Flathead County soils in relation to their inherent fertility status
by Donald R Graham
A THESIS Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Science in Soils
Montana State University
© Copyright by Donald R Graham (1963)
Abstract:
Eight Western Montana soils were investigated by laboratory and field trials to determine relative
"levels of available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and boron. Fertility levels of each soil were
determined by computing the median of chemical determinations from each soil. Soil test data from
each trial site were compared to the median of the series to determine how well the site represented the
fertility status of the series. Results of each field trial were weighed against these comparisons and
interpretations were made accordingly.
Nitrogen caused significant yield response in barley on most soils, with thirty pounds per acre
generally producing near maximum yields. Phosphorus fertilization of spring barley caused
inconsistent responses, not related to soil test phosphorus. Potassium response occurred on potatoes
only when soil test potassium was low. Boron did not affect potato yields on any soil studied.
Attempts to relate a particular fertility level to each soil type were not successful due to the limited
number of soil test samples and field trials, the influence of differential past management within soil
types, the influence of weed infestations, and uneven irrigation on certain trials. FLATHEAD -EOHNTY SOILS IN {RELATION
TO THEIR INHERENT FERTILITY STATUS
by
Donald R. Graham
A THESIS
S ubm itted to th e G raduate F a c u lty
i.
p a r t i a l f u l f i l l m e n t o f th e re q u ire m e n ts
f o r th e deg ree o f
M aster o f S c ie n ce in S o ils
at
Montana S ta te C o lleg e
A pproveds
Heaaj m ajor D epartm ent
Deanj G raduate D iv is io n
Bozemanj Montana
Ju n e, 1963
.3
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The a u th o r i s g r a t e f u l to th o se who a s s i s t e d him in th e p re p a ra ­
tio n of th is th e s is .
To Wes Roath who c o n trib u te d much to th e p la n n in g
phase o f th e t h e s i s and to W alt H a u rits o n who g a th ered th e s o i l t e s t
d a ta , I g iv e s p e c ia l th a n k s.
A lso , th e c o o p e ra tio n o f th e fa rm e rs who
c o n trib u te d la n d f o r th e ex p erim en ts i s g r e a tly a p p re c ia te d .
The a u th o r i s v e ry g r a t e f u l f o r th e p a t i e n t guidance and th o u g h t­
f u l s u g g e s tio n s o f D r, HF, G, K la g e s,
I t seems f i t t i n g to acknowledge th e s i g n i f i c a n t c o n tr ib u tio n s of
th e l a t e D r, J , G, Hide who guided th e a u th o r th ro u g h s e v e r a l c o u rses
and was a c o n s ta n t i n s p i r a t i o n .
S p e c ia l th an k s to my w if e , C a ro le , who p ro v id ed encouragem ent and
sh ared th e f r u s t r a t i o n s o f g e ttin g th e jo b done.
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...............................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION. . . . .
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REVIEW OF LITERATURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fhosphoircts
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F otcissnram. . . . . . .
N itro ^ s
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S o il I/Toi s l ct r o. . . . . . . . .
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MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S o il Typos . . .
0 . o . e o o . . . . . . . . .
S o il Chem ical A n a ly sis . . . . . . . . . . . . .
F ie ld T r i a l P ro ce d u re s . . . . . . . . . . . . .
N itro g e n and phosphorus on b a r le y . . . . .
P o tassiu m and boron on p o ta to e s . . . . . .
S t a t i s t i c a l M ethods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DISiOJSSION AND RESULTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
We a t he r . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
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E f f e c t o f N itro g en and Phosphorus F e r t i l i z a t i o n .
C rest o n s i l t loam . . . . . .
F la th e a d f in e sandy loam
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5
Page
Ka l I S pe H Xoanio
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T a lly f i n e san d y l o a m .................................................................
35
Swims s i l t y c la y l o a m ..................................................................
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Somers s i l t y c la y loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
44
Iirvrani s loam . . . .
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W a lte rs s i l t y c la y loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Suimiiary . . . . . .
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46
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E f f e c ts o f P otassium and Boron F e r t i l i z a t i o n . . . . . . .
48
F la th e a d f in e sandy loam. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
K a l i s p e l l loam .
o
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C re sto n s i l t loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
■Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
53
.OTNCLUSIO NS
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LITEIRATUBE CITEID.
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APPENDIX - S o il P r o f i l e D e s c rip tio n s o f S o il
Types I n v e s tig a te d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
62
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Cre s to n s i l t loam . . . . .
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F la th e a d f i n e san d y loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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K a l i s p e l l loam
66
T a lly f in e sandy loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
67
Swims s i l t loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
68
Somers s i l t y c la y loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
K iw am s loam . . . . . .
73
W alters v e ry f i n e sandy loam
74
6
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
Tables
Table 1»
Median s o i l a n a ly s is d a ta o f e ig h t s o i l s e r i e s
Table I I .
Chem ical a n a ly s is and p a s t management o f f i e l d
tria lS o o e e o o o o e o o o e o e o e o o ©
Table I I I .
Average m onthly te m p e ra tu re s and d e p a r tu r e s . . .
Table IT.
T o ta l p r e c i p i t a t i o n and d e p a rtu re from lo n g ­
tim e mean© © © © © © © © © © © © © * © © © *
Table T.
Table T I.
Table T i l l .
Table IX.
E f f e c t o f n itr o g e n and phosphorus f e r t i l i z e r
on b a r le y y i e l d , C re sto n s i l t loam . . . . .
.
E f f e c t o f n itr o g e n and phosphorus f e r t i l i z e r
on b a r le y y i e l d , F la th e a d f i n e sandy
loam , I960 o o o o o o o . . .
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
E f f e c t o f n itr o g e n and phosphorus f e r t i l i z e r
on b a r le y y i e l d , F la th e a d f i n e sandy
loam , I 96I 0 0 0 0 0 0
.
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o
o
o
o
o
o
o
'
0
Table T H .
■
„
0
E f f e c t of n itr o g e n and phosphorus f e r t i l i z e r
on b a r le y y i e l d , K a l i s p e l l loam , I 960. „ .
