Dietary influences on selected physiological parameters in collegiate wrestlers during the
pre-competitive training period
by Don Wayne Jensen
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of . Master of Science in
Physical Education
Montana State University
© Copyright by Don Wayne Jensen (1984)
Abstract:
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relationship between the presence and absence of
specific nutritional control for purposes of attaining a pre-selected weight loss and 31 physiological
parameters in 18 collegiate wrestlers during the pre-competitive training period utilizing a pre- and
post-test design.
The subjects were divided into two groups. An experimental group (EG) was placed on a high
carbohydrate-hypocaloric diet. The second group (CG) served as controls and received no dietary
directions to aid in reducing body weight.
As a result of following a hypocaloric diet, the EG experienced a significantly larger (P<0.05)
reduction in total body weight in comparison to the CG. The composition of the weight loss for the EG
was made up of a decrease in both fat weight and lean body weight. The CG had an overall decrease in
total body weight due to a decrease in fat weight partly offset by an increase in lean body weight,
however, the two groups for body composition were not significant. No significant differences were
observed for muscular endurance, power, and aerobic endurance, although results indicate that the EG
made slightly larger improvements for nearly every variable measured over the pre-competitive
training period. Also, at both weigh-in periods just prior to competition, the differences found in the
urinary profiles (dehydration/ rehydration) between the two groups were not significant.
The results of this study indicate that there may be an individual optimal body composition for each
wrestler and that attempts at weight reduction beyond that level would be at the expense of lean body
weight as well as fat weight. Gains in performance related variables appear to be slight as a result of
following a hypocaloric diet." DIETARY INFLUENCES ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL
PARAMETERS IN COLLEGIATE WRESTLERS DURING
THE PRE-COMPETITTVE TRAINING PERIOD
by
Don .Wayne" Jensen
A t h e s i s su bmitted in p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t
o f th e requir em en ts f o r th e degree
.
\
Of
-
■•
. Master of Science
in
Physical Education
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bozeman, Montana
May 1984
APPROVAL
o f a t h e s i s s ubm itt ed by
Don Wayne Jensen
This t h e s i s has been read by each member of th e t h e s i s committee
and has been found to be s a t i s f a c t o r y re g a r d in g c o n t e n t , English usage,
f o r m a t , c i t a t i o n s , b i b l i o g r a p h i c s t y l e , and c o n s i s t e n c y , and i s ready
f o r submission to t h e College of Graduate S t u d i e s .
Approved f o r t h e Major Department
Date
Head, Major Department
Approved f o r th e College o f Graduate S tu d i e s
* 7 ^ 3 - /! r
Date
Graduate Dean
iii
. STATEMENT OF PERMISSION TO USE
In p r e s e n t i n g t h i s
thesis
in p a r t i a l
fu lf illm e n t of the re q u ire ­
ments f o r . a m a s t e r ' s degree a t Montana Stat e. U n i v e r s i t y ,
th e
Li b ra r y
shall
make i t
available
to
borrowers under r u l e s o f th e
.
Library.
Brief
quotations
from
this
I agree t h a t
thesis
•
a re
a ll o w a b l e
w it h o u t
s p e c i a l p e r m is s i o n , provided t h a t a c c u r a t e acknowledgement o f source i s
made.
Permission
fo r extensive
quotation
from o r r e p r o d u c t i o n
of t h i s
t h e s i s may be gra nte d by my major p r o f e s s o r , or in h i s a bse nc e, by th e
D i r e c t o r o f L i b r a r i e s when, in th e opinio n of e i t h e r , th e proposed use
o f th e m a t e r i a l
i s f o r s c h o l a r l y purp os es.
Any copying or use of th e
m a t e r i a l in t h i s t h e s i s f o r f i n a n c i a l gain s h a l l not be allowed w ith out
my w r i t t e n pe rm is si on.
S i g n a tu r e
’Date
z^ > 7 C ^ - ^ '
^ / / 6 / S V ______
iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would l i k e to e xpr e ss my a p p r e c i a t i o n to Dr. Robert Schwarzkopf
for
his
support,
constructive
criticism
and
prodding
th rou ghout
the
development and completion o f t h i s s tu dy.
In a d d i t i o n ,
I am indeb ted to J a c q u e l i n e O1Palka f o r he r guidance
in th e de sign and implementation o f t h e d i e t a r y program, f o r w it h o u t he r
a i d t h i s st ud y might no t have taken p l a c e .
Special thanks a r e extended to B i l l W i l l e t t s and t h e MSU Wrestling
Team f o r t h e i r c oo p e r a ti o n and p a t i e n c e f o r enduring t h e d i e t a r y program
and
my
relentless
testing
while
a tt e m p t i n g
to
c o n ti n u e
with
some
semblance o f normal t r a i n i n g .
Finally,
I wish t o thank my w i f e , Joanne, f o r he r s a c r i f i c e and
und e rs ta nd in g so t h a t I could co n ti n u e my e d u c a ti o n .
V
TABLE OF.CONTENTS
Chapter
Page
LIST OF TABLES . ............................................................
LIST OF FIGURES
. . . . . . . .
.....................
ABSTRACT...........................................
II..
ix
x
THE PROBLEM........................................................................................................I
I n t r o d u c t i o n ................................................
Statement o f t h e Problem ......................
S p e c i f i c O b je c ti v e s . ' . . . . . . . .
Hypothesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D e l i m i t a t i o n s ................................... . .
Limitations . . . .
...............................
General Terms and D e f i n i t i o n s . . .
Aerobic Endurance . ......................
Aerobic Tr ai n i n g ..........................
Anaerobic T r a in i n g ......................
B ase -Tr ain ing Period ..................
C a r b o h y d r a t e ............................... .
C o m p e ti ti v e .T r a in in g Period . .
Dehydration .......................................
Diet .....................................................
Fat ............................... ..........................
Memory R e c a l l ...................... .... . .
Muscular Endurance ......................
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pr e-Com petitiv e Tr ai n i n g Period
P r o te i n .......................... .....................
Semi - S t a r v a t i o n ..................; . .
S p e c i f i c G ra vity . . . . . . .
c y i C T > C D c r i t 7 i o i t r t - t n t n c j i o i o i j i . - f i - t 5 > - P » - > o j o o o j p o r o i —•
I.
viii
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...................... ......................... .... .
7
Physical C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f W r e s t l e r s ...................................
D ie ta r y Co ntr ols on Weight Loss in W re st le rs ......................
Dehydration in W r e s tl e r s ..................................................................
Dehydration/Reh ydration in W r e s t l e r s . ...................................
Acute and Chronic S e m i- S ta rv a ti o n ............................................
S u m m a r y ......................................................... .... . ' ...............................
7
9
12
14
22
25
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued
Chapter
III.
Page
PROCEDURE
..................
.................. . . .
S u b je c ts . ..............................................................................
...................................... ....
Revised Popu latio n
D ie t a r y P r o g r a m ................................................................. .... . . .
T e s ti n g B a t t e r y ....................................... .... . ...............................
Te s ti n g Equipment and P r o c e d u r e s ..................................
Body C o m p o s i t i o n ......................................................................
G i r t h s ...........................................................................................
H e i g h t .....................
W e i g h t ........................................................
Muscular Endurance ..................................................................
Power . ..................................
Aerobic E n d u r a n c e ...............................
Urine A n a l y s i s .................................................... .....................
T e s ti n g Schedule . ...............................................................................
Analysis o f Data .................................................
IV.
V.
VI.
27
27
28
.28
30
31
31
32
34
34
34
35
36
36
36
37
RESULTS...................................
38
Diet Composition and C a l o ri c In ta ke .......................................
Body Composition/Total BodyW e i g h t ............................
G i r t h s ...............................
Muscular Endurance ...............................................................................
Power . . ............................................................. • ...............................
Aerobic Endurance
...............................................................................
Urine Analys is . . . .............................................................
38
41
45
48
50
52
52
DISCUSSION................................................................................
56
E f f e c t o f Hypocaloric D i e t onBody Composition . . . . .
Muscular Endurance/Power ..................................................................
Aerobic E n d u r a n c e ......................... ................................... ....
Urine A n a l y s i s .............................................................................. . .
56
59
60
61
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...............................
64
. Summary ■.................................................... .... . . ...............................
Conclusions . . . . . .
...................... ^
.
. Recommendations . ..................................
64
65
67
REFERENCES CITED ..................................................
68
vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued
Page
Chapter
APPENDICES...............................................................................................
Diet Composition and C a l o r i c Intake
(Approximation o f Ind iv id ual
D ie ta r y Needs) ................................................
Appendix B. P r e d i c t e d and Actual Competitive
Weight C l a s s i f i c a t i o n ...............................
Appendix C. Total Body Weight
...................................
Appendix D. Anthropometric Data . . . . . . . . .
Appendix E. Body Composition Data ...............................
Appendix F. Muscular Endurance . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix G. Modified-Wingate T e s t ...............................
Appendix H. - I i - M i l e R u n ...................................
Appendix I . Urine Anal ysi s .................. ..........................
Appendix J . Diet Composition and C a l o r i c In ta ke .
Appendix K. Consent Form . . . . . . .
......................
75
Appendix A.
76
77
78
79
81'
84
86
88
89
90
92
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table
Page
I
Body Composition o f Male Normals and A t h l e t e s . . . . . .
10
2
Dehydration in M a n ......................................................... ....
. .
15
3
Mean Age, H e ig ht , Weight, and Body Composition f o r
t h e P r e - T e st on 18 C o l l e g i a t e W re st le rs . . . . . . .
. t
27
4
D ie t Composition and C a l o r i c I nta ke ...................................
. .
39
5
A na ly sis o f Covariance R es ults Between t h e EG and CG
Among t h e Body Composition V a r ia b le s with th e
P r e - T e s t as C ova ri at e .................................................................
6
Anal ysi s o f Covariance R es ults Between t h e EG and CG
Among th e G ir th V a r ia b le s with t h e Pr e- T e st as
C o v a r i a t e ...........................................................................................
7
A na ly sis o f Covariance R e s u lt s Between t h e EG and CG
Among t h e Muscular Endurance V a ri a b le s with the
P r e - T e s t as C ova ri at e ......................................................... . . . .
48
8 '
Anal ysi s o f Covariance R e s u lt s Between t h e EG and CG
Among t h e Power V a r ia b le s with t h e Pr e- T e st as
C o v a r i a t e . .............................................................................. ....
9
Anal ysi s o f Covariance R es ults Between th e EG and CG
Among th e Aerobic Endurance V a r ia b le s with the
P r e - T e s t as C ova ri at e ...................... ( ........................................ . .
52
Anal ysi s o f Covariance R e s u lt s Between th e EG and CG
Among t h e Urine Anal ysi s V a r ia b le s with th e
P r e - T e st as C o v a r i a t e .................................................... .... . . ,. .
54
IO
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
Table
Page
1 .
C a l o r i c I n t a k e .......................... .... . . . . . . ...........................
40
2
Total Body Weight
43
3
SkinfoTd Measurements . . .... ...................................................
44
4
Somatogram
47
5
Muscular Endurance
6
Modified-Wingate Tes t / . . ....................................................
51
7
I i - M i l e Run
53
8
Urine A n a l y s i s ..........................
...............................................................................
.................................................................................. .... .
...................................
. . . . . . . . .
............................................................................................
49
55
X
ABSTRACT
The purpose of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was to examine th e r e l a t i o n s h i p
between t h e presence and absence o f s p e c i f i c n u t r i t i o n a l co n tr o l f o r
purposes o f a t t a i n i n g a p r e - s e l e c t e d weight lo s s and 31 p h y s io lo g ic a l
parameters in 18 - c o l l e g i a t e w r e s t l e r s during t h e p r e - c o m p e t i t i v e
t r a i n i n g p e r io d u t i l i z i n g a p r e - and p o s t - t e s t desi gn.
The s u b j e c t s were d iv id e d i n t o two groups.
An experimental group
(EG) was pla ced on a high c a r b o h y d r a t e - h y p o c a l o r i c d i e t .
The second
group (CG) ser ved as c o n t r o l s and re c e iv e d no d i e t a r y d i r e c t i o n s to a i d
in reducing body w ei ght .
As a r e s u l t o f fo ll ow in g a h y p o c a lo r ic d i e t , th e EG ex perienced a
s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r (P<0.05) re d u c t i o n in t o t a l
body weight in
comparison to th e CG. The composition o f th e weight l o s s f o r th e EG was
made up o f a d e c r e a s e in both f a t weight and lean body w ei ght.
The
CG had an o v e r a l l d e cr ea se in t o t a l body weight due t o a d e c r e a s e in f a t
weight p a r t l y o f f s e t by an i n c r e a s e in lean body w e ig h t, however, the
two groups f o r body composition were not s i g n i f i c a n t .
No s i g n i f i c a n t
d i f f e r e n c e s were observed f o r muscular en durance, power, and a er obic
en durance, al though r e s u l t s i n d i c a t e t h a t th e EG made s l i g h t l y l a r g e r
improvements f o r n e a r l y every v a r i a b l e measured over th e p r e - c o m p e t i t i v e
t r a i n i n g p e r i o d . Also, a t both weigh-in p e ri o d s j u s t p r i o r to competi­
t i o n , th e d i f f e r e n c e s found in t h e u r i n a r y p r o f i l e s ( d e h y d r a t i o n /
r e h y d r a t i o n ) between t h e two groups were no t s i g n i f i c a n t .
The r e s u l t s o f t h i s study i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e r e may be an in di v id u a l
optimal body composition f o r each w r e s t l e r and t h a t a t t e m p t s a t weight
r e d u c t i o n beyond t h a t le v e l would be a t t h e expense o f le an body weight
as well as f a t we igh t. Gains in performance r e l a t e d v a r i a b l e s appear to
be s l i g h t as a r e s u l t o f fo ll o w i n g a h y p o c a lo r ic diet."
I
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
'
In t h e
sport
of w restling,
contestants
a re
grouped
,
i n t o weight
c l a s s e s to allow them"to compete with o t h e r s o f a s i m i l a r body weight.
In an e f f o r t to maximize performance p o t e n t i a l , w r e s t l e r s o f t e n at te m pt
to minimize
the
performance.
amount o f
body f a t ,
By reduci ng to
their
as
fat
does
no t
lowest f u n c t i o n a l
contribute
to
body weight t h e
w r e s t l e r hopes to gain an advantage over opponents having more body f a t
and l e s s muscle mass.
Mental
endurance,
factors
attitude,
body
which
te c h n i q u e ,
c om posi tio n,
influence
the
and
muscular
energy
overall
strength,
levels
performance
are
of
cardiovascular
among
the
many
w restlers.
In
a d d i t i o n , s e m i - s t a r v a t i o n plus d e hydra tio n a re o f t e n used to a t t a i n an
artificially
low body weight
to
qualify
for
a
lower weight
class.
Whenever p o s s i b l e , t h e n e g a t i v e e f f e c t s o f "making weight" p r i o r to each
contest
through d i e t i n g
because an a r t i f i c i a l l y
p ro g r e s s o f w r e s t l e r s
optimal
level
and d e hydra tio n
should be kept to
a minimum
low body weight may s i g n i f i c a n t l y c u r t a i l
th e
as they, can n e i t h e r t r a i n nor compete a t t h e i r
(4 , 5, 6 , 27, 53).
To minimize th e s t r e s s e s caused by
ch ro ni c c a l o r i c r e s t r i c t i o n and d e h y d r a t i o n , any major changes in body
weight to achiev e an "optimal" body composition would most a p p r o p r i a t e l y
2
ta k e pl a ce duri ng th e
ba se - and pr e - c o m p e t i t i v e
training
periods.
A
need e x i s t s f o r r e s e a r c h to determine i f a high Carbohydrate - h y p o c a l o n " c
d i e t w i l l a s s i s t w r e s t l e r s a t t a i n t h e i r . optimal body composition during
the pre .-competitive t r a i n i n g p e r io d .
Statement o f t h e Problem
The purpose o f t h i s
c om posi tio n, t o t a l
aerobic
endurance
c o m p e t it iv e
prescribed
is
to examine changes in body
body w e ig h t, g i r t h s , muscular endu rance , power, and
that
training
dietary
investigation
oc cur
pe rio d
controls
during
in
a
collegiate
w restlers
versu s
a
fol lo wi ng
free
or
wrestling
a . program
uncontrolled
preof
dietary
program.
S p e c i f i c O b je ct i ves
1.
To a nal yz e th e composition o f foods consumed from food items
and p o r t i o n s i z e f o r each s u b j e c t duri ng t h e p r e - c o m p e t i t i v e t r a i n i n g
period.
2.
To measure t h e changes in body co mposi tion, t o t a l
body w ei ght,
and g i r t h s f o r each s u b j e c t during th e p r e - c o m p e t i t i v e t r a i n i n g pe ri o d .
3.
To
measure
the
changes
in
muscular
e ndurance ,
power,
and
a e r o b ic endurance f o r e a c h . s u b j e c t during, th e p r e - c o m p e t i t i v e t r a i n i n g
period.
4.
To measure t h e s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f u r in e samples from each of
th e s u b j e c t s th e morning o f t h e f i r s t co mp et iti on (w e ig h-i ns ) and again
f i v e hours l a t e r .
3
Hypothesis
Null
H yp o th e si s .
It
was
hypo the si zed
that
s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e between th e ex perimental
there
would
and c o n tr o l
be
no
groups
in
body c om posi tio n, t o t a l body w e ig h t, g i r t h s , muscular e n d u r a n c e , ' power,
and a e r o b i c endurance duri ng th e p r e - c o m p e t i t i v e t r a i n i n g
pe rio d as a
re s u lt of dietary controls.
A l t e r n a t e H y p o th e s is .
s ig n ific a n t difference
I t was hypothe si zed t h a t t h e r e would be a
between th e experimental
and c o n t r o l
groups in
body co mp osi tio n, t o t a l body w e ig h t, g i r t h s , muscular e ndurance , power,
and a e r o b i c endurance during th e p r e - c o m p e t i t i v e t r a i n i n g pe rio d as a
re s u lt of dietary controls.
Del i m i t a t i o n s
This
stud y was d e l i m i t e d
to
t w e n t y - f i v e members o f
the
Montana
S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y (MSU) w r e s t l i n g team, 1983-84.
L i m it a ti o n s
1.
The s e l e c t i o n o f t h e s u b j e c t s f o r t h e experimental and co ntro l
groups were based on t h e i r campus l i v i n g arrangements.
2.
The
degree
of
weight
r e q u i r e d f o r each s u b j e c t to
re d u c t i o n
was
limited
to
th e
amount
reach a s p e c i f i e d weight c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
( pr e- de te rm in e d by each s u b j e c t ) f o r c o m p e t it io n .
3.
The ex perimental g r o u p ' s d i e t a r y i n t a k e and food s e l e c t i o n was
not com ple tely c o n t r o l l e d ,
as t h e s u b j e c t s
observed durin g th e i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
could no t be c on ti n u o u s ly
4
4.
Records o f food
intake
(i.e.,
portion
size,
ingredients)
by
both groups were assumed to be a c c u r a t e .
5.
The
ability
of
th e
investigator
to
accurately
analyz e
the
recorded food i n t a k e o f th e s u b j e c t s was assumed to be a c c u r a t e .
6.
The
analysis
of
th e
subjects'
diets
was
performed
on
an
N-Squared N u t r i t i o n i s t computer program, which had a l i m i t e d number o f
l i s t i n g s in t h e food code.
7.
Al I
of
the
test
results
are
assumed
to
represent
maximal
e f f o r t s on th e p a r t o f th e s u b j e c t s .
8.
The t r a i n i n g
and t e s t i n g o f t h e s u b j e c t s may be a f f e c t e d by
injury and/or i l l n e s s .
'
General Terms and D e f i n i t i o n s
1.
fitness,
Aerobic Endurance.
which
is
a more
Aerobic endurance r e f e r s to c a r d i o v a s c u l a r
general
total
body
endurance
and
is
not
l o c a l i z e d to any s p e c i f i c muscle group (63).
2.
Aerobic T r a i n i n g .
Aerobic t r a i n i n g
refers
to
t r a i n i n g which
can be performed with a s u f f i c i e n t supply of oxygen a v a i l a b l e to meet
th e a c t i v i t i e s ' energy demands (63).
3.
in v olv in g
Anaerobic
intense
Training.
p e r io d s
Anaerobic
of e x e r c i s e
training
such
refers
as w r e s t l i n g
to
training
or
interval
t r a i n i n g (63).
4.
B ase -Tr ain ing P e r i o d .
During t h e b a s e - t r a i n i n g pe ri o d emphasis
i s placed upon b u i l d i n g o v e r a l l s t r e n g t h , i n c r e a s i n g a e r o b i c endurance,
rehabilitating
i n j u r i e s , promoting gener al
flexibility,
and g r a d u a l l y
5
reducing t o t g l
body weight n e a r e r to c o m p e t it iv e w e ig h t.
This period
extends from April 15 to September 29.
5.
Carbohydrate.
Carbohydrate
refers
to
a food
s ubst an ce
that
i n c lu d e s v a r io u s sug ars and s t a r c h e s and i s found in th e body in the
form of g lu c o s e .a n d glycogen (63).
6.
period
Competitive. T r a in i n g P e r i o d .
th e
endurance
emphasis
levels
is
built
upon
During the c o m p e t it iv e t r a i n i n g
m a i n ta in in g
during t h e
base-
th e
strength
and
a e r o b ic
and p r e - c o m p e t i t i v e t r a i n i n g
p e r i o d s , p r o g r e s s i v e l y i n c r e a s i n g t h e i n t e n s i t y of w r e s t l i n g , and adding
interval
training
(fartleks,
s p r i n t s , and s t a i r r u n n i n g ) .
This pe rio d
extends from November 18 to March 15.
7.
D e hy drati on.
Dehydration r e f e r s to an extreme d e c r e a s e of the
in t a k e of f l u i d s in an at te m p t to r a p i d l y reduce body w ei ght.
8.
D iet.
Diet r e f e r s t o foods consumed to meet n u t r i t i o n a l needs.
I t i s a l s o used to d e s c r i b e th e p a t t e r n o f foods s e l e c t e d t o meet t h e s e
need s, as well as a program to l o s e , m a i n t a i n , or gain weight (63).
9.
Fat.
Fat
refers
to
a food ’ su bs ta nc e
that
is
composed
of
g ly c e r o l and f a t t y a c id s (63).
10.
subject
Memory R e c a l l .
Memory r e c a l l
refers
to determine food ,intake and p o r t i o n
to an i n t e r v i e w with a
sizes
f o r a given time
pe rio d (36). .
11 .
Muscular Endurance.
Muscular endurance r e f e r s t o t h e muscles'
\
a b i l i t y to r e s i s t f a t i g u e and perform phys ic a l work ( r e p e t i t i o u s ) with a
given p e rc en ta g e o f t h e s u b j e c t ' s body we igh t.
12.
Power.
For t h e purposes o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , power r e f e r s to
t h e maximal amount of work which can be performed f o r a given r e s i s t a n c e
6
and time p e r i o d .
This i s a r e f l e c t i o n
o f a nae ro bic power as well
as
a n ae ro b ic metabolism (31).
13.
Pr e-Co mp et iti ve
T r a in i n g
Period.
During
the
pre-competitive
t r a i n i n g pe ri o d t h e emphasis i s t o co n ti n u e b u i l d i n g t h e a e r o b ic b a s e ,
change
from
specifically
a
general
strength
for w restling,
training
program
to
one
designed
p r o g r e s s i v e l y add more w r e s t l i n g time and
reduce body weight n e a r e r t o c o m p e t it iv e we ight.
