
2.3
6.5
5.9
2033
67.4 59.0
4.5
3.7
5.0
5.8
12.9 16.2
10.2 15.4
1359 1447
56.8
5.1
6.7
22.4
9.0
1262
53.6
4.7
5.8
32.3
3.6
1339
Uruguay
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
46.8
6.9
9.9
33.2
3.2
1099
Venezuela
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
67.7
9.2
3.8
19.3
0.0
1060
Ukraine
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
United States
Always Wrong
Almost Always Wrong
Wrong Only Sometimes
Not Wrong At All
Don’t Know
N
Source: ISSP, International Social Survey Programme 1988–2008. National, probability
samples of adults using either postal or in-person surveys. Country-specific information on
samples and methods available at www.issp.org.
Rankings
Table 10: Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s populations reporting
same-sex sexual relations are not wrong at all for 1991.
1991
The Netherlands
Germany (West)
Germany (East)
Norway
Australia
Great Britain
Israel
New Zealand
Austria
United States
Ireland
Poland
Slovenia
Italy
Russia
Hungary
The Philippines
% Not Wrong at All
56.3
30.0
27.2
26.7
23.2
18.8
16.8
16.8
16.1
12.9
12.5
12.3
9.3
8.5
6.3
5.1
2.0
Table 11: Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s populations reporting
same-sex sexual relations are not wrong at all for 1994.
1994
The Netherlands
Spain
Canada
Czech Republic
Norway
New Zealand
Sweden
Israel
Australia
Germany (West)
Great Britain
Germany (East)
Italy
United States
Ireland
Russia
Poland
Austria
Bulgaria
Slovenia
Hungary
The Philippines
Japan
% Not Wrong at All
55.9
36.3
35.1
31.7
30.2
26.2
25.7
25.3
24.7
24.6
22.2
21.5
17.7
16.2
13.7
12.9
12.6
11.8
7.6
5.9
3.7
3.5
1.5
Table 12: Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s populations reporting
same-sex sexual relations are not wrong at all for 1998.
1998
The Netherlands
Spain
Denmark
Sweden
Canada
Switzerland
Norway
Austria
Great Britain
Germany (West)
New Zealand
Germany (East)
Australia
France
Israel
Czech Republic
United States
Ireland
Slovakia
Italy
Slovenia
Russia
Portugal
Bulgaria
Hungary
Poland
Latvia
Cyprus
Chile
Japan
The Philippines
% Not Wrong at All
61.7
45.2
43.8
43.7
41.7
39.3
37.6
32.87
30.5
30.3
28.7
27.6
26.9
26.9
26.9
24.8
22.4
19.2
18.5
16.1
15.0
14.3
14.1
13.2
13.1
12.7
12.4
11.2
5.4
3.9
2.5
Table 13: Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s populations reporting
same-sex sexual relations are not wrong at all for 2008.
2008
The Netherlands
Denmark
Norway
Switzerland
Belgium (Flanders)
Spain
Sweden
Finland
Great Britain
Australia
Germany (East)
New Zealand
Germany (West)
Austria
France
Ireland
Uruguay
United States
Israel
Portugal
Italy
Czech Republic
Slovakia
% Not Wrong at All 2008
69.6
Slovenia
57.3
Poland
56.7
Venezuela
56.6
Taiwan
54.0
Croatia
51.6
Chile
51.2
Hungary
48.6
Mexico
42.4
Cyprus
41.6
Latvia
40.4
Russia
39.9
South Africa
39.6
Dominican Republic
37.8
Ukraine
36.0
Korea
34.6
Japan
33.2
The Philippines
32.3
Tanzania
29.8
Kenya
28.9
Turkey
21.4
Sri Lanka
21.3
Indonesia
21.0
% Not Wrong at All
20.6
20.0
18.7
17.5
17.3
16.8
15.9
15.2
8.5
8.5
8.3
7.7
6.8
6.5
6.3
5.4
4.4
3.2
2.3
2.1
1.0
0.1
Do you agree or disagree? Homosexual couples should have the right to marry one another.
Strongly Agree
Agree
Neither Agree nor Disagree
Disagree
Strongly Disagree
Don’t Know
Table 14: ISSP. Marriages for same-sex couples.
1988
Austria Germany
Strongly Agree
2.0
4.0
Agree
12.0
9.2
Neither Agree nor Disagree 9.2
9.7
Disagree
17.3
13.4
Strongly Disagree
33.3
44.2
Don’t Know
26.3
19.5
N
1000
2985
Great
Britain
2.5
10.8
15.2
28.6
38.1
4.8
1263
1988
Italy
Strongly Agree
3.2
Agree
13.6
Neither Agree nor Disagree 10.7
Disagree
13.8
Strongly Disagree
42.0
Don’t Know
16.8
N
10025
Netherlands
5.7
26.0
16.7
18.8
22.1
10.6
1728
Ireland
2.1
22.8
12.6
31.3
24.6
6.7
1001
Hungary
1.6
13.2
11.7
29.2
36.4
7.9
1716
United
States
3.2
8.5
14.1
24.2
44.1
5.9
1389
Source: ISSP, International Social Survey Programme 1988–2008. National, probability
samples of adults using either postal or in-person surveys. Country-specific information on
samples and methods available at www.issp.org.
Pew Global Attitudes Survey (Pew)
And which one of these comes closer to your opinion, number 1 or number 2?
Number 1 – Homosexuality should be accepted by society, or
Number 2 – Homosexuality should not be accepted by society.
Table 15: Pew. Homosexuality should be accepted by society.
Should Accept
Argentina
Brazil
Canada
Chile
China
Czech Republic
Egypt
France
Germany
Ghana
Great Britain
Indonesia
Israel
Italy
Japan
Jordan
Kenya
Korea
Lebanon
Malaysia
Mexico
Pakistan
Palestine
The Philippines
Poland
Russia
Spain
South Africa
2002
66
–
69
–
–
83
–
77
83
4
74
–
–
72
54
12
1
25
21
–
54
9
–
64
40
22
–
33
2007
72
–
70
64
17
83
1
83
81
4
71
3
38
65
49
6
3
18
18
8
60
13
9
–
45
20
82
–
2011
–
61
–
–
17
–
4
86
87
–
81
5
48
–
55
7
3
–
17
–
52
13
6
–
34
15
91
–
2013
74
60
80
68
21
80
3
77
87
3
76
3
40
74
54
3
8
39
18
9
61
2
4
73
42
16
88
32
Table 15: Pew. Homosexuality should be accepted by society (continued)
Should Accept
Turkey
Uganda
United States
2002 2007
22
14
4
3
51
49
2011 2013
11
9
–
4
60
60
Table 16: Pew. Ranking in 2008 by acceptance of homosexuality.
Ranking
Spain
Germany
Canada
Czech Republic
Australia
France
Great Britain
Italy
Argentina
The Philippines
Chile
Mexico
United States
Brazil
Japan
Greece
Venezuela
Bolivia
Poland
Israel
Korea
El Salvador
South Africa
China
Lebanon
Russia
Turkey
Malaysia
Kenya
Palestine
Uganda
Indonesia
Egypt
Ghana
Accepted
88%
87%
80%
80%
79%
77%
76%
74%
74%
73%
68%
61%
60%
60%
54%
53%
51%
43%
42%
40%
39%
34%
32%
21%
18%
16%
9%
9%
8%
4%
4%
3%
3%
3%
Not Accepted Don’t Know/Refused
11
1
11
3
14
6
16
4
18
3
22
0
18
6
18
8
21
6
26
1
24
8
30
9
33
7
36
4
36
10
40
7
42
7
49
8
46
12
47
13
59
2
62
4
61
7
57
21
80
2
74
10
78
14
86
4
90
2
93
3
96
1
93
4
95
2
96
1
Table 16: Pew. Ranking in 2008 by acceptance of homosexuality (continued)
Ranking
Senegal
Jordan
Pakistan
Tunisia
Nigeria
Accepted
3%
3%
2%
2%
1%
Not Accepted Don’t Know/Refused
96
1
97
0
87
11
94
4
98
1
Source: Pew Global Attitudes Survey, March–April 2013, adults 18+. In-person surveys
in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, China, Egypt, Ghana, Greece, Indonesia, Israel, Italy, Jordan,
Kenya, Lebanon, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Palestine, the Philippines, Poland,
Russia, Senegal, South Africa, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, and Venezuela. Telephone surveys
in Australia, Great Britain, Canada, Czech Republic, El Salvador, France, Germany, South
Korea, Spain, Japan, and the United States. Pew Research Center, “The Global Divide on
Homosexuality: Greater Acceptance in More Secular and Affluent Countries,” Pew Global
Attitudes Project, June, 2013.
Sample sizes: Argentina=800; Bolivia=800; Brazil=960; Canada=701; Chile=800; China=3226;
Czech Republic=700; Egypt=1000; El Salvador=792; France=1004; Germany=1025; Ghana=799;
Great Britain=1012; Greece=1000; Indonesia=1000; Israel=922; Italy=1105; Japan=700;
Jordan=1000; Kenya=798; Lebanon=1000; Malaysia=822; Mexico=1000; Nigeria=1031;
Pakistan=1201; Palestine=810; the Philippines=804; Poland=800; Russia=996; Senegal=800;
South Africa=815; South Korea=809; Spain=1000; Tunisia=1000; Turkey=1000; Uganda=800;
United States=1002; Venezuela=1000.
World/European Values Survey
(WVS/EVS)
WVS: On this list are various groups of people. Could you please mention any that you would not like to have as neighbors?
Homosexuals
Table 17: WVS. % Objecting to homosexuals as neighbors.
