The Trout fishery on a reach of the upper Yellowstone River, Montana, during 1982
by Larry Dean Javorsky
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Fish
and Wildlife Management
Montana State University
© Copyright by Larry Dean Javorsky (1984)
Abstract:
A creel survey was conducted to determine fisherman use and harvest on the fishery in a 9.2 kilometer
reach of the upper Yellowstone River from March 22 through September 19, 1982. Locals, non-local
residents and nonresidents comprised 39, 34 and 27%, respectively, of the 860 anglers interviewed.
Anglers fished a total of 3942 hours during the study period, expending 2046 hours (52%) on
weekend-holidays and 1896 hours (48%) on weekdays. Of the hours fished, 55% were attributed to
boat fishermen and 45% to shore anglers. Boat anglers landed trout at a rate of 0.83/hour and kept 37%
of their catch. About 93% of their harvest was taken between July 12 and September 5. Shore
fishermen had a 0.40 trout/hour landing rate, and kept 48% of the trout they landed. The total harvest of
978 trout by both boat and bank fishermen was composed of 58% brown, 24% rainbow and 18%
cutthroat trout. Nearly 83% of the brown, 71% of the rainbow and 37% of the cutthroat trout harvested
were age III and older. Mean lengths and weights of creeled brown and rainbow trout were
significantly larger than those for cutthroat trout in all age classes. The harvest accounted for 64, 23,
and 32% of the summer mortalities in brown, rainbow and cutthroat trout, respectively, when an
estimated handling loss of 5% was included. Big, McDonald Spring, Mill, Mol Heron, Cedar and Tom
Miner creeks were all found to contain spawning cutthroat trout, with the largest runs occurring in the
latter two streams. Recaptures of tagged cutthroat trout indicated substantial movement up- and down
stream in the Yellowstone River both to and from tributaries used for spawning. THE TROUT F I S HE RY ON A REACH OF THE UPPER
YELLOWSTONE R I V E R ,
MONTANA,
DURING 1 9 8 2
by
LARRY DEAN JAVORSKY
A th e s is subm itted in p a r t i a l fu lf illm e n t
of the r e q u i r e m e n ts f o r the degree
of
M aster
of
Science
in
Fish
and
W ildlife
Management
MONTANA STATE UNI VERS I TY
Bozeman, M ontana
June
1984
APPROVAL
of
a
thesis
Larry
subm itted
Dean
by
Javorsky
This
thesis
h a s b e e n r e a d by e a c h member o f
the
t h e s i s co m m ittee and
h a s b e e n f o u n d t o be s a t i s f a c t o r y
regarding content,
English usage,
form at,
citations,
bibliographic sty le,
and c o n s i s t e n c y , and i s r e a d y f o r
s u b m is s io n to the C o lle g e of G ra d u a te S t u d i e s .
Approved
Approved
Da t e
for
for
the
the
Major
College
of
Graduate
Departm ent
G raduate
Dean
Studies
iii
STATEMENT OF P E R M I S S I O N TO U S E
In
of
the
State
it
presenting
requirem ents
U niversity,
available
B rief
to
quotations
special
I
thesis
for
agree
that
under
from
thesis
this
reproduction
professor,
L ibraries
or
when,
of
the
copying
or
financial
perm ission.
Sig n a t u r e
of
for
this
in
his
in
the
gain
of
shall
is
are
may
opinion
the
not
be
of
shall
the
make
L ibrary.
allow able
that
w ithout
accurate
quotation
from
or
granted
b y my
by
D irector
the
either,
scholarly
m aterial
be
of
Montana
made.
absence,
for
at
Library
rules
extensive
thesis
m aterial
use
is
fulfillm ent
degree
provided
source
'
partial
the
borrow ers
of
Perm ission
in
a m aste r's
perm ission,
acknowledgment
use
this
in
allow ed
the
w ithout
of
proposed
purposes.
this
major
thesis
An y
for
my w r i t t e n
V
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I
would
individuals
study
to
the
study
and
and
M.
Kaya
Chris
Clancey,
and
equipm ent
provided
Dr.
Lynn
of
Parks,
data
analyses.
Trout
Montana
Trout
provided
Special
thanks
who
allow ed
helped
to
appreciation
who
are
supported
and
the
goes
of
Mr.
Fish,
Burkhal te r
programming
C ooperative
those
through
the
work
and
Fishery
Foundation
for
project.
landowners
wh o
property,
and
enjoyable.
My
their
t o my f a m i l y
me
and
D alton
for
field
Pic ton
manpower,
funding
to
the
needed
the
encouraged
directed
m anuscript.
and
extended
make
also
Montana
the
D.
this
of
Departm ent
Dr.
U nlim ited,
access
the
follow ing
bring
Gould
Harold
computer
The
U nit,
R.
much w i t h
analysis.
Research
graciously
Montana
with
to
the
preparation
Irby,
helped
assistance
statistical
in
reviewed
the
thank
who h e l p e d
W illiam
R.
critically
and
sincerely
assisted
Drs.
Calvin
to
organizations
com pletion.
m anuscript.
W ildlife
like
and
many
throughout
friends
my a c a d e m i c
career.
And
lastly,
thanks
to
what
strive
I
the
I
living
to
wish
God,
understand
to
extend
whose
and
my
design
desire
most
and
to
sincere
creation
preserve.
is
vi
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
V I T A ............................................................................................................................... .........
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
.............................................................................................
v
LIST
OF T A B L E S ...................................................................................................... v i i
LIST
OF F I G U R E S ................................... .....
^
A B S T R A C T .............................................................................................................
I NTRODUCTI ON
.
ix
.
x
.......................
D E S C R I P T I O N OF STUDY AREA
I
.............................................................
M E T H O D S ..............................................
C r e e l S u r v e y ..................................................................................................
Fish P opulation Param eters
........................................................
3
9
9
11
R E S U L T S ...........................................................................................................................13
C r e e l S u r v e y ......................................................................................................... 13
I n t e r v i e w s ................................... * ................................................... 13
Fishing Pressure
.
15
C a t c h R a t e s ....................................................................................................18
N u m b e r s o f F i s h L a n d e d a n d C r e e l e d ...............................20
A g e a n d S i z e o f T r o u t H a r v e s t e d ............................................. 22
T ro u t P o p u l a t i o n E s t i m a t e s and M o r t a l i t y R a te s .
25
C u t t h r o a t T ro u t SpawningA c t i v i t y
.......................................
27
DISCUSSION
..............................................
30
LI TERATURE
C I T E D ................................................................................
39
A P P E N D I X .......................................................................................................................... 43
vii
LIST
OF TABLES
Table
1.
2.
3.
4 .
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Page
The n u m b e r s a n d p e r c e n t a g e s ( i n p a r e n t h e s e s )
of
an g lers in terv iew ed using v ario u s
types
o f b a i t s on t h e Y e l l o w s t o n e R i v e r i n 1 9 8 2 . . .
14
The
estim ated
numbers
of hours f is h e d
by
s h o re and b o a t f is h e r m e n i n each s tr a tu m
on
the
Yellow s tone
River
in
1982
( 90%
confidence in te r v a ls in paren th eses)
.......................
16
The
estim ated
numbers
of hours f i s h e d
by
a n g l e r s d u rin g w e e k e n d -h o lid a y s and weekdays
i n e a c h s t r a t u m on t h e Y e l l o w s t o n e R i v e r
in
1982
(90%
confidence
intervals
in
parentheses)
............................................................................................
17
Estim ated
catch ra te s ( tro u t/h r)
for
fish
l a n d e d a n d c r e e l e d by s h o r e a n d b o a t a n g l e r s
on t h e Y e l l o w s t o n e R i v e r i n 1 982
...................................
19
Estim ates
of
sh o re and b o a t
R i v e r i n 1982
20
fish
lan d e d and
f i s h e r m e n on t h e
creeled
by
Y ellow stone
Estim ated
numbers
of
trout
creeled
by
anglers
on t h e Y e l l o w s t o n e R i v e r d u r i n g t h e
study
period
in
1982
(80%
confidence
in te r v a ls in p aren th eses) .
21
E s t i m a t e d h a r v e s t by a n g l e r s on t h e
Yellow­
stone
River
during
w eekend-holidays
and
weekdays
of the study p e rio d in
1982
( 80%
confidence in te r v a ls
inp aren th eses)
. . . . .