This pe ri o d extends
from October I to November 17.
14.
Protein.
P r o t e i n r e f e r s to a food su bst a nc e formed from amino
a c i d s (63).
15.
Semi-Starvation.
Semi-starvation
refers
to
the
practice
of
s e v e r e l y r e s t r i c t i n g c a l o r i c i n t a k e in an at te m p t to induce a r e duc tio n
in body w eight.
16.
Specific
Gravity.
Specific
gravity
is
s ub sta nc e compared with t h e weight of an equal
s ub sta nc e
taken
as
a standard.
The s t a n d a r d
w a t e r , which has a s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f 1.000.
the
weight
of
a
amount o f some o t h e r
for
liquids
is
usually
I f a u r i n e sample shows a
s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y o f 1 . 020 , t h i s means t h e u r i n e i s 1.020 times h e a v ie r
than an equal
1.025 (41).
volume o f w a te r . . Normal u r i n e has a range o f 1.006 to
7
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
The foc a l
point
of
this
investigation
is
directed
towards
th e
p h y s i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t s o f weight r e d u c ti o n in c o l l e g i a t e w r e s t l e r s as a
result
of
available
dietary
which
relatively
function
controls.
relates
little
of dietary
to
research
Though a g r e a t
performance
has
restriction
in
examined
(26,
deal
th e
of
sport
performance
62).
This
in for ma ti on
of
is
w restling,
changes
as
c h a p t e r a tte mp ts
a
to
provide a b r i e f summary o f such r e s e a r c h and w i l l be s t r u c t u r e d in t h e
fo ll ow in g manner:
1.
Physical C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f W r e s tl e r s
2.
D ie ta r y C ont ro ls on Weight Loss in W re st le rs
3.
Dehydration in W re st le rs
4.
Dehydrat ion /R ehy dra tio n in W r e s tl e r s
5.
Acute and Chronic Se m i- S ta rv a ti o n
Physical C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f W r e s tl e r s
Regardless o f v a r i a t i o n s
tlers
are
characterized
in anatomic s t r u c t u r e ,
by low l e v e l s
o f body f a t ,
p a r t i c i p a t i n g in t h e heavyweight d i v i s i o n .
deadweight and reduces performance p o t e n t i a l
s u c c e s s fu l
w re s ­
e xce pt f o r th o s e
Excessive body f a t a c t s as
(63).
Of g r e a t e r concern
i s t h e f a c t t h a t w r e s t l e r s a r e grouped i n t o weight c l a s s e s , consequently
they may have t o compete a g a i n s t o t h e r s having a l a r g e r p ercen ta ge of
8
t h e i r body weight as muscle i f th e i n d i v i d u a l w r e s t l e r i s o v e r l y f a t .
Having more lean
tissue
can be viewed as a d e f i n i t e
advantage
in a
combative s p o r t such as w r e s t l i n g where s t r e n g t h i s major d e te rm in a nt in
th e outcome.
Gayle and Flynn
(24)
studied nineteen w re stlers
participating
in
the 1974 U.S. Olympic T r i a l s to determine t h e maximal oxygen consumption
and
the
relative
body f a t
The
subjects
ranged from 17 to 36 y e a r s old and weighed from 52 to 135 kg.
R esu lts
i n d i c a t e d t h e mean e s t i m a t e d body f a t was 9.8 p e r c e n t f o r a l l
but the
heavyweight w r e s t l e r s
of
high-ability
w restlers.
(27.5%) who a t t e m p t t o
gain as much weight as
possible.
Di
Prampero
and
co-workers
(21)
investigated
p a r t i c i p a t i n g in t h e 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico C it y .
.116
athletes
They r e p o rt e d
p e n ta t h T e te s as having t h e lowest p e rc en ta g e o f body f a t ( 10%), followed
by
long
distance
cyclists.
(11.5%),
sprint
runn ers
runners
boxers
(12.5%),
(11%),
(12%),
rowers
middle
w restlers
(14%),
distance
(12.5%),
run ne rs
(11.5%),
swimmers
soccer players
(14%),
(12.%),
fencers
(14.5%), and r i f l e s h o o t e r s (24.5%).
Tcheng and Tipton (57) undertook t h e assessment o f anth rop om et ric
d a ta on 582 s t a t e f i n a l i s t s and 835 "average" Iowa high school w r e s t l e r s
t o develop a m u l t i p l e r e g r e s s i o n e q u a ti o n to p r e d i c t minimal w r e s t l i n g
weight (MWW).
Measurements were taken f o r h e i g h t , w e i g h t ,
g i r t h s , and s k i n f o l d s .
diameters,
As a r e s u l t o f t h e i r f i n d i n g s , t h e recommended
minimal l e v e l of body f a t w it h o u t p r i o r medical approval was e st i m a te d
a t fiv e percent.
9
Table
I presents
a summary o f s e l e c t e d
performed on w r e s t l e r s and n o n - a t h l e t e s
body composition s t u d i e s
(nor mals ).
From t h e s e s t u d i e s
i t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t , as a group, w r e s t l e r s tend to be l e a n .
t h a t th e optimal
le v e l o f r e l a t i v e body f a t f o r w r e s t l e r s
I t appears
is approxi­
mately s i x to nine p e r c e n t , with f i v e p e r c e n t the recommended minimum.
Some i n d i v i d u a l s may be a b l e to s a f e l y maint ai n h e a l t h when reducing
below a le v e l o f f i v e p e r c e n t body f a t (62).
D ie ta r y Control on Weight Loss in W r e s tl e r s
An i n - d e p t h case stu dy was performed by Widerman and Hagan (62) on
one w r e s t l e r (54.9 kg) p re p a r in g f o r t h e 1981 Maccabiah Games T r i a l s and
the
National
AAU
Championships.
The
subject
remained
on
a
high,
c ar bo hyd rate -l ow c a l o r i e d i e t f o r th e d u r a t i o n o f th e study (Feb.
Apr. 13, 1981).
23-
The t o t a l amount o f Kcal/week was rec ord ed and averaged
to determine t h e Kcal consumed per. day.
t h e average c a l o r i c
From February 23 to March 17,
i n t a k e was approxim at el y 2006 Kcal/ d a y , with the
p r o p o r t i o n o f f o o d s t u f f s being app rox imate ly 61 p e r c e n t c a r b o h y d r a t e , 19
percent f a t ,
and 20 p e r c e n t p r o t e i n .
From March 23 t o April
13, his
average c a l o r i c consumption was ,1152 Kcal/ d a y , with a r e s u l t a n t change
in t h e p r o p o r t i o n of f o o d s t u f f s t o 63 p e r c e n t c a r b o h y d r a t e , 12 p e rc e n t
f a t , and 25 p e r c e n t p r o t e i n .
Anthropometric
capacity,
pulmonary
measurements,
f u n c ti o n ,,
three te s tin g sessions
results
found:
muscular
and blood
(Feb. 23, Mar.
(a) maximal
aerobic
strength,
tests
were
16, and Apr.
capacity
maximal
a e r o b ic
performed
during
13).
A summary of
(VCU max), as determined
using th e Balke t r e a d m i l l t e s t , in c r e a s e d by 2.0 p e r c e n t when ex pressed
Table I .
Body Composition o f Male Normals and A t h l e t e s .
No. o f
S u b je c ts
Age
Katch and
Michael (33)
94
15-18
High school
wrestlers
Tcheng and
Tipton (57)
582
15-18
High school
wrestlers
KelIy e t a I .
(34)
13
18-22
Collegiate
wrestlers
Sinning (50)
35
18-22
Collegiate
wrestlers
Wilmore and
Behnke (64)
135
Jackson and
95
Investigator
Pollock (30)
—
18-22
Su b je c ts
Fat
Io
Ski nfolds*
----------------------------------------TR
TH
CH
AB
SU
SI
6 .9
9 .0
—
7.1
12.9
10.5
12.9
—
7.7
7.7
4.5
8.6
6.5
9.1
10.4
6.8
10.5
8.1
12.7
10.5
12.2
8 .8
8 .9
—
9.4
9.5
—
College-aged
male normals
14.6
7.9
14.9
—
16.0
14.1
19.3
College-aged
13.4
13.6
17.4
20.6
13.9
15.2
male normals
—
11.4
.11
in oxygen consumption pe r minute pe r kilogram of body w ei g h t;
(b) VO^
max, when ex pre sse d in terms o f oxygen consumption pe r m in ute , decreased
by 5.8
percent;
(c)
total
skinfolds
(seven
sites)
were
de cr ea se from 43mm to 3Onim, with a concomitant r e d u c ti o n
from 4 .8 to 1.1 p e r c e n t ;
50.6
kg;
(e)
(d) t o t a l
observed
to
in body f a t
body weight de creased from 54.9 to
i s o t o n i c muscular s t r e n g t h
was ma intained f o r
both the
bench and le g p r e s s ; however, when e xpre ss ed in r e l a t i o n t o body w eight,
there
was an 8.7
and 8.6
percent
increase,
power in c r e a s e d by 25 p e r c e n t on t h e
p e r c e n t on th e i s o k i n e t i c leg p r e s s ;
respectively.
isokinetic
bench p r e s s
( f ) blood t e s t r e s u l t s
Explosive
and 5.6
indicated
t h a t a l l plasma c o n s t i t u e n t s remained in t h e normal ra nge ; (g) e l e c t r o ­
lyte
balanc e
remained
unchanged;
(h)
triglyceride
levels
remained
c o n s t a n t , though as body weight d e c r e a s e d , t h e r a t i o of LDL-to-HDL was
observed to d e c r e a s e , and c ho le s te ro l- to -H D L r a t i o a l s o de cr ea se d due to
in c r e a s e d
results
HDL v a l u e s .
Within t h e
lim itations
of th is
investigation,
i n d i c a t e t h a t a hig h ly t r a i n e d w r e s t l e r was a b l e to drop two
weight c l a s s i f i c a t i o n s
by reducing h i s weight through s e m i - s t a r v a t i o n
and d e hy dr a tio n methods w hile m a in ta in in g o r even improving h i s f i t n e s s
level.
In a s i m i l a r s t u d y , Hansen (26) i n v e s t i g a t e d th e e f f e c t s of d i e t a r y
controls
on f o u r w r e s t l e r s
and f o u r
non-wrestlers
period.
The s u b j e c t s reduced ap pro xim at el y 5.3 to 8.8 p e r c e n t of t h e i r
body weight duri ng th e cou rs e of t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
ove r a three-week
The c a l o r i c c o n te n t
o f t h e r e d u c ti o n d i e t equaled 10 Kcal per pound o f t h e d e s i r e d weight
( i . e . , a s u b j e c t reducing to 142 pounds consumed approxim at el y 1420 Kcal
pe r da y).
Te st b a t t e r i e s o f p h y s i o l o g i c v a r i a b l e s were performed p r i o r
12
to t h e i n i t i a t i o n o f t h e d i e t (c o n t r o l p e r i o d ) and each week t h e r e a f t e r .
Measurements o f oxygen consumption, blood l a c t i c a c i d l e v e l s , h e a r t r a t e
and
rectal
t e m p e ra t u re s
were
an
established
at
each t e s t i n g
session.
The
(a) VO2 max, as measured on a b i c y c l e ergometer
re s u lts indicated th a t:
at
recorded
workload,
showed
no
significant
decrease
when
ex pr e sse d in oxygen consumption per minute per kilogram o f body weight
(b) VO2 max e xp resse d in l i t e r s
( m r m i r f ^ k g - 1 );
pe r minute ( I min- 1 )
d e c r e a s e d ; (c) a n a e ro b ic work, determined from blood l a c t a t e l e v e l s , was
observed t o i n c r e a s e in c o n c e n t r a t i o n by t h e end o f t h e stu dy (though
work
performance
was
not
becoming more a n a e r o b i c ;
exercise
were
reduction.
not
impaired),
(d)
heart
significantly
From t h e
results
it
indicating
rate
elevated
was
that
the
work
and body te m p e ra t u re
as
a result
concluded
of
during
t h e weight
t h a t , gradual
re d u c t i o n through d i e t a r y means does not s i g n i f i c a n t l y
was
weight
impair p e r f o r ­
mance f o r t h e v a r i a b l e s measured.
Dehydration in W r e s tl e r s
Empirical
gators,
e v id e n c e ,
indicates
the
widespread through a l l
67).
as well
practice
as t h e f i n d i n g s o f v a r i o u s i n v e s t i ­
of
rapid
weight
reduction
(RWR)
is
l e v e l s o f amateur w r e s t l i n g (25, 34, .57-59, 66 ,
Bock (11) e s t i m a t e d t h a t perhaps as high as n i n e t y p e r c e p t of a l l
w r e s t l e r s use some form of RWR in o r d e r to q u a l i f y f o r a s p e c i f i c weight
classification.
weight"
(3 4) .
Up to ten pounds o f body weight may be l o s t to "make
Repeated use o f t h e regimen may ta k e p la c e as mqny ^s
t w e n t y - f i v e times a season
( 66 ).
RWR i s most commonly brought about
through s e m i - s t a r v a t i o n , e x e r c i s e a n d / o r d e h y d r a t i o n , with dehy dration
13
being r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e l a r g e s t weight l o s s .
Layered c l o t h i n g s , nylon
or ru bbe r sweat s u i t s , sauna and steam bat hs a re th e primary methods of
thermal d e h y d r a ti o n .
The use o f d e hydra tio n g e n e r a l l y occurs w it h in a
f o r t y - e i g h t hour pe ri o d p r i o r to w e ig h-i ns (34, 62, 67).
Tipton and Tcheng (59) s t u d i e d , 747 high school w r e s t l e r s from lows
and found t h a t most w r e s t l e r s l o s t ap proxim ately f i v e p e r c e n t of t h e i r
body weight in p r e p a r a t i o n f o r weight c e r t i f i c a t i o n . *
weight
changes
weight
were
measured
taking
ove r
pla ce
in
a
the
se ve nte en -d ay
final
te n
period
days.
Changes in body
with
It
most
of
was concluded
re d u c t i o n was brought about p r i m a r i l y through de hydr at io n
th e
that
and
semi-starvation.
A l o n g i t u d i n a l stud y was conducted by Zambreski and co-workers (67)
on
el even
University
members
of
extensively
of
Iowa to
as
had
the
1974-75
determine
been
found
NCAA championship
if
the
practice
at
the
high
of
school
team
from
the
RWR was used as
level.
Results
i n d i c a t e d t h a t d e h y d r a ti o n was th e p r i n c i p a l method by which w r e s t l e r s
reduced w e ig ht.
As
a group,
percent of t h e i r to ta l
they
regularly
lost
ap proxim ately
body weight a t p e r i o d i c i n t e r v a l s
six
(c om pe tit io n)
throug hou t th e s e a s o n . )
The e f f e c t s
wrestlers
is
a
o f RWR upon t h e
controversial
phys ic a l
subject.
working c a p a c i t y
Both
th e
American
(PWC) of
Medical
•A sso ci at io n (4, 5) and th e American College of Sports Medicine ( 6 ) have
taken
the
position
that
th e
practice
of
RWR i s
a
potential
health
* High school w r e s t l e r s a r e r e q u i r e d to be c e r t i f i e d by a p h y s ic i a n a t
th e beginning o f t h e w r e s t l i n g season to determine t h e minimum weight
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n in which they can p a r t i c i p a t e .
14
hazard
and
that
measures
must
a s s o c i a t e d with "making w e i g h t . "
be
taken
to
elim inate
the
abuses
The r e s p e c t i v e p o s i t i o n s ta t em e n ts of
the AMA and ACSM a re based upon the r e s e a r c h of Adolph ( I ) , S a l t i n (45).
and o t h e r s , whose f i n d i n g s have i n d i c a t e d t h a t not only i s PWC s i g n i f i ­
c a n t l y impaired but as t h e e x t e n t o f d e hydra tio n i n c r e a s e s so does the
risk
to o n e ' s
health
(table
2).
Adolph
(I)
stated
the
fol lo wi ng
in
re ga rd s to t h e r e l a t i v e e f f e c t s o f deh y d ra ti o n on man:
"We know t h a t man t o l e r a t e s w a te r d e f i c i t s o f up t o 3 to 4
p e r c e n t o f body weight with moderate impairment o f e f f i c i e n c y ;
a t 5 to 8 p e r c e n t d e f i c i t s , th e average man in t h e d e s e r t i s
f a t i g u e d , s p i r i t l e s s , prone to complain about h is s i t u a t i o n ,
and pre di s pose d to phy s ic a l c o l l a p s e .
Cooperation among men
de hydrated more than 10 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r weights i s not to be
ex pe c te d. Even a f t e r m a n 's 1working o r f i g h t i n g a b i l i t i e s have
succumbed to d e h y d r a t i o n , he can s u r v i v e some a d d i t i o n a l lo s s
of body w a t e r , and recovery i s s t i l l p o s s i b l e .
Accurate
o b s e r v a t i o n s on man do not extend to d e f i c i t s g r e a t e r than 11
p e r c e n t of body we ight. . ,. . Our b e s t e s t i m a t e o f t h e r a pid
d e hy dr a tio n which i s l i m i t i n g f o r man i s 20 p e r c e n t lo s s pf
body w e ig h t. "
Dehy dratlo n/R ehy dfation in W re st le rs
Since
most
of
th e
criticism
of
weight
re d u c t i o n
d i r e c t e d towards performance in th e dehydrated s t a t e ,
practices
is
such a p o s i t i o n
may not be e n t i r e l y j u s t i f i e d i f , f o r a given recovery p e r i o d , re hydr a ­
t i o n ta k e s pla ce and PWC i s r e s t o r e d .
A s u b s t a n t i a l amount o f re s ea rc h
s u p p o rt s t h e viewpoint t h a t weight l o s s e s o f up to seven p e r c e n t do not
significantly
impair performance
if
followed by r e h y d r a t i o n
p r i o r to
performance.
T u t t l e (60) i n v e s t i g a t e d t h e e f f e c t s o f w ith hol din g food and w ater
and
inducing
weight
loss
through
RWR methods
re sp ons es o f t h i r t e e n c o l l e g e w r e s t l e r s .
on
th e
physiologic
The s u b j e c t s were t e s t e d a t
15
Table 2.
Dehydration in Man (Adolph, 1950).
Water
Loss (%)
0
Thirst.
2
S t r o n g e r t h i r s t , vague dis co m fo rt and sense o f o p p r e s s i o n , lo s s
of appetite.
I n c r e a s i n g hemoconcentration.
4
Economy o f movement.
Lagging pace , fl u s h e d s k i n , im p a ti e n ce ; in some, w e ari ness and
s l e e p i n e s s , a p at hy; na use a, emotional i n s t a b i l i t y .
6
T i n g li n g in arms, hands, and f e e t ; he a t o p p r e s s i o n , stum bli ng,
headache; f i t men s u f f e r he a t e x h a u s t i o n ; i n c r e a s e in body
te m p e r a t u r e , pu ls e r a t e and r e s p i r a t o r y r a t e .
Labored b r e a t h i n g , d i z z i n e s s , c y a n o s is .
8
I n d i s t i n c t speech.
I n c r e a s i n g weakness, mental c onfu s io n.
10
S p a s t i c muscles; p o s i t i v e Romberg si gn ( i n a b i l i t y to balance with
eyes c l o s e d ) ; general i n c a p a c i t y .
Delirium and w a ke fu ln es s; swollen tongue.
C i r c u l a t o r y i n s u f f i c i e n c y ; marked hemoconcentration and decreased
blood volume; f a i l e d renal f u n c t i o n .
S h r iv e l e d s k i n ; i n a b i l i t y t o swallow.
15
Dim v i s i o n .
Sunken e y e s , p a i n f u l u r i n a t i o n .
Deafness; numb s k i n ; s h r i v e l e d tongue.
Stiffened eyelids.
Cracked s k i n ; c e s s a t i o n of u r i n e for ma ti on.
20
Bare s u r v i v a l l i m i t .
Death
16
f i v e d i f f e r e n t times in th e dehydrated s t a t e and then r e t e s t e d fol lo wi ng
rehydration.
Of th e i n i t i a l
th e e n t i r e exp eriment.
t e s t group, only f i v e s u b j e c t s completed
Eighteen measurements o f ne uromuscular, c a r d i o ­
v a s c u l a r and r e s p i r a t o r y f u n c t i o n i n g were determined.
weight
loss
observed
d e cr ea se in t o t a l
varied
from s i x
to
The degree of
te n pounds,
body weight o f 3.6 t o 4 .9 p e r c e n t .
representing
a
No s t a t i s t i c a l l y
s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e t e s t i n g p e ri ods were found f o r any
of the physiologic
respon ses
tested,
e xce pt f o r a s l i g h t
in c r e a s e
in
h e a r t r a t e , and a s l i g h t d e c r e a s e in v i t a l c a p a c i t y in th e dehydrated
state.
of
I t was concluded t h a t a weight r e d u c ti o n o f up to f i v e p e rc en t
total
body weight
through
RWR had
no s i g n i f i c a n t
effect
on t h e
p h y s i o l o g i c respon ses t e s t e d .
An i n v e s t i g a t i o n was undertaken by Edwards (23) t o determine the
e f f e c t s o f s h o r t - t e r m s e m i - s t a r v a t i o n and deh ydratio n on t h e p h y s io lo g ic
respon ses o f t h r e e c o l l e g e w r e s t l e r s .
c o ntr ol
and was not
required
to
A f o u r t h s u b j e c t served as th e
l o s e w e ig ht.
Muscular s t r e n g t h was
determined by push ups, pull ups, and a hand dynamometer.
endurance was
heart ra te s ,
a l s o made.
tested
on a, m oto r- driv e n
treadm ill.
blood p r e s s u r e , blood l a c t a t e ,
C ar di ovas c ul ar
Measurements
and basal
for
metabolism were
The s u b j e c t s were t e s t e d p r i o r to i n i t i a t i n g
ra p id weight
r e d u c t i o n , again f o u r days l a t e r , and t h e f i n a l t e s t s were performed a t
th e end o f th e seven-day t e s t p e r i o d .
weight
loss
o f a pprox im at el y s i x
The t h r e e s u b j e c t s had a mean
percent of to ta l
body w eight.
The
a u th o rs concluded t h a t , f o r th e s u b j e c t s who reduced w e i g h t , endurance
was th e only f a c t o r which was s i g n i f i c a n t l y n e g a t i v e l y a f f e c t e d by the
week o f s e m i - s t a r v a t i o n and de h y d ra ti o n .
17
Bowers
(16)
physiologic
attem pte d
responses
of
to
high
discern
school
div id e d i n t o two groups o f s i x t e e n .
the
effects
w restlers.
of
Tfie
RWR on
subjects
the
were
The experimental group was r e q u i r e d
to use RWR methods in o r d e r to compete.
The second group served as
c o n t r o l s and were not r e q u i r e d to lo s e w e ig ht.
Five phys ica l e f f i c i e n c y
t e s t s were a d m in is te r e d to th e s u b j e c t s in each group over a t h i r t e e n week p e r i o d .
St r e n g t h was determined by a hand dynamometer; a v e r t i c a l
"chalk jump" was used as a measure o f power; endurance was determined
using
the
measure
Pulse
of
Rate
Index;
dynamic b a l a n c e ;
the
and
e l e c t r o n i c d e vic e using a v i s u a l
Stepping
Stone
Te st was used as
determined
a
reaction
time was
by an
signal.