1990
Albania
Algeria
Andorra
Azerbaijan
Argentina
Armenia
Australia
Bangladesha
Belarus
Bosnia (Federation)
Bosnia (Srpska)
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Canada
Chile
China
Columbiab
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Dominican Republic
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
70.0
1999
2000
2001
2002
82.6
80.7
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
5.6
90.7
38.9
27.3
22.1
14.5
83.3
24.7
22.4
83.7
63.4
79.0
4.9
61.1
47.0
30.2
61.3
70.0
26.3
40.8
21.8
49.8
80.5
57.5
71.9
16.9
32.8
41.4
60.7
14.0
35.0
73.2
14.9
67.5
45.9
45.5
46.1
53.2
24.0
48.7
99.6
78.3
63.9
82.2
29.9
22.0
2008
Table 17: WVS. % Objecting to homosexuals as neighbors (continued)
1990
France
Georgia
Germany, East
Germany, West
Ghana
Great Britain
Guatemala
Hong Kong
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iranc
Italy
Japan
Jordan
Korea
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Macedonia
Malaysia
Mali
Mexico
Moldova
Montenegro
Morocco
The Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistand
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
28.9
2007
77.0
2008
92.0
16.5
10.2
17.0
13.0
79.0
21.7
16.8
15.8
49.3
53.4
91.4
61.4
28.8
54.6
40.3
66.9
0.9
92.9
22.9
68.5
98.4
82.4
95.8
95.1
87.3
66.0
59.2
76.5
65.9
53.5
70.6
66.2
60.2
37.0
77.4
82.1
44.6
29.8
77.4
70.4
73.7
93.2
4.5
22.3
76.4
89.5
17.3
73.6
14.3
5.7
10.2
Table 17: WVS. % Objecting to homosexuals as neighbors (continued)
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Peru
53.8
49.2
The Philippines
32.5
23.7
Poland
66.0
51.3
Puerto Rico
32.3
21.9
Romania
55.8
61.1
Russia
80.5
70.9
Rwanda
Serbia
74.2
49.1
Singapore
45.6
Slovakia
69.3
46.1
Slovenia
60.7
35.1
South Africa
50.5
46.2
Spain
26.4
20.2
14.8
Sweden
11.2
6.1
Switzerland
18.6
Taiwan
72.7
Tanzania
74.1
Thailand
Trinidad and Tobago
Turkey
91.7
89.7
90.3
Uganda
76.1
Ukraine
65.2
United States
29.4
23.3
Uruguay
31.9
Venezuela
67.5
42.6
Vietnam
38.6
Zambia
Zimbabwe
66.6
a Figure of 4.9% appears in data, but undoubtedly is incorrect; b Figures not comparable due to change in question wordings; c Figure
data, but undoubtedly is incorrect; d Figure of 10.2% appears in the data, but is highly questionable.
2006
2007
2008
41.9
66.0
62.6
70.5
45.9
7.4
3.6
11.1
55.3
33.7
65.2
88.0
58.2
25.1
16.2
29.1
73.3
of 0.9% appears in the
Rankings
Table 18: WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
objecting to homosexuals as neighbors. (1989–1993)
1989–1993
% Objecting to Homosexuals as
Neighbors
Spain
26.4
Brazil
30.2
Argentina
38.9
Czech Republic 53.2
Chile
57.5
Mexico
60.2
Japan
68.5
Slovakia
69.3
China
71.9
Nigeria
76.4
Belarus
79.0
Russia
80.5
India
91.4
Turkey
91.7
Korea
95.8
Table 19: WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
objecting to homosexuals as neighbors. (1994–1999)
1994–1999
Germany, West
Sweden
Norway
Germany, East
Switzerland
Spain
Great Britain
New Zealand
Czech Republic
Australia
Brazil
Argentina
United States
Finland
Uruguay
Puerto Rico
The Philippines
Mexico
Bulgaria
Chile
Croatia
Slovakia
Bosnia - Srpska
Dominican Republic
South Africa
Hungary
Peru
% Objecting to Homosexuals as Neighbors
10.2
11.2
14.3
16.5
18.6
20.2
21.7
22.3
24.0
24.7
26.3
27.3
29.4
29.9
31.9
32.3
32.5
37.0
40.8
41.4
45.5
46.1
47.0
48.7
50.5
53.4
53.8
1994–1999
Romania
Latvia
China
Slovenia
Bosnia - Federation
India
Belarus
Estonia
Ukraine
Macedonia
Poland
Venezuela
Albania
Russia
Taiwan
Serbia
Lithuania
Georgia
Moldova
El Salvador
Montenegro
Armenia
Bangladesh
Nigeria
Turkey
Azerbaijan
% Objecting to Homosexuals as Neighbors
55.8
59.2
60.7
60.7
61.1
61.4
63.4
63.9
65.2
65.9
66.0
67.5
70.0
70.9
72.7
74.2
76.5
77.0
77.4
78.3
82.1
83.3
83.7
89.5
89.7
90.7
Table 20: WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
objecting to homosexuals as neighbors. (1999–2004)
1999–2004
% Objecting to Homosexuals as Neighbors
Sweden
6.1
Spain
14.8
Canada
16.9
New Zealand
17.3
Puerto Rico
21.9
Argentina
22.1
United States
23.3
The Philippines 23.7
Indiaa
23.7
Chile
32.8
Vietnam
38.6
Mexico
44.6
Singapore
45.6
South Africa
46.2
Serbia
49.1
Peru
49.2
Macedonia
53.5
Indonesia
54.6
a India figures are suspect.
1999–2004
Venezuela
Bosnia - Federation
Kyrgyzstan
Zimbabwe
Bosnia - Srpska
China
Nigeria
Montenegro
Tanzania
Uganda
Moldova
Algeria
Korea
Albania
Turkey
Morocco
Jordan
Egypt
% Objecting to Homosexuals as Neighbors
57.4
61.3
66.0
66.6
70.0
73.2
73.6
73.7
74.1
76.1
77.4
80.7
82.4
82.6
90.3
93.2
98.4
99.6
Table 21: Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population objecting
to homosexuals as neighbors. (2005–2008)
2005–2008
Sweden
The Netherlands
Andorra
Norway
Spain
Switzerland
Germany, West
Canada
Argentina
Guatemala
Uruguay
Great Britain
Germany, East
New Zealand
Brazil
Finland
Australia
Italy
United States
France
Vietnam
Mexico
Thailand
Chile
Slovenia
India
Peru
% Objecting to Homosexuals as Neighbors
3.6
4.5
5.6
5.7
7.4
11.1
13.0
14.0
14.5
15.8
16.2
16.8
17.0
17.3
21.8
22.0
22.4
22.9
25.1
28.9
29.1
29.8
33.7
35.0
35.1
40.3
41.9
1994–1999
Columbia
South Africa
Cyprus
Hong Kong
Bulgaria
Poland
Taiwan
Ukraine
Romania
Rwanda
Trinidad and Tobago
Russia
Mali
Indonesia
China
Moldova
Serbia
Malaysia
Zambia
Montenegro
Ghana
Burkina Faso
Ethiopia
Korea
Georgia
Iran
Jordan
% Objecting to Homosexuals as Neighbors
45.9
45.9
46.1
49.3
49.8
51.3
55.3
58.2
61.1
62.6
65.2
66.0
66.2
66.9
67.5
70.4
70.5
70.6
73.3
73.7
79.0
80.5
82.2
87.3
92.0
92.9
95.1
EVS: On this list are various groups of people. Could you please mention any that you would not like to have as neighbors?
Homosexuals
Table 22: EVS. % Objecting to homosexuals as neighbors.
1990
Albania
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia
Bulgaria
Canada
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany, East
Germany, West
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
43.4
25.4
23.5
17.4
2000
63.3
67.5
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
53.4
43.5
24.0
91.2
63.1
2009
7.1
62.5
51.0
53.9
29.7
52.8
50.5
11.7
72.9
25.2
24.4
52.0
38.5
22.5
4.9
46.7
19.7
8.0
46.2
21.3
15.6
36.5
33.7
31.1
11.4
12.0
24.3
26.8
10.2
29.7
29.6
1.4
75.3
20.1
33.2
39.2
12.1
5.5
85.5
16.5
15.8
7.9
27.3
18.2
22.2
28.7
78.4
87.4
45.5
67.6
18.6
43.8
18.6
61.2
42.8
66.4
18.7
57.9
20.2
2010
Table 22: EVS. % Objecting to homosexuals as neighbors (continued)
1990
Moldova
Montenegro
The Netherlands
Northern Cyprus
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United States
1991
1992
1993
12.0
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
6.2
19.5
70.5
49.6
75.4
61.9
43.1
32.3
17.7
1994
55.3
25.2
65.2
57.9
44.0
44.3
16.4
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
76.4
65.0
9.6
30.3
6.1
52.0
21.3
56.7
60.6
55.6
30.4
33.6
5.3
6.1
2009
6.7
90.0
38.6
2002
7.4
89.3
58.9
2010
Rankings
Table 23: EVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
objecting to homosexuals as neighbors. (1990–1993)
1990–1993
Denmark
The Netherlands
Sweden
Norway
Iceland
Belgium
France
Finland
Canada
Great Britain
Spain
Ireland
Germany, West
Germany, East
United States
% Objecting to Homosexuals as Neighbors
11.7
12.0
17.7
19.5
20.1
23.5
24.4
25.2
29.7
31.1
32.3
33.2
33.7
36.5
38.6
1990–1993
Italy
Slovenia
Austria
Malta
Portugal
Czech Republic
Slovakia
Bulgaria
Poland
Estonia
Hungary
Romania
Latvia
Lithuania
% Objecting to Homosexuals as Neighbors
39.2
43.1
43.4
43.8
49.6
50.5
61.9
67.5
70.5
72.9
75.3
75.4
78.4
87.4
Table 24: EVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
objecting to homosexuals as neighbors. (1999–2001)
1999–2001
Sweden
The Netherlands
Iceland
Denmark
Germany, East
Germany, West
France
Spain
Belgium
Luxembourg
Czech Republic
Finland
Great Britain
Portugal
Austria
Greece
% Objecting to Homosexuals as Neighbors
6.1
6.2
7.9
8.0
11.4
12.0
15.6
16.4
17.4
18.6
19.7
21.3
24.3
25.2
25.4
26.8
1999–2001
Ireland
Italy
Malta
Slovakia
Slovenia
Latvia
Estonia
Croatia
Bulgaria
Poland
Russia
Belarus
Romania
Ukraine
Lithuania
Turkey
% Objecting to Homosexuals as Neighbors
27.3
28.7
39.6
44.0
44.3
45.5
46.2
52.8
53.9
55.3
57.9
63.3
65.2
65.7
67.6
90.0
Table 25: EVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population
objecting to homosexuals as neighbors. (2008–2010)
2008–2010
Iceland
Denmark
Spain
France
Norway
Sweden
Belgium
Switzerland
The Netherlands
Great Britain
Finland
Germany, West
Germany, East
Ireland
Luxembourg
Malta
Portugal
Italy
Czech Republic
Austria
Hungary
Greece
Northern Cyprus
Slovakia
% Objecting to Homosexuals as Neighbors
1.4
4.9
5.3
5.5
6.1
6.7
7.1
7.4
9.6
10.2
12.1
15.8
16.5
18.2
18.7
20.2
21.3
22.2
22.5
24.0
29.6
29.7
30.3
30.4
2008–2010
Slovenia
Cyprus
Latvia
Armenia
Estonia
Bulgaria
Croatia
Poland
Albania
Serbia
Romania
Macedonia
Ukraine
Russia
Kosovo
Bosnia
Belarus
Montenegro
Lithuania
Moldova
Georgia
Turkey
Azerbaijan
% Objecting to Homosexuals as Neighbors
33.6
38.5
42.8
43.5
46.7
51.0
52.0
52.0
53.4
55.6
56.7
57.9
58.9
60.6
61.2
62.5
63.1
65.0
66.4
76.4
85.5
89.3
91.2
WVS: Please tell me for each of the following actions whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something
in between, using this card. (Read out and code one answer for each statement.) Card labels 1 as Never Justifiable and 10 as
Always Justifiable.