23
Age c o m p o s i t i o n
and
mean
l e n g t h s (cm) and
w eights
(g)
of
trout harvested
from
the
study
s e c t i o n on t h e Y e l l o w s t o n e
River
in
1982
(sam ple
size
in
brackets;
90%
confidence in te r v a ls in parentheses)
.......................
24
Spring
and f a l l
population
estim ates
and
summer m o r t a l i t y r a t e s o f a g e I I
and
older
trout
in
the stu d y s e c t i o n of the
Yellow­
stone
River
in
1982
(80%
confidence
i n t e r v a l s in p a r e n th e s e s ) ( C la n c ey , C. 1984,
p e r s . comrnun.)
...................................................................................... 26
v iii
10.
11.
D a t a c o l l e c t e d on s p a w n i n g
cutthroat
trout
in s e le c te d t r i b u t a r y stream s of the Y ellow ­
stone
River
in
1983
( 90%
confidence
i n t e r v a l s i n p a r e n t h e s e s ) .........................................................
28
The c o u n t t i m e s e s t a b l i s h e d f o r e a c h s t r a t u m
i n 1982 ( M o u n t a in S t a n d a r d Time)
...................................
44
ix
LIST
OF F I GURE S
Figure
I.
2.
Page
Me a n
w ater discharge in
the
Yellows tone
R i v e r a t a g a g e s i t e 1 2 km b e l o w t h e s t u d y
section
........................................................................................................
5
Map o f
6
the
study
area
X
ABSTRACT
A
creel
survey
was
conducted
to
determ ine
fisherm an
use
and
h a r v e s t on t h e f i s h e r y
in
a
9.2
kilom eter
reach
of the upper Y ellow stone
River
from
M arch 22 t h r o u g h S e p t e m b e r 1 9 , 1 9 8 2 .
L ocals, non-local
residents
and n o n r e s id e n ts co m p rised 39,
34 a n d
27%,
respectively,
o f t h e 860 a n g l e r s i n t e r v i e w e d .
Anglers
fished
a t o t a l of 3942 h o u rs d u r in g the stu d y
period,
e x p e n d i n g 2 0 4 6 h o u r s (52%) on w e e k e n d - h o l i d a y s a n d 1896
hours
(48%)
on w e e k d a y s .
Of t h e h o u r s
fished,
55%
were
attributed
to b o a t f is h e rm e n and
45%
to
shore
anglers.
Boat
anglers
landed
trout at
a
rate
of
0.83/hour
a n d k e p t 37% o f t h e i r c a t c h .
A b o u t 93%
of
their
h a r v e s t w a s t a k e n b e t w e e n J u l y 12 a n d
September
5.
Shore fish erm en had a 0.40 t r o u t /h o u r la n d in g r a t e ,
and
kept
48%
of the t r o u t
they
landed.
The
total
harvest
of
978 t r o u t by b o t h b o a t a n d b a n k
fisherm en
was
composed
of
58%
brown,
24%
rainbow
and
18%
cutthroat trout.
N e a r l y 83% o f t h e b r o w n ,
71% o f
the
rainbow
a n d 37% o f t h e c u t t h r o a t t r o u t h a r v e s t e d
were
age I I I and o l d e r .
Mean l e n g t h s a n d w e i g h t s o f c r e e l e d
brown
and rain b o w t r o u t were s i g n i f i c a n t l y l a r g e r than
those
for
c u tth ro a t tro u t in a l l
age
classes.
The
harvest
a c c o u n te d f o r 64,
23,
a n d 32% o f t h e
summer
m ortalities
in
brown,
rainbow and
cutthroat
trout,
r e s p e c t i v e l y , w h e n a n e s t i m a t e d h a n d l i n g l o s s o f 5% w a s
included.
B i g , M c D o n a l d S p r i n g , M i l l , Mo l H e r o n , C e d a r
a n d Tom M i n e r c r e e k s w e r e a l l f o u n d t o c o n t a i n s p a w n i n g
c u t t h r o a t t r o u t , w ith the l a r g e s t ru n s o c c u r r in g in the
latter
two s t r e a m s .
R e c a p tu re s of
tagged
cutthroat
t r o u t i n d i c a t e d s u b s t a n t i a l m o v e m e n t u p - a n d do wn s t r e a m
in
the Y e llo w s to n e R iv e r b o th to and from
tributaries
used fo r spawning.
I
I NTRODUCTI ON
The
contain
upper
23% o f
ribbon
trout
apparent
M ontana's
stream
increase
decade
has
become
concerned
trout
has
been
particular
which
is
The
a
state
concerns
Departm ent
undertake
first
strain
of
two
survey
Interview s
upper
in
the
this
fishery
prompted
creel
conducted
during
in
Y ellow stone
indicated
heavy
9.5
in
interview s
incidence
catch
population.
trout
in
and
1975).
near
The
km s e c t i o n
of
the
1 9 7 8 - 1 9 7 9.
with
of
boat
rainbow
compared
This
It
the
river
to
could,
cutthroat
relatively
according
along
the
use
and
L ivingston,
was
conducted
near
in
Corwin
largely
a
the
low num bers
to
The
areas
showed
trout
to
1974.
constituted
and
Montana
of
of
upper
fisherm en,
and
the
fisherm an
survey
the
1970's.
several
second
was
of
clarki) ,
summer
town
There
(MDFWP)
the
the
the
1980).
Parks
surveys
to
on
( Salmo
(H olton
and
last
River.
concern
An
groups
w ell-being
trout
blue
the
fishing
of
W ildlife
of
in
Yellow stone
on
(Berg
and
upper
of
River
1980).
angler
fisherm en
Montana
Springs
state
bank
of
a
fish
lim ited
was
pressure
cutthroat
Fish,
with
harvest
on
of
(km)
Clancey
effects
interest
about
and
and
the
the
Y ellow stone
723 k i l o m e t e r s
local
of
the
fishing
about
populations
of
(V incent
in
caused
Y ellow stone
the
reaches
of
high
creel
in
the
investigators,
2
indicate
and
a
Clancey
The
and
data
bank
on
Y ellow stone
it
to
the
River
concurrent
by
of
the
upper
Y ellow stone
with
MDFWP p e r s o n n e l .
from
March
22
south
from
trout
(Vincent
*
system
to
19,
9.2
estim ates
several
survey
1982
July
26,
were
establish
harvest
MDFWP.
in
Creel
12
and
to
L ivingston,
the
River
was
unstudied
of
of
September
June
use
population
cutthroat
to
project
on a n
personnel
of
work
overexploitation
fisherm an
fish
activities
survey
this
fisherm en
the
section
to
1980).
purpose
baseline
boat
susceptibility
of
both
km r e a c h
of
and
relate
made
on
The
the
spawning
tributaries
of
also
assessed
work was
conducted
and
1983.
the
spawning
3
D E S C R I P T I O N OF STUDY AREA
The
Y ellow stone
Wyoming
and
N ational
to
It
total
and
where
courses
The
m eters
runs,
( m)
about
1400
and
approxim ately
lies
on
106.4
m ^/second
( s)
w ater
tem perature
or
from
r
south
on
It
of
km
wide
the
east
consists
a gradient
a gage
1983)
site
of
of
1 . 5-3.5
provide
12 km b e l o w
the
characteristics.
at
km^.
56
w ith
1975).
2-12
M ountains
west.
major
Yellow stone
km
a
Res.
1975).
from
elevation
for
( Berg
18
its
Dakota.
last
upper
in
to
Nat.
the
U.S.
lies
the
pools,
km ( B e r g
9197
of
near
County
North
Dept.
about
Absaroka
Range
in
the
the
chem ical
interm ittently
on
V alley
( US GS
m in
one
continental
records
section
physical
it
here
and
per
Published
study
and
river
by
G allatin
riffle s,
km ( M o n t a n a
the
Park
northeastw ard
River
is
Montana
through
1085
section
flanked
the
M issouri
Paradise
Living s to n .
and
in
study
in
valley
is
1976),
undammed r i v e r s
River
the
it
Northwest
Yellow stone
southcentral
northw ard
length
The.
into
in
through
continues
with
Cons.
originates
northw ard
and
L ivingston,
confluence
Its
flow s
Park
G ardiner.
River
years
3.35
the
gage
Average
between
site,
1981
river
and
discharge
k m y e a r .