Te s ti n g was performed each
Monday and again th e day p r i o r to an i n t e r s c h o l a s t i c w r e s t l i n g meet.
No
s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s between th e two groups were found
for
any o f t h e
variables
measured.
This was
also
the
case when a
comparison was made using only th e experimental group b e fo re and a f t e r
deh yd ratio n procedures ( p r i o r to c o m p e t i t i o n ) .
w r e s t l e r may s a f e l y
lo s e
three
I t was concluded t h a t &•
to f o u r p e r c e n t of t o t a l
body weight
through RWR methods w it h o u t a d v e r s e l y a f f e c t i n g p h y s i o l o g i c resp ons es.
In a l o n g i t u d i n a l study performed by James ( 3 2 ) , twenty high school
w r e s t l e r s were div id e d i n t o two groups.
the
experimental
c o m p e t it io n )
season.
group
l o s e weight
and were
using
Ten of th e s u b j e c t s composed
required
RWR methods
to
periodically
th rou ghout
the
(prior
to
wrestling
The second group ser ved as c o n t r o l s and were n o t r e q u ir e d to
lo s e weight in o r d e r to compete.
C a r d i o v a s c u l a r endurance was d e t e r -
mined using t h e Carlson Fatigue-Curve T e s t .
Te st in g was performed each
week on Mondays ( i n i t i a l p r a c t i c e ) and a g a i n on F r i d a y s , a f t e r th e f i n a l
18
p r a c t i c e o f th e week.
and d i a s t o l i c
Comparisons were made f o r puls e r a t e ,
blood p r e s s u r e a f t e r
systolic
i n t e r s c h o l a s t i c w r e s t l i n g matches.
The experimental group l o s t an average o f 4 .4 to 6 .9 p e r c e n t of t h e i r
t o t a l body weight each week.
No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s between the two
group's were found f o r any o f t h e v a r i a b l e s measured.
Bock (10) t e s t e d , te n s u b j e c t s on a u n i v e r s i t y freshman w r e s t l i n g
team t o
determine t h e
effects
c a r d i o v a s c u l a r endurance.
o f a f o r t y - h o u r deh y d ra ti o n
period on
Maximal oxygen consumption, h e a r t r a t e , core
te m pe ratu re and e x e r c i s e weight l o s s were measured b e f o r e and a f t e r t h e
de hy dratio n
period.
Fl ui ds
were
not
allowed during
the
dehydration
p ro c e s s .
Before f i n a l t e s t i n g t h e s u b j e c t s were d i v id e d i n t o subgroups
of
each.
five
The
first
group
was
tested
immediately
after
the
d e hy dr a tio n pe rio d and t h e second group was p e r m it te d to consume foods
and f l u i d s p r i o r to being t e s t e d .
results
before
and a f t e r
A s t a t i s t i c a l a n a l y s i s comparing th e
d e hyd ra tio n
indicated
that
th e
dehydration
process had no s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t on maximal oxygen consumption.
Heart
r a t e and core te m p e ra t u re were not s i g n i f i c a n t l y a f f e c t e d by dehy dration
for
the
immediately
tested
group
bu t
were
elevated
r e h y d r a t i o n pe ri o d f o r th e group consuming food.
and
core
te m p e ra t u re s
were
partially
m e ta bo lic a c t i o n from d i g e s t i o n .
ex plai ned
following
the
Eleva te d h e a r t r a t e s
as
the
result
of
Ex e rc is e weight l o s s was s i g n i f i c a n t l y
a f f e c t e d by th e deh y d ra ti o n p r o c e s s ; both groups l o s t s i g n i f i c a n t l y more
w a te r
in
th e
p r e -d e h y d ra te d
condition
than
in
th e
p o s t -d e h y d ra te d
condition.
S c h u s te r
cardiovascular
(47)
investigated
endurance
using
the
effects
of
RWR on muscular
twenty c o l l e g e w r e s t l e r s
div id e d
and
into
19
experimental and c o n t r o l groups.
Each s u b j e c t in t h e experimental group
was r e q u i r e d t o lo s e app rox imately ten pounds over a seven-day period
through
sem i-starvation
required
to
lose
and
w e ig ht .
d e h y d ra ti o n .
Muscular
number o f pushups and s q u at t h r u s t s
endurance was
the
c a r d i o v a s c u l a r endurance was determined
could r i d e on a b i c y c l e ergometer.
The c o n t r o l
determined
subjects
by t h e
group was
pot
by the
could perform,
number o f miles
and
they
In a d d i t i o n , th e number o f p o in ts
scor ed in a c t u a l co mp et iti on were r e c ord ed .
No s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e s
between t h e two groups were observed f o r any of th e v a r i a b l e s measured.
I t was concluded t h a t c o n d it io n e d w r e s t l e r s can s a f e l y l o s e up to sqven
percent of t h e i r t o ta l
body weight usi ng RWR methods w it h o u t a d v e r se ly
a f f e c t i n g performance.
Palmer (38) c a r r i e d out an i n v e s t i g a t i o n on seven men to measure
th e d i f f e r e n c e s between normal p h y s i o l o g i c f u n c t i o n i n g when performing
submaximaI work fo ll ow in g r a p i d deh y d ra ti o n and r e h y d r a t i o n
recovery p e r i o d ) .
subjects
at
(five-hour
The f i r s t t e s t was conducted in th e evening with the
their
normal
body w ei ght.
The fo ll ow in g
morning
after
b r e a k f a s t , th e s u b j e c t s attem pte d to l o s e f i v e p e r c e n t o f t h e i r t o t a l
body w ei ght .
cabinet.
Dehydration was brought about by u t i l i z i n g a steam heated
The s u b j e c t s
attained
a weight
r e d u c ti o n
o f 4.75
p e r c e n t.
Measurements o f r e c t a l t e m p e r a t u r e , e x e r c i s e and rec overy r a t e s , v e n t i ­
latory
rates,
quotient,
subjects.
(a)
ventilatory
oxygen p u l s e ,
On t h e
basis
mean te m pe ratu re
volume,
oxygen
consumption,
and v e n t i l a t o r y e f f i c i e n c y
of
changes
th e
d a ta
during
collected
it
and fo ll ow in g
respiratory
were made on the
was
found
that:
e x e r c i s e were not
20
significantly
rehydration;
affected
(b)
between
ventilatory
th e
control
pe ri o d
and
dehydration/
volumes,, oxygen consumption,
respiratory
q u o t i e n t , and r e s p i r a t o r y e f f i c i e n c y e x h i b i t e d no s i g n i f i c a n t changes as
a r e s u lt of dehydration/rehydration;
(c) mean e x e r c i s e h e a r t r a t e was
significantly
of
elevated
as
a
result
normal fo ll ow in g r e h y d r a t i o n ;
not
completely
restored
dehydration,
but
r e t u rn e d
tp
(d) recovery h e a r t r a t e in c r e a s e d and was
fo ll ow in g
th e
re h y d r a t i o n
period.
It
was
concluded t h a t fo ll o w i n g a RWR o f 4.75 p e r c e n t o f t o t a l body weight an
impairment in performance w i l l r e s u l t .
( f i v e hours) th e t o t a l
I f during th e r e h y d r a t i o n pqriod
amount o f w a te r l o s t is r e p l a c e d , normal fu n c ­
t i o n i n g duri ng e x e r c i s e w i l l occur.
R ib is l and H erber t (44) used e i g h t c o l l e g e w r e s t l e r s to determine
th e
effects
of
d e hydr a tio n
and. r e h y d r a t i o n
upon
PWC-170.
The
test
c o n s i s t e d o f two c o n s e c u ti v e r i d e s on a b i c y c l e ergome ter o f s i x minutes
d u r a t i o n a t submaximaI workloads o f 450 and 900 kpm/min.
heart
rate
during t h e
last
two minutes o f each r i d e
h e a r t r a t e f o r th o s e workloads.
rates
The average
re p r e s e n t e d th e
PWC-170 was p r e d i c t e d by p l o t t i n g h e a r t
in 9 h e a r t
a g a i n s t t h e r e s p e c t i v e workloads which would r e s u l t
r a t e o f 170 b e a ts pe r minute.
The s u b j e c t s were allowed 48 hours in
which to reduce t h e i r body weight by f i v e p e r c e n t .
by th e s u b j e c t s were not r e p o r t e d .
The methods employed
A repeat t e s t
in t h e
dehydrated
s t a t e was performed a week l a t e r to determine t h e r e l i a b i l i t y of the
r e s u l t s . . From th e
de cr ea se d
d a ta
significantly
r e h y d r a t i o n p e r io d .
collected,
but
was
it
was
restored
concluded
that
fo ll o w i n g
a
PWC-170
five-hour
21
Kelly and cq-workers
wrestling
season
on
the
(34)
studied
body
the
effects
co m posi tio n,
o f a c om p e t it iv e
cardiovascular
muscular s t r e n g t h and endurance in c o l l e g i a t e w r e s t l e r s .
fitness,
At the end of
th e r e g u l a r season ( p r i o r t o N a t i o n a l s ) , f o u r n a t i o n a l q u a l i f i e r s were
asked to s i m u l a t e p r e p a r a t i o n s f o r c om pet iti on by r a p i d l y de hydr at in g to
their
respective
weight
classes
for
a morning w e i g h - i n ,
running to e xha us tio n on a t r e a d m i l l
followed
by
a f t e r a f i v e - h o u r recovery period
( u n c o n t r o l l e d food and f l u i d i n t a k e ) .
The s u b j e c t s l o s t approximately
3 .7 t o 9.5 p e r c e n t o f t h e i r t o t a l body weight w it h o u t c au si ng a s i g n i f ­
i c a n t change in a e r o b i c power as measured a f t e r rec overy.
Although c o l l e g i a t e w r e s t l e r s a r e allowed up to f i v e hours in which
to
rehydrate
states
are
replace
fo ll o w i n g
weigh-ins,
only allowed up to
body
fluids.
Allen
interscholastic
w restlers
one hour a f t e r w e ig h-i ns
a n d . co-workers
(3)
in
some
in which to
looked
in t o
this
s i t u a t i o n to determine th e e x t e n t to which n o r m a li z a ti o n o f body wa ter
could be r e e s t a b l i s h e d when an u n l i m i t e d f l u i d i n t a k e was pe rm it te d f o r
one hour.
Over a 48-hour RWR p e r i o d ,
an average weight lo s s
of 4.3
p e r c e n t with an accompanying d e cr ea se in plasma volume o f 3 .4 p e rc e n t
was observed
in t h e
sixteen
high
one-hour r e h y d r a t i o n
period,
body weight was s t i l l
in itial
body
com pet iti on
w e ig h t,
in a s t a t e
indicating
school
the
o f d e h y d ra ti o n .
w restlers
w restlers
studied.
A f te r a
2.6 p e r c e n t below
would
Nevertheless,
be
entering
heart rate
and
s t r o k e volume were r e s t o r e d to normal l e v e l s and th e a u th o r s concluded
t h a t PWC was s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e s t o r e d .
22
Acute and Chronic Semi- S t a r v a t i on
Under c o n d i t i o n s o f r e s t r i c t e d food i n t a k e a c a l o r i c d e f i c i t w i l l
result
in
usin g
carbohydrate,
ph ys ica l
reserves
and
protein.
is
directly
work
available
energy
fuel.
The
in
th e
A decrease
associated
Minnesota
body
in
in
the
with
a
Experiment
the
form
capacity
lon g-t erm
(35)
was
to
of
fat,
perform
r e d u c ti o n
in
conducted
to
determine t h e e f f e c t s o f long term s e m i - s t a r v a t i o n and r e h a b i l i t a t i o n in
man.
The s e m i - s t a r v a t i o n pe rio d l a s t e d 24 weeks and invol ve d 34 men of
varying f i t n e s s l e v e l s .
The c o n t r o l l e d d i e t was de signed t o bri ng about
a 24 p e r c e n t weight re d u c ti o n during t h e course o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
The a c t u a l
lo s s
average weight l o s s was 24.2 p e r c e n t .
oc cu rr ed
in t h e f i r s t
pl a ce thr ou gh out th e s tu d y .
few weeks altho ugh a s t e a d y d e c l i n e
de cr ea se
by
19.5
percent.
determined by a t r e a d m i l l
c a p a c i t y measured with
resulted
maximal
in a sev e re
oxygen
took
The average body f a t l o s t amounted to 83.3
percent of the estimated i n i t i a l values.
to
Most' o f the weight
Basal metabolism was observed
Submaximal
a e r o b ic
work
de creased by 28.3 p e r c e n t .
a treadm ill
decline;
consumption,
version
71.6 p e r c e n t .
respiratory
of th e
capacity
as
Anaerobic work
Harvard Step Tes t
A ss oc ia te d de cr ea se s
efficiency,
in
a reduced' oxygen
deb t and l a c t a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n were found a f t e r running t o e x h a u s ti o n .
A re d u c t i o n
in
strength,
as
measured
by a
s ta n d a rd
dynamometer de creased by 25.6 and 26.2 p e r c e n t ,
concluded
that
lo ng- te rm
sem i-starvation
im p a i r m e n t . f o r t h e v a r i a b l e s measured.
hand
respectively.
results
in
and
back
I t was
significant
23
In
st udy in g
the
effects
Henschel and co-workers
of
a cu te
and
semi-starvation
(27) performed two exp erim ent s.
on
PIVC,
Four men were
pla ced on. a 2£-day f a s t (ac ute s t a r v a t i o n ) , and twelve men were placed
on a f i v e - d a y f a s t ( s e m i - s t a r v a t i o n ) .
recorded an average t o t a l
c a l o r i c d e f i c i t o f 9,000 Kcal and a decrea se
in t o t a l body weight by 6.7 p e r c e n t .
had an average t o t a l
The s u b j e c t s in t h e 2£-day f a s t
The s u b j e c t s in t h e f i v e - d a y f a s t
c a l o r i c d e f i c i t o f 10,000 Kcal and a de cr ea se in
t o t a l body weight by 7 .8 p e r c e n t .
The s u b j e c t s walked on a t r e a d m i l l a t
a 10 p e r c e n t grade and a t 3 .5 m.p.h. pace f o r f o u r hours each day in the
2 i- d a y
fast
and . f o r
three
hours
pe r
day
in t h e
changes were observed in performance u n t i l
five-day
fast.
t h e morning o f th e second
day, a t which time work pu ls e r a t e s i n c r e a s e d by 10-15 b e a t s / m i n .
gluco se
levels
de creased
No
during work by 25 mg/100 ml,
Blood
and anaer obi c
c a p a c i t y as measured by th e Harvard Step Te s t de creased 30 p e rc e n t by
t h e second day and a n o t h e r 30 p e r c e n t by t h e f o u r t h day.
In a s i m i l a r s t u d y , Tayl or and co-workers (55) s t u d i e d the e f f e c t s
of die ta ry
experimental
controls
on PWC under c o n d i t i o n s
group was div id e d
of sem i-starvation.
i n t o two subgroups.
The
One group had 13
s u b j e c t s and consumed 1010 Kcal/ d a y f o r 24 days, and t h e second group
had s i x s u b j e c t s
and consumed 580 Kcal/d a y f o r 12. days.
The e x p e r i ­
mental s u b j e c t s consumed d a i l y d i e t s o f pure car boh ydrat e and in ge st ed
4.5 mg o f NaCl and a m u lt i v i t a m i n p r e p a r a t i o n .
men consumed a mixed d i e t
consisting
Tosses of th e s u b j e c t s were not provid ed .
of
A c o n t r o l group of s i x
3100 Kcal/day.
The weight
Work was performed by walking
on a t r e a d m i l l a t a 10 p e r c e n t grade and 3.5 m.p.h. f o r one hour and a
14-hour walk o u t s i d e each day.
Anaerobic c a p a c i t y was determined from
24
th e Harvard Step T e s t.
R es ults i n d i c a t e d t h a t : (a) blood glucose l e v e l s
du rin g work were not ma intained
on t h e
580 Kcal/d a y d i e t ;
(b)
both
experimental d i e t s prevented the occu rr enc e of the d e b i l i t a t i n g e f f e c t s
of
ketosis,
strength
which
are
often
associated
with
a c u te
measurements were unchanged f o r weight
p e r c e n t ; and (d) maximal
starvation;
losses
less
than
(c)
10
oxygen consumption d e c li n e d slowly,, but when
ex pre sse d per kilogram o f body w e ig h t, no s i g n i f i c a n t d e cr ea se occurred
u n t i l weight lo s s exceeded 10 p e r c e n t .
From the da ta c o l l e c t e d i t was
concluded t h a t when a t l e a s t 580 KcaI /da y and supplements a r e prov ide d,
k e t o s i s , deh yd ratio n and hypoglycemia a r e pre vented under c o n d i t i o n s of
moderate energy e x p e n d i t u r e , and PWC i s ma intained f o r weight l o s s e s of
up to 10 p e r c e n t .
An i n v e s t i g a t i o n
i n t o th e e f f e c t s o f s u c c e s s i v e f a s t s on PWC was
performed by Taylor and co-workers
p la c i n g
f o u r men on f i v e
2|-day
f i v e - to six-week i n t e r v a l s .
(56) .
fasts.
The p ro to c ol
Each f a s t
was
consisted
of
s e p a r a te d by
C a l o r ic e x p e n d it u re on th e f i r s t day was
ap pr ox im at el y 4,500 K c al , 4,000 Kcal on t h e second, and 2,000 Kcal on
th e t h i r d day.
Weight l o s t dur ing each f a s t was not prov ide d.
c a r r i e d ou t on a t r e a d m i l l
pace.
a t a 10 p e r c e n t grade and a t a 3.5 m.p.h.
"Anaerobic" work was performed by running f o r H
m.p.h. a t a 10 p e r c e n t grade.
From the r e s u l t s
ma in ta in
le v el
9
levels
(a) the s u b j e c t s were a ble to
duri ng work a t
a significantly
hig he r
in th e f i f t h as compared to t h e f i r s t f a s t ; and (b) motor speed
and c o o r d i n a t i o n were
fast.
minutes a t
Psychomotor t e s t s were a l s o c a r r i e d o ut.
i t was concluded t h a t :
blood glu co se
Work was
less
impaired d uri ng th e f i f t h
than
the
first
Reaction time and p a t t e r n t r a c i n g were a l s o improved in th e f i f t h
25
as compared to t h e f i r s t f a s t .
exposure
to
th e
fasting
state
I t was g e n e r a l l y concluded t h a t r e pe at e d
results
in
an
improved a d a p t a t i o n
to
fasting.
Summary
In
summarizing
this
review
of
related
literature,
it
may
be
concluded t h a t :
1.
H i g h - a b i l i t y w r e s t l e r s a r e c h a r a c t e r i z e d by low l e v e l s of body
f a t , with "optimal" l e v e l s ' o f approxim at el y s ix to nine p e r c e n t .
2.
The recommended minimum l e v e l o f body f a t i s f i v e p e r c e n t .
3.
Rapid weight re d u c ti o n i s p r a c t i c e d by th e m a j o r i t y of amateur
w restlers
and
is
prim arily
brought
exercise,
and/or dehydration.
This
about
through
semi-starvation,
regimen may be r e p e a t e d
numerous
times during t h e course o f a c o m p e t it iv e season.
4.
of to ta l
Following a weight l o s s of g r e a t e r than t h r e e or f o u r p e rc e n t
body weight brought about by d e h y d r a t i o n , muscular endurance
w i l l remain unchanged but phy s ic a l working c a p a c i t y may be impaired.
5.
When a rec ove ry pe rio d of f i v e hours with u n r e s t r i c t e d f l u i d
i n t a k e i s p e r m i t t e d fo ll ow in g weight l o s s e s of up t o seven p e rc en t of
t o t a l body weight as a r e s u l t o f d e h y d r a t i o n , physica l working c a p a c i t y
w i l l r e t u r n to normal l e v e l s even though a complete replacement of body
f l u i d s does not occur.
6.
A gradual
weight
re d u c ti o n
greater
than
approxim at el y
ten
p e r c e n t o f t o t a l body weight through s e m i - s t a r v a t i o n w i l l s i g n i f i c a n t l y
impair ph ys ica l working c a p a c i t y . .
26
7.
S ubj e c ts r e p e a t e d l y exposed to f a s t i n g a,re observed to make an
improved a d a p t a t i o n t o subsequent f a s t i n g .
27
CHAPTER I I I
PROCEDURE
Research Method
This r e s e a r c h was conducted to determine th e r e l a t i o n s h i p between
n u t r i t i o n a l c o n tr o l and s e l e c t e d phys ic a l parameters on t w e n t y - f i v e male
college w re stle rs.
placed
on
an
A "randomly" s e l e c t e d experimental
individualized
high
group (EG) was
carbohydrate-hypocaloric
diet.
A
c o n t r o l group (CG) r e c e i v e d no d i e t a r y d i r e c t i o n to a i d in reducing body
weight.
S ub je c ts
The EG was composed o f th e w r e s t l e r s who re s i d e d in t h e MSU dormi­
tories.
Dormitory
cafeterias
s erve
standardized
food
items
p e r m i t t e d a c c u r a t e i n d i v i d u a l i z e d menu planning and r e c o r d i n g .
which
The CG
c o n s i s t e d o f t h e w r e s t l e r s l i v i n g off-campus (Table 3 ) .
Table 3.
Mean Age, H e ig ht , Weight, and Body Composition f o r the
P r e - T e s t on 18 C o l l e g i a t e W r e s t l e r s .
Va ria ble
Age (y e a r s )
Height ( in c h e s )
Weight (pounds)
Body Density
Lean Body Weight (pounds)
Pe rc e nt Body Fat
EG
18.6
66.9
149.4
1.079
135.6
9.2
CG
20.0
69.3
165.9
1.083
152.8
7.6
28
Revised Pop ulation
Twenty-five
population.
subject
college
w restlers
composed
th e
original
The EG was composed o f el even s u b j e c t s , and t h e CG was made
up o f f o u r t e e n
eighteen
male
subjects.
completed t h e
Of t h e o r i g i n a l
testing
s u s t a i n e d an i n j u r y
twenty-five
f o r v a r io u s
p r e v e n ti n g
re a s o n s .
s u b j e c t s , only
In th e
further testin g ;
EG, one
two s u b j e c t s
dropped out o f th e w r e s t l i n g program; and one s u b j e c t withdrew h im s e lf
from f u r t h e r t e s t i n g . . In t h e CG, one s u b j e c t s u s t a i n e d an i n j u r y and
two s u b j e c t s dropped o u t o f th e w r e s t l i n g program.
D ie ta r y Program
A.
Experimental Group
1.
A n u t r i t i o n a l program based upon th e foods a v a i l a b l e in the MSU
dormitory c a f e t e r i a s was i n d i v i d u a l l y designed f o r each s u b j e c t :
a)
based on t h e i r e s t i m a t e d basal metabolism as determined from
body s u r f a c e using th e DuBois Nomogram ( 2 2 ) , and
b)
from an e s t i m a t i o n o f Kcal expended performing d a i l y a c t i v i ­
t i e s (Appendix A).
2.
The degree to which each d i e t was c a l o r i c a l l y
r e s t r i c t e d was
based on th e r e l a t i o n s h i p of how much weight each s u b j e c t was r e q u i r e d
to
lo s e
in
order
to
reach
t h e i r weight
classification
a v a i l a b l e f o r such a weight l o s s to o c cu r .
t h e weight c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
total
body weight
and
Several
body f a t ,
th e
time
f a c t o r s determine
in which t h e s u b j e c t s compete:
percent
and th e
th e s u b j e c t s '
number and q u a l i t y
of
29
teammates vying f o r th e same v a r s i t y p o s i t i o n , and c onferen ce s with th e
coach.