Homosexuality
Table 26: WVS. % Homosexuality is Always Justifiable.
1981
Albania
Albania
Andorra
Argentina
Armenia
Azerbaijan
Australia
Bangladesh
Belarus
Bosnia - Fed.
Bosnia - Srpska
Brazil
Bulgaria
Burkina Faso
Canada
Chile
China
Columbia
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Dominican Rep.
Egypt
El Salvador
Estonia
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Georgia
Germany, East
Germany, West
Ghana
Great Britain
Guatemala
Hong Kong
Hungary
India
1982
1983
1984
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
0.3
1999
2000
2001
2002
0.2
0.9
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
60.0
1.8
4.5
12.2
13.2
24.4
2.0
0.5
7.4
13.5
21.9
0.2
3.9
1.6
1.0
1.2
4.7
1.6
2.0
8.5
4.9
9.5
7.6
2.9
1.4
0.2
20.6
8.4
5.5
1.1
20.8
11.6
0.1
5.7
3.4
1.2
8.3
9.2
7.0
20.3
26.2
6.2
0.0
6.1
2.0
1.5
6.7
15.7
23.0
27.3
0.4
0.1
29.5
42.2
26.8
25.5
1.1
15.7
20.6
3.3
6.0
1.1
7.8
0.3
1.3
12.7
7.0
Table 26: WVS. % Homosexuality is Always Justifiable (continued)
1981
Indonesia
Iran
Israel
Italy
Japan
Jordan
Korea
Kyrgyzstan
Latvia
Lithuania
Macedonia
Malaysia
Mali
Mexico
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
New Zealand
Nigeria
Norway
Pakistan
Peru
The Philippines
Poland
Puerto Rico
Romania
Russia
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Serbia
Singapore
Slovakia
Slovenia
South Africa
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Taiwan
Tanzania
Thailand
Trinidad
Turkey
Uganda
Ukraine
United States
Uruguay
1982
1983
1984
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
0.0
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
0.5
1.1
2007
2008
1.3
22.9
1.5
2.3
2.2
3.9
1.3
6.0
8.1
8.3
0.2
2.3
1.2
0.2
0.8
1.1
2.8
1.0
0.5
2.4
0.9
9.0
6.6
6.0
3.7
1.4
1.7
10.2
12.7
1.1
1.0
0.4
40.1
12.1
1.4
16.6
1.6
0.4
29.6
43.8
0.0
2.9
3.2
6.2
3.7
2.4
2.6
5.0
3.8
8.3
2.0
0.5
1.9
1.2
4.1
0.4
0.3
1.8
1.6
14.6
2.3
5.8
10.3
12.1
2.0
5.6
14.0
21.7
3.4
4.0
19.1
34.6
27.3
15.3
2.9
27.2
24.0
48.8
59.3
42.8
1.3
5.2
0.2
1.2
0.6
0.5
0.7
0.6
1.1
9.9
13.8
13.6
0.9
14.3
18.4
Table 26: WVS. % Homosexuality is Always Justifiable (continued)
1981
Venezuela
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
1982
1983
1984
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
2.3
1997
1998
1999
2000
1.7
2001
1.1
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
0.6
4.6
.1
2008
Rankings
Table 27: WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (1989–1993)
1989–1993
Czech Republic
Switzerland
Spain
Mexico
Slovakia
South Africa
Brazil
Argentina
Belarus
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
20.3
15.3
14.0
6.0
5.8
5.6
4.7
4.5
3.9
1989–1993
Poland
Japan
Chile
Nigeria
Korea
Turkey
Russia
India
China
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
2.4
2.3
1.4
1.4
1.3
0.7
0.5
0.3
0.2
Table 28: WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (1994–1999)
1994–1999
Germany, West
Sweden
Norway
Germany, East
Switzerland
Czech Republic
Spain
Finland
Great Britain
Uruguay
Australia
Argentina
New Zealand
Slovenia
Slovakia
United States
Croatia
Brazil
Hungary
Dominican Republic
Peru
El Salvador
Chile
Bulgaria
Columbia
Japan
Puerto Rico
Mexico
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
42.2
34.6
29.6
29.5
27.3
26.2
19.1
15.7
15.7
13.6
13.5
12.2
12.1
12.1
10.3
9.9
9.2
8.5
7.8
6.2
6.2
6.1
5.5
4.9
4.6
3.9
3.8
3.7
1994–1999
The Philippines
South Africa
Latvia
Poland
Venezuela
Armenia
Estonia
Romania
Serbia
Montenegro
Belarus
Nigeria
Moldova
India
Taiwan
Bosnia - Srpska
Korea
Russia
China
Ukraine
Bosnia - Federation
Lithuania
Azerbaijan
Macedonia
Georgia
Albania
Jordan
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
3.7
3.4
2.8
2.6
2.3
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
Table 29: WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (1999–2004)
1999–2004
Sweden
Spain
Israel
Canada
New Zealand
United States
Argentina
India
Mexico
Chile
Japan
Puerto Rico
South Africa
The Philippines
Peru
Macedonia
Korea
Singapore
Bosnia - Srpsa
Venezuela
Bosnia - Federation
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
48.8
24.0
22.9
20.6
16.6
13.8
13.2
12.7
10.2
8.4
8.3
8.3
4.0
3.2
2.9
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.0
1.7
1.6
1999–2004
Serbia
Iran
Kyrgyzstan
Moldova
Vietnam
Algeria
Uganda
Turkey
Montenegro
Nigeria
Saudi Arabia
Albania
Bangladesh
Jordan
Tanzania
China
Zimbabwe
Indonesia
Pakistan
Egypt
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
1.6
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
Table 30: WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (2005–2008)
2005–2008
Andorra
Sweden
Norway
Switzerland
The Netherlands
France
Spain
Germany, East
Germany, West
Argentina
Finland
Australia
Slovenia
Canada
Great Britain
Uruguay
Serbia
United States
Mexico
Chile
Brazil
Mali
Columbia
Japan
Bulgaria
Cyprus
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
60.0
59.3
43.8
42.8
40.1
27.3
27.2
26.8
25.5
24.4
23.0
21.9
21.7
20.8
20.6
18.4
14.6
14.3
12.7
11.6
9.5
9.0
8.3
8.1
7.6
7.0
2005–2008
India
Hong Kong
Italy
Taiwan
Poland
Zambia
Russia
Guatemala
Burkina Faso
South Africa
Romania
Ethiopia
Iran
China
Thailand
Ghana
Moldova
Malaysia
Ukraine
Korea
Trinidad and Tobago
Vietnam
Indonesia
Rwanda
Jordan
Georgia
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
7.0
6.0
6.0
5.2
5.0
4.6
4.1
3.3
2.9
2.9
1.9
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.9
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.1
EVS: Please tell me for each of the following actions whether you think it can always be justified, never be justified, or something
in between, using this card. (Read out and code one answer for each statement.) Card labels 1 as Never Justifiable and 10 as
Always Justifiable.
Homosexuality
Table 31: WVS. % Homosexuality is Always Justifiable.