*
0
„
E f f e c t o f n itr o g e n and phosphorus f e r t i l i z e r
on b a r le y y i e l d s , T a lly f i n e sandy
loam , i 960 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
.
0
Table X.
E f f e c t o f n itr o g e n and phosphorus f e r t i l i z e r .
Swims s i l t y c la y loam , I9 6 0 . ...................................
Table XI.
E f f e c t o f n itr o g e n and phosphorus f e r t i l i z e r ,
Swims s i l t y c la y loam , F r i t z farm , 1961. . .
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E f f e c t o f n itr o g e n and phosphorus f e r t i l i z e r .
Swims s i l t y c la y loam , G reer farm , 1961. .
.
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E f f e c t .o f n itr o g e n and phosphorus f e r t i l i z e r .
Swims s i l t y c la y loam , Seney farm , 1961. .
.
«
Table X II.
Table X III .
Table XIT.
E f f e c t of n itr o g e n and phosphorus f e r t i l i z e r
on b a r le y g ra in y i e l d s , Somers s i l t y c la y
loam , I 960
0
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
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Page
Table XV„
Table %VI.
Table XVII.
Table X V III.
T able XIX.
Table XX.
E f f e c t o f n itr o g e n and phosphorus f e r t i l i z e r ,
W alters s i l t y c la y loam , I9 6 0 . . . . . . . . . .
47
E f f e c t o f p o tassiu m f e r t i l i z e r on p o ta to
y i e l d , F la th e a d f i n e san d y loam , Mangle
farm , Lake Eount y. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
50
E f f e c t o f p o tassiu m f e r t i l i z e r on p o ta to
y i e l d , F la th e a d f in e sandy loam , Dubay
farm , Lake Eount y. . . . . . ®« . . . . . « « .
51
E f f e c t of p o ta ssiu m f e r t i l i z e r on p o ta to
y i e l d , F la th e a d f i n e san d y loam , E. B.
J ohnso n f arm . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
52
E f f e c t o f p o ta ssiu m f e r t i l i z e r on p o ta to
y i e l d , E a l i s p e l l loam . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
54
E f f e c t o f p o ta ssiu m f e r t i l i z e r on p o ta to
y i e l d , C re sto n s i l t loam . . . . . . . . . . . .
55
F ig u re s
F ig u re I .
Zap o f F la th e a d V a lle y s o i l s
F ig u re 2.
L o c a tio n o f f e r t i l i t y t r i a l s and w eath er
s ta tio n s . . . . . o . . .
8
ABSTRACT
E ig h t W estern Montana s o i l s were in v e s tig a te d by la b o r a to r y and
f i e l d t r i a l s to d eterm in e r e l a t i v e " le v e ls o f a v a ila b le n itr o g e n , phos­
phorus , p o ta ssiu m , and boron* ' F e r t i l i t y l e v e l s o f each s o i l were de­
term in ed by com puting th e median o f ch em ical d e te rm in a tio n s from each
s o il* S o il t e s t d a ta from each t r i a l s i t e were compared to th e median
o f th e s e r i e s to d e te rm in e "how w e ll th e s i t e re p re s e n te d th e f e r t i l i t y
s t a t u s o f th e s e r ie s * R e s u lts o f each f i e l d t r i a l were weighed a g a in s t
th e s e com parisons and i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s w ere made acco rd in g ly *
N itro g e n caused s i g n i f i c a n t y i e l d re sp o n se in b a r le y on most
s o i l s , w ith t h i r t y pounds p e r a c re g e n e r a lly p ro d u cin g n e ar maximum
y i e l d s . Phosphorus f e r t i l i z a t i o n o f s p rin g b a r le y caused in c o n s i s te n t
re s p o n s e s , n o t r e l a t e d to s o i l t e s t p h o sp h o ru s. P o tassiu m resp o n se
o c c u rre d on p o ta to e s o n ly when s o i l t e s t p o tassiu m was low* Boron d id
n o t a f f e c t p o ta to y ie ld s on any s o i l s tu d ie d .
A ttem pts to r e l a t e a p a r t i c u l a r f e r t i l i t y l e v e l to each s o i l
ty p e w ere not s u c c e s s f u l due to th e lim it e d number o f s o i l t e s t sam ples
and f i e l d t r i a l s , th e in flu e n c e o f d i f f e r e n t i a l p a s t management w ith in
s o i l ty p e s , th e in flu e n c e o f weed i n f e s t a t i o n s , and uneven i r r i g a t i o n
on c e r t a i n t r i a l s .
9
INTROIUCTION
W ith in th e l a s t c e n tu ry s o i l has been re c o g n ize d a s a c o lle c tio n
o f n a tu r a l b o d ie s w hich can be c l a s s i f i e d and mapped on th e b a s is of
p h y s ic a l p r o p e r tie s such as p r o f i l e developm ent, d e p th , c o lo r , t e x t u r e ,
s t r u c t u r e , and s lo p e .
in d e t a i l .
L arge a re a s o f th e U n ite d S ta te s have been mapped
These maps a re o f v a lu e in d e te rm in in g s o i l management
problem s and p r e d ic tin g e ro s io n h a z a rd s and crop y i e l d .
They a ls o se rv e
as a method o f la n d e v a lu a tio n and g iv e l e g i s l a t o r s and o th e r s an approx­
im a tio n o f c o n s e rv a tio n needs and th e re s o u rc e p o t e n t i a l o f o u r a g r ic u l­
t u r a l la n d ,
A m ajor p o t e n t i a l u se o f s o i l su rv e y in fo rm a tio n in v o lv e s th e
d e te rm in a tio n o f r e l a t i o n s h i p s betw een s o i l mapping u n i t s and f e r t i l i t y
c h a ra c te ris tic s ,
A map w hich d is tin g u is h e s s o i l o f one f e r t i l i t y s ta t u s
from a n o th e r w ith re a so n a b le a ccu racy would prove in v a lu a b le i n p r e d ic t­
in g f e r t i l i z e r n eed s.