The f i n a l d e c i s i o n i s made by each w r e s t l e r .
3.
The
composition
of
all
diets,
regardless
of
th e
number
of
c a l o r i e s i n c l u d e d , was composed of a minimum o f 60 p e r c e n t car bohyd rat es
and co n ta i n ed
a minimum o f one gm o f
protein
pe r
kilogram o f body
w eight.
4.
Vitamin
s u p p le m e n ta ti o n ,
protein
powders,
e tc .,
were
not
p e r m i t t e d duri ng t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n f o r e i t h e r group.
5.
Su b je c ts were counseled on how to measure s t a n d a r d p o r t i o n s of
food items and how to keep re c o rd s o f foods not l i s t e d on t h e i r menu
p la n .
Daily menu plans were posted in t h e MSU dormitory c a f e t e r i a s each
morning f o r each s u b j e c t .
consumed were l i s t e d .
occu rr ed
(i.e .,
The food items and amounts to be s e l e c t i v e l y
I f , f o r any r e a s o n , a change in t h e d a i l y menu
s u b s tit u tio n s , additions
and/or om issions),
they werp
recorded on th e menu plan or d a i l y r e c a l l l i s t .
B.
Control Group
L
The CG was r e q u i r e d to
reduce t h e i r body weight
reach t h e i r weight c l a s s i f i c a t i o n
with
no d i r e c t i o n s
in ord e r to
on t h e
type or
q u a n t i t y o f foods to be consumed.
2.
Sample re c ord s o f food i n t a k e were c o l l e c t e d duri ng a l t e r n a t i n g
weeks o f t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n (Oct, 3T10; Oct. 24-31; and Nov. 7-14 , 1983).
3.
Each s u b j e c t was counseled
keeping o f t h e i r food i n t a k e
(i.e .,
on how to
perform r o u t i n e
portion s iz e ,
ingredients).
record
They
were r e q u i r e d to tu r n in each day a l i s t o f t h e i r pre v io u s d a y 's meals
('including a l l
snacks).
I f , f o r any r e a s o n , a d i e t a r y re c o rd was not
30
tu rn e d
in,
then
a
memory
recall
for
th e
missing
time
performed by a t r a i n e d i n v e s t i g a t o r .
Te s ti n g B a t te r y
The t e s t i n g parameters were as fo ll o w s :
1.
2.
Body Composition
a.
Chest s k i n f o l d (CM)
b.
Subscapular s k i n f o l d (SU)
c.
T ri ce p s k i n f o l d (TR)
d.
S u p r a i l i a c s k i n f o l d (SI)
e.
Abdominal s k i n f o l d (AB)
f.
Thigh s k i n f o l d (AB).
g.
Percent body f a t (PF)
h.
Lean body weight (LBW)
i.
Fat weight (FW)
G ir th s
a.
Neck (NE)
b.
Chest (CM)
c.
Shoulders (SH)
d.
Bicep (BI)
e.
Forearm (FA)
f.
Wrist (WR)
g.
Abdominal I (AB I)
h.
Abdominal 2 (AB 2)
i.
Gluteal (GL)
j.
Thigh (TH)
.
pe rio d
was
I.
31
k.
Knee (KN)
l.
Cal f (CA)
. m.
Ankle (AN)
3.
Height (HT)
4.
Total Body Weight (TBW)
5.
Muscular Endurance
6.
a.
Squat
b.
Dips
c.
Rundowns
d.
Seated overhead pr e s s
Power
a.
7.
Modified-Wingate Test
Aerobic Endurance
a.
8.
H -miIe run
Urine Analysis
a.
Specific gravity
Te s ti n g Equipment and Procedures
Body
Composition.
Sk in fo ld C a l i p e r s .
Keys
(36),
and
Sk in f o ld
measurements
were
taken
with
Lange
S ta nd a rd iz ed procedures were used as de sc ri b e d by
Behnke
and
WiTmore
( 8 ).
Three
measurements
to
the
n e a r e s t 0.5 mm were t a k e n , with an average o f the t h r e e used as th e
score.
I f one measurement d e v ia t e d by more than 1.0 mm, th e measure­
ments were r e p e a t e d .
All measurements were performed on t h e r i g h t s i d e
o f th e body, and were l o c a t e d with t h e use o f a p l a s t i c ta p e measure and
32
marked to ensure accura cy and c o n s i s t e n c y .
The s i t e s o f t h e s k i n f o l d s
were as fo ll o w s :
1.
Chest (CH) - Halfway between t h e n i p p l e and t h e armfold.
2.
Subsc apu lar
(SU)
- At th e
tip
( i n f e r i o r an g le )
o f th e
right
s c a p u l a , on a 45-degree l i n e l a t e r a l l y downward.
3.
T ri ce p
(TR)
-
V e r ti c a l,
fold
on
the
posterior
line
halfway
between th e t i p o f t h e acromion proc ess and th e olecran on p r o c e s s , arm
hanging a t s i d e .
4.
S u p r a i l i a c (SI) - V e r t i c a l f o l d on th e r i g h t m i d - a x i l l a r y l i n e
j u s t above t h e c r e s t o f th e il iu m .
5.
Abdominal
(AB) - Horizontal
f o l d a d j a c e n t to t h e r i g h t o f th e
um bi lic us .
6.
Thigh (TH) - V e r t i c a l
f o l d on t h e a n t e r i o r r i g h t t h ig h in th e
m i d l i n e , halfway between t h e p a t e l l a and t h e g r e a t e r t r o c h a n t e r .
Density was computed from t h e
skinfolds
using an average of the
fo ll ow in g formulas:
Db = 1.1043 - .001327 (TH) - .00131 (SU)
. (Sloan)
Db = 1.1017 - .000282 (AB) t .000736 (CH) - .000883
(Sharkey)
Db = 1.1080 - .00168 (SU) - .00127 (AB)
(F pr sy t h -S in n in g )
Density was co nverted .to p e r c e n t body f a t using an average of the
fo ll ow in g formulas:
_ 4.142 x 100 = P e rc e n t Fat (PF)
• (Brozek)
UB
4 ^ - - 4.500 x 100. = Pe rc e nt Fat (PF)
(Siri)
0B
G irths.
Measurements of g i r t h were taken using t h e procedures of
Behnke and Wilmore ( 8 ) a t th e fo ll ow in g s i t e s :
33
1.
Neck (NK) - J u s t i n f e r i o r to t h e la ry n x .
2.
Chest (CH) - Nipple l i n e a t m i d - t i d a l volume in males.
- 3.
deltoid
Shoulders
mu sc le s,
(SH) - L a t e r a l l y ,
and a n t e r i o r l y ,
at
a t t h e maximal p r o t r u s i o n o f th e
the
articular
prominence of th e
sternum and second r i b .
4.
Bicep (BI) - Maximal g i r t h o f t h e mid-arm when, f l e x e d to the
g r e a t e s t angle with t h e u nde rly in g muscles f u l l y c o n t r a c t e d .
5.
Forearm (FA) - Maximal g i r t h with th e elbow extended and the
hand s u p i n a t e d .
6.
Wrist (WR) - Minimal g i r t h j u s t d i s t a l to t h e s t y l o i d pro ce sse s
of th e r a d i u s and u ln a .
7.
lateral
Abdominal
I
(AB I)
-
Laterally,
midway between
p o r t i o n o f t h e r i b cage and t h e i l i a c
crest,
th e
lowest
and a n t e r i o r l y ,
midway between t h e xyphoid proc ess o f t h e sternum and t h e umb ilicus .
This le v el
i s th e n a t u r a l w a i s t arid i s r e a d i l y i d e n t i f i e d as the le v el
o f minimal abdominal width when t h e s i d e p r o f i l e s a r e s l i g h t l y concaved,
8.
Abdominal
2 (AB 2)
Laterally,
at
th e
level
o f th e
iliac
c r e s t s , and a n t e r i o r l y , a t t h e um b il ic u s .
9.
Gluteal (GL) - A n t e r i o r l y , a t t h e le vel o f th e symphysis p u b is ,
and p o s t e r i o r l y , a t t h e maximal p r o t r u s i o n o f th e g l u t e a l muscles.
10.
Thigh
(TH)
-
Just
below th e
-
M id-patellar
gluteal
fold
o r maximal
thigh
flexed,
weight
girth.
11.
Knee
(KN)
level,
slightly
t r a n s f e r r e d to o p p o s i t e l e g .
12.
Cal f (CA) - Maximal g i r t h .
13.
Ankle (AN) - Minimal g i r t h , s u p e r i o r to th e m a l l e o l i .
34
H e ig h t.
The h e i g h t o f th e i n d i v i d u a l was taken w hil e st a n d i n g with
h is back pla ced f i r m l y a g a i n s t a w a l l , and with h is chin p a r a l l e l to t h e
floor.
Height was rec ord ed from c a l i b r a t e d markings pla ced on th e w a l l .
Measurements were recorded to t h e n e a r e s t i - i n c h .
A metal
square was
pla ced on top o f t h e head and a g a i n s t t h e wall a lo n g s i d e t h e markings.
Weight.
certified
The weight
Toledo
spring
of
th e
scale.
individual
was
Measurements
determined
were
recorded
using
to
a
the
n e a r e s t i-poun d.
Muscular Endurance.
A measurement o f muscular endurance was made .
by deter min ing t h e number o f r e p e t i t i o n s which could be performed f o r a
given p e r c e n t o f t h e s u b j e c t ' s body we igh t.
te n minutes o f s t r e t c h i n g e x e r c i s e s .
The s u b j e c t s warmed up with
Verbal
encouragement was given.
The sequence o f t h e t e s t s remained uniform during t e s t i n g p e r i o d s , but
r e s t p e ri o d s were not s t a n d a r d i z e d .
used
in t r a i n i n g
by a l l
subjects.
All
o f th e t e s t s were r o u t i n e l y
The t e s t s
and procedures were a s :
f o ll ow s :
1.
Squats - The l i f t e r must ta k e th e ba r o f f t h e rack in a h o r i ­
zon tal p o s i t i o n , hands g r i p p i n g th e b a r , f e e t f l a t on th e pla tf o rm .
must w a it f o r th e s i g n a l t o " s q u a t . "
He
A f t e r th e s i g n a l t h e l i f t e r w il l
bend th e knees and lower t h e body u n t i l th e top s u r f a c e s o f the leg s a t
th e hip j o i n t a r e equal t o o r below t h e tops of t h e knees.
The l i f t e r
may re c o v e r a t w i l l , w it h o u t double bouncing, to an u p r i g h t p o s i t i o n .
The amount of weight to be l i f t e d w i l l be 150 p e r c e n t o f th e s u b j e c t ' s
body weight f o r as many r e p e t i t i o n s as p o s s i b l e .
2.
Dips - The s u b j e c t w i l l s t a r t t h e l i f t in a f u l l y extended arm
p o s i t i o n and.when ready w i l l lower t h e body u n t i l th e top s u r f a c e o f th e
35
s h o u ld e r i s lower than t h e top o f th e elbow.
will
The l i f t e r may re c ov er a t
to a f u l l y extended p o s i t i o n , with elbows locked.
weight to be l i f t e d w i l l
be equal
The amount o f
to body weight with an a d d i t i o n a l
twenty p e r c e n t o f t h e s u b j e c t ' s body weight added via a dip pin g b e l t .
3.
"Lat"
pull downs - U t i l i z i n g a "Lat"
begin from a f u l l y extended p o s i t i o n .
Machine,
the
l i f t e r will
The ba r must be p u l l e d down t o
t h e top o f t h e t r a p e z i u s muscles a t t h e base o f t h e neck, a f t e r which
th e b a r w i l l
lif te r 's
test.
again be r e t u r n e d t o a f u l l y extended arm p o s i t i o n .
t h i g h s must remain under t h e
restraining
The
b a r throu ghout the
The amount o f weight to be u t i l i z e d w i l l be equal to t h e l i f t e r ' s
body weight f o r as many r e p e t i t i o n s as p o s s i b l e .
4.
Seated overhead p re s s - The l i f t e r w i l l
and t h e b a r w i l l be pla ced behind th e neck.
be s e a t e d on a bench
The l i f t e r w i l l
r a i s e the
b a r from h i s s houl de r s to a f u l l y extended p o s i t i o n (elbows locked) and
then
lower
it
to
a
position
behind
the
t r a p e z i u s muscles a t th e base of th e neck.
neck
at
the
level
of
the
The. amount o f weight to be
u t i l i z e d w i l l be equal to s i x t y p e r c e n t o f t h e l i f t e r ' s body weight f o r
as many r e p e t i t i o n s as p o s s i b l e .
Power.
A m o d i f i c a t i o n of th e Wingate Tes t (31) was u t i l i z e d as a
measure o f a n ae ro b ic metabolism.
The t e s t was modified by a one-minute
re d u c t i o n f o r both t h e warm-up and r e s t p e r i o d s .
The o r d e r in which th e
s u b j e c t s performed th e t e s t was main ta ine d between t h e Pr e- and P os tTest.
The s u b j e c t warmed up on a b i c y c l e ergometer f o r f o u r minutes a t
i
2 kp, with a s p r i n t o f f o u r - t o seven-seconds d u r a t i o n a t one-minute
i n t e r v a l s (1 :0 0 , 2:0 0 , and 3 : 0 0 ) .
minute r e s t
period.
The t e s t
The warm-up was followe d by a t h r e e -
began a t
2 kp, and t h e r e s i s t a n c e was
36
in c r e a s e d to a predetermined workload based on th e s u b j e c t ' s body weight
in t h r e e to f o u r seconds.
The s u b j e c t then performed an a l l out e f f o r t
f o r t h i r t y seconds w it h o u t any paci ng.
The number o f r e v o l u t i o n s f o r
each f i v e - s e c o n d pe ri o d o f t h e work t e s t was recorded with t h e use o f a
Pacer 2000H ( S p o r t r o n i c s ) rpm meter.
From t h i s d a t a , maximal a naer obic
power, a n ae ro b ic c a p a c i t y , and r e s i s t a n c e to f a t i g u e were determined.
Aerobic Endurance.
run.
Aerobic endurance was measured usi ng a l i - m i l e
T e s ti n g was performed on an ind oor 200-meter t r a c k
Fi el dho us e.
The
test
was
done
encouragement was g iv e n , as well
separately
in
two
in th e MSU
groups.
Verbal
as t h e la p time and number.
A ten-
minute warm-up was given b e fo re t e s t i n g began.
Urine A n a l y s i s .
mation
on t h e
extent
Urine samples were c o l l e c t e d
o f d e hyd ra tio n
in
addition
to
to
subsequent r e h y d r a t i o n in p r e p a r a t i o n f o r c o m p e t it io n .
was measured by an Adams Midget Urinometer F l o a t .
th e morning b e fo re t h e s u b j e c t s
pro vid e
infor­
body weight and
Specific gravity
Samples were taken in
had u r i n a t e d , consumed food ,
ingested
w a t e r , o r e x e r c i s e d w i t h i n an e i g h t - h o u r pe ri o d p r i o r to w e ig h-i n.
samples were c o l l e c t e d between t h e hours o f 7-8 a.m.
Al I
A second u r i n e
sample was taken between 12- 1 . p.m^, j u s t p r i o r to c o m p e t it io n .
Te s ti n g Schedule
A p r e - and p o s t - t e s t b a t t e r y was given during t h e six-week stu dy.
Anthropometric
testing
was
performed b e f o r e
th e
stu dy
began
so t h a t
d i e t a r y programs f o r each o f th e s u b j e c t s in. t h e EG could be determined.
The week p r i o r to muscular endurance t e s t i n g was used as a t r i a l period
t o f a m i l i a r i z e th e s u b j e c t s with t e s t i n g procedures and to minimize the
37
learning
effect.
Mid-point
in
the
investigation
(Oct.
24),
skinfoid
t e s t i n g was again performed in an e f f o r t to e v a l u a t e t h e pro gr es s o f th e
EG d i e t a r y program, a s . w e l l as t h e CG.
The t e s t i n g schedule i s given below:
Sept.. 21-22
Sept. 30
Oct. 4
Oct. 5
Anthropometric T e s t i n g (4:30)
I i - M i l e Run (3:30)
Muscular Endurance Te s ti n g (4:00)
Modified-Wingate Te s t (3:00)
Oct. 24
Anthropometric T e s ti n g (3:30)
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
10
11
14
15
17-18
Pr e- T e st
I i - M i l e Run (3:30)
Muscular Endurance T e s ti n g (4:00)
Anthropometric T e s t i n g (3:30)
Modified-Wingate T e s t (3:00)
Urine Anal ysi s (8:00 a.m. and
12:00 noon)
Post-Test
Analysis o f Data
An a n a l y s i s
of
c ova ri an c e
between
the
CG f o r
each
v a r i a b l e t e s t e d was perfor me d, using t h e p r e - t e s t as t h e c o v a r i a t e .
The
le v e l of s i g n i f i c a n c e was e s t a b l i s h e d a t 0.05.
EG and
the
The t a b l e s , f i g u r e s and
s t a t i s t i c s a r e e xp re ss ed as means f o r a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s measured in t h i s
investigation.
Vz
38
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS
The f i n d i n g s in t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e p re s e n te d in Chapter IV.
d i s c u s s i o n o f t h e r e s u l t s w i l l be p r e s e n te d in Chapter V.
A
Findings from
t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n a r e p r e s e n te d under t h e fol lo wi ng headin gs :
1.
Diet Composition and C a l o r i c Intake
2.
Body Composition/Total Body Weight
3.
G ir th s
4.
Muscular Endurance
5.
Power
6.
Aerobic Endurance
7.
Urine Analysis
Diet Composition and C a l o r i c Intake
A nutritional
pre-competitive
program designed t o optim iz e performance during the
training
pe rio d
was
reducing to t h e i r lowest f u n c t i o n a l
implemented
body w e ig hts .
t h e i r own methods to reduce body w ei ght.
to
aid
th e
EG in
The CG was l e f t to
The n u t r i t i o n a l
i n t a k e of th e
EG was monitored d a i l y throug hout t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n , w hil e th e CG was
monitored
d uri ng
every
o t h e r week.
R e s u lt s
of d ie t
composition
and
c a l o r i c i n t a k e f o r th e s u b j e c t s a r e summarized in Table 4 and presented,
in Figure I .
39
Table 4.
Diet Composition and C a l o ri c In ta k e .
Week I
Kcal
Comp (%)
Kcal
Comp (%) Kcal
57/28/15
59/26/15
2550
56/29/15
2471
61/26/14 2396
52/33/16
3374
2635
Week 5
EG
Week 4
Comp (%)
CG
Group
Week 3
Comp {%)* Kcal
Group
EG
Week 2
50/33/16 2846
Week 6
X
X
Comp (%)* Kcal
Comp (%)
Kcal
Comp (%)
Kcal
Kcal/kg/day
62/25/13
62/26/13
2246
60/27/15
2422
36.4
52/32/16
2765
51/33/16
2991
39.9
2236
CG
* CHO/FAT/PRO
The EG had a h i g h e r p ercen ta ge o f CHO and a lower pe rc en ta ge of FAT
and PRO f o r the p r o p o r t i o n of f o o d s t u f f s consumed than did the CG (Table
4).
The o v e r a l l da ta on th e d i e t composition f o r th e EG c o n s i s t e d of an
average o f 60 p e r c e n t
CHO (range
of
56-66
percent),
27 p e rc e n t
FAT
(range of 22-31 p e r c e n t ) and 15 p e r c e n t PRO (range o f 14-15 p e r c e n t ) * .
The CG consumed a d i e t c o n s i s t i n g o f an average of 51 p e r c e n t CHO (range
of
41-58
percent),
33
p e rc e n t
FAT (range
of
p e r c e n t PRO (range o f 14-22 p e r c e n t ) .
* Sum of th e av erages does not equal 100 p e r c e n t .
26-36
percent)
and
16
40
3500
3400
3300
3200
3100
3000
2900
O
« C
— I O
CC
I
C
I
N
T
A
K
E
2800
2700
2600
2500
2400
2300
2200
2100
2000
1900
1800
1700
1600
1500
I
2
3
4
5
TIME PERIOD (Weeks)
Figure I .
C a l o r i c In t a k e .
6
41
The
EG had
a
lower
i n v e s t i g a t i o n (Fig ure I ) .
2635
Kcal/da y
(Week
I)
caloric
intake
than
the
CG th rou ghout
the
The EG s t e a d i l y de creased c a l o r i c i n t a k e from
to
(Week 6 ) ,
2246
Kcal/day (range o f 2148-2739 K cal /da y).
with
an
average
of
2422
The CG reduced c a l o r i c i n t a k e
from 3374 Kcal/day (Week 2) to 2765 Kcal/day (Week 6 ) , with an average
of 2991 Kcal/day (range o f 2215-3474 Kc al /d a y).
The EG consumed a lower,
number o f c a l o r i e s in r e l a t i o n to body weight (Kc al /kg /da y) than th e CG9
with va lu es o f 36.4 and 3 9 . 9 , r e s p e c t i v e l y .
Body Composition/Total Body Weight
The methods and procedures
changes
in
body
composition
used were an a t t e m p t to measure th e
for
p a r t i c i p a t e d in t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n .
eighteen
collegiate
w restlers
who
R e s u lt s o f body composition f o r th e
s u b j e c t s a r e summarized in Table 5 and i n d i v i d u a l l y p r e s e n t e d in Figures
2 and 3.
From t h e da ta c o l l e c t e d , i t was found t h a t t h e EG l o s t a s i g n i f ­
i c a n t l y (P<0.05) l a r g e r amount of TBW than did th e CG over t h e six-week
study p e r i o d , with mean weight l o s s e s o f 6.0 and 1.9 pounds, r e s p e c t i v e ­
ly (Fig ure 2 ) .
Of t h e 6 .0 pound weight r e d u c ti o n (4 .0 p e r c e n t of TBW)
e xp erien ce d by t h e EG, 5 .0 pounds (83.3 p e r c e n t ) were d e r i v e d from FW,
and 1.0 pound (16.6 p e r c e n t ) from LEW.
have
in c r e a s e d
LBW by
1.4
pounds,
In c o n t r a s t , t h e CG was found to
a d e cr ea se
in
FW by 3.3
pounds
r e s u l t i n g in a d e c r e a s e in TBW by 1.4 pounds (1. 0 p e r c e n t o f TBW).
The
d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e two groups f o r TBW and LBW were s t a t i s t i c a l l y
s i g n i f i c a n t (Table 5).
42
Table 5.
Anal ysi s o f Covariance R e s u lt s Between th e EG and CG Among the
Body Composition V a ri a bl es with t h e P r e - T e st as C ov ariat e.