1981
Albania
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
3.2
Bosnia
Bulgaria
Canada
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
29.6
Estonia
Finland
France
4.8
Georgia
Germany, East
Germany, West 7.8
Great Britain
5.3
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
2.5
1982
1984
1990
1991
1993
1999
6.1
23.1
8.8
4.5
19.3
1.8
3.6
1992
2000
2.7
2001
2008
1.1
0.1
20.4
0.4
1.7
17.0
0.8
3.0
2009
8.1
5.0
17.3
8.9
22.7
39.5
5.1
6.6
16.1
9.9
12.7
4.6
17.2
22.8
14.0
10.8
1.5
40.1
4.7
1.0
15.7
43.1
1.3
17.6
13.0
6.3
18.3
2.7
33.8
21.5
0.2
21.5
18.1
21.6
10.7
6.3
7.0
60.5
17.4
Table 31: WVS. % Homosexuality is Always Justifiable (continued)
Italy
Kosovo
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Macedonia
Malta
Moldova
Montenegro
Netherlands
Nor. Cyprus
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Russia
Serbia
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Turkey
Ukraine
United States
1981
4.6
1982
1984
1990
6.4
1991
1992
1993
2.8
0.4
41.5
10.4
15.5
0.9
2.9
7.9
7.0
16.3
6.3
3.1
2.1
2.0
10.7
20.3
21.0
48.8
2.8
4.1
2009
51.4
1.2
2.4
2008
0.8
1.6
1.4
35.2
3.2
11.7
1.2
2.4
45.6
2.0
41.0
3.4
7.1
1.9
1.7
1.5
13.8
13.9
20.7
47.5
4.3
16.2
2001
2.6
0.8
5.0
2000
1.8
1.3
25.7
1.3
21.6
1999
13.8
31.3
0.9
0.8
Rankings
Table 32: EVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (1981–1984)
1981–1984
Denmark
The Netherlands
Sweden
Norway
Germany, West
Iceland
Great Britain
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
29.6
21.6
16.2
10.4
7.8
6.3
5.3
1981–1984
Spain
France
Italy
Canada
Belgium
Ireland
United States
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
5.0
4.8
4.3
3.6
3.2
2.5
2.4
Table 33: EVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (1990–1993)
1990–1993
The Netherlands
Iceland
Denmark
Sweden
Norway
Finland
Germany, East
Hungary
Germany, West
Czech Republic
Belgium
Canada
Slovakia
Spain
France
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
41.5
18.3
17.3
16.3
15.5
12.1
9.9
13.0
12.7
8.9
8.8
8.1
7.9
7.0
6.6
1990–1993
Italy
Austria
Great Britain
Slovakia
United States
Estonia
Portugal
Latvia
Ireland
Bulgaria
Malta
Poland
Romania
Lithuania
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
6.4
6.1
4.6
4.3
4.1
3.4
2.9
2.8
2.7
1.8
1.3
0.9
0.8
0.4
Table 34: EVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (1999–2001)
1999–2001
Sweden
The Netherlands
Iceland
Denmark
Luxembourg
Austria
Germany, West
Czech Republic
Spain
Slovenia
Belgium
Finland
Germany, East
France
Great Britain
Italy
Greece
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
48.8
47.5
40.1
39.5
25.7
23.1
22.8
22.7
21.0
20.3
19.3
17.6
17.2
16.1
14.0
13.8
10.8
1999–2001
Ireland
Slovakia
Poland
Estonia
Croatia
Belarus
Portugal
Ukraine
Bulgaria
Malta
Romania
Russia
Latvia
Hungary
Lithuania
Turkey
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
10.7
10.7
6.3
5.1
5.0
4.5
3.1
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.1
2.0
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.2
Table 35: EVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
considers homosexuality as always justifiable. (2008–2009)
2008–2009
Iceland
Sweden
The Netherlands
Denmark
Norway
Luxembourg
Finland
Switzerland
Great Britain
France
Spain
Austria
Germany, West
Ireland
Belgium
Germany, East
Czech Republic
Slovenia
Slovakia
Malta
Portugal
Hungary
Greece
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
60.5
51.4
45.6
43.1
41.0
35.2
33.8
31.3
21.6
21.5
20.7
20.4
18.1
17.4
17.0
16.8
15.7
13.9
13.8
11.7
7.1
7.0
6.3
2008–2009
Croatia
Poland
Macedonia
Bulgaria
Montenegro
Northern Cyprus
Romania
Belarus
Russia
Latvia
Serbia
Lithuania
Estonia
Moldova
Albania
Cyprus
Turkey
Bosnia
Kosovo
Ukraine
Azerbaijan
Georgia
Armenia
% Homosexuality
Always Justifiable
4.7
3.4
3.2
3.0
2.4
2.0
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.8
0.8
0.4
0.2
0.1
WVS: I’d like to ask you about some groups that some people feel are threatening to the
social and political order in this society. Would you please select from the following list the
one group or organization that you like least?
Homosexuals
Table 36: WVS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
considers homosexuals as the least like group. (1995–1999)
1995–1999
% Homosexuals Least 1995–1999
% Homosexuals Least
Liked Group
Liked Group
Germany, West
0.7
Argentina
4.3
Spain
0.7
Australia
4.3
Switzerland
0.8
Serbia
4.9
Germany, East
0.9
Moldova
5.1
Albania
1.1
Ukraine
5.1
Czech Republic
1.2
Montenegro
5.4
The Philippines
1.2
Belarus
5.5
India
1.5
Lithuania
5.7
Sweden
1.8
Russia
5.7
Slovakia
2.0
Chile
5.9
Estonia
2.2
Macedonia
5.9
New Zealand
2.5
United States
5.9
Hungary
2.8
Bosnia - Srpska 6.2
Bosnia - Federation 3.0
Croatia
7.0
Columbia
3.1
Slovenia
7.1
Finland
3.1
South Africa
7.5
Uruguay
3.2
Romania
8.1
Georgia
3.3
Armenia
9.5
Brazil
3.5
Poland
11.4
Peru
3.7
Nigeria
12.0
Bulgaria
3.8
Venezuela
12.2
Dominican Republic 3.8
China
12.5
El Salvador
3.8
Azerbaijan
13.5
Latvia
4.0
Mexico
14.8
Puerto Rico
4.2
EVS: How would you feel about the following statements? Do you agree or disagree with
them?
Homosexual couples should be able to adopt children.
Table 37: EVS. “Homosexual cuple should be able to adopt children” % Agree or Strongly
Agree. (2008–2010)
2008–2010
% Strongly Agree + 2008–2010
Agree
Iceland
77.3
Belarus
The Netherlands 62.2
Moldova
Spain
47.8
Estonia
Sweden
47.0
Northern Cyprus
Denmark
46.8
Ukraine
Belgium
43.8
Macedonia
Norway
41.2
Italy
France
37.1
Albania
Luxembourg
37.1
Armenia
Finland
36.6
Kosovo
Great Britain
34.9
Cyprus
Germany, West
34.3
Slovakia
Germany, East
32.9
Latvia
Switzerland
32.3
Bosnia
Czech Republic
29.7
Serbia
Ireland
28.3
Croatia
Austria
28.1
Poland
Turkey
24.1
Montenegro
Portugal
21.1
Malta
Slovenia
18.0
Greece
Hungary
16.4
Lithuania
Romania
15.6
Azerbaijan
Russia
15.6
Georgia
Bulgaria
14.2
% Strongly Agree +
Agree
13.9
13.8
13.7
11.5
11.4
11.1
10.7
10.6
10.1
10.1
9.1
9.1
8.8
8.7
8.0
7.7
7.6
7.0
6.6
6.1
5.7
4.4
3.3
Source: National, representative samples of adults, 1981–2008. Data from www.worldvaluessurvey.
org/ and http://www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu/.
Technical information on surveys also available from www.worldvaluessurvey.org/ and
http://www.europeanvaluesstudy.eu/.
Sample sizes (EVS): ): Albania = 2008 – 1480; Armenia = 2008 – 1469; Austria – 1990 –
1418, 1999 – 1514, 2008 – 1502; Azerbaijan = 2008 – 1498; Belarus = 2000 – 980, 2008 –
1472; Belgium = 1981 – 1146, 1991 – 2792, 1999 – 1893, 2009 – 1497; Bosnia = 2008 – 1508;
Bulgaria = 1991 – 1030, 1999 – 974, 2008 – 1477; Canada = 1982 – 1252, 1990 – 1729;
Croatia = 1999 – 1001, 2008 – 1478; Cyprus = 2008 – 997; Czech Republic = 1991 – 2102,
1999 – 1881, 2008 – 1754; Denmark = 1981 – 1183, 1990 – 994, 1999 – 1017, 2008 – 1498;
Estonia = 1990 – 989, 1999 – 993, 2008 – 1514; Finland = 1990 – 562, 2000 – 1016, 2009 –
1132; France = 1981 – 1200, 1990 – 1002, 1999 – 1569 2008 – 1482; Georgia = 2008 – 1490;
Germany, East = 1990 – 1335, 1999 – 982, 2008 – 985; Germany, West = 1981 – 1304,
1990 – 2101, 1999 – 1033, 2008 – 1044; Great Britain = 1981 – 1166, 1990 – 1484, 1999 –
987, 2009 – 1543; Greece = 1999 – 1090, 2008 – 1490; Hungary = 1991 – 993, 1999 – 984,
2008 – 1499; Iceland = 1984 – 926, 1990 – 699, 1999 – 962, 2009 – 797; Ireland = 1981 –
1219, 1990 – 1000, 2000 – 990, 2008 – 969; Italy = 1981 – 1348, 1990 – 2018, 1999 – 1978;
Kosovo = 2008 – 1587; Latvia = 1990 – 894, 1999 – 996, 2008 – 1467; Lithuania = 1990 – 961,
1999 – 1011, 2008 – 1473; Luxembourg = 1999 – 1170, 2008 – 1576; Macedonia = 2008 – 1457;
Malta = 1991 – 392, 1999 – 1002, 2008 – 1475; Moldova = 2008 – 1540; Montenegro = 2008 –
1492; the Netherlands = 1981 – 1221, 1990 – 1015, 1999 – 1001, 2008 – 1540; Northern
Cyprus = 2008 – 491; Norway = 1981 – 1049, 1990 – 1190, 2008 – 1076; Poland = 1990 – 982,
1999 – 1095, 2008 – 1464; Portugal = 1990 – 1172, 1999 – 990, 2008 – 1514; Romania = 1993 –
1103, 1999 – 1113, 2008 – 1459; Russia = 1999 – 2463, 2008 – 1486; Serbia = 2008 – 1488;
Slovakia = 1991 – 1129, 1999 – 1329, 2008 – 1459; Slovenia = 1992 – 1035, 1999 – 998, 2008 –
1356; Spain = 1981 – 2304, 1990 – 2629, 1999 – 1170, 2008 – 1468; Sweden = 1982 – 954,
1990 – 1047, 2000 – 1013, 2009 – 1142; Switzerland = 2008 – 1254; Turkey = 2001 – 1205,
2008 – 2295; Ukraine = 1999 – 1190, 2008 – 1494; United States = 1982 – 2326, 1990 – 1825.