An a tte m p t was made to stu d y c e r t a i n s o i l ty p e s o f F la th e a d
C ounty, M ontana, in r e l a t i o n to t h e i r f e r t i l i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,
F la t-
head C ounty, t y p i c a l o f th e in te rm o u n ta in a r e a , p o s se ss e s an abnorm al '
c o m p lex ity o f s o i l s in c lu d in g s e v e r a l G reat S o il Groups i n a r e l a t i v e l y
sm all a r e a ,
As in d ic a te d by a d e t a i l e d s o i l su rv ey r e p o r t , many f i e l d s
o r management u n i t s c o n ta in s e v e r a l s o i l ty p e s (2 4 ),
I t was th e purpose o f t h i s s tu d y to in v e s t ig a te s e v e r a l q u e stio n s
r e l a t i n g t o s o i l f e r t i l i t y in th e F la th e a d County a r e a .
th e f e r t i l i t y s t a t u s o f s e v e r a l F la th e a d County s o i l s ?
F i r s t , what i s
I s th e r e any
10
r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een s o i l ty p e and f e r t i l i t y s t a t u s ?
I s i t p o s s ib le
to make f e r t i l i z e r recom m endations on th e b a s is o f in d iv id u a l s o i l s o r
groups o f s o i l s ?
This t h e s i s w i l l n o t a d e q u a te ly answ er any o f th e s e q u e stio n s
due to th e l i m i t a t i o n s in v o lv e d b u t sh o u ld g iv e some in d ic a tio n o f th e
p roblem so
The r e s u l t s of t h i s stu d y sh o u ld be o f p a r t i c u l a r v a lu e in
th e e x p an sio n o f a s o i l r e s e a r c h program i n th e a r e a .
11
REVIEW QF LITERATURE
Phosphorus
Many r e s e a r c h e r s in th e f i e l d o f s o i l f e r t i l i t y have s tu d ie d th e
\
in flu e n c e o f g e n e tic s o i l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s upon n u tr i e n t a v a i l a b i l i t y .
S e v e ra l C anadian s c i e n t i s t s , u s in g greenhouse te c h n iq u e s , in v e s tig a te d
th e e f f e c t s o f phosphorus and potassiu m on te n s o i l ty p e s , each re p re ­
s e n te d by n in e s u r f a c e s o i l s , (4* 14$ 15)«
S o il t e s t s in d ic a te d t h a t th e
amount o f phosphorus and p o tassiu m e x tr a c te d from th e s o i l s v a r ie d s ig ­
n i f i c a n t l y betw een s o i l ty p e s .
D ata from f o u r s u c c e s s iv e cro p s showed
t h a t th e r e l a t i v e e f f e c t o f a p p lie d phosphorus and p o tassiu m on y ie ld
and p la n t u p ta k e v a r ie d s i g n i f i c a n t l y betw een s o i l ty p e s .
Sm ith (2 2 ) s tu d ie d chem ical s o i l t e s t d a ta accum ulated o v e r a
te n y e a r p e rio d as a b a s is f o r an in v e n to ry o f th e f e r t i l i t y s ta t u s o f
Oklahoma s o i l s .
V a ria tio n s i n n u t r i e n t and a c i d i t y l e v e l s were a t t r i ­
buted to i n t e r r e l a t e d in flu e n c e s o f th e f a c t o r s o f s o i l fo rm a tio n .
S o ils w hich w ere developed u n d er s im ila r f a c t o r s o f fo rm a tio n appeared
to p o s se ss s i m i l a r n u t r i e n t and a c i d i t y l e v e l s .
• S h ra d e r, e t a l , (2 1 ) p re s e n te d s e v e r a l s t a t i s t i c a l methods f o r
e v a lu a tin g th e r e l a t i v e e f f e c t o f s o i l ty p e on th e cro p y i e l d o b tain ed
i n a lo n g tim e r o t a t i o n - f e r t i l i t y e x p erim en t.
They found t h a t a l l
methods o f a n a ly s is u sed in d ic a te d t h a t d if f e r e n c e s in y i e l d were a s s o c i­
a te d w ith s o i l ty p e s .
Young, e t a l , (2 5 ) s tu d ie d e ig h t New York s o i l ty p e s .
They found
t h a t th e r e was a s i g n i f i c a n t d if f e r e n c e i n th e phosphorus su p p ly in g
12
power o f th e s e s o i l s .
S o il t e s t s a c c u r a te ly in d ic a te d th e phosphorus
a v a i l a b i l i t y in a l l s o i l s e x c e p t one w here ad eq u ate q u a n t i t i e s o f phos­
phorus were s u p p lie d to p la n ts even though th e s o i l t e s t in d ic a te d a
l e s s th a n adequate l e v e l ,
D ennis and G hesniv (IQ ) s tu d ie d th e phosphorus a v a i l a b i l i t y by
h o riz o n s o f s o i l s by c o n s id e rin g th e y ie ld and chem ical co m p o sitio n of
)
a l f a l f a grown on s o i l s s e le c te d from each h o riz o n . They found a d i f ­
f e r e n t d i s t r i b u t i o n o f th e phosphorus betw een s o i l s s tu d ie d .
F o r ex­
am ple, th e A and D1h o riz o n s o f Thurman s e r i e s p o sse sse d l a r g e r amounts
o f a v a il a b le phosphorus th an th e B h o riz o n , C a rrin g to n d e c re a se d in
a v a ila b le phosphorus w ith d ep th w h ile 'C rete in c re a s e d in a v a ila b le phos­
phorus w ith d e p th .
S tu d ie s have been made i n N ebraska r e l a t i n g phosphorus s ta t u s to
s o i l type (1 0 ) ,
Phosphorus l e v e l s o f th e A h o riz o n d i f f e r e d g r e a tly
betw een s o i l s o f th e same s e r i e s .
However, th e phosphorus l e v e l s of
th e low er h o riz o n s w ere s t r i k i n g l y s i m i l a r among th e members o f each
s e r i e s s tu d ie d .