October
follow ing
The
1897
to
the
and
The
is
drains
recorded
1982
was
average
September
1982
4
was
7.5
C,
w ith
a
maximum o f
1 9 . 5 °C a n d m i n i m u m
of
0.0°C.
For
was
the
738.9
mean
the
the
study
minimum
flow
was
216.1
m ^/s.
the
1982
study
period
average
to
m ^/s,
of
flow
during
1982
period
water
ranged
8.1,
and
3.5
to
is
from
oxygen
m illigram s(m g)/liter(l)
or
T urbidity
was
about
turbidity
units)
during
high
period
ranged
to
33 m g / 1
Nelson,
three
during
w ater
at
Major
norm ally
high
w ater.
tributaries
are
include
creeks,
mg/1
and
substrates,
are
flow
profile
water
Hardness
CaCO^ )
M iner,
characterized
relatively
rose
high
of
7.7
12.0
to
38
NTU
during
the
during
low w a te r
study
section
creeks.
sand
above
Cedar
by
The
(nephelom etric
Spring
Those
to
the
saturation.
study
with
I.
from
9.0
112%
but
flow
September
from
year,
the
Figure
to
NTU
(as
peak
pH r a n g e d
to
stream s
Tom
in
ranged
a n d many m a c r o p h y t e s .
B ig,
and
McDonald
low -gradient
M ill,
m ^/s,
the
below
and
29.2
2.0
June.
HO
was
March
98
the
from
Armstrong
bottom s
in
the
shown
1 7 .5 °C,
dissolved
1982
The
tem perature
from
in
and
the
and
cobble
All
silt
section
Mo l
and
gradients,
are
Heron
gravel
and
few
m acrophytes.
The
Bridge
Leven
survey
section
on M o n t a n a
Access
Site
State
(Figure
extended
Highway
2).
from
476
The
to
the
M ill
the
river
Lower
here
Creek
Loch
averaged
1981/N
<0
/" \1 9 8 0
E
Ju n e
Figure
I.
Mean w a t e r d i s c h a r g e i n t h e
below the stu d y s e c t i o n .
August
Y ellow stone
River
September
at
a
gage
site
12 km
6
LIVINGSTON
MONTANA
STUDY SECTION
Emigrant
Cedar
Creek
(•Corwin Sp rin g s
Tom Miner
Creek
GARDINER
Figure
2.
Map
of
the
study
area.
7
about
60
m
gradient,
and
wide,
and
had
boulders
1975).
a
R iparian
forbs.
owned
approxim ately
bottom
interspersed
w ith
( SaJ Lj Lx) ,
Land a d j a c e n t
and
used
substrate
vegetation
(P opulus) , w illow
and
had
of
gravel
was
prim arily
the
for
m/ k m
large
and
is
grazing,
(Berg
cottonw ood
shrubs,
section
of
cobble
sand
m ainly
and v a rio u s
to
2.1
grasses
privately
farm ing
and
■h o m e s i t e s .
Fishing
three
MDFWP.
Bridge
and
a
access
shoreline
had
The
approxim ately
0.4
parking
concrete
Access
Loch
Site
Leven
frontage
and
to
m ountain
( Salmo
tru tta ) ,
trout.
Y ellow stone
the
and
an
landow ners
in
found
fac ilitie s
and
Loch
km
trout
Non-game
the
are
the
(SJ l
fish
longnose
Leven
section.
of
river
0 . 5 - km o f
gave
areas.
study
( P r o so plum w i l l i a m s o n i ) ,
rainbow
was
had
occasionally
certain
and
and
additional
also
in
Site
study
1.0
lot,
up-
bridge
the
the
approxim ately
access,
commonly
Access
at
of
both
by
Creek
parking
walk
Camping
end
provided
M ill
small
from
located
northern
fisherm en
w hitefish
cutthroat
upper
the
a
Fishing
were
was
The
could
res t rooms.
ramp
Private
Gamefish
ramp,
km d o w n s t r e a m
direct
shore
boat
fisherm en
contained
easem ent.
access
at
a
section
S ites.
Paradise
and
boat
study
Access
where
downstream.
a
the
Fishing
facility
lim ited
to
area
brown
gairdneri) ,
reported
dace
from
are
trout
and
the
(Rhinichthys
8
ca t a r ac t a e ) ,
w hite
sucker
platyrhynchus)
(Berg
1975).
longnose
( C.
and
sucker
( Ca t o s t o m u s
com m ersoni),
the
m ottled
m ountain
sculpin
ca t o s t o m u s ) ,
sucker
( Cottus
( C.
bairdi)
9
METHODS
Creel
A
from
creel
survey
March
method
22
used
to
was
Survey
conducted
September
^ a s m odified
on
19,
after
the
study
1982.
that
section
The
of
sampling
Neuhold
and
Lu
(1957).
The
study
consisting
of
subdivided
into
for
weekend
are
given
w hile
days
to
at
than
days
per
week
per
sub s t r a t u m .
Weekend
containing
first
Sunday.
A ll
three
dates
was
of
strata
further
and
all
one
strata
etc.)
had
Day,
days.
days
holidays
contained
contained
9 days.
The
sub s t r a t u m
were
surveyed,
substratum
survey
13
weekdays
restrictions
Tuesday,
5
for
each weekday
the
sub s t r a ta
weekend
subsequent
holidays
week were
had
which
stratum
The
w ithout
in
with
Memorial
into
11.
with
(Monday,
one
holidays.
surveyed
random
Each
substrata,
and
those
divided
each.
Table
the
Day,
was
substrata
be
chosen
two
days
Weekday
3
2 weeks
in
days,
period
4
and
was
days,
The
wa s
first
(I)
(2)
except
Da y
survey
randomly
between
were, s u r v e y e d .
no m o t e
each
surveyed
Independence
alternating
holidays
that
10
day
only
of
once
for
those
and
Labor
day
of
chosen.
with
Saturday
This
the
and
method
10
Insured
all
that
holidays,
The
the
were
fishing
daylight
hours
(hr)
counts
counts
day
of
on e a c h
time
or
four
starting
The
time
of
day
in
that
in itial
count
used,
to
used
after
the
during
which
Numbers
separately
points
took
less
time
each
of
in
on
the
anglers
the
and
shore
section
was
period
in
are
shorelines
were
and
to
day
length.
survey
count
tim es
count
Table
latest
were
reverted
count
tim es
11.
were
was
recorded
made
from
binoculars,
and
which
was
day
for
all
considered
to
be
an
92% o f
on
either
next
The
first
fishing
Over
these
the
from
conduct,
the
varying
follow ing
count
be
conducted
of
the
7x35
intervals
the
on
boats
could
many
count
in
and
of
the
for
in itia l
using
length
as
and
at
Each
from
Five
tim e.
45 m i n u t e s
count.
11).
each
given
count.
observable
1981,
count
all
(Table
beginning
fisherm en
therefore
Interview s
on
of
12-16
depending
follow ing
stratum
average
instantaneous
and
from
random ly
begun
all
possible
approxim ately
than
was
consist
account
chosen
count
until
each
both
days,
length
in itia l
tim es,
in itia l
to
day,
to
the
was
stratum
earliest
survey
of
in
period
adjusted
stratum
the
weekend
considered
study
each
three
and
and v a r i e d
the
were
The
weekdays
surveyed.
hours
made
length.
the
day was
during
were
betw een
day
50% o f
the
entire
study
points.
146
fisherm en
days
as
of
the
possible
study
were
11
interview ed
individually
interview ed
was
classified
County,
M ontana),
Montana
outside
Other
data
number
in
boat),
bait
a
non-local
collected
from
each
fishing
spent
and
and
party,
the
kept.
Whe n
measured
for
for
determ ination.
interview s
length
v irtually
or
pulled
out
the
downstream
to
in
fisherm en
at
end
1:00
each
counts
each
and w eig h t,
boat
Lower
of
the
PM)
study
and
one
not
(shore
type
were
the
during
taken
I
Access
Site
PM
days
by
(at
one
to
of
also
passed
during
of
were
that
section)
or
fish
number
fisherm en,
PM ( 1 : 0 0
substratum
were
scales
Leven
in
the
species
of
r
creeled fish
fisherm en
Loch
Park
included:
fisherm an,
and
boat
in
nonresident.
fishing
To i n c r e a s e
all
the
of
practical,
o b t a i n e d ■ from
contacted
period
of
of
angler
(residing
a
fisherm an
sex
number
(residing
or
mode
fishing,
Each
resident
County),
used,
(sunrise
a local
Park
the
age
as
counts.
of
hours
caught
between
AM
sunset)
on
which
made.