Adjusted
P os tTest ** Variance
Group
No. of
S u b je c ts
SU
EG
CG
7
11
10.0
8.2
7.8
7.7
7.0
8.2
0.11
0.07
7.26 *
TR
EG
CG
7
11
8.5
6.8
6.2
5.6
5.8
5.9
0.18
0.11
0.06
CH
EG
CG
7
11
4.4
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.9
3.2
0.04
0.03
1.20
SI
EG
CG
7
11
16.8
12.9
8 .9
9.4
7.7
10.1
0.74
0.46
4.59 *
AB
EG
CG
7
11
13.9
10.8
8.1
7.0
7.4
7.4
0.27
0.17
0.00
TH
EG
CG
7
11
10.5
10.2
7.6
7.5
7.5
7.6
0.30
0.19
0.04
Total
Sk in fo ld s
EG
CG
7
11
64.0
50.2
41.9
40.1
37.4
43.0
4.90
3.02
3.80
Body
Density
EG
CG
7
11
0.00
0.00
1.37
LBW
EG
CG
7
11
135.6
152.8
134.6
154.2
144.3
148.0
1.43
0.87
5.51 *
PF
EG
CG
7
11
9.2
7.6
6.0
5.8
5.6
6.1
0.15
0.10
0.98
TBW
EG
CG
7
11
149.4
165.9
143.4
164.0
152.3
158.3
23.94
14.80
Item
PreTest
P o s tTes t
F-Test
Sk in fo ld s
1.079
1.083
1.087
1.087
1.088
1.086
8.62 *
* S i g n i f i c a n t beyond P<0.05, with a I and 15 Degree o f Freedom.
** S t a t i s t i c a l l y a d j u s t i n g th e p o s t - t e s t score by using th e p r e - t e s t as
th e eq u at i n g f a c t o r .
43
1
2
3
4
5
TESTING PERIOD (Weeks)
Figure 2.
Tot al Body Weight.
6
44
PRE­
TEST
Fig ur e 3.
S k in f o ld Measurements.
45
A sso c ia te d with th e weight re d u c t i o n s were de cr ea se s a t a l l
f o l d s i t e s f o r both groups.
sites.
skin­
Figure 3 shows th e changes a t th e s k i n f o l d
The EG had s i g n i f i c a n t l y (P<0.05) l a r g e r d e c r e a se s a t th e SU and
SI s k i n f o l d s i t e s , w hil e t h e d i f f e r e n c e s f o r a l l
significant.
o t h e r s i t e s were not
The EG did .exceed th e CG f o r mean body d e n s i t y i n c r e a s e
and PF d e c r e a s e , althoug h th e d i f f e r e n c e s between th e two groups were
not s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t f o r t h e s e param ete rs .
G ir th s
Changes
in
the
cross-sectional
c ir cu mf eren ce measurements
provid es
composition can be e s t i m a t e d .
areas
of the
body determined
by
an i n d i r e c t method by which body
R e s u lt s o f g i r t h ' measurements f o r the
s u b j e c t s a r e p r e s e n te d in Table 6 .
The EG e xper ien ce d d e c r e a s e s g t a l l
g i r t h s i t e s fo ll o w i n g t h e six-week weight re d u c t i o n program.
In the CG,
g i r t h s i t e s were found to have de cr ea se d with the ex ce p ti o n of i n c r e a s e s
a t th e SH by 0.3 cm, th e NK by 0.2 cm, and th e BI by 0.2 cm.
tically
observed
significant
for
the
(P<0.05)
SN,
BI,
differences
AB I ,
and
between th e
the
TH g i r t h s .
S tatis­
two groups were
As
p r e v io u s ly
mentioned, t h e s e s i t e s were found to have de creased f o r t h e EG, whereas
t h e CG main ta ine d o r even in c r e a s e d s i z e a t them.
Figure 4 shows somatographic p r o f i l e s f o r both t h e EG and CG, using
th e g i r t h s from Table 6 .
The Somatogram ( 8 ) i s a gra p h ic r e p r e s e n t a t i o n
o f body p r o p o r t i o n a l i t y showing th e p e r c e n t d e v i a t i o n o f an in di v id u a l
from th o s e o f a r e f e r e n c e man.
I f an i n d i v i d u a l ' s p r o p o r t i o n s conform
t o th e r e f e r e n c e symmetry, t h e r e would be no d e v i a t i o n (a v e r t i c a l l i n e
through z e r o ) .
I t i s e v i d e n t t h a t th e p r o p o r t i o n s f o r both groups a re
46
Table 6 .
Item
Analysis of Covariance R e s u lt s Between th e EG and CG Among the
G irt h V a r i a b l e s with t h e P r e - T e s t as C o v a r ia t e .
Group
No. of
S ub je c ts
PreTest
P os tTest
Adjusted
PostTest **
Variance
F-Test
SH
EG
CG
7
11
114.6
118.5
112.6
118.8
114.6
117.5
0.53
0.33
8.87 *
NK
EG
CG
7
11
38.5
40.0
38.0
40.2
38.9
39.6
0.13
0.08
2.48
CH
EG
CG
7
11
97.2
99.7
95.5
98.7
96.5
98.1
1.05
0.66
1.49
BI
EG
CG
7
11
33.8
35.8
33.5
36.0
34.7
35.3
0.05
0.03
4.64 *
AB I
EG
CG
7
11
76.8
78.7
73.8
77.8
74.7
77.3
0.30
0.19
13.17 *
AB 2
EG
CG
7
11
76.9
79.7
74.0
77.6
75.4
76.6
0.25
0.16
3.54
GL
EG
CG
7
11
91.4
95.8
89.3
94.0
91.3
92.7
0.34
0.21
3.30
TH
EG
CG
7
11
56.2
57.8
53.5
57.0
54.3
56.5
0.24
0.15
CA
EG
CG
7
11
36.7
37.8
35.5
37.2
36.2
36.7
0.06
0.38
11.65 *
2.47
* S i g n i f i c a n t beyond P<0.05, with a I and 15 Degree of Freedom.
** S t a t i s t i c a l l y a d j u s t i n g the p o s t - t e s t score by using th e p r e - t e s t as
the eq u at i n g f a c t o r .
47
-15
-10
0
-5
5
10
15
......................................................................................................
iiH
............................................
CM
.........................................
Afl I
........................................
...............................................
Afl 2
............................. . .
CL
. . . .
m
........................................
BI
.......................
>’A
. . .
AU
............................
KU
................................................V f l
. . . .
''X 1
X ::
. . y . / . .
S
c
................................................
AU
................................................
....................
A...................................................................
-15
-1 0
-5
0
SM
.......................................................
CU
.......................................................
AB 1
.......................................
5
10
15
Xx.
..
.......................................
XX
Afl 2
............................. . .
u.
............................
„
...........................................
til
. . .
*A
................................................
Kh
................................................... ..... . -
.
>
................................
KU
.......................................................
CA
...................................................
AU
........................................... w C
Figure 4.
.
- -
........................
...............................
Somatogram
O BC
• fin
---- tire* v
---P u ti I-
48
la r g e when compared to Behnke 1s r e f e r e n c e man f o r the SM, CU, BI, and
FA, and small in th e GL, AB I and AB 2; while the p r o p o r t i o n a l d i f f e r ­
ences between the two groups a r e s l i g h t .
Muscular Endurance
Muscular endurance measures t h e requireme nts f o r w r e s t l e r s to push
and pu ll
a g a i n s t a r e s i s t a n c e a p p l i e d by an opponent.
Although most
of th e muscles o f t h e body may be u t i l i z e d during a c o n t e s t , the muscle
groups p r i m a r i l y used in w r e s t l i n g a r e th e muscles of th e back, h i p s ,
and arms.
R es ul ts f o r muscular endurance f o r th e s u b j e c t s a r e summarized in
Table 7 and pre s e n te d in Figure 5.
ga ins than did th e CG f o r a l l
The EG e xper ien ce d s l i g h t l y l a r g e r
t h e v a r i a b l e s t e s t e d , but t h e s e d i f f e r ­
ences were not s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t (P <0 .0 5) .
Table 7.
Analysis of Covariance R e s u lt s Between t h e EG and CG Among th e
Muscular Endurance V a ri a b le s with th e P r e - T e s t as C o v ar ia t e.
No. of
S ubj e c ts
PreTes t
Po s tTes t
Adjusted
Pos tTest **
*
Variance
Item
Group
Squats
EG
CG
7
11
9.3
7.0
13.3
10.3
12.3
10.8
7.32
4.11
0.18
Dips
EG
CG
7
11
12.9
13.4
15.4
15.3
15.6
15.1
0.90
0.57
0.18
Pulldowns
EG
CG
7
11
5.1
6.7
9.1
9.6
9.7
9.3
0.43
0.27
0.22
Overhead
Presse s
EG
CG
7
11
8.6
10.0
10.7
11.7
11.3
11.4
0.42
0.27
0.17
F-Test
* S i g n i f i c a n t beyond P<0.05, with a I and 15 Degree of Freedom.
** S t a t i s t i c a l l y a d j u s t i n g th e p o s t - t e s t s co re by using t h e p r e - t e s t as
th e e q u a ti n g f a c t o r .
PRE-TEST
POST-TEST
20
19
18
R
E
17
16
15
14
13
12
T
8
5
7
N
5
6
S
4
3
2
I
S
Q
U
A
T
S
D
I
P
S
P
U
L
L
D
0
W
N
S
Fig ur e 5.
0 P
VR
EE
RS
HS
EE
AS
0
S
Q
U
A
T
S
Muscular Endurance.
0
I
P
S
P
U
L
L
D
O
W
N
S
0 P
VR
EE
RS
HS
EE
AS
D
50
Power
The Modified-Wingate Test i s designed to measure maximal a naer obic
power,
a n ae ro b ic
"index").
capacity,
The r e s u l t s
and
the
resistance
to
fatigue
(fatigue
o f th e Modified-Wingate Tes t a re summarized in
Table 8 and p r e s e n te d in Figure 6 .
Both
groups
and a n a e ro b ic
differences
e xper ien ce d
capacity
increases
and a d e c r e a s e
in
in
maximal
the
a n ae ro b ic
fatigue
power
"i n d e x ."
between th e two groups were not s t a t i s t i c a l l y
The
significant
(P<0.05) f o r any o f t h e above v a r i a b l e s .
Table 8 .
Item
Analysis o f Covariance R es ults Between th e EG and CG Among th e
Power V a r ia b le s with t h e P r e - T e s t as C o v a r ia t e .
Group
No. of
S ub je c ts
PreTest
P os tTes t
Adjusted
Pos tTest **
*
Variance
F-Test
Maximal
Anaerobic
Power
EG
CG
7
11
120.1
123.4
137.4
136.5
138.4
135.9
16.27
10.33
0.22
Anaerobic
Capacity
EG
CG
7
11
587.1
608.9
646.6
659.3
653.0
655.2
156.65
99.02
0.02
Fatigue
"Index"
EG
CG
7
11
2.7
2.9
3.6
3.5
3.7
3.5
0.09
0.05
0.31
* S i g n i f i c a n t beyond P<0.05, with a I and 15 Degree o f Freedom.
** S t a t i s t i c a l l y a d j u s t i n g the p o s t - t e s t score by using th e p r e - t e s t as
th e eq u at i n g f a c t o r .
51
X) m "u
on z o i—<—Ic zi— o < m 73
— PRE-TEST
POST-TEST
TIME (Seconds)
Figure 6 .
Modified-Wingate Te s t.
52
Aerobi c Endurance
The I i -mile run provid es an i n d i r e c t measure of a e r o b i c endurance.
R es ul ts o f th e l i - m i l e run a re summarized in Table 9 and pre se nte d in
Figure 7.
Both groups de cr ea se d running time by over 30 seconds.
The EG had
a l a r g e r improvement in running ti m e , but the d i f f e r e n c e between the two
groups was not s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t (P<0.05).
Table 9.
Item
Anal ysi s of Covariance R e s u lt s Between th e EG and CG Among th e
Aerobic Endurance V a ria ble with t h e P r e - T e st as C o v ar ia t e.
Group
H-Mile
Run
Mo. of
S ub je c ts
EG
CG
7
11
PreTest
P o s tTes t
9:39
9:44
9:05
9:11
Adjusted
PostVariance
Test **
*
9:06
9:10
0.09
0.05
F-Test
0.32
* S i g n i f i c a n t beyond P<0.05, with a I and 15 Degree of Freedom.
** S t a t i s t i c a l l y a d j u s t i n g the p o s t - t e s t score by using th e p r e - t e s t as
the eq u at i n g f a c t o r .
Urine Analysis
In o r d e r to reach t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e weight c l a s s e s , th e s u b j e c t s in
the EG l o s t an average o f 3.1 pounds of body weight and th e CG l o s t an
average of 4.6 pounds of body weight by r a p i d weight r e d u c ti o n methods.
Following w e i g h - i n s , a r e h y d r a t i o n period of f i v e hours was provided to
r e p l a c e body f l u i d s .
As a r e s u l t of u n r e s t r i c t e d f l u i d i n t a k e , the EG
re ga ine d an average o f 2.4 pounds and th e CG re ga ine d an average of 1.7
53
11:00
10:50
10:40
10:30
10:20
10:10
10:00
TEST
Figure 7.
POST­
TEST
I^ -M il e Run.
54
pounds
(Appendix B).
No s t a t i s t i c a l
t r e a t m e n t was a p p l i e d
to weight
l o s s d a ta .
The raw data from the u r i n e a n a l y s i s
In
the
reflected
EG,
two
subjects
by valu es
of
were
severely
1.038 and 1.037.
i s pre s e n te d in Appendix N.
dehydrated
at
w eigh-ins
as
One of t h e most dehydrated
s u b j e c t s was almost as dehydrated (1.036) f i v e hours l a t e r , u n l i k e a l l
o t h e r s u b j e c t s who reached p o s t - t e s t va lu es between 1.02? and 1.029.
Of
th e CG, only one s u b j e c t reached a val ue o f 1.038, while th e o t h e r s were
moderately dehydrated with val ues of 1.034 o r l e s s .
The mean d i f f e r ­
ences between th e two groups were not s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t (P<0.05)
as i n d i c a t e d in Table 10.
I t can be seen in Figure 8 t h a t both groups
were s i m i l a r , e vid enc ing mild to moderate d e h y d r a t i o n , but r e t u r n e d to
b o r d e r l i n e normal l e v e l s fo ll ow in g a f i v e - h o u r r e h y d r a t i o n p e r i o d , with
one noted e x c e p t i o n .
Table 10.
Item
Urine
Analysis
Anal ysi s of Covariance R e s u lt s Between th e EG and CG Among
th e Urine Anal ysi s V a ria ble with th e P r e - T e s t as C ovar ia te .
Group
EG
CG
No. o f
S ub je c ts
7
11
PreTest
P o s tTest
32.7
31.8
26.9
26.2
Adjusted
P os tVariance
Test **
*
26.5
26.4
0.01
0.01
F-Test
0.01
* S i g n i f i c a n t beyond P<0.05, with a I and 15 Degree of Freedom.
** S t a t i s t i c a l l y a d j u s t i n g th e p o s t - t e s t s cor e by using th e p r e - t e s t as
th e eq u at i n g f a c t o r .
55
1.040
O EG
• GG
1.038
1.037
1.036
-< —1 1—I < 3» ;o CD
o i —i- n i —< o m " o c o
1.035
1.034
1.033
1.032
1.031
1.030
1.029
1.028
1.027
1.026
1.025
1.024
1.023
1.022
1.020
PRE-HYDRATION
TEST
POST-HYDRATION
TEST
TIME PERIOD ( 5 Hours)
Fig ur e 8 .
Urine A n a l y s i s .
56
CHAPTER V
' DISCUSSION
The purpose of t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was to determine th e e f f e c t s o f
weight re d u c t i o n r e s u l t i n g from d i e t a r y c o n t r o l s and no d i e t a r y c o n t r o l s
during a c o l l e g i a t e w r e s t l i n g p r e - c o m p e t i t i v e t r a i n i n g p e r i o d .
R esu lts
p r e s e n te d in Chapter IV w i l l be d i s c u s s e d in t h i s c h a p t e r and p resen te d
under th e fo ll o w i n g headings:
1.
E f f e c t o f Hypocaloric Diet on Body Composition
2.
Muscular Endurance/Power
3.
Aerobic Endurance
4.
Urine Analysis
E f f e c t o f Hypocaloric Diet on Body Composition
The d i e t a r y program which was implemented to a i d t h e EG in reducing
TBW was
designed
p e r c e n t PRO.
to
provide
60 p e r c e n t
CHO,
25 p e r c e n t
As th e st ud y pro gresse d th e
s u b j e c t s became more co nsci en tio us, in fo ll ow in g th e d i e t ,
calories
15
The a c t u a l p r o p o r t i o n o f f o o d s t u f f s consumed were s i m i l a r
to th e amounts planned f o r them (Table 4 ) .
fin i n c r e a s e
FAT and
r e s u l t i n g in
in th e p e rc en ta g e o f CHO and a decr ease in t h e number o f
consumed.
Due to
the
nature
of
utilizing
human
subjects,
d e v i a t i o n s from t h e c o n t r o l l e d d i e t o c c u r r e d .
In some c a s e s , i n d i v i d ­
uals
the
e xp erien ce d
difficulty
in
remaining
on
high
c a r b o h y d ra t e -
h y p o c a lo r ic d i e t though adherence was g e n e r a l l y s a t i s f a c t o r y
(Appendix
57
0) .
The
symptoms
(i.e .,
hunger)
associated
with
a
reduced
caloric
i n t a k e were t h e major complaint even though th e mean weight l o s s was
only about one pound pe r week o r approxim at el y a d a i l y c a l o r i c d e f i c i t
o f 500 Kcal.
th e s u b j e c t s
regarded
meals
Weekends, p a r t i c u l a r l y , pre s e n te d a problem f o r keeping
in th e
t h e meal
(high
EG on th e p r e s c r i b e d d i e t a r y program.
pla ns
and,
as a r e s u l t ,
first
weeks
consumed more t r a d i t i o n a l
FAT and PRO) o f h i g h e r c a l o r i c
r e s u l t e d in f l u c t u a t i o n s in TBW.
of
th e
Many d i s ­
c o n t e n t which u l t i m a t e l y
This was e s p e c i a l l y e v i d e n t during th e
investigation.
Though
th e
EG was
more
closely
monitored durin g t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o n by having th e foods t o be s e l e c t i v e l y
consumed
chosen
for
them,
th e
CG r e a l i z e d
that
by a s p e c i f i c
d a te
(Oct. 18, 1983) they would have to reach t h e i r r e s p e c t i v e weight c l a s s e s
to compete (Appendix B).
For both groups a d e c l i n e . i n c a l o r i c in t a k e
was observed over t h e six-week pe ri o d (Fig ure I ) .
As a r e s u l t o f t r a i n i n g ( in c r e a s e d energy e x p e n d i t u r e ) and f o l l o w ­
ing a ch ro n ic h y p o c a lo r ic d i e t ,
th e EG ex perienced a r e d u c t i o n
(5. 0 pounds) and LBW (1 .0 pound), r e s u l t i n g in an o v e r a l l
TBW ( 6. 0 pounds).
The CG had a d e c r e a s e
in FW (3 .3
i n c r e a s e in LBW ( 1. 4 pounds), r e s u l t i n g in an o v e r a l l
(1 .9 pounds).
in FW
de crease in
pounds)
and an
d e c r e a s e in TBW
The changes found in body composition f o r th e CG were
p r i m a r i l y t h e r e s u l t o f t r a i n i n g versu s a h y poc al or ic d i e t to a l a r g e r
e x t e n t than th e EG.
Several
fluids)
factors
o f weight
restriction,
can
influence
loss.
proportion
the
composition
Among them i s
of
foodstuffs
th e
severity
consumed,
h y p o c a lo r ic d i e t , and t h e i n d i v i d u a l ' s RF.
the
(FW/LBW and body
of the
duration
caloric
of
the
Data, o b ta in e d in experiments
58
of s h o rte r duration
in v o lv in g a cu te and s e m i - s t a r v a t i o n
(particularly
high PRO d i e t s ) in normals have i n d i c a t e d t h a t duri ng t h e e a r l y s ta g e s
o f c a l o r i c r e s t r i c t i o n much o f th e weight l o s s i s from body f l u i d s and
LBW (17-20, 27, 54).
FW w i l l
35).
As t h e d u r a t i o n o f t h e h y poc al or ic d i e t e x te n d s ,
i n c r e a s i n g l y compose a major p o r t i o n o f th e weight lo s s
In t h e EG, t h e e x t e n t o f c a l o r i c r e s t r i c t i o n
(16,
in t h e hy poc al ori c
d i e t may have pre ve nte d t h e growth o r maintenance of LBW, and t h e r e f o r e
resulted
in
a decrease
in
both
FW and
LBW.
This
concurs with
the
f i n d i n g s o f Widerman and Hagan (62) who r e p o r t e d s i m i l a r r e s u l t s on one
w restler
tudinal
as a consequence o f a ch ro n ic
h y p oc al or ic
diet.
s t u d i e s on w r e s t l e r s , Kelly (34) and Zambreski
In l o n g i ­
(67) found t h a t
TBW de cr ea se d s l i g h t l y during t h e w r e s t l i n g seas on; FW de cr ea se d and LBW
increased.
These f i n d i n g s a re in agreement with t h e r e s u l t s found in
t h e CG.
Both groups
sites
resulting
in t h i s
in
investigation
lower t o t a l
skinfold
had d e cr ea se s
va lu es
at all
skinfold
and t h e r e f o r e
in RF.
Although t h e d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e two groups were n o t s i g n i f i c a n t ,
th e EG had l a r g e r d e c r e a s e s a t a l l s k i n f o l d s i t e s , a l a r g e r RF l o s s , and
a l a r g e r i n c r e a s e in body d e n s i t y .
TBW and FW l o s s of t h e EG.
The d i f f e r e n c e s r e f l e c t th e l a r g e r
Other i n v e s t i g a t o r s (34, 62, 67) have a l s o
r e p o r t e d d e c r e a s e s duri ng t h e c o m p e t it iv e season.
The d e c r e a se s in a l l
girths
for
s ev e ra l
the
EG.
girth site s
s k i n f o l d v a lu es correspond t o a de crease in
The CG de cr ea se d all I
skinfold
values.
(SH, NK and BI) were observed to i n c r e a s e .
and co-workers (34) a l s o found t h a t a number of g i r t h s i t e s
even
though
However,
TBW de cr ea se d
slightly.
The
increases
in
Kelly
i n c re as e d
girth
a re
59
associated
with
th o s e
body
sites
where
muscular
hypertrophy
would
increase.
Muscular Endurance/Power
Both
groups
in c r e a s e d
muscular
pre-competitive tr a in in g period.
endurance
and
power
during
th e
Although th e d i f f e r e n c e s between th e
two groups were not s i g n i f i c a n t , t h e EG had l a r g e r i n c r e a s e s f o r a l l the
v a r i a b l e s measured (Tables 7 and 8 ).
The r e s u l t s o b ta in e d in t h i s
other
investigations
in v o lv in g
found here a r e much h i g h e r .
stu dy a re in general
w restlers.
However,
agreement with
th e
improvements
Widerman and Hagan (62) found t h a t maximal
i s o t o n i c s t r e n g t h was ma intained fo ll o w i n g a s i g n i f i c a n t weight reduc­
t i o n and when ex pr e sse d in r e l a t i o n t o body weight a small i n c r e a s e was
obs erved;
explosive
observed small
power a l s o
increased.
Kelly and co-workers
(34)
i n c r e a s e s in muscular s t r e n g t h and endurance during the
c o m p e t it iv e s ea s on , although TBW remained r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e .
changes ^were a t t r i b u t e d
to the year-round tra in in g
The small
of the w restlers.