The d if f e r e n c e s in th e phosphorus le v e l s o f th e s u rfa c e
s o i l s i s c o n sid e re d to be due to management p r a c tic e s o r e ro s io n ,
Baumgardner and. B arber (7 ) s tu d ie d phosphorus u p ta k e in a g reen ­
house u s in g s o i l and p la n t a n a l y s i s „
They a t t r i b u t e d phosphorus a v a il­
a b i l i t y to th e e f f e c t s o f p a re n t m a t e r i a l , o rg a n ic m a tte r , and s o i l
d ra in a g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s „
On th e same s o i l . Bishop and B arb er (8 )
found t h a t th e a c i d i t y o r a l k a l i n i t y o f th e e x tr a c tin g s o lu tio n a f f e c t s
s o i l t e s t r e s u l t s and sh o u ld be c o n sid e re d in i n t e r p r e t a t i o n s .
It
13
ap p eared t h a t some s o i l s c o n ta in la r g e amounts o f calciu m phosphate
which is s o lu b le i n a c id e x tr a c ti o n s w h ile o th e r s o i l s c o n ta in a r e l a ­
t i v e l y la r g e amount o f aluminum ph o sp h ate w hich i s more s o lu b le in a lk a ­
l i n e e x tr a c tio n s and ir o n phosphate w hich i s s o lu b le in b o th a c id o r
a lk a l in e e x t r a c t s ,
A llaw ay and Rhoades ( l ) have a t t r i b u t e d th e changes in th e n a tu re
and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f phosphorus in s o i l s formed from c a lc a re o u s lo e s s to
se v e ra l f a c to r s ,
F i r s t , th e r e a p p a r e n tly i s some movement o f phosphorus
w ith in th e s o i l p r o f i l e s in c e th e t o t a l phosphorus c o n te n t o f s o i l s
w ith a lim e h o riz o n te n d s to be a t maximum n e ar th e to p o f th e lim e
h o riz o n .
S econdly, i n s o i l s which rem ain n e u tr a l o r o n ly s l i g h t l y a c id
d u rin g s o i l fo rm a tio n , a c o n v e rsio n o f a c id - s o lu b le form s o f phosphorus
to o rg a n ic phosphorus compounds seems to o c c u r.
This o rg a n ic phosphorus
g e n e r a lly i s c o n c e n tra te d i n th e s u rfa c e h o riz o n s .
T h ird ly , in s o i l s
t h a t a re le d ch e d and become a c id , phosphorus accum ulates on th e s u rfa c e
of s o il p a rtic le s .
The fo rm a tio n b f th e s e adso rb ed p h o sp h ates i s ap­
p a r e n tly in a u g u ra te d in th e s u rfa c e h o riz o n s o f th e p r o f i l e b u t may
o c cu r i n d eep er h o riz o n s o f h ig h ly le a c h e d s o i l s .
P o tassiu m
A llaw ay and P i e r r e (2 ) determ in ed t h a t h ig h lim e s o i l s re q u ire
more exchangeable p o tassiu m th a n a c id s o i l s i n o rd e r to s u p p o rt good
cro p grow th.
Rouse and B ertram son (2 0 ) , stu d y in g In d ia n a s o i l s , concluded
t h a t a d e f i n i t e r e l a t i o n s h i p e x i s t s betw een th e p o tassiu m su p p ly in g
14
power and th e amount o f i l l i t e p re s e n t in th e s i l t and c la y f r a c t i o n s .
P o tassiu m su p p ly in g power was found to be in v e r s e ly r e l a t e d to th e
amount and type of p o ta ssiu m f i x a t i o n which o c c u rs,
P e a rso n ( I S ) j in v e s t ig a ti n g s o i l s o f Alabama, found c o n sid e ra b le
v a r i a t i o n betw een th e s o i l s s tu d ie d w ith r e s p e c t to t h e i r r a t e o f re ­
le a s e o f p o ta ssiu m .
I t appeared t h a t s o i l s c o n ta in in g m o n tm o rillo n ite
r e le a s e d p o tassiu m more r e a d ily th a n d id k a o l i n i t i c s o i l s ,
A tto e (5 ) re c o g n iz e d t h a t th e tra n s fo rm a tio n o f exchangeable
p o tassiu m in to non-exchangeable form s upon d ry in g may v a ry w id e ly be­
tween s o i l s ,
His in v e s t ig a ti o n s u g g e s ts two ty p e s o f p o ta sh f i x a t i o n ;
t h a t w hich proceeds in m o ist s o i l s , i s in c re a s e d by lim in g and f ix e s
p o tassiu m i n a form f a i r l y s o lu b le i n 0 ,5 M HGl, and t h a t which proceeds
o n ly on d ry in g , i s f a i r l y in d ep en d en t o f pH, and f ix e s p o ta ssiu m in a
form f a i r l y in s o lu b le in 0 ,5 N HGl,
Garman ( 1 1 ) , a f t e r exam ining 17 Ohio and New York s o i l s , d e te r ­
mined t h a t p o tassiu m r e le a s e from b o th s u rfa c e and s u b s u rfa c e s o i l s
fo llo w e d th e o rd e r Brown F o r e s t Gray-Brown P o d z o lic Brown P o d z o lic
P o d zo l,
Pope and Gheney (1 9 ) in v e s tig a te d 20. s o i l s r e p r e s e n tin g seven
s o i l ty p e s .
They d eterm in ed th e amount o f non-exchangeable p otassium
removed by la d in o c lo v e r in th e greenhouse and found a d e f i n i t e co r­
r e l a t i o n betw een p o ta ssiu m a v a i l a b i l i t y and s o i l ty p e .
They concluded
t h a t th e amount of non-exchangeable p o tassiu m removed depended upon
th e p a re n t m a t e r i a l , th e degree o f w e a th e rin g and d ra in a g e e h a r a c te r is -
15
t i c s o f th e s o i l .
U itro g e n
The e f f e c t s o f s o i l fo rm a tio n on o rg a n ic m a tte r has been shown
by Jenny (1 2 ) .
At c o n s ta n t te m p e ra tu re s , o rg a n ic m a tte r in c r e a s e s ■
lo g a r ith m i c a lly w ith in c r e a s in g m o is tu re .
I f th e m o is tu re rem ains
c o n s ta n t, o rg a n ic m a tte r d e c lin e s lo g a r ith m i c a lly a s th e te m p e ratu re
ris e s .