Sample size (WVS): Albania = 1998 – 999, 2002 – 1000; Algeria = 2002 – 1282; Andorra = 2005 – 996; Azerbaijan = 1997 – 2002; Argentina = 1984 = 850, 1991 – 1002,
1995 – 1079, 1999 – 1280, 2006 – 1002; Armenia = 1997 – 2000; Australia = 1981 – 1173,
1995 – 2048, 2005 = 1346; Bangladesh = 1996 – 1525, 2002 = 1500; Belarus = 1990 – 1015,
1996 – 2092; Bosnia Federation = 1998 – 800, 2001 – 800; Bosnia – SrpSka = 1998 –
400; 2001 – 400; Brazil = 1991 – 1782, 1997 – 1149, 2006 – 1487; Bulgaria = 1997 – 1072,
2006 – 1001; Burkina Faso = 2007 – 1534; Canada = 2000 – 1931, 2006 – 2164; Chile = 1900 –
1500, 1996 – 1000, 2000 – 1200, 2005 – 975; China = 1990 – 1000, 1995 – 1500, 2001 – 1000,
2007 – 1991; Columbia = 1997 – 3028, 1998 – 2996, 2005 – 3021; Croatia = 1996 – 1196;
Cyprus = 2006 – 1026; Czech Republic = 1990 – 924, 1998 – 1147; Dominican Republic = 1996 – 417; Egypt = 2000 – 3000; El Salvador = 1999 – 1254; Ethiopia = 2007 – 1500;
Estonia = 1996 – 1021; Finland = 1981 – 988, 1996 – 987, 2005 – 1010; France = 2006 – 1001;
Georgia = 1996 – 2008, 2008 – 1500; Germany, East = 1997 – 1009, 2006 – 1042; Germany,
West = 1997 – 1017;2006 – 952; Ghana = 2007 – 1534; Great Britain = 1998 – 1093;
2006 – 1041; Guatemala = 2005 – 1000; Hong Kong = 1998 – 1234; Hungary = 1982 –
1345, 1998 – 650; India = 1990 – 2500, 1995 – 2040, 2001 – 2002, 2006 – 2001; Indonesia = 2001 – 1004, 2006 – 1985; Iran = 2000 – 2532, 2007 – 2650; Israel = 2001 – 1196;
Italy = 2005 – 962; Japan = 1981 = 1014, 1990 – 1011, 1995 – 1055, 2000 – 1362, 2005 – 1096;
Jordan = 2001 – 1223, 2007 – 1200; Korea = 1982 – 896, 1990 – 1251, 1996 – 1249, 2001 –
1200, 2005 – 1194; Kyrgyzstan = 2003 – 1043; Latvia = 1996 – 1200; Lithuania = 1997 – 1009;
Macedonia = 1998 – 995, 2001 – 1055; Malaysia = 2006 – 1200; Mali = 2007 – 1534; Mexico = 1981 – 1837, 1990 – 1531, 1996 – 2364, 2000 – 1535, 2005 – 1560; Moldova = 1996 – 984,
2002 – 1008, 2006 – 1046; Montenegro = 1996 – 240, 2001 – 1060; Morocco = 201 – 2264; the
Netherlands = 2006 – 1050; New Zealand = 1998 – 1201, 2004 – 954; Nigeria = 1990 – 1001,
1995 – 1996, 2000 – 2022; Norway = 1996 – 1127, 2008 – 1022; Pakistan = 2001 – 2000;
Peru = 1996 – 1211, 2001 – 1501, 2008 – 1500; the Philippines = 1996 – 1200, 2001 – 1200;
Poland = 1989 – 903, 1997 – 1153, 2005 – 1000, Puerto Rico = 1995 – 1164, 2001 – 720;
Romania = 1998 – 1239, 2005 – 1717; Russia = 1990 – 1961, 1995 – 2040, 2006 – 2033;
Rwanda = 2007 – 1507; Saudi Arabia = 2003 – 1502; Serbia = 1996 – 1280, 2001 – 1200,
2006 – 1189; Singapore = 2002 – 1512; Slovakia = 1990 – 466, 1998 – 1095; Slovenia = 1995 –
1007, 2005 – 1037; South Africa = 1982 = 1476, 1990 = 2735, 1996 – 2945, 2001 – 3000,
2007 – 2927; Spain = 1990 – 1510, 1995 – 1211, 2000 – 1209, 2007 – 1200; Sweden = 1996 –
1009, 1999 – 1015,2006 – 1003; Switzerland = 1989 – 1401, 1996 – 1212, 2007 – 1212; Taiwan = 1994 – 780, 2006 – 1227; Tanzania = 2001 – 1171; Thailand = 2007 – 1521; Trinidad
and Tobago = 2006 – 1002; Turkey = 1990 – 1030, 1996 – 1907, 2001 – 3401, 2007 – 1346;
Uganda = 2001 – 1002; Ukraine = 1996 – 2811, 2006 – 995; United States = 1995 – 1542,
1999 – 1200, 2006 – 1241; Uruguay = 1996 – 1000, 2006 – 1000; Venezuela = 1996 – 1200,
2000 – 1200; Vietnam = 2001 – 1000, 2006 – 1495; Zambia = 2007 – 1099; Zimbabwe = 2001 –
1002.
Eurobarometers (EB)
For each of the folloiwng types of discrimination, could you please tell me whether, in your
opinion it is very widespread, fairly widespread, fairly rare, or very in (OUR COUNTRY)?
Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation (being gay, lesbian, or bisexual).
Table 38: EB. % Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is widespread.
% Widespread
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany, East
Germany, West
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
The Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
2006
42.6
48.8
25.1
72.0
30.3
27.4
25.8
49.3
57.0
30.6
31.5
47.5
67.5
35.5
38.2
72.9
32.3
41.9
36.0
56.0
49.9
59.2
66.9
47.1
33.0
60.5
49.1
63.0
2008
43.6
43.5
19.7
72.7
27.3
34.3
32.7
48.6
61.6
35.4
40.9
49.5
73.1
45.0
37.7
71.6
36.0
43.0
33.6
58.8
45.0
51.8
65.0
44.8
29.3
46.3
48.1
58.2
2009
41.1
44.5
22.0
65.9
21.5
37.9
28.7
50.7
61.1
33.7
35.6
39.7
64.3
43.3
30.3
61.4
39.7
36.4
39.1
56.8
54.6
50.2
57.5
48.6
26.9
46.9
43.4
57.0
2012
37.5
49.9
20.6
77.0
23.4
36.5
32.6
50.1
60.5
33.5
37.0
41.9
65.4
41.8
22.9
63.3
25.8
42.2
31.8
54.0
53.7
41.7
54.8
32.8
31.7
48.0
44.5
47.1
Rankings
Table 39: EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
considers discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is widespread. (2012)
2012
Bulgaria
Ireland
Czech Republic
Latvia
Slovakia
Luxembourg
Estonia
Romania
Germany, East
Denmark
Germany, West
Austria
Poland
Hungary
% Discrimination is
Widespread
20.6
22.9
23.4
25.8
31.7
31.8
32.6
32.8
33.5
36.5
37.0
37.5
41.7
41.8
2012
Great Britain
Lithuania
Spain
Sweden
Slovenia
Belgium
Finland
The Netherlands
Malta
Portugal
France
Italy
Greece
Cyprus
% Discrimination is
Widespread
41.9
42.2
44.5
47.1
48.0
49.9
50.1
53.7
54.0
54.8
60.5
63.3
65.4
77.0
Do you think that the economic crisis is contributing to an increase in discrimination on the
basis of . . . in the labour market?
Sexual orientation (being gay, lesbian, or bisexual)
Table 40: EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
considers the economic crisis increased discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.
2012
Cyprus
Greece
Italy
Portugal
Spain
Finland
Slovakia
Slovenia
Hungary
Estonia
France
Malta
Lithuania
Romania
% Discrimination has increased 2012
71.1
Belgium
63.7
Austria
51.1
Latvia
48.1
Sweden
46.6
The Netherlands
45.2
Czech Republic
45.2
Poland
44.8
Luxembourg
40.4
Germany, East
38.7
Denmark
36.8
Germany, West
34.4
Ireland
34.0
Great Britain
33.5
Bulgaria
% Discrimination has increased
33.3
32.8
31.2
31.2
30.3
29.2
29.1
27.6
27.5
27.3
25.4
25.0
24.7
15.9
In the past 12 months, have you witnessed someone being discriminated against or harassed
on the basis of one or more of the following grounds?
Sexual orientation (being gay, lesbian, or bisexual)
Table 41: EB. % reporting witnessing discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.
% Witnessing Discrim.
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany, East
Germany, West
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
The Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
2008
10.2
5.7
1.2
2.8
3.3
7.8
3.8
4.5
5.3
6.1
5.7
6.5
4.8
2.8
4.6
8.2
3.0
1.7
4.7
1.6
7.9
3.2
5.8
2.8
3.4
2.9
6.3
12.7
2012
9.9
11.6
2.2
8.1
3.2
16.7
4.4
14.4
8.9
6.5
6.8
10.6
5.8
4.0
5.1
14.6
6.9
4.5
6.4
9.8
19.1
5.5
3.7
3.5
2.5
5.8
11.5
19.4
Rankings
Table 42: EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
reports witnessing discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is widespread. (2012)
2012
Bulgaria
Slovakia
Czech Republic
Romania
Portugal
Hungary
Estonia
Lithuania
Ireland
Poland
Greece
Slovenia
Luxembourg
Germany, East
% Witnessing Discrimination
2.2
2.5
3.2
3.5
3.7
4.0
4.4
4.5
5.1
5.5
5.8
5.8
6.4
6.5
2012
Germany, West
Latvia
Cyprus
France
Malta
Austria
Great Britain
Spain
Belgium
Finland
Italy
Denmark
The Netherlands
Sweden
% Witnessing Discrimination
6.8
6.9
8.1
8.9
9.8
9.9
10.6
11.5
11.6
14.4
14.6
16.7
19.1
19.4
If you compare the situation with 5 years ago, would you say that the following types of
discrimination are more common or less common in COUNTRY?
Discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation (for example being gay or lesbian).
Far more widespread
Slightly more widespread
Slightly less widespread
Far less widespread
Don’t know
Table 43: EB. % reporting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is more
widespread.
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany, East
Germany, West
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
The Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
2006
35.1
26.8
19.4
39.7
19.3
16.5
21.3
20.6
37.0
21.1
20.2
25.0
36.5
34.6
28.9
44.3
34.4
30.1
34.4
31.3
32.4
41.0
44.5
37.5
30.4
48.7
23.7
27.5
2008
26.6
23.6
16.8
25.7
19.0
19.6
28.2
23.9
36.4
24.0
19.6
24.6
33.5
48.0
28.9
42.7
31.3
32.1
31.8
30.3
34.9
30.4
36.5
33.9
31.1
37.7
24.9
21.9
Discrimination can happen outside working life. For example, in education, when people go
shopping, visit restaurants/bars, try to rent an accommodation or buy a property, go to a
doctor or to a hospital. Could you please tell me whether, in your opinion, discrimination
outside working life is very widespread, fairly widespread, fairly rare, or very rare in (OUR
COUNTRY)? Discrimination on the basis of. . .