Fish Population Parameters
The
trout
populations
in
studied
the
were
9.2
from
estim ates
by
were
brown,
km s e c t i o n
estim ated
Personnel
captured
of
the
in
of
the
MDFWP
rainbow
spring
made
electrofishing.
given
the
individually
and
Y ellow stone
River
and
1982.
mark
The
cutthroat
fall
of
and
recapture
cutthroat
numbered
tags
so
trout
their
12
movements
could
Population
Clancey,
methods
estim ates
Fisheries
described
McDonald
Mol
Heron
June
creeks
investigate
of
a
the
were
Vincent
for
(1971
M ill,
were
w ith
trout
e l e c t r o f i s h e d once
run
was
electrofished
at
trout
captured
were
that
their
twice
Mr.
be
using
1974).
Cedar,
Big
periodically
of
the
which
week.
runs.
to
The
evidence
they
AlI
follow ed
and
during
MDFWP
time
measured,
could
Chris
MDFWP,
week u n t i l
at
per
weighed,
movements
by
spawning
per
obtained,
least
recaptured.
Tom M i n e r ,
personnel
cutthroat
were
the
and
e l e c t r o f i shed
1983
spawning
they
computed
B iologist
in
of
if
were
Spring,
and Ju ly
creeks
be m o n i t o r e d
were
cutthroat
and
tagged
so
in
subsequent
recaptures.
Age
determ inations
were
structure
of
the
harvest
the
and
the
age
creel
computed
from
population
by
Mr.
harvest
were
Selected
statistically
variances
S tatistical
by
Fish
during
from
by
population
w ith
Snedecor
differences
the
of
or
were
age
fish
in
was
electrofishing
for
samples
fish
were
aged
in
the
taken
author.
F -tests
Cochran
the
from
The
population
both
the
and
by
scales.
param eters
t - tests
calculated
of
Scales
examined
from
determ ined
structure
C lancey.
also
was
captured
estim ates.
Chris
described
fish
made
were
compared
using
methods
(1978),
with
MDFWP' s CCPROG p r o g r a m .
significant
at
p<0.05.
13
"RESULTS
Creel
Survey
Interview s
Of
shore
and
the
860
anglers
and
fem ales
499
Male
anglers
Y ellow stone
River
and
Bighorn
rivers
largest
with
contributing
Hole
River
River
or
baits
com bination
consisted
m etal,
wood,
fisherm en
and
live
1975)
to
more
the
anglers,
or
more
of
on
the
(V incent
(K ozakiew icz
&
1979),
1975).
fisherm en
and
and
from
63% o n
locals
nonresidents
(34
varied
to
were
of
locals
12%
the
27%,
in
on
the
lower
Big
1979).
evenly
and
of
those
baits
flies
plastic,
tended
bait
of
Males
contribution
has
about
bait
fisherm en.
Springs
residents
reported
were
reported
Hole
of
(42%)
80%
proportions
(Stevenson
were
of
(Stevenson
fisheries
a rtific ia l
some
Big
361
13% o f
been
proportion
The
boat
Corwin
lower
(Kozakiewicz
Fisherm en
using
also
lesser
Montana
Bighorn
and
non-local
respectively).
other
87%
near
the
(39%),
were
has
1980),
The
(58%)
dom inance
Clancey
the
interview ed,
com prised
respectively.
licensed
anglers
use
often
or
divided
using
(Table
and
than
either
I).
"hardware"
other
flies
between
and
boat
those
live
bait
A rtificial
(lures
of
m aterials).
Shore
hardware
often
less
fisherm en.
A lso,
14
Table
I.
The n u m b e r s a n d p e r c e n t a g e s ( i n p a r e n t h e s e s )
of a n g l e r s i n t e r v i e w e d
using
v a rio u s types
o f b a i t s on t h e Y e l l o w s t o n e
R iv e r i n 1982.
Boat
Bait
type
Shore
A rtific ia l bait
Flies
Har dware
Live b a it
Sculpins
Other
Co m b i n a t i on
of b a its
Total
in
frequently
guides.
9(7)
0
61(7)
174(20)
66(18)
93(25)
37 ( 2 8 )
196(23)
366(100)
133(100)
Hole
guided
(V incent
The
anglers
lower
than
lower
Big
the
length
1.8
the
Hole
the
use
flies
frequently
percent
of
in
operated
boats
to
1979)
length
hr.
2.5
Bighorn
of
more
to
less
than
their
the
10.5%
and
boat
by
found
77% o n
on
the
fisherm en
professional
the
lower
upper
Big
Madison
1978).
average
was
tended
860(100)
boats.
compares
(K ozakiewicz
rivers
boats
hardware
were
This
229(27 )
200(23)
43(12)
11(3)
Tw enty-nine
interview ed
80(60)
7(5)
9(2 )
163(45)
private
in
Total
91(25)
128(35)
and
counterparts
Guide d
58(16)
65(18)
361(99)
fisherm en
on
Private
hr
River
River
of
the
This
found
for
fishing
figure
shore
(K ozakiewicz
(Stevenson
fishing
day
for
is
day
for
significantly
fisherm en
1979)
1975).
shore
shore
and
the
The
on
4.2
the
hr
average
anglers
was
15
significantly
on w e e k d a y s
The
(2.1
w ithin
hr.
between
length
the
This
on w e e k e n d - h o l i d a y s
(1.6
hr)
than
day
for
boat
hr).
average
anglers
1.7
lower
study
time
of
fishing
section
period
w eekend-holidays
the
did
was
not
calculated
vary
to
be
significantly
and weekdays.
Fishing Pressure
A nglers
fished
section
(Table
45% a n d
boat
of
nearly
2),
with
anglers
pressure
from
anglers
occurred
during
September
and
the
w ater
Stratum
the
19),
12
after
the
23
17% o f
and
total
32% o f
made
up
the
only
The
7% o f
showed
holidays.
shore
September
boat
and
This
total
was
5),
shore
of
weekdays
were
during
of
-
(Figure
2)
during
included
accounted
pressure,
hours
for
pressure
although
the
those
fished
w eekend-holidays,
fished
sim ilar
total
56%
28
fishing
About
and
(93%)
(June
which
greater
of
for
it
period.
numbers
47%
boat
greatest
stratum
fishing
study
and
dropped
a proportionately
anglers
occurred
the
the
estim ated
w eekend-holidays
which
-
study
The m a j o r i t y
6 strata
level
the
accounting
(73%)
Pressure
Day w e e k e n d .
approxim ately
last
water
in
pressure.
shore
the
hr
anglers
the
both
cleared.
(August
Labor
shore
55% o f
the
4,000
(Table
use
hours
by
which
during
3),
on w e e k e n d fished
boat
by
anglers
com prised
only
16
Table
Stratum
2.
The e s t i m a t e d n u m b e r s o f h o u r s f i s h e d
by
shore
and b o a t f is h e r m e n in each s tr a tu m
on
the
Y ellow stone River in
1982
( 90%
confidence in te r v a l s in p a re n th e se s).
Dates
Shore
Boat
Combined
I
3/22-4/4
58
11
69
2
4/5-4/18
52
23
75
3
4/19-5/2
45
75
120
4
5/3-5/16
78
63
141
5
5/17-5/30
18
14
32
6
5/31-6/13
161
12
173
7
6/14-6/27
70
0
70
8
6 /2 8 - 7 /11
183
46
229
9
7/12-7/25
156
180
336
10
7/26-8/8
216
498
714
11
8/9-8/22
263
275
538
12
8/23-9/5
306
681
987
13
9/6-9/19
189
269
458
To t a l
1795 (+252 ) 2 1 4 7 ( + 4 2 3 )
3942(+494)
17
Table
3.
The e s t i m a t e d n u m b e r s o f h o u r s f i s h e d
by
anglers
during
w eekend-holidays
and
weekdays
i n e a c h s t r a t u m on t h e
Yellow­
stone
River
in
1982
( 90%
confidence
i n te r v a ls in p a re n th e se s).