A llis o n (3 ) e s tim a te d t h a t th e p e rc e n ta g e o f n itr o g e n i n th e
s o i l w hich i s r e le a s e d to one c ro p i s r e l a t e d to th e s o i l t e x t u r e .
The
p e rc e n t r e le a s e v a r ie d from 1 .2 5 on c la y s o i l to 6 p e rc e n t on sand s o i l .
Debetz ( 9 ) , growing s p rin g w heat on two s o i l ty p e s w ith v a ry in g
m o istu re and n itr o g e n l e v e l s found t h a t in c re a s in g n itr o g e n and m o istu re
in c re a s e d th e g r a in y ie ld on b o th s o i l s .
On one s o i l , in c r e a s in g
n itr o g e n in c re a s e d p r o te in w h ile in c r e a s in g m o istu re d e c re a se d th e p ro ­
te in .
He concluded t h a t th e d if f e r e n c e i n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s o i l ty p e s
was l a r g e l y due t o t h e i r d if f e r e n c e i n t e x t u r e .
S o il M o istu re
The d if f e r e n c e in m o is tu re c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s betw een s o i l s w i l l
u n d o u b te d ly a f f e c t t h e i r management re q u ire m e n ts .
An a p p r a is a l o f
th e s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s may be an im p o rta n t c r i t e r i o n f o r making s p e c if ic
f e r t i l i z e r recom m endations.
B a r t e l l i and P e te r s (6 ) d eterm in ed s o i l
m o istu re c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r 31 s o i l ty p e s re p re s e n tin g th e m ajor G reat
S o il Groups re c o g n iz e d in I l l i n o i s .
A v a ila b le s o i l m o istu re and f i e l d
16
c a p a c ity were shown to v a ry by t e x t u r a l c la s s e s f o r each o f th e s o i l
groups s tu d ie d .
S o il m o is tu re c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ap p eared to be c o n sis ­
t e n t w ith in each o f th e s o i l ty p es s tu d ie d .
>
I
17
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The f e r t i l i t y s t a t u s o f e ig h t s o i l ty p es in F la th e a d C ounty,
M ontana, have been in v e s tig a te d by s e v e r a l m ethods„ F i r s t , a v a ila b le
s o i l a n a ly s is d a ta from each s o i l ty p e was com piled and s tu d ie d .
Then,
th e n itr o g e n and phosphorus l e v e l o f each s o i l was in v e s tig a te d by im­
p o sin g f o u r r a t e s o f n itr o g e n and th r e e r a t e s phosphorus on b a r le y
grown on each s o i l .
The p o tassiu m and boron le v e l s o f s e v e r a l s o i l s
were s tu d ie d , u s in g fo u r r a t e s o f two so u rc e s o f p o tassiu m and one r a t e
o f boron on p o ta to e s .
The s o i l s in c lu d e d in th e s tu d y a re C re sto n s i l t
loam , F la th e a d f i n e sandy loam , K a lis p e ll loam , T a lly f i n e sandy loam,
Swims s i l t y c la y loam , Somers s i l t y c la y loam , W alters s i l t y c la y loam,
and K iw anis loam.
S o il Types-L
C re sto n s i l t loam i s a Chernozem s o i l developed u n d e r t a l l g ra ss
from g l a c i a l a llu v iu m .
I t i s a v e ry p ro d u c tiv e s o i l c o n ta in in g r e l a ­
t i v e l y h ig h le v e l s o f o rg a n ic m a tte r , p h o sp h o ru s, and p o ta ssiu m as shown
i n Table I ,
This s o i l o ccu rs p r im a r ily i n th e e a s t - c e n t r a l p o rtio n
o f th e v a l l e y on broad t e r r a c e s (F ig u re l ) ,
F la th e a d f in e sandy loam in te r g r a d e s w ith C re sto n on th e f N orth
and c o n tin u e s up th e v a l l e y in te r s p e r s e d w ith b o d ie s o f o th e r s o i l s ,
F la th e a d i s a ls o a Chernozem developed u n d e r t a l l g r a s s .
I t i s s im ila r
! D e ta ile d s o i l s e r i e s d e s c r ip tio n s ap p ear in th e Appendix,
18
to G re sto n e x ce p t t h a t i t p o s se ss e s a t h ic k e r solum, c o a r s e r te x tu r e ,
and la c k s a marked a cc u m u la tio n o f calciu m c a rb o n a te ,
F la th e a d s o i l s
p o sse ss s l i g h t l y low er le v e l s o f o rg a n ic m a tte r , ph o sp h o ru s, and p o ta s ­
sium th a n G res to n o
K a l i s p e l l loam i s a C h estn u t s o i l developed u n d e r a m oderate
cover o f g r a s s .
I t g e n e r a lly o c cu rs i n th e c e n tr a l and w e ste rn p o rtio n
o f th e " v a lle y in r e l a t i v e l y sm a ll a r e a s , in te r s p e r s e d by o th e r s o i l s ,
K a l i s p e l l i s l i g h t e r c o lo re d th a n C re sto n o r F la th e a d and has a th in n e r .
solum .
Pronounced h o riz o n s o f calcium c a rb o n a te a re fo u n d below th e
solum ,
K a l i s p e l l c o n ta in s o rg a n ic m a tte r l e v e l s s im ila r t o G reston., a
r e l a t i v e l y h ig h p o ta ssiu m l e v e l b u t a v e ry low phosphorus l e v e l .
Almost
o n e - th ir d o f K a lis p e ll s u rfa c e sam ples showed e ffe rv e s c e n c e w ith hydro­
c h lo r ic a c id w h ile o n ly ab o u t te n p e rc e n t o f th e C re sto n and F la th e a d
s o i l sam ples w ere c a lc a re o u s a t th e s u r f a c e ,
K a l i s p e l l i s o f te n a s s o c ia te d w ith a complex o f T a lly , B lanchard,
and F la th e a d s e r i e s .
These th r e e s o i l s a re so c lo s e ly a s s o c ia te d t h a t
i t i s im p r a c tic a l to map them s e p a r a te ly ,
B lanchard i s a v e r y l i g h t ,
h ig h ly e ro d a b le s o i l occupying d u n e lik e to p o g rap h y w hich g e n e r a lly i s
not t i l l e d .