Others (16, 35, 54) using u n t r a i n e d s u b j e c t s have a l s o i n d i c a t e d t h a t ,
f o r weight l o s s e s l e s s than ten p e r c e n t o f TBW, maximal s t r e n g t h can be
m a in ta in ed .
in
both
indicate
The improvements in muscular endurance and power observed
groups
that
over
th e
the
six-week
subjects
in
s tu d y
this
pe rio d
in
investigation
this
study would
began
c o m p e t it iv e t r a i n i n g pe rio d in a r e l a t i v e l y u n t r a i n e d s t a t e .
the
pre-
60
Aerobic Endurance
Both groups in t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n had de c r e a se s o f approximately 30
seconds
in
running
time
for
the
li-m ile
run with
a non-significaht
d i f f e r e n c e between groups by t h e p o s t - t e s t (Table 9 ) .
Elements of the
t e s t t h a t can a f f e c t performance (running time) a r e th e s u b j e c t ' s TBW,
state
of
(VO2 max),
training
m o ti v a ti o n
and t h e
establishing
of
an
e f f e c t i v e pace during t h e run.
Of p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t to t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n i s t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of
TBW to performance.
is
Having a l a r g e body mass (muscle o r a dip ose t i s s u e )
a di s ad v a n ta g e t o performance because bulk w i l l
efficiency.
n o t c o n t r i b u t e to
Since t h e EG l o s t a s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r amount o f TBW than
t h e CG and a l s o t r a i n e d under s i m i l a r c o n d i t i o n s , i t would seem t h a t the
EG would have a f a s t e r pace during th e l i - m i l e r un, bu t t h i s did not
o c cu r .
One p o s s i b i l i t y f o r th e s i m i l a r t r e n d s may be r e l a t e d to the
hy po c a lo r ic d i e t o f t h e EG.
caloric
glycogen.
deprivation
Other
The l o s s o f 1.0 pound of LBW s ug ges ts t h a t
pre vented
investigators
an
(27,
adequate
54,
55)
restoration
of
muscle
have found t h a t
caloric
d e p r i v a t i o n r e s u l t s in poor r e s t o r a t i o n o f m u s c l e / l i v e r glycogen.
may lead t o l e s s
than optimal
cardiovascular efficiency
(27,
This
35 ) and
n e g a t i v e l y i n f l u e n c e t h e e s t a b l i s h i n g o f an e f f e c t i v e pace during th e
li-m ile
run.
C a l o r ic
deprivation
also
results
in
some
degree
of
d e h y d r a t i o n , with a major p o r t i o n coming from th e v a s c u l a r compartment
(9, 10, 54) and, c o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e c a p a c i t y o f th e c i r c u l a t o r y system to
t r a n s p o r t oxygen to t h e working muscles i s im pa ire d, c au si ng a decrea se
in performance duri ng maximal workloads ( I , 18, 35 , 45 , 46).
61
The r e s u l t s o b ta in e d in t h i s
other investigations
ment d i f f e r .
study a re in general
inv olv in g w r e s t l e r s ,
Hansen
(26)
agreement with
although methods o f measure­
when VO2 max was ex pressed
found t h a t
in
I min "*■ a d e cr ea se was obs erved , bu t when ex pressed in r e l a t i o n to body
weight (ml"min
' k g - 1 ) no s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e was found following a
l a r g e weight l o s s .
Widerman and Hagan (62) a l s o found t h a t Voo max
T
.
2
de creased when ex pr e sse d in I min"1, but found a small i n c r e a s e when
I
I
ex pre sse d in ml'min , 'kg
fo ll ow in g a l a r g e weight r e d u c t i o n . Henschel
and co-workers (27) have shown t h a t a d e cr ea se in VO2 m a x , i s . r e l a t e d to
a d e cr ea se in LEW.
in
Kelly and co-workers (34) observed a small i n c r e a s e
VO2 max (ml'min ^' kg
duri ng
remained r e l a t i v e l y s t a b l e .
the
c o m p e t it iv e
The small
season,
while
TBW
changes were a t t r i b u t e d to the.
year-round tr a in in g of the w re s tle r s .
Urine Analysis
One o f t h e expected outcomes o f c o n t r o l l e d weight re d u c t i o n was the
l o s s o f a l a r g e r amount o f TBW p r i o r to t h e f i r s t c o m p e t it iv e w e ig h - in ,
permitting
th e
EG t o
be n e a r e r t h e i r
r e s p e c t i v e weight c l a s s e s
t h e r e f o r e , not as dehydrated as t h e CO.
and,
The d i f f e r e n c e s found in th e
u r i n a r y p r o f i l e s between t h e groups showed a r e v e r s a l o f e x p e c t a t i o n s ;
th e EG was more dehydrated ( n o n - s i g n i f i c a n t ) a t both t h e p r e - and p o s t ­
h y d r a ti o n t e s t s
identical
morning
than t h e CG (Table 10).
trends
sample
d urin g
a mean
the
rehydration
specific
gravity
The groups e x h i b i t e d n e a r ly
pe rio d
of
(F ig ure
8 ).
1.032 was found
At th e
for
the
s u b j e c t s in t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n , and a va lu e o f 1.026 was observed a t th e
post-hydration
test.
Between
Monday
(initial
practice)
and
Friday
62
( c o m p e t i t i o n ) , th e s u b j e c t s in the EG l o s t a mean o f 2 .7 p e r c e n t and the
CG
lost
2.9
percent
(Appendix B).
of
their
TBW,
primarily
through
deh ydratio n
The s u b j e c t s were only mo derately de hydrated acc ording to
the pe rc en ta ge o f body weight l o s t , which i s not in agreement with th e
degree
of
d e hydr a tio n
evident
from
the
urine
analysis
(specific
g r a v i t y ) , un le s s th e s u b j e c t s were a l r e a d y dehydrated on Monday.
The r e s u l t s obt a in e d in t h i s
stud y a r e in general
o t h e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n s in v o lv in g w r e s t l e r s .
study were more d e hydr a te d.
agreement with
However, t h e s u b j e c t s in t h i s
In t h r e e s e p a r a t e s t u d i e s ,
Zambreski and
co-workers r e p o r t e d a mean value o f 1.028 a t w e igh -in s and a value of
1.026 f i v e
hours
(rehydration
period)
later
in high school
w restlers'
( 66 ) , a va lu e o f 1.026 a t w ei gh -in s in high school w r e s t l e r s (6 5 ) , and a
valu e of 1.029 in c o l l e g e w r e s t l e r s a t w ei gh- in s
(6 7) .
Each o f th e s e
s t u d i e s were conducted l a t e in th e c o m p e t it iv e season.
Two f a c t o r s may have c o n t r i b u t e d to t h e u r i n a r y v a lu es e x h i b i t e d in
both
groups
at
th e
pre-hydration
test.
First,,
p r e -s e a s o n
a n x ie t y
r e l a t e d to "making weight" and c o m p e t i t i o n , and p a r t i c u l a r l y a team run
p r i o r to bed t h e n i g h t b e fo re w e i g h - i n s ;
and second, t h e h y p oc al or ic
d i e t followed by th e EG may have i n f l u e n c e d th e degree o f dehydration
observed.
Other
researchers
have
r e p o r t e d t h a t a h y p o c a lo r ic d i e t
<
c o n t r i b u t e s to a s t a t e o f ch ro nic d e hydra tio n and an i n c r e a s e in f l u i d ,
i n g e s t i o n only r e s u l t s in an i n c r e a s e in u r i n e volume (18, 35 , 54 ).
A l i m i t i n g f a c t o r to t h e degree to which th e s u b j e c t s would attempt
t o r e s t o r e body f l u i d s , ( r e h y d r a t i o n p e r io d ) was th e knowledge t h a t an
a d d i t i o n a l w ei gh- in was scheduled f o r t h e evening a f t e r t h e f i n a l found
o f w r e s t l i n g f o r th e day to s erve as a weigh-in f o r t h e second day of
63
th e
tournament
(one pound weight a ll o w a n c e ).
Therefore,
many of th e
s u b j e c t s r e s t r a i n e d themselves from consuming foods and f l u i d s of such
amounts t h a t t h e i r combined weight could not be " removed" be fo re th e
nex t scheduled w ei g h -i n .
I t had been p r e v i o u s l y r e p o r t e d t h a t i f a s u b j e c t can r e p l a c e the
f l u i d s l o s t from d e hydr a tio n during an a l l o t t e d r e h y d r a t i o n pe rio d ( f i v e
h o u r s ) , ph ys ica l working c a p a c i t y w i l l not be s i g n i f i c a n t l y impaired ( 3 ,
34, 38, 42, 43, 49).
for
the m ajority
Based on t h e s e f i n d i n g s , i t may be concluded t h a t
of the
subjects
in
t h i s . investigation
dehydration/
r e h y d r a t i o n procedures did not s i g n i f i c a n t l y impair performance during
c o m p e t it io n .
64
CHAPTER VI
.
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
The purpose o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n was to examine t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p
between n u t r i t i o n a l c o n tr o l and s e l e c t e d physi cal parameters in e ig h te e n
c o l l e g i a t e w r e s t l e r s a tt e m p t i n g to a t t a i n t h e i r optimal body composition
during a w r e s t l i n g pr e - c o m p e t i t i v e t r a i n i n g pe ri o d .
Two groups of w r e s t l e r s from Montana S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y ser ved as the
subjects
f o r th e
experimental
investigation.
group,
individualized
high
consisting
A "randomly"
of
seven
selected
subjects,
c a r b o h y d r a t e - h y p o c a lo r i c
diet.
was
(dorm l i v i n g )
pla ced
on
A control
an
group
(off-campus l i v i n g ) , c o n s i s t i n g o f el even s u b j e c t s , r e c e i v e d no d i e t a r y
directions
to
aid
in
reducing
body
we igh t.
The
degree
of
weight
re d u c t i o n was l i m i t e d to t h e amount r e q u i r e d f o r each s u b j e c t in both
groups t o reach a s p e c i f i e d weight c l a s s i f i c a t i o n f o r c o m p e t it io n .
A p r e - and p o s t - t e s t schedule over a pe rio d o f s i x weeks involved
31 t e s t s and was a d m in is te r e d to th e s u b j e c t s in both groups to measure
th e changes
en durance,
in body c om posi tio n,
total
body w e ig h t,
girths,
muscular
power, and a e r o b i c endurance t h a t occu rr ed as a r e s u l t o f
p r e s c r i b e d d i e t a r y c o n t r o l s in comparison t o no d i e t a r y c o n t r o l s .
An
a n a l y s i s of c ova ri an c e between t h e two groups f o r each v a r i a b l e t e s t e d
65
was
performed,
using
the
pre-test
as
th e
covariate.
The
le vel
of
s i g n i f i c a n c e was e s t a b l i s h e d a t 0.05.
As a r e s u l t of fo ll ow in g a h y p o c a lo r ic d i e t ,
ences were
s e v e ra l
found
between
variables
differences
of
the
girth
two groups
and
body
for
total
body weight
composition.
were observed f o r muscular endurance,
en durance, although r e s u l t s
significant d iffe r­
and
No
significant
power,
and a e r o b ic
i n d i c a t e t h a t t h e EG made s l i g h t l y l a r g e r
improvements f o r almost every v a r i a b l e measured over th e p r e - c o m p e t i t i v e
tra in in g period.
In p a r t i c u l a r , t h e EG was found to have l o s t lean body
weight while th e EG gai ned .
tion/rehydration)
the
Also, a t both weigh-in p e r io d s
(dehydra­
EG was more dehydrated than t h e CG was.
It
is
i n t e r e s t i n g to note t h a t not a l l of t h e CG made t h e i r p r e d i c t e d t a r g e t
weight f o r co mp et iti on and w r e s t l e d in a hig h e r weight c l a s s i f i c a t i o n ,
whereas, a l l t h e s u b j e c t s in th e EG d id .
Conclusions
A number o f f a c t o r s may have i n f l u e n c e d t h e r e s u l t s
this
th e
investigation.
samples;
other
w restlers
as
changes
in some v a r i a b l e s ,
state
of
in
There, were a l i m i t e d number of s u b j e c t s composing
changes
prior
a result
obta ine d
of
training
may not
a prescribed
evidence
dietary
th e
same
program.
In a d d i t i o n ,
o r la ck t h e r e o f , may in p a r t
of
each
subject.
i n d i c a t e d and noted f o r f u r t h e r s tu dy.
However,
p h y s io lo g ic
reflect
trends
may
the
be
Within the l i m i t a t i o n s of t h i s
i n v e s t i g a t i o n th e following, c on c lu s io n s seem j u s t i f i e d :
I.
The changes
found
in
r e s u l t o f a combination o f t r a i n i n g
body composition
for
the
EG were
( i n c r e a s e d energy e x p e n d i t u r e ) and
the
66
prolonged
n e g a ti v e
caloric
balance,
whereas
changes
in
the
CG were
prim arily the r e s u l t of tra in in g .
2.
total
The s u b j e c t s in th e EG e x pe r ie nc e d a s i g n i f i c a n t re d u c ti o n in
body weight composed o f both .adip ose and muscle t i s s u e .
had an o v e r a l l
d e cr ea se
in
total
body weight
due t o
The CG
a de crease
in
adipo se t i s s u e p a r t l y o f f s e t by an i n c r e a s e in muscle t i s s u e .
3.
total
The d i f f e r e n c e s between th e two groups were not s i g n i f i c a n t f o r
skinfolds,
body d e n s i t y
or percent
body f a t ,
but
a t r e n d was
obs erved; t h e EG had l a r g e r d e c r e a se s f o r a l l t h e v a r i a b l e s measured.
4.
Al I g i r t h s i t e s were observed to d e cr ea se in th e EG, but th e .CG
had s e v e ra l
s i t e s i n c r e a s e which were body s i t e s where muscular hyper­
trophy would be found.
5.
The d i f f e r e n c e s between t h e two groups were not s i g n i f i c a n t f o r
muscular endurance and power,
bu t
a t r e n d was ob ser ved ;
th e
EG had
l a r g e r i n c r e a s e s f o r a l l th e v a r i a b l e s measured.
6.
There was v i r t u a l l y no d i f f e r e n c e found between t h e two groups
f o r a e r o b i c endurance.
7.
The d i f f e r e n c e s found in t h e u r i n a r y p r o f i l e s between the two
groups were not s i g n i f i c a n t , but a t r e n d was observed; t h e EG was more
dehydrated than t h e CG a t both t h e pre-c Omp etition w e ig h-in and f i v e
hours l a t e r .
The m a j o r i t y of the s u b j e c t s in both groups were a b le to
a d e q u a te ly r e s t o r e body f l u i d s to near normal l e v e l s d urin g t h e a l l o t t e d
r e h y d r a t i o n p e ri o d .
i
67
Recommendations
Based
on
th e
results
of
this
investigation,
the
following
recommendations a r e made:
1.
Further stu d ies
of th is
nature
should
be conducted over an
e n t i r e w r e s t l i n g season.
2.
I f a t a l l p o s s i b l e , a l a r g e r sample should be used.
3.
It
would
be
valuable
to
in c lu d e
muscle
biopsies
prior
to
co mp et iti on to determine t h e changes in muscle glycogen c o n c e n t r a t i o n
fo ll ow in g r a p i d weight re d u c ti o n methods.
4.
Longi tudin al
measures
of
energy
levels
should
be
made
to
determine t h e changes r e s u l t i n g from weight r e d u c t i o n .
5.
Measures o f ps ych ol ogi ca l f a c t o r s should be in cl uded in f u t u r e
s t u d i e s to determine any n e g a t i v e changes r e s u l t i n g from prolonged o r
r a p i d weight re d u c t i o n methods.
6.
Measures o f maximal
isotonic
strength
should be included
in
future studies.
7.
I t would be use fu l
body composition.
to in c lu d e d i r e c t measures o f VO^ max and
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(amateur w r e s t l i n g ) on t h e kidne ys.
Research Q u a r t e r l y , 29:54,
42.
_________i and M. Hunt. A study o f t h e c a l c u l a t e d body composition
of amateur ' w r e s t l e r s .
American C o r r e c ti o n a l Theraov J o u r n a l .
13:90, 1959.
--------------~
43.
R i b i s l , P. and W. H e rb er t.
E f f e c t s of d e hydra tio n upon the
phys ical
working
capacity
of
w restlers
under
c o m pe ti tiv e
c o n d i t i o n s . Research Q u a r t e r l y , 43:416, 1972.
44.
________ .
E f f e c t o f r a p i d weight r e d u c ti o n and
re h y d r a t i o n upon t h e physi cal working c a p a c i t y o f
Research Q u a r t e r l y , 41:536, 1970.
45.
S a l t i n , B. Aerobic and a n ae ro b ic work c a p a c i t y a f t e r d e hydra tio n.
Journal o f Applied Ph ys io lo g y , 19:1114, 1964.
46.
________ . C i r c u l a t o r y response t o sub-maximal and maximal e x e r c i s e
a f t e r thermal d e h y d r a ti o n . Journal o f Applied Ph ys iol ogy, 19:1125,
1964.
47.
S c h u s t e r , A.
The e f f e c t s o f r a p i d weight l o s s on t h e endurance
and performance o f w r e s t l e r s .
Unpublished M a s t e r ' s T he s is .
Pennsylvania S t a t e U n i v e r s i t y , 1954.
48.
Shaver, I .
E f f e c t s o f a season o f v a r s i t y w r e s t l i n g on s e l e c t e d
p h y s i o l o g i c a l pa ra m e te rs .
Journal o f Sports Medicine, 14:139.
1974.
— ------------ “
49.
S i n g e r , R., and S. Weiss. E f f e c t s o f weight re d u c t i o n on s e l e c t e d
a n t h r o p o m e t r i c , p h y s i c a l , and performance measures o f w r e s t l e r s .
Research Q u a r t e r l y , 39:361, 1968.
50.
S in n i n g , W.
Body composition ass essment o f
Medicine and Science in s p o r t s , 6:1 39, 1973.
51.
S i r i , , W. Body composition from f l u i d spaces and d e n s i t y .
Lab Met Physics ( U n i v e r s i t y o f C a l i f o r n i a ) , 1956.
in w r e s t l i n g .
Journal
,
o f th e
college
Iowa Medical
:
subsequent
w restlers.
w restlers.
■ -Donner
S l o a n 5 A. Esti ma tio n of body f a t in young men.
P h y s io lo g y , 23:311, 1967.
Smith, N.
Food f o r S p o r t .
Jou rnal o f Applied
--------------------^ ------
Bull P u b li sh in g C o ., 1976.
T a y lo r , H. Some e f f e c t s o f a c u te s t a r v a t i o n with hard work on body
w e ig h t, body f l u i d s and metabolism. Journal o f Applied P h y s io lo a v 6:61 3, 1954.
--------------------^
1
_________• Performance c a p a c i t y and e f f e c t s o f c a l o r i c r e s t r i c t i o n
with hard phy s ic a l work on young men.
Jou rnal o f Applied
P h y s io lo g y , 10:421, 1957.
• The e f f e c t o f s u c c e s s i v e f a s t s
to w it h s ta n d f a s t i n g during hard work.
P h y s io lo g y , 143:148, 1945.
on t h e a b i l i t y of men
American Journal o f
Tcheng, T . , and C. Tipton.
Iowa Wre stl in g Study: Anthropometric
measurements and t h e p r e d i c t i o n of a "minimal" body weight f o r high
school w r e s t l e r s . Medicine and Science in S p o r t s , 5 : 1 , 1973.
Tipton,
w eight.
C.
P h y s io lo g ic a l problems a s s o c i a t e d with th e making o f
American Journal o f Sp ort s Medicine, 8 :4 49, 1982.
_________j and T. Tcheng.
Iowa W restl in g Study:
Weight lo s s in
high school s t u d e n t s . Journal o f t h e American Medical A s s o c i a t i o n .
214:1269, 1970.
--------------------------------------T u t t l e , W.
The e f f e c t o f weight l o s s by d e hydra tio n and the
w ith hold in g of food on th e p h y s i o l o g i c a l respon ses o f w r e s t l e r s .
Research Q u a r t e r l y , 14:158, 1943.
Vaccaro, P . , C. Zauner, J . Cade. Changes in body w e i g h t , hemato­
c r i t and plasma p r o t e i n c o n c e n t r a t i o n due to de hydra tio n and
re h y d r a t i o n in w r e s t l e r s . Journal o f Sports Medicine and Physical
F i t n e s s » 16:45, 1976.
Widerman, P . , and R. Hagan.
Body weight l o s s in a w r e s t l e r
p r e p a r i n g f o r c om p e t it io n : A case r e p o r t . Medicine and Science in
Sp or ts and E x e r c i s e , 14:413, 1982.
Wi!more, J .
T r a in i n g f o r Sport and A c t i v i t y :
Basis o f t h e Cond iti oning P r o c e s s .
2nd ed.
Bacon, 1982.
The Ph y s io lo g ic a l
Boston: AlIyn and
________ i and A. Behnke.
An a nth ro po m e tr ic e s t i m a t i o n of body
d e n s i t y and lean body weight in young men. ■ Jou rnal o f Applied
Phys iolog y, 27:25, 1969.
74
65.
Zambreski, E ., C. T i p to n , R. J o r d a n , W. Palmer, and T. Tcheng.
Iowa W restling Study: Urinary p r o f i l e in s t a t e f i n a l i s t s p r i o r to
c o m p e t it io n . Medicine and Science in S p o r t s , 6:1 29, 1974.
66 • ________ » T- Tchehg, H. J o rd a n , A. V a i l a s , and A. Callahan.
Changes in th e u r i n a r y p r o f i l e s o f w r e s t l e r s p r i o r t o and a f t e r
c o m p e t it io n . Medicine and Science in S p o r t s , 7:2 17, 1975.
67»
________ j p. F o s t e r , P. Gross, and C. Tip ton .
Iowa W restling
Study: Weight l o s s and u r i n a r y p r o f i l e s o f c o l l e g i a t e w r e s t l e r s
Medicine and Science in S p o r t s , 8:1 0 5 , 1976.
APPENDICES
76
APPENDIX A
DIET COMPOSITION AND CALORIC INTAKE
(Approximation of. I n d iv i d u a l D ie ta ry Needs)
STEP I:
ESTIMATED DAILY CALORIC (KCAL) EXPENDITURE
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
BMR
Sleep ( h r x 27.5 KcaI / h r )
Light A c t i v i t y ( h r x 13.5 K c al /h r )
W re s tl i n g ( h r x 450 K c al /h r )
Weight L i f t i n g ( h r x 450 K c al /h r )
Jogging (h r x 10 Kcal/min)
Total
2:
ESTIMATED WEEKLY KCAL EXPENDITURE
I.
Sum o f In d iv i d u a l Daily Kcal Expenditure
STEP 3:
I.
STEP 4:
1.
2.
3.
4.
STEP 5:
1.
2.
3.
( 21 )
(36)
(36)
(36)
(36)
(36)
=
= Total Weekly Kcal
Expenditure
AVERAGE DAILY KCAL EXPENDITURE
Total Weekly Kcal Expenditure f 7 = Average Daily Kcal
Expenditure
’
IMPLEMENTING A WEIGHT REDUCTION
Desired Weight Loss ( l b ) * 6 Weeks = Weekly Weight Loss (l b)
Weekly Weight Loss ( l b ) * 7 Days = Daily Weight Loss (l b)
Daily Weight Loss ( l b ) x 3500 Kcal = Estimated Daily Kcal
Deficit
Average Daily Kcal Expenditure - Estimated Daily KCal D e f i c i t =
Kcal Allowance
DIETARY PRESCRIPTION (COMPOSITION OF FOODSTUFFS)
P r o p o rt io n o f CHO = .60 x Kcal Allowance/4 Kcal/gm =
P r opor tio n o f Fat - .25 x Kcal Allowance/9 Kcal/gm =
P r opor tio n o f PRO = .15 x Kcal Allowance/4 Kcal/gm =
STEP 6 : CALCULATE MEAL PLAN INTO FOOD EXCHANGES .