W eekend-holidays
Weekday
S t r a turn
Shore
Boat
Combined
I
0
11
11
58
0
58
2
21
23
44
31
0
31
3
45
75
120
0
0
0
4
60
42
102
18
21
39
5
18
14
32
0
0
0
6
56
12
68
105
0
105
7
32
0
32
38
0
38
8
138
5
143
45
41
86
9
48
72
120
108
108
216
10
114
176
290
102
322
424
11
106
173
279
157
102
259
12
140
410
550
166
271
437
13
69
186
255
120
83
203
To t a l
847
(+ 161)
1199
(+272)
2046
(+316)
Shore
948
(+161)
Boat
948
( + 272 )
Combined
1896
(+316)
18
29%
of
the
greater
available
use
on
(1979)
Lyden
(1975)
on
Catch
Rates
rates
fisherm en
the
for
many
fish
creeled
as
they
brown
brown
trout
either
cutthroat
catch
rates
was
of
all
from
anglers
landing
4).
24-47%
Again,
and
Total
of
brown
significantly
The
catch
significantly
weekdays
and
trout.
860
trout/hr,
about
twice
as
landed
than
rate
Landed
for
any
landed
that
and
shore
and
for
than
for
the
0.25
rate
higher
differ
for
They
catch
combined
not
and
for
creeled
anglers
significantly
on
from
weekdays.
Boat
(Table
did
by
River
trout
4).
combined
trout
also
River.
a greater
rainbow
Hole
landed
(Table
significantly
w eekend-holidays
for
their
or
Big
0.64
fisherm en
at
observed
creeled
were
creeled
and
lower
and
P roportionately
was
G allatin
landed
trout
species,
both
the
West
Shore
other
those
on
interview ed
respectively.
hours.
w eekend-holidays
Kozakiew icz
The
fishing
for
had
significantly
creeling
catch
total
trout
rates
landed
trout
were
greater
rates
rate
for
lower
landed
on
fish
than
for
rates
all
for
and
not
for
varied
fisherm en.
creeled
trout
creeled
at
species .
combined
w eekend-holidays
but
of
fisherm en
trout
boat
other
trout
rates
shore
creeled
landed
than
higher
than
fish.
was
on
19
Table
4.
Estim ated catch ra te s ( tr o u t/h r ) for fish
landed
and
c r e e l e d by
shore
and
boat
a n g l e r s on t h e Y e l l o w s t o n e R i v e r i n 1 9 8 2 .
Landed
Trout
species
Weekendholidays
Weekday
Shore
Creeled
To t a l
Weekendh o l i days
Weekday
To t a I
anglers
. 17
. 26
. 20
.07
. 11
. 08
Rainbow
. 10
.09
.10
.07
.05
. 06
C utthroat
. 08
. 13
. 10
. 04
. 06
. 05
Combine d
.35
.48
.40
.22
. 19
Boat
OO
1—1
Brown
anglers
Brown
. 42
.50
.45
.18
.25
.21
Rainbow
.11
. 33
. 21
. 04
. 09
. 06
Cutthroat
.17
.17
.17
.04
.04
.04
Combine d
. 70
1.00
. 83
. 26
. 38
. 31
20
Numbers
of
Fish
About
5).
41% o f
Boat
shore
Landed
all
anglers
fisherm en
landed
fish.
fisherm en
and
trout
landed
but
and
over
57
of
the
trout
landed
Rainbow
trout
contributed
landed
fisherm en,
while
Shore
63% o f
total
The m a j o r i t y
Table
Trout
species
Brown
Rainbow
Cutthroat
To t a I
of
during
5.
and
number
the
43% o f
from
by
trout
accounted
of
trout
Strata
for
trout
as
8%
of
many
the
trout
(Table
trout
less
of
the
trout
boat
were
brown
trout
20-30%
as
their
constituted
51%
creeled.
of
the
total
both
boa t
an d
shore
added
from
13-27%
37% a n d
harvested
harvest
9 - 1 2
creeled
respectively,
brown
creeled
cutthroat
anglers
the
occurred
and
anglers,
twice
67%
creeled,
For
were
about
and
tro u t.
trout
shore
landed
creeled
About
landed
C reeled
of
(July
boat
anglers
(Table
6).
boat
anglers
(93%)
12
September
-
Estim ates
of f i s h
la n d e d and
s h o r e a n d b o a t f i s h e r m e n on t h e
River in 1982.
5),
creeled
by
Yellow stone
Shore
Bo a t
Combined
L a n de d C r e e l e d
Lande d C re e le d
Landed Creeled
403
186
207
796
15 8
HO
98
366
926
335
352
1613
410
123
79
612
1329
521
559
2409
568
233
177
978
21
Table
6.
Estim ated
numbers
of
trout
creeled
by
anglers
on t h e Y e l l o w s t o n e
River
during
the
s t u d y p e r i o d i n 1982 (80%
confidence
in te r v a ls in p a re n th e se s).
Trout
Stratum
Brown
Rainbow
Shore
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
4
0
0
3
0
20
3
21
17
9
22
11
0
158(+38)
1 1 0 ( + 2 8)
Boat
4
0
0
12
0
3
0
0
26
159
115
79
12
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Total
Grand
total
Cutthroat
Total
anglers
4
0
4
3
2
31
3
10
29
14
43
11
4
Total
species
0
0
2
9
0
12
7
5
5
0
11
43
4
8
0
6
15
2
63
13
36
51
23
76
65
8
98 ( + 3 6 )
366(+59 )
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
12
6
11
44
6
4
0
0
12
0
3
0
2
72
187
146
164
22
anglers
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
34
22
20
41
4
410(+88)
123(+37)
79(+26)
612(+99)
568(+96)
233(+46)
177(+44)
97 8 ( + 1 1 5 )
22
which
coincided
with
About
76% o f
total
during
this
of
the
time
study
(March
22
period
but
anglers
due,
flow s
-
The
11)
perhaps,
that
period
with
pronounced.
fishing
by
Strata
pressure
of
the
the
for
trout
the
low
(see
pressure
occurred
com prised
only
Figure
and
the
37%
it
and high
was
the
fishing
the
w ater
was
(Figure
I)
and
overcast.
brown
and
rainbow
trout
significantly
greater
on w e e k d a y s
by
anglers
were
on w e e k e n d - h o l i d a y s
more
cutthroat
than
on w e e k d a y s .
Ag e
and
Size
Scales
obtained
the
largest
trout
of
Trout
and
from
(Table
105
were
7).
Strata
harvested
1 - 8 ,
weather
However,
on
shore
pressure
occurred
of
as
Thirty-nine
fisherm en
numbers
same
not
shore
The
boat
the
52% o f
the
and
8
study
by
high
-
by
showed
harvest.
during
31%
I).
but
of
I
the
harvested
contained
59% o f
Strata
62% o f
fisherm en
9 - 1 2
harvest
weather.
tem peratures
fisherm en
and
good
com parison.
shore
boat
which
accounted
to
and
fishing
2),
In
2% o f
harvest
as
percent
period.
July
flow s
boat
(Table
only
during
trend
the
lower
m ostly
when
cool
harvested
than
significantly
w eekend-holidays
Harvested
length
and
creeled
representations
weight
trout.
were
m easurem ents
The
age
age
IV a n d
groups
older
were
with
brown
23
Table
7.
E s t i m a t e d h a r v e s t by a n g l e r s on t h e Y e l l o w ­
stone
River
during
w eekend-holidays
and
weekdays
o f t h e s t u d y p e r i o d i n 1982
(80%
confidence in te r v a ls in p a re n th ese s).
Trout
Fisherm an
type
species
Rainbow
Brown
Cutthroa t
To t a I
Shore
W eekend-holiday
Weekday
61 ( + 2 6 )
114(+41 )
56(+19)
52(+22)
43(+29)
50(+2 7 )
160 ( + 4 4 )
2 1 6 (+5 4 )
Boa t
W eekend-holiday
Weekday
191(+41)
217(+76)
45 ( + 1 7 )
75 ( + 4 1 )
46(+21)
27 ( + 1 5 )
282 ( + 6 1 )
319(+87)
Combine d
W eekend-holiday
Weekday
252 ( + 8 6 )
331(+60)
101(+47 )
127(+26)
89(+3 I)
77(+36)
442(+103 )
535(+75)
and
trout,
and
Mean
w eights
of
were
significantly
trout
(Table
age
rainbow
8).
classes
w eights
age
of
IV
equivalent-aged
and
older
significantly
the
same
ages.
brown
and
older
brown
than
Both
trout
had
The mean
rainbow
rainbow
trout
mean
counterparts
trout
trout
age
than
II
had
of
and
in
brown
trout
those
were
of
age
sim ilar,
IV a n d
and
but
age
greater
mean
II
and
w eights
trout
of
age
III
IV
and
w eights
age.
older
significantly
cutthroat
Age
mean
II
three
the
cutthroat
significantly
age
all
than
had
for
w eights
in
trout.
trout
trout
cutthroat
greater
comparable
lengths
II
cutthroat
rainbow
greater
age
trout.
brown
greater
Age
III
and
rainbow
than
their
brown
trout
24
Table
8.