T a lly i s a C h estn u t s o i l d ev elo p ed from a llu v iu m u n d er
g ra s s v e g e ta tio n .
I t p o s se ss e s a calcium c a rb o n a te a cc u m u latio n s im ila r
to K a l i s p e l l but has g r e a t e r d ep th and l i g h t e r t e x tu r e s .
c o n ta in s l i g h t l y low er o rg a n ic m a tte r th a n K a l i s p e l l ,
T a lly s o i l s
Both s o i l s
p o s se ss a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h p o ta ssiu m l e v e l and a low phosphorus l e v e l .
T a lly has a lo w er pH and l e s s c a lc a re o u s s u r f a c e s o i l th a n K a l i s p e l l ,
19
Table I 0 Median s o i l a n a ly s is d a ta o f S s o i l s e r i e s .
S o il
Ho, of
sam ples '
pH
Gond
KgO
P2O5
O.M.
Lime#
G resto n
42
7 ,7
14
450
75
3.5%
12#
F la th e a d
33
7 .5
5
340
51
2.9%
9#
K a lis p e ll
53
8 ,2
14
550
37
3.4%
32#
T a lly
19
7 .5
13
525 -
45
3 .0 #
10#
Somers
40
8 .2
17
350
22
4.0%
18#
Swims
34
8 .4
15
380
24
' 3 .0 #
47#
K iw anis
14
8 .4
14
250
25
2 .2 #
36#
W alters
16
8 .0
13
400
250
3 .1 #
30#
-Si-The p e rc e n ta g e of s o i l s w hich' showed e ffe rv e s c e n c e w ith h y d ro c h lo ric
a c id .
20
C
/
K-IWANlS-WflLTirRS
S
J IfALlSPfLL-TA u y -
SLpNthflRP ANy
FlATHFAI)
CXD ML i f P F L t - S o ME RS DFNfRS
Fl ATHFA P Lflflf
I---- F-——I——-4------ p— '<
/
21
Somers s i l t y c la y loam i s a C h estn u t s o i l developed u n d er g ra ss
v e g e ta tio n w ith a s c a t t e r i n g o f p in e t r e e s .
I t o c cu p ie s p o s itio n s on
low te r r a c e s a d ja c e n t to m ajor stream s and r i v e r s .
Somers i s f i n e r te x ­
tu re d and more p o o rly d ra in e d th a n m ost s o i l s in th e a r e a .
a m oderate calcium c a rb o n a te h o riz o n below th e solum.
I t p o sse sse s
This s o i l pos­
s e s s e s a h ig h o rg a n ic m a tte r c o n te n t and an av erag e p o tassiu m l e v e l .
Phosphorus le v e l s a re e x tre m ely low w h ile pH i s r e l a t i v e l y h ig h .
Less
th an 20 p e rc e n t o f Somers s o i l sam ples w ere c a lc a re o u s a t th e s u r f a c e .
Swims s i l t y c la y loam i s a Gray Wooded s o i l d ev elo p ed under
m oderate to d e n s e .p in e f o r e s t from r e c e n t a llu v iu m .
I t is lig h te r
c o lo re d and more s u b je c t to flo o d in g th a n Somers, b u t has s im ila r
d e p th , t e x t u r e , and d ra in a g e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
Ground w a te r g e n e r a lly
o ccu rs w ith in te n f e e t o f th e s u r f a c e . ' Swims s o i l s have ab o u t average
o rg a n ic m a tte r and p o tassiu m l e v e l s .
Very low phosphorus le v e l s occur
and a lm o st o n e -h a lf o f S w im e-soils a re c a lc a re o u s a t th e s u r f a c e .
Swims
s o i l s p o s se ss a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h pH.
K iw anis loam , a R eg o so l, is- u n d e r la in by g ra v e l and i s c a lc a r e ­
ous alm o st to th e s u r f a c e .
I t occu rs i n th e c e n tr a l p o r tio n o f th e
v a lle y betw een th e F la th e a d and W h ite fis h r i v e r s .
The n a tiv e v e g e ta tio n
o f K iw anis was p red o m in a n tly g ra s s w ith m oderate s ta n d s o f c o n if e r s .
About o n e - th ir d o f th e K iw anis s o i l s a re c a lc a re o u s a t th e s u r f a c e .
This s o i l p o s se ss e s v e ry low o rg a n ic m a tte r , p h o sp h o ru s, and p o tassiu m
le v e ls .
W alters s i l t y c la y loam occurs, i n a s s o c ia tio n w ith K iw anis..
It
22
i s a Gray Wooded s o i l developed u n d er a f o r e s t v e g eta tio n =
s im ila r to Swims in dep th and te x tu re =
W alters i s '
I t c o n ta in s a s l i g h t calcium
c a rb o n ate accu m u latio n in th e B horizon=
Compared to th e o th e r s o i l s
i n th e s tu d y , W alters has a v erag e o rg a n ic m a tte r , p o tassiu m , and pH,
w ith a r e l a t i v e l y h ig h phosphorus le v e l=
S o il Chem ical A n a ly sis
Chem ical s o i l a n a ly s is d a ta were o b ta in e d from th e F la th e a d
County S o il T e s tin g L a b o ra to ry o p e ra te d by th e F la th e a d County E x ten sio n
S e rv ic e and Montana S ta te C ollege=
D e term in atio n s in c lu d e d c o n d u c tiv ity ,
pH, o rg a n ic m a tte r , a v a il a b le p h o sp h o ru s, a v a ila b le p o ta ssiu m , and f r e e
lime=
D ata from s o i l sam ples ta k e n w ith in each of th e e ig h t s o i l s e r i e s
were compiled=
and
The median d e te rm in a tio n s f o r each s o i l s e r i e s were found
u sed to d e s c r ib e th e f e r t i l i t y l e v e l o f each so il=
O rganic m a tte r was d eterm in ed u s in g a method s im ila r to t h a t de­
s c r ib e d by Jack so n (13)=
This c o n s is te d o f t r e a t i n g a p r e s c r ib e d amount
o f s o i l w ith p o ta ssiu m d ich ro m ate in th e p re sen c e o f c o n c e n tra te d s u l­
f u r i c a c id u n t i l th e o rg a n ic m a tte r was oxidized=
The e x t r a c t was f i l ­
te r e d and th e amount of p o tassiu m d i chrom ate rem aining was d eterm ined
c o lo rim e tric a lly =
The o rg a n ic m a tte r c o n te n t was computed b y com parison
w ith a s ta n d a rd curve=
A v a ila b le phosphorus was d e term in e d u s in g th e Bray No= I method
d e s c rib e d by S m ith, e t a l (23)»
The s o i l was e x tr a c te d w ith a s o lu tio n
o f ammonium f l u o r i d e i n h y d ro c h lo ric acid=
C hlorom olybdic a c id and
c h lo ro sta n n o u s a c id w ere added to th e e x tra c t=
The phosphorus c o n te n t
23
was d eterm in ed c o lo r im e tr ie a lly from phosphom olybdate w hich develops
c o lo r i n t e n s i t i e s c o rre sp o n d in g to th e c o n c e n tra tio n o f phosphorus.