(7)
77
APPENDIX B
PREDICTED AND ACTUAL COMPETITIVE WEIGHT CLASSIFICATION
G ro u p
P reT est
WT
I
CG
2
(P re -S e a so n )
P re d ic te d
W e lk h t C l a s s
P o s tT est
WT
W e ig h t C l a s s
C o m p e te d i n
2 0 2 . 0 1 9 3 .0
194.5
1 93.0
- 1 .5
0 .8 *
- 0 .5
CG
1 6 6 .0 1 6 1 .0
1 6 8 .0
1 6 1 .0
- 8 .0
5 .0 *
+2 .0
3
CG
1 3 2 .5 1 2 9 .0
1 3 6 .5
1 3 7 .0
-4 .0
2 .9 *
+2 .0
4
CG
1 6 7.5 161.0
1 6 4 .0
1 6 1 .0
-3 .0
1 .9 *
+2 .5
5
CG
1 8 1 .0 170.0
1 7 3 .5
1 70.0
- 3 .5
2 .1 *
- 1 .0
6
BG
1 9 3 .0 1 8 0 .0
1 8 4 .0
1 8 0 .0
-4.5
2 .5 *
+ 3 .0
7
CG
I 6 7 .5 161.0
I 6 3 .O
1 6 1 .0
- 2 .5
1 .6 *
+ 0 .5
8
CG
1 9 1 .5 1 7 0 .0
1 8 3 .5
1 8 0 .0
- 3 .5
1 .9 *
+2 .5
9
BC
1 4 2 .0 1 2 9 .0
1 3 3 .0
1 2 9 .0
-4 .5
3 -5 *
+5 .0
10
BG
1 5 6 .0 1 4 5 .0
1 4 6 .5
1 4 5 .0
- 1 .5
1 .0 *
+2 .0
+ 2 .5
S u b je c t
D e h y d ra tio n
W e ig h t
Lo g s
D e h y d ra tio n
%
WT L o a a
R e h y d r a tio n
W e ig h t
11
CG
1 29.5 1 2 1 .0
1 27.0
1 2 1 .0
-6 .0
5 . 0*
12
BG
1 4 0 .5 1 2 9 .0
1 3 4 .0
1 2 9 .0
- 5 .5
4 .1 *
♦ 2 .5
13
OG
1 70.0 1 6 1 .0
1 7 5 .0
1 7 0.0
- 5 .5
3 .3 *
+ 2 .5
14
BG
1 2 7 . 5 1 2 1 .0
123.0
1 2 1 .0
- 4 .5
3 -7 *
+ 2 .5
15
CG
1 5 6 . 0 1 4 5 .0
1 5 6 .5
1 5 3 .0
- 5 .0
3 -3 *
+ 2 .0
- 5 .0
3 .1 *
+ 0 .5
16
BG
I 6 6 .5 1 6 1 .0
1 6 3 .0
1 6 1 .0
17
CG
158.O 153.0
1 6 0 .0
1 5 3 .0
- 7 .0
4 .6 *
+ 2 .5
18
BG
1 2 7 . 5 1 2 1 .0
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .0
- 1 .5
1 .2 *
+ 1 .0
APPENDIX C
TOTAL BODY WEIGHT
G ro u p
Sepc.
21
O c t.
3
7
10
I
CG
2 0 2 .0
2 0 2 .0
1 9 9 .5
1 9 7 .0
2
CG
1 6 4 .0
1 6 6 .0
1 6 4 .5
1 6 3 .0
3
CC
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .0
4
CC
1 7 0 .0
1 6 7 .5
1 6 8 .0
5
CG
1 8 2 .0
6
EG
1 3 3 .0
7
CG
1 6 8 .0
1 6 7 .5
1 6 6 .0
8
CG
1 9 1 .5
1 9 1 .5
1 8 9 .0
9
EG
1 4 1 .5
1 4 2 .0
10
EG
1 5 6 .5
1 5 6 .0
Il
CG
1 2 8 .0
1 2 9 .5
1 2 9 .5
1 3 0 .0
12
EG
1 4 0 .5
1 4 0 .5
1 3 9 .0
13
CG
1 7 3 .5
1 7 0 .0
14
EG
1 2 6 .0
1 2 7 .5
15
CG
1 5 6 .5
1 5 6 .0
16
EG
1 6 4 .5
1 6 6 .5
17
CC
1 5 7 .0
1 5 8 .0
18
EG
1 2 5 .5
1 2 7 .5
S u b le c c
N ov.
14
17
21
24
28
31
U
7
11
U
16
i7 » /ia
2 0 0 .5
1 9 8 .5
1 9 9 .0
1 9 9 .0
1 9 7 .0
1 9 5 .5
1 9 3 .5
1 9 4 .0
1 9 4 .5
1 9 6 .5
1 9 3 .0
1 6 4 .5
1 6 6 .0
1 6 6 .5
1 6 9 .0
1 6 6 .0
1 6 8 .0
1 6 7 .0
1 6 6 .0
1 6 8 .0
1 6 8 .0
1 6 5 .0
1 6 0 .0
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .5
1 3 6 .0
1 3 5 .5
1 3 7 .5
1 3 5 .5
1 3 5 .0
1 3 7 .0
1 3 6 .0
1 3 6 .0
1 3 8 .5
1 3 7 .0
1 3 4 .0
1 6 8 .0
1 6 7 .0
1 6 9 .0
1 6 7 .5
1 6 8 .0
1 6 7 .5
1 6 6 .0
1 6 4 .0
1 6 3 .0
1 6 4 .0
1 6 4 .0
1 6 1 .0 *
1 8 1 .0
1 8 1 .0
1 8 0 .0
1 8 1 .5
1 7 9 .0
1 8 0 .0
1 9 3 .0
1 8 7 .0
1 8 5 .5
1 8 6 .0
1 8 6 .0
1 9 0 .0
1 6 3 .5
1 6 5 .5
1 6 5 .0
1 6 4 .0
1 8 4 .0
1 8 4 .5
1 3 0 .0
1 7 7 .0
1 7 9 .0
1 7 8 .0
1 7 3 .5
1 7 3 .0
1 7 0 .0
1 3 6 .5
1 8 8 .0
1 8 6 .5
1 3 8 .0
1 8 5 .0
1 8 4 .0
1 8 1 .0
1 7 9 .5
1 6 5 .0
1 6 4 .0
1 6 3 .0
1 6 3 .0
1 6 2 .5
1 6 3 .0
1 6 2 .0
1 5 9 .5
1 8 7 .0
---- ---
1 8 7 .5
—
1 3 6 .0
1 8 3 .5
1 8 5 .0
—
1 8 3 .5
1 8 3 .0
1 8 0 .0
1 4 4 .0
1 4 0 .0
1 3 8 .5
1 3 9 .0
1 3 7 .0
1 3 6 .0
1 3 4 .0
1 3 3 .5
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .0
1 2 8 .5
1 5 3 .0
1 5 0 .5
1 5 0 .5
1 5 1 .0
1 5 2 .0
1 4 9 .5
1 5 0 .5
1 4 8 .5
1 4 6 .5
1 4 7 .0
1 4 5 .0
1 2 8 .0
1 2 9 .0
.....
1 2 7 .0
1 2 5 .5
1 2 7 .0
1 3 0 .0
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .0
1 2 7 .0
1 2 4 .0
1 2 1 .0
1 3 6 .5
1 3 7 .5
1 3 7 .0
1 3 7 .0
1 3 7 .0
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .0
1 3 6 .0
1 3 5 .0
1 3 4 .0
1 3 2 .0
1 2 8 .5
1 7 3 .5
1 7 3 .0
1 7 3 .0
1 7 4 .0
1 7 3 .5
1 7 4 .5
1 7 3 .0
1 7 3 .0
1 7 4 .0
1 7 5 .0
1 7 4 .0
1 7 4 .5
1 7 4 .0
1 6 9 .5 *
1 2 5 .0
1 2 8 .5
1 2 5 .0
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .0
1 2 7 .0
1 2 4 .0
1 2 5 .0
1 2 4 .0
1 2 4 .0
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .5
1 2 1 .5
1 1 8 .5
1 5 7 .0
1 5 5 .0
1 5 8 .0
1 5 4 .5
1 5 4 .0
1 5 2 .5
1 5 6 .5
1 5 4 .0
1 5 6 .5
1 5 4 .5
1 5 6 .5
1 5 6 .0
1 5 1 .5
1 6 6 .5
1 6 6 .0
1 6 3 .5
1 6 3 .5
1 6 5 .0
1 6 3 .5
1 6 3 .5
1 6 2 .5
1 6 3 .5
1 6 2 .5
1 6 3 .0
1 6 3 .0
1 5 9 .0 *
1 5 6 .0
1 5 7 .5
1 5 9 .0
1 5 8 .0
1 5 9 .5
1 5 5 .0
1 5 8 .0
1 6 0 .0
1 5 7 .0
1 5 3 .0 *
1 2 6 .5
1 2 5 .5
1 2 7 .0
1 2 6 .5
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .0
1 2 0 .5
1 2 2 .0
1 1 9 .0
1 4 2 .0
1 6 6 .5
1 2 7 .5
1 5 7 .5
1 2 5 .0
1 2 3 .0
S u b je c ts n o t p a r t i c i p a t i n g in c o m p e titio n b u t sim u la te d d e h y d ra tio n p ro ced u res
1 2 3 .5
79
APPENDIX D
ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA-PRETEST
I
I
I
i
OC
73
2 0 2 .0
4 1 .2
1 0 7 .7
1 2 6 .1
3 8 .3
3 1 .1
1 8 .5
8 8 .2
8 6 .0
1 0 5 .4
6 5 .7
4 0 .7
3 8 .5
2 4 .)
2
OC
71 1 /8
1 6 4 .0
3 9 .4
9 6 .5
115.2
3 2 .3
2 8 .5
1 9 .0
7 4 .6
7 9 -3
9 6 .7
5 7 -5
4 0 .2
3 8 .8
2 3 .4
3
OC
65
1 3 2 .0
3 6 .0
8 6 .4
1 0 8 .0
3 2 .5
2 9 .0
1 7 .7
7 2 .2
7 5 .1
8 6 .6
5 2 .8
3 6 .7
3 6 .0
2 2 .6
5 8 .0
3 8 .6
3 8 .0
23 7
3 8 .7
2 2 .5
4 1 .0
25 3
S u b je c t
4
C ro u p
OC
I
S h o u ld e r
G i r t h (c m )
1$
Ii
C hest
G i r t h (c m )
W ris t
G i r t h (c m )
7
U
5
Il
ad i!
If
si Il Il Si
69 1 /2
1 70.0
4 1 .0
1 0 4 .8
1 2 4 .5
371
2 9 .7
I 8 .3
8 1 .6
8 2 .4
9 6 .2
7 3 1 /4
1 8 2 .0
4 1 .3
1 0 4 .0
1 2 1 .2
3 6 .2
3 0 .2
1 8 .8
8 1 .8
8 3 .4
9 7 .6
5 9 -5
3 8 .4
4 3 .3
1 0 6 .0
1 2 4 .8
3 9 .9
3 1 .4
1 8 .3
8 5 .5
8 4 .8
9 8 .2
6 4 .0
392
n
i
CC
6
EL
69
1 9 1 .5
7
CC
70
1 6 8 .0
3 9 .2
1 0 1 .0
1 1 8 .4
3 5 .1
2 9 -5
1 8 .6
7 9 .4
7 5 .3
9 3 .5
5 6 .5
3 8 .4
3 7 .5
23 5
1 0 4 .8
1 2 6 .0
3 9 .5
3 0 .5
1 8 .5
83 5
8 5 .6
1 0 6 .3
6 2 .5
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
2 4 .2
8
CG
69 1 /2
1 9 1 .5
4 2 .0
9
EC
66
1 4 1 .5
3 6 .8
9 4 .1
1 1 2 .6
3 3 .0
2 6 .8
1 6 .9
7 7 .0
7 8 .8
8 7 .0
5 5 .0
3 7 .4
3 4 .1
2 1 .8
IO
EC
68
1 5 6 .5
4 0 .0
9 9 .2
1 1 5 .1
335
2 8 .8
1 8 .0
7 7 .8
6 0 .2
9 6 .2
5 7 .5
3 8 .1
3 6 .0
2 1 .7
5 0 .5
3 4 .5
3 4 .0
2 1 .8
3 6 .2
3 7 -5
2 4 .3
U
CG
65 1 /2
1 2 8 .0
3 5 .5
9 0 .0
1 0 8 .5
3 2 .5
2 8 .3
1 6 .7
6 8 .7
6 9 .5
8 8 .0
12
EC
64
1 4 0 .5
3 7 .5
9 5 .8
1 1 4 .2
3 3 .4
2 7 .9
1 6 .9
7 5 .5
7 4 .9
9 2 .7
5 6 .7
13
CC
64 3 /4
1 7 3 .5
4 3 .3
1 0 1 .9
1 2 1 .4
3 8 .2
3 1 .1
1 8 .2
6 0 .8
8 2 .4
9 8 .3
6 0 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .4
2 3 .2
8 4 .0
5 3 .0
3 1 .5
36.O
2 0 .7
14
EC
64
1 2 6 .0
3 6 .6
9 3 .4
1 1 1 .7
3 1 .5
2 6 .5
1 7 .4
7 3 .2
7 2 .6
CC
60 3 /4
1 5 6 .5
4 0 .4
1 0 0 .7
1 1 5 .4
3 5 .4
2 8 .8
1 7 .4
7 7 .5
7 8 .5
9 1 .7
5 7 .5
3 7 .o
35 5
2 1 .5
15
16
EC
71 1 /2
1 6 4 .5
4 0 .0
1 0 1 .7
1 1 6 .4
3 3 .8
2 8 .6
1 8 .2
7 7 .0
7 6 .9
9 7 .0
5 7 .2
3 8 .5
3 8 .8
2 4 .2
17
CG
69
1 5 7 .0
4 0 .4
9 8 .5
1 1 8 .5
3 6 .6
2 8 .9
1 7 .6
7 7 .7
7 9 .1
9 3 .5
5 5 .0
3 7 .6
3 8 .5
2 3 .1
18 __
ES
65 1 /2
1 2 5 .5
1 5 .0
9 0 .1
1 0 7 .1
1 1 .5
2 6 .5
1 7 .1
7 1 .7
7 0 .4
8 5 .0
5 0 .1
1 5 .0
1 1 .1
2 0 .4
8 0
APPENDIX D
ANTHROPOMETRIC DATA-POSTTEST
G ro u p
'g
I5
J
3% i i
33 53
t il
it
53
J
i l
ft II i t
si
S3
c* 0
3 8 .3
3 0 .6
8 4 .2
»5
53
I
33
6 3 .8
3 7 .9
7 6 .1
7 7 .7
9 7 .3
5 9 .2
3 8 .6
2 7 .8
7 6 .2
7 3 .6
8 7 .2
5 4 .3
3 5 .6
3 7 .4
30.1
7 9 .3
7 9 .0
9 4 .3
5 7 .2
3 6 .7
1 1 8 .4
3 5 .7
2 9 .8
7 9 .5
8 0 .6
9 5 .9
5 6 .9
3 8 .3
1 2 3 .5
3 8 .7
3 1 .8
8 0 .1
8 0 .4
9 5 .6
6 0 .3
3 9 .4
7 6 .9
7 2 .5
9 2 .7
5 5 .0
3 6 .3
CC
168.0
4 1 .0
9 6 .9
1 1 8 .1
3 3 .0
2 8 .8
3
4
CG
1 3 8 .5
3 6 .7
9 4 .8
112.1
3 3 -1
CG
1 6 4 .0
4 0 .7
9 8 .5
1 2 3 .9
5
CG
1 7 3 .5
4 1 .4
9 9 .0
6
BG
1 8 4 .0
4 2 .7
1 0 5 .4
1 0 2 .5
I
100.9
CO
4 1 .7
I
8 4 .5
I
2
1 9 4 .5
il
T h ig h
G irth
I
123.6
7
CG
163.0
3 8 .6
9 7 -5
1 1 7 .5
3 5 -6
2 9 .6
8
CG
1 8 3 .5
4 0 .9
1 0 3 .9
1 2 4 .4
3 9 -3
3 0 .6
8 1 .8
8 2 .8
9 9 .0
5 8 .8
3 9 .9
9
BG
1 3 3 .0
3 6 .2
92*5
1 1 1 .1
325
2 6 .8
7 4 .1
7 2 .1
8 4 .3
5 4 .1
3 2 .5
7 5 .0
7 7 .0
9 2 .6
53 2
3 5 -0
6 8 .0
6 8 .5
8 7 .9
5 0 .7
3 2 .5
3 6 .9
10
BG
1 4 6 .5
3 8 .7
9 5 .4
1 1 1 .2
3 3 .1
2 9 .8
11
CG
1 2 7 .0
3 4 .9
8 9 .8
1 0 8 .3
3 2 .3
2 8 .1
12
BG
1 3 4 .0
3 6 .9
9 3 .9
1 1 1 .6
3 2 .6
2 7 .5
7 3 -1
7 4 .2
8 9 .9
5 4 .6
8 0 .3
9 5 -7
5 9 .9
3 9 .3
13
CG
1 7 5 .0
4 4 .3
1 0 2 .8
1 2 3 .8
3 9 .4
3 1 .3
7 9 .4
14
EG
1 2 3 .0
3 7 .2
9 2 .9
1 0 9 .9
3 1 .3
2 6 .2
6 8 .8
7 0 .0
8 3 .3
5 1 .6
3 4 .0
CG
1 5 6 .5
4 2 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 1 5 .0
3 5 .4
2 8 .9
7 6 .9
7 6 .3
8 9 .9
5 6 .5
3 4 .8
15
16
BG
1 6 3 .0
3 9 .0
1 0 0 .7
1 1 5 .5
3 4 .6
2 8 .7
7 5 .9
7 5 .7
9 6 .3
5 4 .2
3 8 .1
9 3 .7
5 4 .6
3 9 .3
8 1 .0
4 6 .6
1 2 .8
17
18
CG
_ S L _
1 6 0 .0
120. S
3 9 .4
1 4 .3
1 0 0 .3
8 7 .8
1 2 1 .4
1 0 4 .4
3 6 .5
1 2 .0
2 9 .1
2 6 .1
7 7 .6
6 9 .8
7 7 .6
6 8 .1
APPENDIX E
BODY COMPOSITION DATA-PRETEST
C hest
F o ld
S u b s c a p u la r
F o ld
T ric e p
F o ld
S u p ra llla c
F o ld
A b d o m in a l
F o ld
T h ig h
F o ld
F o ld s
B ody
D e n s ity
P e rc e n t
B ody F a t
T o ta l
Fat
W e ig h t
L e a n B ody
W e ig h t
I
CG
3 .0
9 .0
1 1 .0
2 1 .0
1 7 .0
1 7 .5
7 8 .5
1 .0 7 3 3
1 1 .4
2 3 .0
1 7 9 .0
2
CG
3 .0
7 .5
5 .5
1 2 .0
6 .0
8 .0
4 2 .0
1 .0 8 7 6
5 .6
9 .2
1 5 4 .8
3
CG
3 .0
7 .5
7 .5
1 0 .0
8 .0
7 .0
3 9 .5
1 .0 8 7 2
5 .7
7 .5
1 2 4 .5
5 .0
4 3 .5
1 .0 8 7 8
5 .5
9 .4
1 6 0 .6
1 .0 8 1 0
8 .3
1 5 .1
1 6 6 .9
4
CG
3 .0
7 .0
5 .0
1 3 .0
1 0 .5
5
CG
4 .0
8 .5
8 .5
1 1 .5
1 4 .0
9 .5
5 6 .0
6
BG
4 .0
1 1 .5
9 .5
1 8 .5
1 3 .5
1 4 .0
7 1 .0
1 .0 7 4 9
1 0 .7
2 0 .5
1 7 1 .0
7
CG
5 .5
1 0 .5
7 .0
1 3 .0
1 5 .5
1 4 .0
6 5 .5
1 .0 7 4 5
1 0 .9
1 8 .3
1 4 9 .7
8
CG
2 .0
9 .0
7 .5
1 9 .0
1 4 .0
1 7 .5
5 0 .5
1 .0 7 5 1
1 0 .7
2 0 .5
1 7 1 .0
9
EG
1 0 .0
1 2 .0
1 3 .0
2 8 .0
2 5 .0
1 5 .0
1 0 3 .0
1 .0 6 6 3
1 4 .3
2 0 .2
1 2 1 .3
10
EG
4 .0
8 .0
5 .5
1 2 .5
1 3 .0
1 2 .0
5 5 .0
1 .0 8 0 2
8 .6
1 3 .5
1 4 3 .0
11
CG
2 .5
7 .0
5 .0
7 .5
7 .0
6 .5
3 5 .5
1 .0 8 8 7
5 .1
6 .5
1 2 1 .5
12
EG
4 .0
1 2 .0
1 0 .0
2 2 .0
1 9 .0
1 1 .5
7 8 .5
1 .0 7 3 4
1 1 .4
1 6 .0
1 2 4 .5
13
CG
4 .0
1 1 .5
7 .0
1 9 .5
1 5 .0
1 4 .5
7 1 .5
1 .0 7 3 8
1 1 .2
1 9 ,4
1 5 4 .1
8 .7
14
EG
2 .5
9 .5
8 .0
1 5 .5
1 1 .5
1 2 .0
5 9 .0
1 .0 7 9 8
1 1 .0
1 1 5 .0
2 9 .5
1 .0 9 3 0
3 .4
5 .3
1 5 1 .2
15
CG
3 .0
5 .5
6 .0
6 .0
5 .0
4 .0
16
EG
3 .5
1 0 .0
5 .5
1 4 .0
6 .5
4 .0
4 3 .5
1 .0 8 7 5
5 .6
9 .2
1 5 5 .3
17
CG
3 .0
7 .0
5 .0
9 .0
7 .0
9 .0
4 0 .0
1 .0 8 6 7
6 .0
9 .4
1 4 7 .6
18
EG
2 .5
7 .0
8 .0
7 .0
8 .5
5 .0
3 8 .0
1 .0 8 9 0
5 .0
6 .3
1 1 9 .2
APPENDIX E
BODY COMPOSITION DATA-MIDTEST
P e rc e n t
Body F a t
T o ta l
Fat
W e ig h t
1 .0 7 8 6
9 .2
1 8 .3
1 8 0 .7
1 .0 8 9 8
4 .7
7 -9
1 6 1 .1
1 .0 8 7 4
5 .7
7 .8
1 2 9 -7
3 2 .5
1 .0 9 1 5
4 .0
6 .7
1 6 1 .3
4 4 .5
1 .0 8 7 8
5 .5
9 -9
170.1
6 5 .5
1 .0 7 9 8
8 .7
16 .5
1 7 3 .5
5 2 .5
1 .0 8 3 8
7 .1
1 1 .7
1 5 3 -5
1 1 .5
4 7 .5
1 .0 8 6 2
6 .1
1 1 .4
1 7 6 .1
1 0 .5
8 4 .5
1 .0 7 8 1
9 .4
1 3 .0
1 2 5 .5
7 .0
3 7 .0
1 .0 8 8 5
5 2
7 .8
1 4 2 .7
G ro u p
C hest
F o ld
S u b e c a p u la r
F o ld
T ric e p
F o ld
S u p i& illa c
F o ld
A b d o m in a l
F o ld
T h ig h
F o ld
Sum o f
F o ld s
i
CG
3 -0
1 0 .0
1 0 .5
2 3 .5
1 5 .0
1 6 .5
7 8 .5
2
CG
3 5
8 .0
8 .0
1 3 .0
6 .0
8 .0
4 7 .5
3
CG
3 -5
8 .0
7 -5
1 1 .0
8 .0
9 .0
4 7 .0
it
OG
3 .0
6 .5
4 .0
7 .5
7 .5
4 .0
5
CG
3 -0
8 .0
7 .0
10.5
9 .0
7 .0
6
BG
4 .0
1 2 .0
9 .0
1 6 .0
u.o
1 3 .5
7
CG
4 .0
9 .5
6 .0
1 3 .0
1 1 .0
1 0 .0
8
CG
4 .0
6 .0
7 .0
9 .0
8 .0
9
EG
9 .5
8 .5
1 2 .0
2 3 .0
2 1 .0
IO
BG
2 .5
7 -5
4 .0
7 .0
9 .0
S u b je c t
B ody
D e n s ity
L e a n Body
W e ig h t
11
OG
2 .5
6 .5
5 .0
6 .0
6 .5
6 .5
3 3 .0
1.0910
4 .2
5 -3
1 2 1 .7
12
BG
2 -5
1 0 .5
1 0 .0
1 2 -5
1 2 .5
9 .5
5 7 -5
1 .0 8 2 6
7 .6
1 0 .4
1 2 6 .6
1 3 .0
6 4 .5
1 .0 8 1 8
7 .9
1 3 .8
1 6 0 .7
5 .2
6 .6
1 2 0 .4
3 .1
4 .8
1 4 9 -2
13
CG
3 5
1 0 .5
6 .5
2 0 .0
u.o
14