Sexual orientation (being gay, lesbian, or bisexual)
Table 44: EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
reports discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation is widespread. (2012)
2012
% Widespread
Italy
59.1
Greece
54.4
Cyprus
52.3
Portugal
49.7
France
46.1
Malta
44.0
The Netherlands 43.1
Slovenia
39.0
Sweden
38.4
Finland
38.2
Belgium
36.8
Spain
34.6
Great Britain
34.1
Austria
33.5
2012
Hungary
Poland
Luxembourg
Germany, West
Denmark
Slovakia
Lithuania
Romania
Estonia
Germany, East
Czech Republic
Ireland
Latvia
Bulgaria
% Widespread
33.2
31.9
29.4
29.1
28.4
28.2
28.0
27.9
25.9
22.7
18.8
17.8
17.5
15.9
Do you have friends or acquaintances who are. . .
Gay, lesbian, or bisexual?
Table 45: EB. % Reporting having a LGB friend or acquaintance.
Yes, have
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany, East
Germany, West
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
The Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Turkey
2006 2008
16.5 21.4
50.1 51.6
7.1
7.2
9.5
17.7 17.2
15.3 15.0
44.2 54.6
11.5 12.6
29.7 32.4
54.7 55.1
21.5 21.0
27.1 31.7
51.4 55.0
16.4 17.1
7.5
5.9
37.7 31.8
28.0 29.0
10.6 10.6
9.0
6.1
45.1 45.2
34.5 34.4
69.5 69.0
10.6 8.6
21.2 20.1
2.0
3.4
10.0 11.0
13.2 16.7
43.9 41.8
45.3 56.0
4.5
2009 2012
25.9 25.6
52.7 61.5
7.2
7.9
15.8
20.2
53.4
17.3
34.8
58.6
29.5
35.4
56.3
16.9
11.2
40.2
31.9
12.1
7.1
56.7
32.4
68.0
11.5
21.6
3.0
15.0
17.1
55.5
58.9
23.6
20.3
62.7
21.6
43.1
64.2
33.7
43.3
62.2
20.3
8.4
46.7
28.7
15.4
11.7
63.6
45.8
78.9
8.6
20.9
2.1
15.1
23.0
53.5
73.0
Rankings
Table 46: EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
reports having a LGB friend or acquaintance. (2012)
2012
% LGB Friend or
Acquaintance
The Netherlands 78.9
Sweden
73.0
France
64.2
Luxembourg
63.6
Denmark
62.7
Great Britain
62.2
Belgium
61.5
Spain
53.5
Ireland
46.7
Malta
45.8
Germany, West
43.3
Finland
43.1
Germany, East
33.7
Italy
28.7
2012
% LGB Friend or
Acquaintance
Austria
25.6
Cyprus
23.6
Slovenia
23.0
Estonia
21.6
Portugal
20.9
Czech Republic 20.3
Greece
20.3
Latvia
15.4
Slovakia
15.1
Lithuania
11.7
Poland
8.6
Hungary
8.4
Bulgaria
7.9
Romania
2.1
In (OUR COUNTRY) when a company wants to hire someone and has the choice between
two candidates with equal skills and qualifications, which of the following criteria may, in
your opinion, put one candidate at a disadvantage?
The candidate’s sexual orientation (being gay, lesbian, or bisexual)
Table 47: % reporting that LGB candidates face a disadvantage in hiring decisions
% Disadvantaged
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany, East
Germany, West
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
The Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
2006
17.9
22.3
15.0
29.8
17.8
19.2
10.4
27.6
16.7
20.3
17.2
13.7
20.8
10.9
12.7
21.7
16.8
22.8
19.0
29.8
25.6
20.1
26.9
20.7
17.4
21.4
14.9
30.3
2009
27.4
18.7
13.2
29.8
13.9
27.9
18.3
20.4
18.0
14.4
21.1
15.0
30.6
20.1
15.9
31.0
17.4
24.8
17.5
22.0
20.3
22.9
21.8
31.9
19.3
21.2
14.8
29.3
2012
24.6
21.2
14.4
54.0
10.5
19.1
15.6
31.7
17.1
16.8
17.7
9.9
34.7
20.2
10.2
22.7
10.4
21.3
14.5
34.8
23.7
16.2
26.1
15.4
22.4
24.8
22.8
28.4
Rankings
Table 48: EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
reports LGB people are disadvantaged in hiring decisions. (2012)
2012
Great Britain
Ireland
Latvia
Czech Republic
Bulgaria
Luxembourg
Romania
Estonia
Poland
Germany, East
France
Germany, West
Denmark
Hungary
% Disadvantaged
9.9
10.2
10.4
10.5
14.4
14.5
15.4
15.6
16.2
16.8
17.1
17.7
19.1
20.2
2012
Belgium
Lithuania
Slovakia
Italy
Spain
The Netherlands
Austria
Slovenia
Portugal
Sweden
Finland
Greece
Malta
Cyprus
% Disadvantaged
21.2
21.3
22.4
22.7
22.8
23.7
24.6
24.8
26.1
28.4
31.7
34.7
34.8
54.0
And using a scale from 1 to 10, please tell me how you would feel about having someone
from each of the following categories in the highest elected political position in (OUR COUNTRY)? “1”means that you fell “totally uncomfortable” and 10 means you would feel “totally
comfortable.”
A gay, lesbian, or bisexual person (In 2008-09: A homosexual (gay man or Lesbian
woman))
Table 49: % reporting comfort with LGB people (8–10)
Answers 8–10
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany, East
Germany, West
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
The Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Turkey
2008 2009 2012
31.5 21.9 27.9
73.1 60.6 61.5
12.9 8.2
11.3
24.8
21.2 20.5 25.2
22.5 16.2 13.5
82.7 74.6 80.8
36.8 24.6 23.4
38.5 29.8 25.4
70.4 64.1 56.4
51.3 34.3 29.9
49.8 37.4 39.4
65.3 58.1 64.5
35.2 24.0 22.3
26.4 16.8 13.9
59.5 59.4 61.0
30.9 26.9 25.6
17.0 14.8 9.1
25.0 22.6 21.6
54.6 38.7 69.9
48.4 43.1 45.7
82.4 69.4 71.3
42.8 38.7 33.9
26.9 19.7 22.7
15.9 11.6 11.4
24.4 17.9 6.8
41.4 35.7 44.5
60.1 51.8 62.2
85.2 77.8 80.5
17.1
Rankings
Table 50: EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
reports comfort with LGB people, 8–10 (2012)
2012
% Disadvantaged
Denmark
80.8
Sweden
80.5
The Netherlands 71.3
Luxembourg
69.9
Great Britain
64.5
Spain
62.2
Belgium
61.5
Ireland
61.0
France
56.4
Malta
45.7
Slovenia
44.5
Germany, West
39.4
Poland
33.9
Germany, East
29.9
2012
Austria
Italy
Finland
Cyprus
Estonia
Portugal
Greece
Lithuania
Hungary
Czech Republic
Romania
Bulgaria
Latvia
Slovakia
% Disadvantaged
27.9
25.6
25.4
25.2
23.4
22.7
22.3
21.6
13.9
13.5
11.4
11.3
9.1
6.8
For each of the following propositions, tell me if you. . .
Totally agree
Tend to agree
Tend to disagree
Totally disagree
Don’t know
Homosexual marriages should be allowed throughout Europe.
Table 51: EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
totally agrees to tends to agree with marriages for same-sex couples (2006)
2006
% Totally Agree 2006
+ Agree
The Netherlands 81.5
Portugal
Sweden
71.0
Estonia
Denmark
68.7
Slovakia
Belgium
62.4
Hungary
Germany, East
59.4
Malta
Luxembourg
58.4
Poland
Spain
55.6
Lithuania
Czech Republic
51.6
Croatia
Germany, West
50.6
Greece
Austria
49.3
Bulgaria
France
48.1
Turkey
Great Britain
46.3
Cyprus
Finland
45.4
Cyprus - Northern
Ireland
40.9
Latvia
Slovenia
31.2
Romania
Italy
30.9
% Totally Agree
+ Agree
28.9
20.6
19.1
18.1
18.0
17.4
16.6
16.3
15.3
15.1
14.2
14.1
13.2
12.2
10.7
For each of the following propositions, tell me if you. . .
Totally agree
Tend to agree
Tend to disagree
Totally disagree
Don’t know
Adoption of children should be authorised for homosexual couples through Europe.
Table 52: EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
totally agrees to tends to agree with adoption authorisation for same-sex couples (2006)
2006
% Totally Agree 2006
% Totally Agree
+ Agree
+ Agree
The Netherlands 68.7
Slovenia
16.6
Germany, East
51.0
Cyprus - Northern 16.2
Sweden
50.7
Turkey
15.1
Austria
44.3
Estonia
14.4
Denmark
43.9
Hungary
12.7
Belgium
43.4
Bulgaria
12.1
Spain
42.8
Slovakia
12.0
Germany, West
39.7
Lithuania
11.6
Luxembourg
38.6
Greece
10.7
France
34.7
Cyprus
9.9
Great Britain
32.7
Croatia
9.2
Ireland
29.5
Latvia
8.3
Finland
24.5
Romania
8.3
Czech Republic
24.4
Poland
6.9
Italy
24.4
Malta
6.8
Portugal
18.6
Do you think that homosexual couples should, or should not, have the right to. . . ?
Live together, without being married, but with the same advantages as married couples
Table 53: EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
agrees that same-sex couples should be able to live together (1993)
1993
% Should
The Netherlands 69.2
Denmark
59.4
Spain
54.4
Germany, East
42.9
Belgium
41.5
France
40.5
Great Britain
40.4
Germany, West
38.9
Luxembourg
35.5
Italy
31.4
Ireland
27.3
Greece
24.6
Portugal
18.5
Do you think that homosexual couples should, or should not, have the right to. . . ?
Marry each other
Table 54: EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
agrees that same-sex couples should be able to marry each other (1993)
1993
% Should
Denmark
59.5
The Netherlands 57.3
Spain
42.5
Belgium
35.2
Great Britain
32.3
Luxembourg
32.1
France
31.8
Germany, West
24.9
Germany, East
24.5
Italy
23.0
Ireland
21.8
Portugal
18.0
Greece
14.8
Do you think that homosexual couples should, or should not, have the right to. . . ?