P o tassiu m was determ ined by a method d e s c rib e d b y th e Oregon
A g r ic u ltu r a l E xperim ent S ta tio n ,^
S o il was e x tra c te d w ith ammonium
a c e t a t e , f i l t e r e d , and th e p o ta ssiu m c o n te n t d eterm in ed w ith a flam e
p h otom eter.
F ie ld T r ia l P ro ced u res
S ite s r e p r e s e n ta tiv e o f each s o i l ty p e were s e le c te d and f i e l d
t r i a l s in v o lv in g e i t h e r n itr o g e n and phosphorus r a t e s on b a r le y o r
p o ta ssiu m r a t e s and boron on p o ta to e s were e s ta b lis h e d .
S o il a n a ly s is
d a ta and cropping' h i s t o r y o f each ex p erim en t ap p ear i n Table I I .
T ria l
lo c a tio n s a re shown in F ig u re 2.
N itro g e n and Phosphorus on B arley
N itro g e n and phosphorus in th e form o f ammonium n i t r a t e and
t r e b l e s u p e rp h o sp h a te , r e s p e c tiv e ly , were banded in to th e s o i l o f p re ­
s c r ib e d p lo ts in one f o o t row s.
This was done w ith a b e l t se e d e r p la ce d
on a P la n e t, J r . d r i l l w hich was mounted on a sm all w heel t r a c t o r .
Phosphorus r a t e s o f 0 , 4 0 3 and 80 pounds o f PgO^ and n itr o g e n r a te s o f
0 , 15, 30, and 45 pounds o f N p er a c r e were a p p lie d i n a f a c t o r i a l a r ­
rangem ent.
B a rle y was seeded sin a p p ro x im a te ly th e same row t h a t th e f e r t i -
IQ regon S ta te S o lle g e , A g r ic u ltu r a l Experim ent S ta tio n mimeo­
graphed l e a f l e t S -34, Nov. 1954»
)
24
Table I I 0 jS hem ical a n a ly s is and p a s t management o f f i e l d t r i a l s .
S o il
S e rie s
T r ia l
Date
Farm er
S o il A n a ly sis
0,M, i P2O ^ KpO^
A4
B5
I960
1961
4 -5
A
A
B
B
B
I960
1961
1961
1961
1961
2 .3
2 ,0
A
B
I 960
1961
3 .4
T a lly
A
I960
3 .2
Somers
A
I960
Swims
A
A
A
A
I960
■ 1961
1961
1961
K iw anis
A
W alters
A
C re sto n
F la th e a d
KTal i s p e l l .
I
pH
P a s t Management
7 .5
p e a s - g r - f a l^
c lo - c lo - g r - p o t
8 .2
7 ,2
ww-spr
g r-fa l
7 .4
g r-g r-fa l
44
8 ,1
g r-g r-h a y
5 .2
76
7 .6
g r-fa l
4 -1
3 .7
2 .3
2 .3
104
84
41
188
7 .8
8 ,0
7 .9
7 .4
g r-fa l
g r-fa l
g r-fa l
g r-fal
I960
2 .7
13
8 .1
a lfa lfa
I960
3 .4
74
7 .9
a lfa lfa -g r-g r
24
530
36
23
g r-fa l
326
212
246
Johnson
Mangle
Dubay
74
280
F ritz
Seney
G reer
! p e r c e n t o rg a n ic m a tte r
^ a v a ila b le phosp h o ru s? pounds p e r a c re
^ a v a ila b le potassium ^ pounds p e r a c re
4-nitrogen and phosphorus on b a rle y
5p o tassiu m and boron on p o ta to e s
6 g r_ g r a in s c lo - c l o v e r s p o t- p o ta to e s , w w -w inter w h e at, s p r g r- s p rin g
g r a in , f a l - f a l l o w ,
■
'
.)
25
O
IV/rfiOGElV f\UD
PHdSDHO^uS OAV
BHHfLey
O PorfifS/L/OA
Aa;o 8oR ot\j
oa/
A
FI 60RF i
Of
Fmd
LCZfiTICV
\__
F E f i T l L n y TRlfiLS
WEATHtrR S T P i r i C U S
P o T flT o rs
wef rvep
SMr/o/vs
26
X izer was a p p lie d „
P lo ts were tw en ty f e e t lo n g by f o u r rows wide and
were r e p l i c a t e d th re e tim e s „
th e f i r s t week i n May.
F e r t i l i z i n g and se e d in g w ere done d u rin g
S ix te e n f e e t o f each o f th e two c e n te r rows
were h a rv e s te d ab o u t th e m iddle o f A ugust,
The g ra in was clea n e d and
w eighed l a t e r a t th e N orthw estern Branch Experim ent S ta tio n .
P o tassiu m and Boron on P o ta to e s
A s p l i t tu b u la r shoe was p la ce d on th e
b e l t s e e d e r w hich f a c i l i ­
t a t e d th e placem ent o f p o tassiu m below and on b o th s i d e s \ o f p la n te d
p o ta to seed p ie c e s .
'P o tassiu m o f two s o u rc e s , p o tassiu m c h lo rid e (m uri­
a te o f p o ta sh ) and p o ta ssiu m s u l f a t e , w ere a p p lie d a t r a t e s o f 0 , 25,
50, 75, and 100 pounds o f K^O p er a c r e .