Age c o m p o s i t i o n a n d m e a n l e n g t h s ( c m ) a n d
w e i g h t s (g) of t r o u t
harvested
from the
s t u d y s e c t i o n on t h e Y e l l o w s t o n e R i v e r i n
1982
(sample
size
in
brackets;
90%
confidence in te rv a ls in parentheses).
Trout
Age
class
Br own
Percent
II
17[11]
III
IV and
10 [ 6 ]
73[46]
older
species
Rainbow
of
species'
Cutthroat
harvest
29 [ 5 ]
24[4]
47 [ 8 ]
6 3 [15]
I 3 [3 ]
24[6]
Me a n w e i g h t s
II
III
IV a nd
older
309(+53)
499(+73)
937(+54)
Me a n
II
III
IV a n d
older
3 0 .4 ( + l.2)
36.8(+0.5 )
4 5 . 1(+1. I)
305(+41)
428(+77)
721(+106)
185(+25)
366(+66)
542(+56)
I e n g ths
3 0 . 9 ( + 0 . 9)
3 4 . 8 ( + 0 . 4)
4 1 . 5 ( + l .5)
2 6 . 5 ( + l .2)
3 3 . 3(+2.3)
38. 1(+1. 3)
25
were
also
significantly
cutthroat
larger
than
age
III
rainbow
and
trout.
Trout Population Estimates and Mortality Rates
Brown,
and
1 9 %,
in
the
9).
study
this
older
Rainbow
either
the
in
age
II
The
cutthroat
than
for
not
fall
fall
of
70,
s umme r
trout
largest
and
be
39
trout.
and
Ag e
rate
The
estimated
harvest
9)
of
in
the
shown
the
brown, rainbow
study
to
section.
cause
up
to
older
were
age
trout
(Table
age
cutthroat
into
29,
IV
trout.
groups
in
estimates.
15%,
and
cutthroat
respectively,
As
in
IV and
mortality
were
29% o f
52,
1982
classes
II
up
the
older
of
spring,
brown
the
the
trout
trout.
m ortality
and
and
brown, rainbow
age
greatest
21,
age
separated
and
were
II
made
spring
age
section.
cutthroat
age
population
14
study
the
trout
during
1982,
classes
brown
of
trout
or
the
age
the
could
comprised
largest
and
brown
spring
trout
cutthroat
section
time,
trout
In
trout
and
respectively,
At
and
rainbow
of
rates
II
the
individual
(Table
6)
a 5% l o s s
trout
age
had
accounted
trout,
in
for
60,
(Table
respectively,
handling
trout
the
classes .
summer m o r t a l i t y
addition,
and
respectively,
cutthroat
cutthroat
In
rainbow
26% g r e a t e r ,
calculated
and
of
has
released
by
been
fly
26
Table
Age
9.
class
S p rin g and f a l l p o p u l a t i o n e s t i m a t e s and
summer m o r t a l i t y
rates
of
age I I
and
o ld e r t r o u t in the study s e c t i o n
of the
Yellowstone River
in
1982
(80% c o n f i ­
dence i n t e r v a l s in p a r e n t h e s e s ) (C lancey,
C . 1984, p e r s . commun. ) .
Spring
Fall
Br own
S u mme r m o r t a l i t y
rate
trout
II
609
315
48
III
468
354
24
1488
957
36
IV a n d
older
2565(+364)
To t a l
Rainbow
II
and
142 4 ( + 2 2 3 )
Cutthroat
II
and
To t a l
37
trout
older
Total
III
16 25 ( + 2 5 6 )
older
336 (+84 )
76
trout
754
254
66
214
102
52
968(+275)
356(+68)
63
27
and
lure
applied
Table
and
fishermen
to
the
5,
numbers
fishing
32% o f
rainbow
( Wydoski
the
and
calculated
age
the
age
IV a n d
the
age
III
released
m ortality
cutthroat
Within
of
1977).
trout,
classes,
older
ond older
figure
computed
account
for
mortality
from
64,
of
is
23,
brown,
respectively.
the
brown
this
trout
would
summer
If
harvest
trout
cutthroat
comprised
m ortality,
trout
78% o f
and
58% o f
m ortality.
Cutthroat Trout Spawning Activity
Big,
McDonald
Tom
Miner
creeks
with
the
than
21
found
latter
t wo
any
of
activity,
June,
peaked
first
week
streams
of
spawning
The
sizes
and
the
having
of
(Table
the
Tom
trout
cutthroat
Miner
trout
Creek
more
trout
were
not
the
advent
the
Nearly
were
were
trout,
with
last
terminated
10).
and
most
to
during
and
Cedar
cutthroat
the
prior
began
cutthroat
Heron,
Cutthroat
mid-July,
August
Mol
spawning
streams
which
during
the
Creek
contained
Mill,
spawner s a p i e c e .
in
spawning
Spring,
age
all
III
not
half
of
before
the
( 9 8 %)
of
and
spawners
of
in
older.
Cedar
statistically
different •
Spawning
distances
trout
to
tagged
cutthroat
their
in
spawning
May o f
1983
trout
moved
streams.
in
the
study
substantial
Two
cutthroat
section
were
28
Table
10.
D a t a c o l l e c t e d on s p a w n i n g c u t t h r o a t t r o u t
in
selected
tributary
streams
of
the
Yellows tone River
i n 1983 (90% c o n f i d e n c e
in te r v a ls in paren th eses).
Number
of t r o u t
Me a n
weight (g)
Me a n
length(cm)
Cedar
7/8-7/12
I l l - y e a r old
I V - y e a r o ld and o l d e r
To t a l
75
21
96
409(+18)
65 8 ( + 3 3 )
464(+23)
3 2 .I (+0.5)
38.1(+0.6)
33.4(+0.6)
Tom M i n e r
7/15-7/19
I l- y e a r old
I l l - y e a r old
I V - y e a r old and o l d e r
To t a l
4
47
10
61
104(+12)
411(+23)
688(+71)
440(+36)
2 0 . 7 ( + l.2)
33.0(+0.7)
39.3(+1.4)
33.0(+1.0)
7
150
33
190
12 3 ( + 3 7 )
414(+13)
688(+42)
451(+19)
2 1 .2 (+ l.7)
32.6(+0.3)
36.9(+2.0)
33.1(+0.5)
Creek
All
creeks
Peak
of run
combined:
I I -year old
I l l - y e a r old
I V - y e a r o ld and
To t a l
older
29
captured
weeks
spawning
later.
McDonald
was
Spring
caught
October
of
commun. ) .
trout
in
weeks
in
the
s a me
where
later .
Creek
Big
year
(1975)
Creek
they
and
Creek
had
one
was
fourth
in
35 km u p s t r e a m
trout
week
the
that
been
marked
50
June
at
trout
km
1983
of
pers .
cutthroat
least
as
8
in
week
1984,
spawning
from
caught
of
C.
c o me
cutthroat
tagged
second
( Clancey,
noted
had
Creek
cutthroat
the
Cedar
in
spawning
km d o wn s t r e a m
e arlier,
spawning
Tom M i n e r
24
Berg
downstream
weeks
A
in
little
marked
19
as
km
2
while
d o wn s t r e a m
32
30
DI S C US S I O N
The
fisherman
of
the
upper
and
106
trout/km,
ber
19,
study,
the
the
in
the
section
fishermen
partial
upstream
from
no
this
different
conditions
463
in
not
study
methods
flow
than
on
have
been
sections
Clancey
-
hr/km
Septem­
in
this
of
future
Livingston,
comparable
they
under
regimes,
but
on
collected
in
of
section
hr/km
were
upper
recorded
of
of
(1975)
in
River
133
the
found
sections
respectively.
to
differing
Yellowstone
the
the
conducted
t h e y may
on
data
a harvest
and
919-998
previously
(1980)
Berg
and
below.