EG
2 .0
7 .5
6 .5
9 .0
7 .0
9 .5
4 1 .5
1 .0 8 8 6
15
OG
2 .5
5 .5
5 .0
5 .0
5 .0
4 .0
2 7 .0
1 .0 9 3 9
16
BG
3 5
8 .0
7 .0
8 .5
5 .5
5 .5
3 8 .0
1 .0 9 0 3
4 .5
7 .4
1 5 7 .6
17
CG
2 .5
6 .5
5 -0
8 .5
6 .0
8 .0
3 9 .0
1 .0 9 0 6
4 .4
7 .0
1 5 7 .5
18
BG
2 -5
7 .0
6 .5
7 .0
7 .5
4 .0
3 4 .5
1 .0 9 1 1
4 .2
5 -3
1 2 1 .2
APPENDIX E
BODY COMPOSITION DATA-POSTTEST
S u b s c a p u la r
F o ld
T r ic e p
F o ld
S u p ra llla c
F o ld
A b d o m in a l
F o ld
T h ig h
F o ld
F o ld s
Body
D e n s ity
P e rc e n t
B ody F a t
T o ta l
Fat
W e ig h t
L e a n B ody
W e ig h t
G ro u p
C hest
F o ld
I
CG
3 .0
9 .0
1 1 .0
2 1 .0
1 7 .0
1 7 .5
7 8 .5
1 .0 7 3 3
1 1 .4
2 3 .0
1 7 9 .0
2
CC
3 .0
7 .5
5 .5
1 2 .0
6 .0
8 .0
4 2 .0
1 .0 8 7 6
5 .6
9 .2
1 5 4 .8
3 .0
7 .5
7 .5
1 0 .0
8 .0
7 .0
3 9 .5
1 .0 8 7 2
5 .7
7 .5
1 2 4 .5
1 3 .0
1 0 .5
5 .0
S u b le c t
3
CG
4
CG
3 .0
7 .0
5 .0
4 3 .5
1 .0 8 7 8
5 .5
9 .4
1 6 0 .6
5
CG
4 .0
8 .5
8 .5
1 1 .5
1 4 .0
9 .5
5 6 .0
1 .0 8 1 0
8 .3
1 5 .1
1 6 6 .9
6
EG
4 .0
1 1 .5
9 .5
1 8 .5
1 3 .5
1 4 .0
7 1 .0
1 .0 7 4 9
1 0 .7
2 0 .5
1 7 1 .0
7
CG
5 .5
1 0 .5
7 .0
1 3 .0
1 5 .5
1 4 .0
6 5 .5
1 .0 7 4 5
1 0 .9
1 8 .3
1 4 9 .7
a
CG
2 .0
9 .0
7 .5
1 9 .0
1 4 .0
1 7 .5
5 0 .5
1 .0 7 5 1
1 0 .7
2 0 .5
1 7 1 .0
9
EG
1 0 .0
1 2 .0
1 3 .0
2 8 .0
2 5 .0
1 5 .0
1 0 3 .0
1 .0 6 6 3
1 4 .3
2 0 .2
1 2 1 .3
10
EG
4 .0
8 .0
5 .5
1 2 .5
1 3 .0
1 2 .0
5 5 .0
1 .0 8 0 2
8 .6
1 3 .5
1 4 3 .0
11
CG
2 .5
7 .0
5 .0
7 .5
7 .0
6 .5
3 5 .5
1 .0 8 8 7
5 .1
6 .5
1 2 1 .5
12
EG
4 .0
1 2 .0
1 0 .0
2 2 .0
1 9 .0
1 1 .5
7 8 .5
1 .0 7 3 4
1 1 .4
1 6 .0
1 2 4 .5
13
CG
4 .0
1 1 .5
7 .0
1 9 .5
1 5 .0
1 4 .5
7 1 .5
1 .0 7 3 8
1 1 .2
1 9 .4
1 5 4 .1
14
EG
2 .5
9 .5
8 .0
1 5 .5
1 1 .5
1 2 .0
5 9 .0
1 .0 7 9 8
8 .7
1 1 .0
1 1 5 .0
15
CC
3 .0
5 .5
6 .0
6 .0
5 .0
4 .0
2 9 .5
1 .0 9 3 0
3 .4
5 .3
1 5 1 .2
16
EG
3 .5
1 0 .0
5 .5
1 4 .0
6 .5
4 .0
4 3 .5
1 .0 8 7 5
5 .6
9 .2
1 5 5 .3
17
CG
3 .0
7 .0
5 .0
9 .0
7 .0
9 .0
4 0 .0
1 .0 8 6 7
6 .0
9 .4
1 4 7 .6
18
EG
2 .5
7 .0
8 .0
7 .0
8 .5
5 .0
3 8 .0
1 .0 8 9 0
5 .0
6 .3
1 1 9 .2
I
84
APPENDIX F
MUSCULAR ENDURANCE-PRETEST
OVERHEAD
S u b je c t
i
G ro u p
body
v .U h t
CG
2 0 2 .0
PULLOOWNd
SUlUTS
VT
3 0 5.0
HEKi
11
VT
K ate
2 0 0 .0
2
U lK
WT
RSKi
PRESS
WT
HEPS
4 0 .0
12
1 2 0 .0
6
1 0 0 .0
I
2
CC
1 6 6 .0
2 4 5 .0
O
1 6 5 .0
1
3 2 .5
8
3
CG
1 3 2 .S
2 0 0 .0
4
1 3 5 .0
5
2 5 .0
10
8 0 .0
6
4
CC
1 6 7 .5
2 5 5 .0
O
1 70.0
10
3 5 .0
22
1 0 0 .0
20
5
CG
ltil.0
2 70.0
O
1 6 0 .0
6
3 5 .0
12
1 1 0 .0
7
6
KU
1 9 3 .0
2 t i 5 .0
12
1 9 0 .0
3
3 7 .5
22
1 1 5 .0
15
7
CC
1 6 7 .5
2 5 0 .0
O
1 6 5 .0
4
3 2 .5
ti
1 0 0 .0
5
3
1 1 5 .0
15
ti
CC
1 9 2 .0
2 6 5 .0
6
1 9 0.0
3 7 .5
10
V
BG
1 4 2 .0
2 1 0 .0
I
1 4 0 .0
6
2 7 .5
7
8 3 .0
9
IO
BC
1 56.0
2 3 5 .0
2
155.0
V
jO .u
13
9 5 .0
5
11
CG
1 2 9 .5
190.0
12
130.0
2 3 .0
10
7 5 .0
15
12
KC
1 4 0 .5
2 1 0 .0
12
1 4 0 .0
13
CG
1 7 3 .0
2 0 0 .0
I
1 7 3 .0
14
EC
1 2 7 .5
1 9 0 .0
0
125.0
D
CU
1 56.0
2 3 5 .0
5
1 5 5 .0
16
SC
1 0 6 .5
2 4 5 .0
O
1 6 5 .0
17
CC
1 5 7 .0
2 )5 .0
10
1 5 5 .0
lti
SG
1 2 7 .5
190.0
12
125.0
to
ti
2 7 .3
13
8 5 .0
14
11
3 5 .o
18
1 0 5 .0
U
3
2 5 .0
12
7 5 .0
4
3 0 .0
18
9 3 .0
12
3 2 .5
ti
1 0 0 .0
3
3 0 .0
19
9 5 .0
12
2 5 .0
15
7 5 .0
10
a
4
H
3
I
85
APPENDIX F
MUSCULAR ENDURANCE-POSTTEST
yuLU »vN S
W PS
WT
DLKi
OWB HHBAO
PW SS
W PS
WT
C ro u o
body
M e la h t
I
CC
1 9 3 .0
2 9 5 .0
17
1 9 5 .0
5
* 0 .0
10
1 1 5 .0
7
2
CC
1 6 7 .0
2 5 0 .0
7
1 6 5 .0
8
32.0
10
1 0 0 .0
5
3
OC
1 3 6 .5
2 0 5 .0
13
1 3 5 .0
10
2 7 .0
13
8 0 .0
10
Sub Ie c t
SQUATS
MT
IftKi
WT
W PS
b
OC
1 6 4 .0
2* 5 .0
3
1 6 5 .0
13
3 2 .0
21
1 0 0 .0
17
5
OC
1 7 6 .0
2 6 5 .0
6
1 7 5 .0
10
3 5 .0
12
1 0 5.0
11
6
K
185.0
2 7 5 .0
21
I 8 5 .O
6
37.0
20
1 1 0 .0
12
7
CC
1 63.0
2* 5 .0
I
I 6 5 .O
6
3 2 .0
12
1 0 0 .0
6
d
CC
1 8 4 .0
2 7 5 .0
10
I 8 5 .O
7
3 7 .0
I*
1 1 0 .0
18
■c
1 3 6 .0
2 0 5 .0
3
1 3 5 .0
9
2 7 .0
13
8 0 .0
11
1 5 0 .0
10
30.0
9
9
--
10
K
1 4 9 .5
—
13
9 0 .0
Il
CC
1 2 7 .5
1 9 0 .0
5
1 3 0 .0
10
2 5 .0
15
7 5 .0
15
12
K
1 3 4 .0
2 0 0 .0
18
1 3 5 .0
Il
2 7 .0
17
8 0 .0
14
13
U
CG
1 7 4 .0
2 6 0 .0
5
1 7 5 .0
13
33.0
22
105.0
lb
KC
1 2 1 .0
1 8 0 .0
O
1 2 0 .0
ti
2 3 .0
20
7 0 .0
7
15
CG
1 5 7 .0
2 3 3 .0
13
1 5 5 .0
13
30.0
19
9 5 .0
14
16
KC
162.0
2 4 5 .0
I
1 6 0 .0
8
32.0
10
9 5 .0
10
17
CG
1 5 6 .0
2 3 5 .0
9
1 5 5 .0
11
30.0
20
9 5 .0
13
18
BC
1 2 0 .5
1 8 0 .0
11
1 2 0 .0
12
2 5 .0
15
7 0 .0
12
86
APPENDIX G
MODIFIED WINGATE-PRETEST
S u b V rt
9
C ro u p
HG
WTfK*)
KP
6 4 .5
30-3 TRUL
4
3
I
2
4 .7 5
147
123
105
S
6
97
82
77
6
BG
8 7 .7
6 .5 0
100
101
87
74
69
72
7
CC
7 6 .1
5.75
93
IO l
95
95
91
84
5 8 .0
4 .2 5
132
116
108
101
91
82
104
101
18
BG
12
BG
6 J .9
4 .7 5
123
125
117
113
14
BC
5 8 .0
4 .2 5
98
96
Hl
83
70
69
8
CG
8 7 .3
6 .5 0
143
131
123
HO
99
H2
8 2 .3
6 .2 5
141
126
117
109
90
78
lib
5
CC
4 .2 5
14«
133
126
95
71
7 5 .5
5 .7 5
132
120
104
96
89
88
7 5 .9
5 -7 5
128
120
109
95
84
70
CC.
6 0 .2
4 .7 5
95
90
81
86
84
79
16
EC
7 5 .7
5 .7 5
129
120
106
87
67
73
17
CC
7 1 .4
5 .5 0
122
116
HO
82
73
77
13
CC
7 8 .6
5 .7 5
118
120
110
107
98
93
9 1 .8
6 .5 0
114
99
90
78
71
66
11
2
4
3
I
CG
CG
CG
CC
5 8 .9
15
CC
7 0 .9
5 .5 0
113
no
103
96
92
91
10
BG
7 0 .9
5 .5 0
HO
104
99
91
93
87
87
APPENDIX G
MODIFIED WINGATE-POSTTEST
S u b je c t
G roup
W T fk * )
KP
9
BC
6 0 .5
6
BC
7
18
3 0 - « THlAL
3
4
6
I
2
4 .7 5
140
135
112
93
81
77
8 3 .6
6 .2 5
148
127
HO
96
77
81
CO
? 4 .1
5.50
108
104
95
90
85
77
BC
54 .8
4 .0 0
138
125
122
101
89
83
121
111
102
95
12
BG
6 1 .4
4 .7 5
146
132
14
BG
5 5 .9
4 .2 5
120
107
108
93
81
80
8
CC
8 3 .4
6 .2 5
148
132
121
118
102
94
5
CC
7 8 .9
5.75
145
137
122
10?
98
96
11
CC
5 7.7
4 .2 5
141
135
124
104
82
70
7 6 .4
5.75
150
138
124
113
101
89
5.50
148
132
113
96
90
85
113
108
104
98
97
92
77
2
CC
4
CG
74 .1
3
CG
6 3 .0
4 .7 5
16
CC
74.1
5.50
135
127
112
95
86
17
CC
7 2 .7
5.50
153
145
124
105
91
77
13
CC
7 9 .5
5.75
131
128
115
102
95
96
I
CC
8 8.4
6.5 0
127
111
105
92
98
84
15
CC
71 .1
5.50
138
126
112
99
82
90
10
BC
6 7 .7
5.00
135
121
111
104
101
91
88
APPENDIX H
IJ2-MILE RUN
G roup
P re -T e st
P o s t-T e s t
I
CG
1 1 :0 4
9 :1 0
2
GG
8 :5 7
8 :4 7
3
CG
9 s 58
9 :2 7
4
CG
9 :3 6
9 :1 0
5
CG
9 :2 5
9 :1 8
6
EG
9 :4 3
9 :2 6
7
CG
9 :2 9
8 :5 8
8
CG
10 :2 6
9 :3 0
9
EG
1 0 :1 1
9 :0 5
10
EG
8 :3 5
8 :2 9
11
CG
9 :0 6
8 :4 9
12
EG
1 0 :2 0
9 :1 3
13
CG
9 :1 4
9 :0 5
14
EG
9 :0 9
9 :0 3
15
CG
9 :0 8
8 :5 5
16
EG
1 1 :0 5
9 :5 5
17
CG
1 0 :3 9
9 :5 5
18
EG
8 :2 8
8 :2 5
S u b je c t
89
APPENDIX I
URINE ANALYSIS
G roup
P re -- T e s t
S p e c ific
W eiKht
G ra v ity
I
CG
1 9 3 -0
1.0 3 1
1 9 2 .5
1 .0 2 5
2*
CG
1 6 0 .0
1 .0 3 0
1 6 2 .0
1 .0 2 8
3
CG
1 3 4 .0
1 .0 3 0
1 3 6 .0
1 .0 2 5
4*
CG
1 6 1 .0
1.0 3 1
1 6 3 .5
1 .0 2 7
5
CG
1 7 0 .0
1 .0 3 0
1 6 9 .0
1 .0 2 6
6
EG
1 7 9 .5
1.0 3 1
1 8 2 .5
1 .0 2 5
7
CG
1 5 9 .5
1 .0 3 4
1 6 0 .0
1 .0 2 6
8
CG
1 8 0 .0
1 .0 3 2
1 8 2 .5
1 .0 2 8
9
EG
1 2 8 .5
1 .0 3 2
1 3 3 .5
1 .0 2 4
10
EG
1 4 5 .0
1 .0 3 7
1 4 7 .0
1 .0 2 9
11
CG
1 2 1 .0
1 .0 3 0
1 2 3 .5
1 .0 2 6
12
EG
1 2 8 .5
1 .0 3 8
1 3 1 .0
1 .0 3 6
13*
CG
1 6 9 -5
1 .0 3 0
1 7 2 .0
1 .0 2 6
14
CG
1 1 8 .5
1 .0 3 2
1 2 1 .0
1 .0 2 4
15
CG
1 5 1 .5
1 .0 3 8
1 5 3 .5
1 .0 2 7
16*
EG
1 5 9 .0
1 .0 3 0
1 6 0 .0
1 .0 2 8
17*
CG
1 5 3 .0
1 .0 3 4
1 5 6 .5
1 .0 2 4
18
EG
1 1 9 .0
1 .0 2 9
1 2 0 .0
1 .0 2 2
S u b je c t
*
P o s t- - T e s t
S p e c ific
W eight
G ra v ity
Subjects not particip atin g in competition but simulated
dehydration procedures
APPENDIX O
DIET COMPOSITION AND CALORIC INTAKE
FOR THE EXPERIMENTAL GROUP (EG)
S u b ject
C roup
U e ek I
Cump i% )* K c a l
Week 2
Cump ( I )
Kcal
Week J
Cotnp (X)
Kcal
Week 4
Comp (X)
Kcal
60 /2 7 /1 2
2 6 88
Week 5
Comp (X)
Kcal
Week 6
Comp (X)
K c al
A veraue'
Conp (X)
K cil
58/28/14
58 /2 9 /1 4
2421
57/29/M
2739
6
EC
5 4 /31/16
2753
55/30/15
2838
55 /3 1 /1 4
3149
9
EC
5 5 /25/14
2939
57 /2 8 /1 5
2680
54 /3 1 /1 5
2295
6 0 /2 7 /1 3
2128.
63/24/12
1627
60 /2 6 /1 4
1492
58/27/14
2194
10
EC
6 7 /2 0 /1 4
2290
65/20/13
2227
5 9 /27/15
1 7 85
6 9 /1 9 /1 5
2 4 22
70/19/12
2249
64 /2 5 /1 2
2142
66 /2 2 /1 4
2186
12
EG
57/2 7 /1 5
195 6
5 9 /2 7 /1 4
2 5 37
58 /2 6 /1 5
2382
6 1 /26/14
182 6
59/26/14
2376
63 /2 5 /1 2
1793
W /2 6 /1 4
2148
U
EC
56/29/17
3111
58/27/15
2603
56 /3 0 /1 5
2803
6 0 /26/14
2303
61 /2 6 /1 4
2236
6 6 /24/13
2564
60 /2 7 /1 5
2603
16
EC
61/26/14
2819
66/21/14
2485
57/25/14
2 4 34
61 /2 5 /1 4
2950
62 /2 4 /1 5
2140
5 8 /2 9 /1 5
2637
61/25/14
2578
18
EC
4 8 /3 9 /1 6
2574
56/28/17
247 8
52/32/16
2 4 48
5 8 /2 9 /1 4
2 4 53
58/29/13
2441
63/2 7 /1 1
26 76
56/31/15
251 2
* CHOZFAT/PRO
2585
APPENDIX J
DIET COMPOSITION AND CALORIC INTAKE
FOR THE CONTROL GROUP (CG)
Sublect
C roup
Wetik I
Coep ( I ) * R ea l
Week 2
C u e p (Z )
K c al
Week 3
Comp ( Z )
Kcal
Week 4
C oe p (Z )
Kcal
Week 5
Corap (Z)
K c al
Week 6
------A v i r a e e
Corap (Z)
K eal
K cal
i
CC
5 6 /34/15
3 6 11
* 9 /35/15
3940
5 8 /3 2 /1 2
26 21
54/34/1*
33 91
2
CC
5 2 /3 2 /1 6
2 9 37
5 4 /2 6 /1 9
3 3 00
5 4 /2 4 /2 3
3729
53/27/19
33 22
3
CC
5 5 /3 0 /1 6
3480
6 2 /2 4 /1 *
2920
5 5 /3 0 /1 6
3*38
57/28/15
3399
4
CC
* 2/39/17
3076
*0/4 2 /1 3
2540
* 2 /4 3 /1 6
2312
* 1 /41/15
2643
i
CC
51/3 2 /1 7
3 1 17
* 9/36/16
3032
* 6 /3 6 /1 8
27*6
* 9/35/17
2965
i
CC
5 1/33/16
3 3 82
52/12/13
2 9 32
5 7/29/12
2618
5 3 /3 7 /1 *
2977
e
CC
........
.... .
*7/37/17
3 2 20
5 4 /3 2 /1 5
2583
51/35/16
2902
ii
CC
6 1 /29/13
3519
*6/35/18
2 5 42
5 4/32/15
22*3
54/32/15
2768
13
CC
56/32/1*
3965
5 7 /2 9 /1 *
281 2
6 1 /2 5 /1 *
36*6
58/2 9 /1 *
347*
1$
CC
* 9 /3 6 /1 6
3348
*9/34/14
2 3 96
5 5 /2 9 /1 5
28 01
51 /3 3 /1 5
2841
17
CC
* 4 /3 4 /2 2
3301
41 /3 8 /2 1
1672
38 /3 6 /2 *
1673
*1 /3 6 /2 2
2215
• CHO/FAT/PRO
92
APPENDIX K
CONSENT FORM
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
Committee on Human Subjects in Research
CONSENT FORM
T itle of Project:
Name of Researcher:
Name of Person Briefing Subject:
*• ________________________________ am a willing participant in this project and have been
(please p rin t name of participant)
informed of the following items:
I.
I have read or had the opportunity to read the proposal which includes the general
description of this research pro ject, i t s purpose and benefits;
II.
I have read the rearch document and been given an explanation of a ll procedures to
be followed and why I have been asked to participate;
I I I.
I have been given an explanation of my specific Involvement and any forseeable
risks or discomfort;
IV.
I have been given a description of any benefits which may be expected from the
reasearch;
V.
I have been given a disclosure of appropriate alternativ e procedures or courses
of treatment th at might be advantageous;
VI.
I have been assured of confidentiality of records Identifying me as a subject;
VII.
I have been given assurance th at minimal risk is Involved in my participation in
this study;
VIII.
I understand as a voluntary participant th at I may withdraw from the experlement
at any time th at I desire without any loss of benefits to which I am e n title d ;
IX.
I have been given the opportunity to ask questions at any time about the experi­
ment, my rights and whom to contact in the event of research-related Injury to
me and a ll questions have been answered to my satisfaction .
(Signature)
If the person giving consent is not the particip an t, at statement that he/she is
legally authorized to represent the participant must be Included, e.g.
I am the parent or legal guardian of __________________________________________
I f drugs are Involved, this form will not be used as we need specific information
about the drug being used.
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