Adopt children
Table 55: EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
agrees that same-sex couples should be able to adopt children (1993)
1993
% Should
The Netherlands 47.1
Spain
33.8
France
24.6
Belgium
23.5
Germany, East
21.5
Denmark
16.6
Germany, West
15.8
Great Britain
14.3
Luxembourg
12.7
Portugal
12.4
Italy
12.1
Greece
8.3
Ireland
7.3
Do you think that homosexual couples should, or should not, have the right to. . . ?
Inherit from one another, in the same way as married couples
Table 56: EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
agrees that same-sex couples should be able to inherit from one another (1993)
1993
% Should
The Netherlands 83.1
Denmark
81.3
Great Britain
70.2
Spain
65.3
Germany, West
64.0
Germany, East
62.2
Belgium
62.0
France
60.8
Luxembourg
48.7
Ireland
43.8
Italy
40.0
Greece
33.1
Portugal
25.1
There are differing views about whether people inherit particular characteristics or whether
they acquire them mainly from their upbringing or conditions in which they lived. Please
tell me whether you think each of the following characteristics is mainly inherited or mainly
the result of upbringing and living conditions. . .
Homosexual tendencies
Table 57: EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
believes that homosexual tendencies is mainly inherited (1996)
1996
% Mainly Inherited
The Netherlands 39.0
Germany, East
38.5
Germany, West
32.4
Ireland
29.1
Sweden
27.1
Great Britain
26.9
Finland
26.1
Denmark
26.0
Greece
25.2
Austria
23.3
Luxembourg
22.6
Spain
20.7
Italy
19.5
Belgium
18.2
Portugal
17.0
France
12.9
For each of the following situations, please tell me using the scale from 1 to 10 how you would
personally feel about it. On this scale, “1” means that you would be “very uncomfortable”
and “10” means that you would be “totally comfortable” with the situation.
Having a homosexual (gay man or lesbian woman) as a neighbor
Table 58: EB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
would be totally comfortable with a lesbian or gay neighbor (2008)
2008
% Totally Comfortable 2008
Sweden
81.9
Poland
Denmark
75.7
Greece
Great Britain
67.1
Estonia
The Netherlands 67.1
Lithuania
France
64.9
Italy
Luxembourg
59.8
Hungary
Belgium
57.8
Finland
Ireland
55.4
Austria
Malta
53.8
Bulgaria
Germany, East
49.8
Slovakia
Germany, West
48.2
Latvia
Cyprus
47.8
Czech Republic
Spain
46.3
Portugal
Slovenia
44.7
Romania
% Totally Comfortable
41.1
41.0
40.9
29.7
26.4
25.4
24.1
23.4
14.9
14.8
14.7
12.5
12.5
11.3
Source: National, representative in-person samples, 1993–2012. Data from http://zacat.
gesis.org/webview/
Technical information on surveys from http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/index_en.
htm and http://zacat.gesis.org/webview/.
Sample Sizes (WVS): 1993 Belgium = 1021; Denmark = 1000; France = 1019; Germany
East = 1065; Germany West = 1037; Great Britain = 1073; Greece = 1003; Ireland = 1008;
Italy = 1039; Luxembourg = 513; the Netherland = 1004; Portugal = 999; Spain = 1022 1996
Austria = 1009; Belgium = 1004; Denmark = 1000; Finland = 1038; France = 1002; Germany
East = 1006; Germany West = 1020; Great Britain = 1065; Greece = 1013; Ireland = 1002;
Italy = 1059; Luxembourg = 610; the Netherlands = 1070; Portugal = 1003; Spain = 1000;
Sweden = 1004 2006 Austria = 1016; Belgium = 1003; Bulgaria = 1035; Croatia = 1000;
Cyprus = 500; Czech Republic = 1091; Denmark = 1003; Estonia = 1001; Finland = 1000;
France = 1007; Germany East = 506; Germany West = 1018; Great Britain = 1000;
Greece = 1000; Hungary = 1005; Ireland = 1000; Italy = 1006; Latvia = 1015; Lithuania = 1000; Luxembourg = 500; Malta = 500; the Netherlands = 1018; Poland = 1000; Portugal = 994; Romania = 1047; Slovakia = 1024; Slovenia = 1032; Spain = 1003; Sweden = 1013;
Turkey = 1005 2008 Austria = 1008; Belgium = 1013; Bulgaria = 1001; Croatia = 1000;
Cyprus = 506; Czech Republic = 1070; Denmark = 1033; Estonia = 1000; Finland = 1000;
France = 1054; Germany East = 526; Germany West = 1036; Great Britain = 1006;
Greece = 1000; Hungary = 1001; Ireland = 1000; Italy = 1037; Latvia = 1004; Lithuania = 1008; Luxembourg = 512; Malta = 500; the Netherlands = 1023; Poland = 1000;
Portugal = 1000; Romania = 1024; Slovakia = 1049; Slovenia = 1027; Spain = 1004;
Sweden = 1007; Turkey = 1003 2009 Austria = 1001; Belgium = 1000; Bulgaria = 1009;
Croatia = 1000; Cyprus = 502; Czech Republic = 1034; Denmark = 1001; Estonia = 1007;
Finland = 998; France = 1078; Germany East = 430; Germany West = 1092; Great
Britain = 1014; Greece = 999; Hungary = 1001; Ireland = 1006; Italy = 1048; Latvia = 1013;
Lithuania = 1022; Luxembourg = 504; Malta = 500; the Netherlands = 1079; Poland = 1000;
Portugal = 1020; Romania = 1023; Slovakia = 1037; Slovenia = 1022; Spain = 1008; Sweden = 1005; Turkey = 1003 2012 Austria = 1001; Belgium = 1059; Bulgaria = 1008;
Cyprus = 504; Czech Republic = 1004; Denmark = 1008; Estonia = 1005; Finland = 1018;
France = 1027; Germany East = 525; Germany West = 979; Great Britain = 1001;
Greece = 1000; Hungary = 1008; Ireland = 996; Italy = 1026; Latvia = 1025; Lithuania = 1029; Luxembourg = 503; Malta = 500; the Netherlands = 1002; Poland = 1000;
Portugal = 1001; Romania = 1043; Slovakia = 1000; Slovenia = 1005; Spain = 1011; Sweden = 1034
European Social Survey (ESS)
Using this card, please say to what extent you agree or disagree with each of the following
statements. READ OUT EACH STATEMENT AND CODE IN GRID.
Strongly agree
Agree
Disagree
Strongly disagree
Don’t know
Gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own lives as they wish.
Table 59: ESS. % Agreeing that gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own lives
as they wish.
Albania
Austria
Belgium
Bulgaria
Croatia
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Great Britain
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Ireland
Israel
Italy
2002
2004
2006
71.2
78.6
69.2
78.9
70.2
79.8
51.7
38.0
56.5
88.0
60.8
77.6
74.5
75.4
47.7
42.9
80.0
62.4
68.8
55.2
86.7
36.9
62.6
75.6
73.5
75.4
49.4
46.9
75.9
63.5
87.4
33.2
63.4
77.7
70.6
78.3
42.5
78.1
2008
2010
84.4
42.9
36.9
51.9
64.0
88.8
38.4
68.0
85.7
80.8
81.0
50.7
40.0
86.9
46.7
38.7
54.9
65.2
89.6
40.7
74.3
82.6
81.2
83.6
49.7
45.1
85.1
60.1
81.8
60.3
2012
+
+
85.4
49.1
57.1
57.7
91.3
42.4
74.4
+
84.5
82.4
+
93.8
84.9
62.3
+
Table 59: ESS. % Agreeing that gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own lives
as they wish (continued)
2002
2004
2006
2008
Lithuania
Kosovo
Luxembourg
80.6 79.4
Netherlands
87.4 89.0 87.8 90.5
Norway
75.9 77.6 80.6 79.0
Poland
41.2 39.4 42.6 47.4
Portugal
68.4 58.5 57.0 62.6
Russia
25.6 24.6
Slovakia
43.2 39.5 41.4
Slovenia
49.7 51.2 51.6 55.5
Spain
66.0 72.2 76.3 77.2
Sweden
80.3 83.2 85.5 86.3
Switzerland
78.6 74.7 76.7 81.4
Turkey
21.7
29.4
Ukraine
30.2 25.6 25.5
+ = later releases are expected to have data
2010
2012
+
21.8
92.6
83.1
44.3
60.0
25.4
42.6
48.6
80.8
89.4
81.5
92.4
83.8
50.5
68.2
20.1
39.6
54.7
81.4
87.9
77.3
28.3 +
for these countries
Rankings
Table 60: ESS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
strongly agrees or agrees that gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own lives as
they wish (2010)
2010
Netherlands
Denmark
Sweden
Belgium
Great Britain
Norway
France
Ireland
Switzerland
Germany
Spain
Finland
Czech Republic
Israel
% Strongly Agree + Agree 2010
92.6
Portugal
89.6
Cyprus
89.4
Greece
86.9
Slovenia
83.6
Bulgaria
83.1
Hungary
82.6
Poland
81.8
Slovakia
81.5
Estonia
81.2
Croatia
80.8
Ukraine
74.3
Lithuania
65.2
Russia
60.3
% Strongly Agree + Agree
60.0
54.9
49.7
48.6
46.7
45.1
44.3
42.6
40.7
38.7
28.3
28.1
25.4
Table 61: ESS. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
strongly agrees or agrees that gay men and lesbians should be free to live their own lives as
they wish (2012 - Countries released by 4/21/2014)
2012
% Strongly Agree + Agree 2012
% Strongly Agree + Agree
Iceland
93.8
Portugal
68.2
The Netherlands 92.4
Israel
62.3
Denmark
91.3
Czech Republic 57.7
Sweden
87.9
Cyprus
57.1
Belgium
85.4
Slovenia
54.7
Ireland
84.9
Poland
50.5
Germany
84.5
Bulgaria
49.1
Norway
83.8
Estonia
42.4
Great Britain
82.4
Slovakia
39.6
Spain
81.4
Kosovo
21.8
Switzerland
77.3
Russia
20.1
Finland
74.4
Source: National probability in-person samples of adults, 2002–2010. Data and technical
information from www.europeansocialsurvey.org/.