22
baseline
Springs
strictly
the
429
by w h i c h
1978-1979.
because
of
km r e a c h
by p e r s o n n e l
collected
h r / km a n d
from
9.2
collected
data
study,
and
Corwin
d own s t r e a m
pressure
Living ston
of
266-318
and
data
other
Vincent
River
are
on
March
obtained
been
this
the
assessed.
harvest
surveys
of
be
have
in
the
values
fishing
data
River.
and
the
will
and
on
pressures
These
area
covered
Yellowstone
other
baseline
pressure
trout/km
from
become
creel
fishing
and
on
consisted
data
use
Yellowstone
River
population
this
Although
harvest
respectively,
These
MDFWP w i l l
changes
and
Yellowstone
1982.
and
use
using
weather
indicate
is
data
less
that
above
31
Information
population
were
estimates,
examined
for
populations.
m ortality
reduced
age
primarily
indicate
and/or
summer
of
in
trout
rate
the
summer
mortality
"light
harvest
(Kozakiewicz
for
age
older
that
had
only,
in
per s .
Montana
found
on
36% f o r
in
t wo
of
studies.
did
not
appear
lowest
of
a n d was
II
ma y
the
and
be
three
similar
to
the
the
lower
Big
Hole
m ortality
rates
older
rates
closed
of
and
fish
section
was
subject
for
age
the
Madison
to
River
of
brown
24%
trout
III
(Vincent
the
and
River
( C.
1983).
brown
estimated
than
(1983)
43%
ca t c h - a n d - r e l e a s e
respectively
lower
of
species
trout
IV a n d
older
to
brown
sections
Vincent
composed
for
summer
were
the
group
age
into
1983,
high
19 8 0 ) .
II
and
being
for
age
the
population,
age
age
1982
and
young
years
study
commun. ) ,
s pawner s
several
the
of
into
fish
the
surveys
exceptionally
for
of
stream
recruitment
mortality
designated
respectively,
population
area
The
11-34%
trout
been
the
harvest,
rate
and
rates"
Recruitment
48/km
rate
and
the
brown
study
1979).
III
resembled
was
the
well-being
total
(Gulland
37%,
the
as
and
m ortality
was
This
of
the
in
spawning
relatively
overfishing
concern.
the
decreased
one
trout
trout
such
structures,
of
The
and
Factors
stock
on
indications
rates,
fishable
brown
collected
at
trout
68
Clancey
those
reported
in
I 14
and
1984,
other
and
32
206/km
of
Madison
River
spring
the
of
Big
II
1981,
River
the
ma y h a v e
mean
water
in
a
average
Vincent
with
57
1980
to
38 m3 / s
have
been
the
was
a
"preferred
the
greatest
available
The
higher
incubation
larger
March
31)
to
year
in
168
of
the
in
the
sections
and
and
244
of
age
Decker-Hess
Only
brown
the
greater
period
the
upper
trout/km
the
spawning
this
mean
age
flows
1980
to
was
68 m ^ / s ,
the
habitat
which
in
1980.
that
there
that
tended
fall
compared
1983) ,
salmonids,
level
higher
The
was
discharge"
in
year.
demonstrated
optimum
River
1981
during
and
brown
and
River
1982
spawning
II
spring
following
spawning
(1980)
for
31)
of
Yellowstone
fall
1981,
more
supplied
and
to
that
reduce
area.
flows
period
of
from
( USGS
area
spawning
II
268/km
for
(Wells
Yellowstone
Rechard
below
were
1982).
1 5-0c tober
1981
and
a
due
time
Wesche
and
recruitment
section
provided
discharges
1980
sections
figures
age
greater
(September
in
t wo
1982).
study
in
of
respectively
temperatures
flow
in
rivers
and
similar
of
spring
Gallatin
apparent
in
trout
Similarly,
( Rehwinke I
The
trout
the
and
Rehwinkel
similar
may
in
brown
trout/km,
Missouri
than
age
1982.
Hole
brown
1982
like
in
and
water
1980-1981
class.
1980-1981
temperatures
ma y h a v e
The mean w i n t e r
was
7 m3 / s
during
helped
flow
greater
produce
(November
than
the
in
1-
1981-
33
1982.
Furthermore,
less
26
than
such
28
days
during
and
from
November
during
1983).
and
and
1982
lower
temperatures
the
and
extremely
brown
suitable
spawning
(1979)
even
when
trout
showed
a 76%
population
spring
indicated
only
II
older
could
the
be
and
age
s o me
trout
brown
time
( C.
and
ma y h a v e
trout
eggs.
located
and
of
in
was
in
m ortalities
5 2 %,
in
and
several
reported
the
a
not
the
of
was
study
other
area
per s .
trout
in
the
section
Montana
and
fall
older
for
for
the
brown
rivers.
(1983)
of
spring.
and
than
but
out
and
III
higher
by V i n c e n t
age
understood
s ummer
age
for
1984,
rainbow
the
in
following
mortality
are
rate
the
m ortality
Clancey
of
into
m ortality
trout
trout
flows
m ortality
s u mm e r
between
by m o v e m e n t s
s ummer
rainbow
s umme r
trout
by m o v e m e n t s
or
the
C
( USGS
freezing
were
18% a n n u a l
explained
cutthroat
s a me
an
contradictions
estimates,
The
rainbow
area
brown
estimates
These
study
lower
that
redds
2.0-6.5°
environment.
although
commun.) .
temperatures
1981-1982
increased
and
1981,
1981-1982
of
in
flows
( USGS
from
during
showed
1982,
and
ranged
with
1980-1981,
water
incubating
temperatures
eggs
of
occurrence
of
3 days
1981-1982
simultaneously
We sc he
Rainbow
of
March
The
m ortality
trout
only
winter
0.5-5.0°C
1983).
low
the
winter
through
1981,
increased
the
were
The me a n m o n t h l y
1980-1981
Reiser
during
/ s
1982
there
for
The
age
34
III
and
trout
older
on
brown
sections
of
catch-and-release
lower,
III
for
older
recorded
age
River
and
were
similar
and
Kelly
m ortalities
were
It
appears,
mortality
rates
abundance
19%
of
and
18% o f
trout
the
were
relative
in
section
cutthroat
pressure
Clancey
been
3 7 %,
the
effect
to
to
of
in
study
the
were
brown
or
Behnke
the
and
(1977)
after
47%
St.
Joe
restrictive
natural
acceptable
and
all
causes.
lim its
on
proportion
to
determined.
the
6).
in
in
They
section
Br own
comprised
(Table
and
proportion
9)
rainbow
to
their
population.
This
on
Springs
River,
more
Hole
54% a n d
to
collected
were
age
(Wells
due
trout
Yellowstone
trout
1980).
data
the
for
Bi g
years
in
and
34-2%
a l .
of
in
section.
harvested
of
et
rates
harvested
(Table
the
4-5
been
population
harvest
the
be
yet
on
for
that
were
the
than
not
and
figures
Bjornn
respectively,
trout
likewise
41-18%
trout
rainbow
closure
respectively
cutthroat
in
aged
with
trout
mortality
assumed
composition
contrast
and
summer
trout
were
However,
have
River
rainbow
therefore,
Cutthroat
their
38
Creek,
had
Madison
and
older
regulations
comparably
S u mme r m o r t a l i t y
1981).
III
and
regulations
brown
1980
Decker-Hess
for
the
respectively.
and
River
trout
the
Corwin
which
vulnerable
showed
to
is
that
fishing
rainbow
trout
(Vincent
(1971)
also
states
and
tha t
35
cutthroat
trout
are
"highly
vulnerable"
to
angling
pressure.
The
trout
19 82
recruitment
population
and
19 83 ,
was
As
recruitment
rate
the
in
1982
s t r e a m f I o ws
River
correlation
between
cutthroat
trout
McKinney
(1965),
The
both
more
Yellowstone
dependence
and
to
The
were
six
sampled
of
earlier
study.
Big,
brown
found
below
or
to
spawn
McDonald
study
were
which
suggests
of
similar
that
also
of
and
those
flow
and
regime.
in
the
their
greater
spawning
habitat,
a
time
Berg
trout
of
year
(5
by
of
River
that
during
the
(1975)
or
creeks
reported
recruitment
in
cutthroat
trout
trout
by
Mill
A
recruitment
Yellowstone
sampled
Spring
the
the
the
dramatically.
cutthroat
numbers
to
more
in
1982).
affect
during
fluctuate
higher
Dr ummond
to
for
to
recruitment
rainbow
due
higher
and
optimum
could
streams
spawning
The
an
pers .
flows
fry
in
the
due
1981
that
flows
tributaries
were
flow
system
tributary
1983
( USGS
28/km
1984 ,
higher
by
and
can
from
demonstrated
than
for
probably
cutthroat
and
trout,
fry
who
tendency
82
and
proper
levels
summer
in
was
River
their
when w a t e r
water
be
the
Clancey
brown
was
into
to
( C.
1980
of
on
fish
apparent
in
above
influence
trout
II
estimated
with
Yellowstone
decreased
age
respectively
commun. ) .
tributary
of
in
an
less)
found
during
this
Berg
(1975),
cutthroat
trout
36
in
the
lack
upper
of
Yellowstone
suitable
spawning
tributary
streams
completely
dewatered
for
irrigation
availability
flows.
Also,
to
trout
are
available
stream
habitat,
are
a lim ited
The
1983
in
three
numbers
Cedar,
times
(1975)
the
number
spawners
noted
length
from
a
1958
Clear
attributed
to
than
creeks
and
a higher
did
(1983)
only
1983
decrease
-
1966
Creek
for
age
4% w e r e
spawning
recorded
54
cutthroat
in
there
seen
were
in
and
cm
in
over
Berg's
weight
and
1973.
136
of
g
GressweI I
2.7
cm
in
trout
spawners
Lake,
which
he
harvest.
concentration
other
creeks
approximately
from Y e llo w s to n e
percent
were
of
in
that
tributaries.
trout
length
than
suitable
spawn
reported
2.4
their
indicate
cutthroat
mean
run-off
of
km t o
spawning
those
are
indicate
could
C r e e k was
in
35
Tom M i n e r
the
Cedar
excessive
Seventy-nine
had
than
although
ascending
Tom M i n e r
and
years
by
the
River
spring
area
to
which
suitable
Heron
in
the
of
eliminating
during
up
spawning
respectively,
(1980)
older,
of
greater
study,
smaller,
moving
of
Mol
in
limited
Ma ny
after
thereby
even
cutthroat
be
Yellowstone
1975),
returns
ma y
habitat.
the
spawning
tag
system
immediately
(Berg
for
River
of
III
age
of
the
spawners
fish,
and
17% w e r e
II.
This
spawners
populations
40% o f
in
in
the
in
Cedar
age
and
IV and
age
structure
one
age
class
Montana.
Zubik
cutthroat
trout
37
migrating
age
Hyalite
IV f i s h ,
found
38%
migrating
the
from
25% a g e
respectively,
age
III,
from
Flathead
Lake,
the
V and
as
in
and
43% a g e
lake.
River
Montana,
were
13% a g e
1981,
IV a n d
Spawning
III
in
cutthroat
to
consist
fish
in
1959
dominant
age
of
and
and
1982
13% a g e
found
VI
age
V
he
fish
trout
in
60% a g e
I V,
1960
(Johnson
1963 ) .
Furthermore,
cutthroat
trout
time
spawners.
trout
normally
taken
least
83% o f
creeks
were
first
spawners
fish,
(GulIan d
In
year
an
attempt
populations
MDFWP
implemented
upper
in
five
brown,
with
not
to
all
the
be
that
a
cutthroat
in
which
these
high
low
first
year,
cutthroat
This
mature
probably
third
of
t wo
proportion
escapement
a result
more
from
are
River.
and
one
After
Bridge
reduced
sections
than
the
determine
the
of
overfishing
Prior
of
the
m ortality,
the
on
t wo
sections
to
May I ,
the
of
consisted
cutthroat
trout
in
18
inches,
date,
the
Park
cutthroat
aggregate
and
no
regulations
boundary
trout
in
of
1984,
river
Yellowstone
no
of
the
over
this
response
fishing
new r e g u l a t i o n s
rainbow
restrictions.
Emigrant
to
Yellowstone
regulations
section
their
indicate
could
were
of
1980).
trout
the
in
group
stated
spawners.
ma y
which
study
(1971)
first
at
older
this
spawn
that
young
in
Br own
means
of
the
the
bait
on
to
the
the
creel ,
38
with
no
trout,
the
change
in
and
bait
Emigrant
cutthroat
rainbow
22
no
trout
section
Fishing
from
the
The
MDFWP w i l l
three
areas
be
than
the
Creek
on
to
13
and
one
in
inches
the
regulations
structures
of
the
the
the
on
creel.
to
lures
Yellowstone
remain
trout
and
brown
Fishing
in
flies
River
unchanged
the
mortality
than
this
only.
downstream
from
populations
effectiveness
no
and/or
greater
and
from
Bridge
the
populations.
rainbow
section
Creek
four
determine
different
Pine
the
and
Bridge
monitor
In
brown
creeled,
restricted
regulations
Pine
to
allowed
now
for
restrictions.
ma y
less
are
is
regulations
Bridge
trout
inches
the
rates
1983.
in
these
of
these
and
age
39
LI TERATURE CI TED
40
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R. J .
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PP •
We s c h e ,
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A summary of
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Wydoski, R.S.
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Zubick,
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70 p p .
on
Hyalite
of c u t t h r o a t
M.S. T h e s i s ,
43
AP PENDI X
44
Table
11.
The
count
stratum in
times
established
for
each
1982 ( M o u n t a i n S t a n d a r d T i m e ) .
Count
Stratum
Dates
H ours of
daylight
times
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
I*
3/22-4/4
12
7:30
8 : 00
8:30
10:15
10 : 45
11 : 1 5
1:00
1:30
2:00
3:45
4 : 15
4:45
6:30
7 : 00
7:30
2*
4/5-4/18
13
7:30
8:00
8:30
9:00
1 0 : 15
10:45
11:15
11:45
1:00
1:30
2:00
2:30
3:45
4:15
4:45
5:15
6:30
7:00
7:30
8:00
3*
4/19-5/2
14
6:30
7:30
8:30
9 : 30
1 0 : 30
11:30
12 : 30
1:30
2:30
3:30
4:30
5 : 30
6:30
7:30
8:30
4
5/3-5/16
15
6:30
7:30
8:30
9:30
10 : 30
11:30
12:30
1:30
2:30
3:30
4:30
5:30
6:30
7:30
8:30
5
5/17-5/30
15
6:30
7:30
8 : 30
9:30
1 0 : 30
1 1 : 30
12 : 30
1:30
2 : 30
3 : 30
4:30
5:30
6:30
7:30
8:30
6
5/31-6/13
16
6:00
7:00
8:00
9 : 00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12 : 00
12:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
6:00
7 : 00
8:00
9:00
7
6/14-6/27
16
6:00
7 : 00
8 : 00
9:00
9:00
10 : 00
11:00
12 : 00
12:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
6:00
7 : 00
8:00
9:00
8
6/28-7/11
16
6:00
7:00
8:00
9 : 00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12 : 00
12:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
3:00
4 : 00
5:00
6:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9 : 00
9
7/12-7/25
16
6:00
7 : 00
8:00
9:00
9:00
10 : 00
11:00
12 : 00
12:00
1:00
2:00
3:00
3:00
4:00
5:00
6:00
6:00
7:00
8:00
9 : 00
45
Table
11.
Continued.
Count
Stratum
Dates
Hours of
dayligh t
times
First
Second
Third
Fourth
Fifth
10
7/26-8/8
14
6:30
7:30
8:30
9:30
10 : 30
11:30
12:30
1:30
2: 30
3:30
4:30
5:30
6:30
7:30
8:30
11
8/9-8/22
14
6:30
7:30
8:30
9:30
10:30
1 1 : 30
12:30
1:30
2:30
3:30
4:30
5:30
6 : 30
7:30
8 : 30
12
8/23-9/5
13
7:00
8:00
9:00
10 : 00
9:30
10 : 30
11:30
12 : 30
12:00
1:00
2:00
3: 00
2:30
3:30
4:30
5:30
5:00
6:00
7:00
8 : 00
13
9/6-9/19
12
7:30
8:00
8:30
10:15
10:45
11:15
1:00
1:30
2:00
3:45
4:15
4:45
6:30
7:00
7:30
*Not
Daylight
Savings
T i me
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES
3 17 6 2 1001 4 5 6 1
I
2