Sample Sizes: Austria = 2002-2257, 2004-2255, 2006-2396; Belgium = 2002-1891, 20041774, 2006-1798, 2008-1755, 2010-1704, 2012-1867; Bulgaria = 2006-1396, 2008-2230, 20102433, 2012-2258; Croatia = 2008-1483, 2010-1641; Cyprus = 2006-996, 2008-1215, 20101082, 2012-1116; Czech Republic = 2002-1357, 2004-3026, 2008-2016, 2010-2383, 20121972; Denmark = 2002-1497, 2004-1484, 2006-1498, 2008-1606, 2010-1573, 2012-1647; Estonia = 2004-1987, 2006-1517, 2008-1660, 2010-1793, 2012-2380; Finland = 2002-1998, 20042022, 2006-1894, 2008-2192, 2010-1874, 2012-2193; France = 2002-1503, 2004-1806, 20061983, 2008-2067, 2010-1724; Germany = 2002-2912, 2004-2863, 2006-2905, 2008-2743, 20103032, 2012-2945; Great Britain = 2002-2050, 2004-1897, 2006-2394, 2008-2346, 2010-2422,
2012-2283; Greece = 2002-2564, 2004-2406, 2008-2072, 2010-2715; Hungary = 2002-1684,
2004-1478, 2006-1496, 2008-1526, 2010-1546, 2012-2001; Iceland = 2012-743; Ireland = 20022037, 2004-2269, 2006-1791, 2008-1764, 2010-2576, 2012-2615; Israel = 2002-2482, 20082378, 2010-2216, 2012-2499; Italy = 2002-1207, 2004-1530; Kosovo = 2010-1295; Luxembourg = 2002-1549, 2004-1632; the Netherlands = 2002-2364, 2004-1881, 2006-1887, 20081778, 2010-1822, 2012-1845; Norway = 2002-2036, 2004-1758, 2006-1749, 2008-1549, 20101548, 2012-1622; Poland = 2002-2109, 2004-1715, 2006-1720, 2008-1619, 2010-1750, 20121893; Portugal = 2002-1494, 2004-2037, 2006-2214, 2008-2344, 2010-2122, 2012-2120; Russia = 2006-2432, 2008-2508, 2010-2594, 2012-2483; Slovakia = 2004-1504, 2006-1760, 20081808, 2010-1849, 2012-1837; Slovenia = 2002-1512; 2004-1439, 2006-1476, 2008-1283, 20101400, 2012-1257; Sweden = 2002-1990, 2004-1944, 2006-1920, 2008-1828, 2010-1497, 20121847; Spain = 2002-1727, 2004-1649, 2006-1855, 2008-2543, 2010-1868, 2012-1881; Switzerland = 2002-2040, 2004-2140, 2006-1805, 2008-1819, 2010-1506, 2012-1493; Turkey = 20041851, 2008-2415; Ukraine=2004-2029, 2006-2002, 2008-1845, 2010-1909
Gallup World Poll (GWP)
Next, I’m going to read you a list, for each item on the list, please tell me whether you
perosnally believe that it is morally acceptable or morally wrong. How about homosexual
acts?
Table 62: GWP. % Reporting homosexuality is morally acceptable or wrong by country
and year.
Albania
2010
2011
2012
Bosnia Herzegovina
2010
2011
2012
Croatia
2010
2011
2012
France
2006
2008
Germany
2006
2008
Great Britain
2006
2008
India
2007
Kosovo
2010
2011
2012
Macedonia
2010
2011
2012
Montenegro
2010
2011
2012
Serbia
2010
2011
2012
Morally Acceptable
Morally Wrong
Don’t Know/Refused
14.4
8.4
9.3
78.7
78.6
85.0
6.9
12.9
5.6
4.6
10.3
6.4
89.4
82.8
87.9
6.0
6.8
5.8
22.1
23.7
17.3
65.2
59.2
52.1
12.6
17.0
30.6
81.4
78.1
15.1
18.1
3.5
3.9
67.9
68.2
25.4
25.3
6.7
6.5
65.7
58.2
29.4
36.3
4.9
5.5
1.3
88.6
10.1
3.2
4.5
2.7
90.9
90.6
92.4
5.8
4.9
4.9
9.8
8.1
6.9
82.8
81.3
74.7
7.4
10.6
18.3
6.0
8.8
11.2
82.4
84.2
80.2
11.6
7.0
8.6
9.3
10.5
10.9
82.2
80.3
80.1
8.5
9.2
9.0
Gallup World Polls, 2006–2012, are nationally representative samples of adults 15+ using inperson or telephone interviews. Data supplied by Bob Tortora from Gallup, 2013. Technical
information available at https://worldview.gallup.com/content/methodology.aspx.
Sample sizes: Albania = 1000(2010), 1006 (2011), 1029 (2012); Bosnia = 999 (2010), 1008
(2011, 1005 (2012; Croatia = 1030 (2010), 1028(2011), 999 (2012); France = 430 (2006),
1007 (2008); Germany = 414 (2006), 1002 (2008); Great Britain = 405 (2006), 1001 (2008);
India = 3186 (2007); Kosovo = 1016 (1016), 1047 (2011), 1025 (2012); Macedonia = 1000
(2010), 1018 (2011), 1025 (2012); Montenegro = 1001 (2010), 999 (2011), 1000 (2012);
Serbia = 1000 (2010), 1000 (2011), 1023 (2012)
Latinobarometer (LB)
Please tell me for the following statement whether you think it can always be justified,
never be justified, or something in between. Where 1 is “never justified” and 10 is “always
justified”
Homosexuality
Table 63: LB. % reporting that homosexuality is always justified by country and year.
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Columbia
Costa Rica
Chile
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
Uruguay
Venezuela
2002
15.8
7.3
6.9
6.0
2.0
14.2
2.1
2.3
4.2
4.1
17.0
3.7
4.0
2.8
7.3
13.8
2.9
2004
17.8
3.9
8.3
10.6
3.5
22.9
11.5
3.5
4.3
11.1
6.6
30.8
17.5
8.7
6.8
6.6
31.4
8.6
2008
21.7
2.5
8.1
6.0
5.0
8.4
2.8
2.9
6.0
6.0
3.3
13.5
13.8
3.8
6.5
5.8
27.8
5.4
2009
26.6
2.2
11.1
7.7
8.0
10.9
4.4
1.6
6.3
6.0
7.0
11.4
12.2
8.6
7.3
6.4
33.6
7.3
Rankings
Table 64: LB. Country ranking based on the percentage of the country’s population that
reports that homosexuality is always justified (2009)
2009
Uruguay
Argentina
Nicaragua
Mexico
Brazil
Chile
Panama
Costa Rica
Columbia
% Always Justified 2009
% Always Justified
33.6
Paraguay
7.3
26.6
Venezuela
7.3
12.2
Honduras
7.0
11.4
Peru
6.4
11.1
El Salvador
6.3
10.9
Guatemala
6.0
8.6
Dominican Republic 4.4
8.0
Bolivia
2.2
7.7
Ecuador
1.6
Do you strong agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree with the following statements I
am going to read?
Homosexual marriage
Table 65: LB. % Strongly agreeing or agreeing to homosexual marriage (2010).
2010
% Strongly Agree or
Agree
Uruguay
57.3
Argentina
52.1
Brazil
40.1
Dominican Republic 37.9
Chile
36.5
Panama
30.8
Mexico
30.2
Costa Rica
26.6
Venezuela
23.0
2010
Ecuador
Columbia
Honduras
Paraguay
El Salvador
Peru
Bolivia
Nicaragua
Guatemala
% Strongly Agree or
Agree
22.5
22.0
19.9
19.1
18.1
17.0
16.4
13.3
12.0
Source: National, representative in-person samples of adults. Data and technical information
(mostly in Spanish) from www.latinobarometro.org/latino/latinobarometro.jsp.
Sample size: Justified (2002, 2004, 2008, 2009) Argentina = 1113, 1153, 1099, 1055; Bolivia
= 1050, 952, 1052, 1051; Brazil = 905, 1102, 1135, 1077; Columbia = 1143, 1147, 1160, 1074;
Costa Rica = 971, 960, 937, 927; Chile = 1128, 1128, 1102, 1056; Dominican Republic = 964,
975, 962; Ecuador = 1191, 1173, 1143, 1058; El Salvador = 829, 943, 927, 933; Guatemala
= 960, 782, 808, 895; Honduras = 962, 935, 915, 890; Mexico = 1115, 1162, 1108, 1054;
Nicaragua = 987, 871, 905, 883; Panama = 950, 896, 869, 871; Paraguay = 583, 561, 1078,
1028; Peru = 1134, 1130, 1087, 1032; Uruguay = 1102, 1027, 1109, 1088; Venezuela = 1099,
1091, 1142, 1124.
Gay Marriage Argentina = 1200; Bolivia = 1200; Brazil = 1204; Columbia = 1200;
Costa Rica = 1000; Chile = 1200; Dominican Republic = 1000; Ecuador = 1200; El Salvador = 1010; Guatemala = 1000; Honduras = 1000; Mexico = 1200; Nicaragua = 998;
Panama = 1000; Paraguay = 1200; Peru = 1200; Uruguay = 1200; Venezuela = 1200.
About the authors
Tom W. Smith is Senior Fellow and Director of the Center for the Study of Politics and Society
at the NORC at the University of Chicago.
Jaesok Son is Research Associate at the NORC at the University of Chicago.
Jibum Kim is Research Associate at Sungkyunkwan University at Seuol.
About NORC
NORC’s mission is to conduct high-quality social science research in the public interest. Our work
is grounded in a commitment to research excellence, innovation, dissemination of data and findings,
and collegiality.
About the Institute
The Williams Institute on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Law and Public Policy at
UCLA School of Law advances law and public policy through rigorous, independent research and
scholarship, and disseminates its work through a variety of education programs and media to
judges, legislators, lawyers, other policymakers and the public. These studies can be accessed at
the Williams Institute website.
For more information
The Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law
Box 951476
Los Angeles, CA 90095-1476
(310) 267-4382
williamsinstitute@law.ucla.edu
www.law.ucla.edu/williamsinstitute