A boron r a t e , 4 pounds boron
p e r a c r e , was a ls o in c o rp o ra te d in to th e t r i a l s .
The p l o t s c o n s is te d o f two tw en ty f o o t
in c h e s a p a r t .
rows spaced a b o u t f o r ty
F e r t i l i z i n g was done soon a f t e r the f i e l d s were p la n te d ,
ab o u t th e l a s t week i n May.
Ten f e e t o f each row w ere h a rv e s te d and
w eighed d u rin g th e f i r s t week i n O cto b er.
S t a t i s t i c a l Methods
■
S t a t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is o f th e n itr o g e n and phosphorus exp erim en ts
'
-
-
was done fo llo w in g p ro c e d u res s e t f o r t h by O s tle (1 7 ). u s in g a n a ly s is o f
v a ria n c e o f ■f a c t o r i a l s w ith a random ized b lo ck d e s ig n .(p p . 3 4 9 )., S ta­
t i s t i c a l a n a ly s is o f th e potassiu m on p o ta to e s experim ent was done
fp llo w in g " p ro c e d u re s f o r a random ized com plete b lo ck d e sig n (p p . 29 3 ).
r *
'
i
-
V
,-
Ib a l l c a s e s , th e 5 p e rc e n t c o n fid en ce l e v e l was u sed f o r t e s t i n g s ig n if ic a n c e .
i :f■
27
DISCUSSION AND RESULTS
W eather
W eather s t a t i o n s e x i s t a t fo u r lo c a tio n s in F la th e a d County=
The C re sto n and B ig fo rk w e ath e r s t a t i o n s a r e lo c a te d in th e s o u th e a s te rn
p o r tio n o f th e v a lle y as shown in F ig u re 2«
S ta tio n s a r e a ls o lo c a te d
i n W a lis p e ll in th e so u th w e ste rn a re a and a t F la th e a d C ounty A irp o rt in
th e c e n t r a l p o rtio n o f th e County=
Average m onthly te m p e ra tu re s were
com parable betw een w e a th e r s t a t i o n s as shown in Table III=
However,
p r e c i p i t a t i o n v a rie d s i g n i f i c a n t l y betw een w eath er s t a t i o n s d u rin g b o th
y e a rs o f t h i s i n v e s t i g a t i o n (T able IV)=
D uring th e I960 growing seaso n te m p e ra tu re s a v erag e d 0=5 d eg rees
below norm al w ith o n ly J u ly p o s s e s s in g h ig h e r th an normal te m p e ra tu re s =
Almost e v e ry month o f i 960 re c e iv e d below normal p r e c i p i t a t i o n .
The
d ry June and h o t, d ry J u ly d r a s t i c a l l y red u ced s p rin g g r a in y ie ld s=
Most months o f 1961 re c e iv e d n e a r norm al r a i n f a l l , w h ile tem per­
a tu r e s averaged two d e g re e s above n orm al= June re c e iv e d l e s s th a n nor­
mal r a i n f a l l w hich was o f f s e t by h ig h e r th a n normal p r e c i p i t a t i o n d u rin g
th e e a r l i e r months=
Crop y ie ld s in 1961 w ere n e a r normal=
Com parisons o f p r e c i p i t a t i o n betw een w e ath e r s t a t i o n s in d ic a te
t h a t p r e c i p i t a t i o n in c r e a s e s in an e a s t e r l y d ir e c tio n a c ro s s th e v alley =
This i s p ro b a b ly due to th e h ig h m ountain ran g e b o rd e rin g th e e a s t s id e
o f th e v a lle y which causes warm a i r to r i s e r e s u l t i n g i n c o n d en sa tio n
p ro d u cin g r a i n .
Annual p r e c i p i t a t i o n i s u n d o u b ted ly a f f e c t e d by th e
m ountain ran g es to th e n o r th and e a s t , p a r t i c u l a r l y in th o s e a re a s n e a r
28
Table I I I ,
Average m onthly te m p e ra tu re s and d e p a rtu re s from lo n g ­
term mean.
ISreston
Big Fork
K a lis p e ll
F la th e a d
D ep artu res#
A p ril
4 4 .3
4 4 .3
44» I
4 3 .0
- 0 .7
May
5 0 .6
50.1
5 0 .7
50.2
—2 .2
June
59.6
60 „O
60 .0
58 .0
—0 .4
J u ly
68,8
71,9
7 0 .7
69.8
3 .8
August
60 06
62.0
6 1 .6
61.0
. - 3 .0
A p ril
4 2 ,0
4 2 .4
4 1 .8
4 0 .5
- 3 .2
May
5 2 .6
52.5
5 3 .7
52 .4
0 .0
June
6 4 .7
6 6 ,3
65.8
64 .2
5 .8
J u ly
6 6 ,2
69.8
68.1
68.9
2 .9
August
67,8
7 0 .9
# .9
69.1
5 .1
i 960
1961
)
29
T o ta l p r e c i p i t a t i o n and d e p a rtu re s from lo n g -te rm mean.
G reston
Big Fork
K a lis p e ll
F la th e a d
D e p artu res*
Ja n u a ry
1 .6 7
1.74
1 .0 0
1.3 0
— 002
F e b ru a ry
1 .1 0
I .0 3
.72
.83
— 012
March
1 .0 1
1 .1 0
„86
1 .11
H
O
Table BT0
A p ril
1 .2 3
1.47
„60
.82
— 020
May
3.27
3.36
2.35
3.34
1.7 1
June
.69
1 .3 7
.37
.62
—1.-81
J u ly
.13'
.21
0
0
-1 .1 3
9 .1 0
10.28
5 .9 7
8.05
- 1 .4 7
.65
.93
.67
.75
- .5 7
F e b ru a ry
1 .4 6
1 .3 6
1 .5 1
1.32
„40
March
1 .9 6
2.99
1 .5 4
1.12
„11
A p ril
2.26
2.21
2.34
2.01
.99
May
4.02
4 .2 7
3 .0 0
2.35
June
1.45
1 .0 6
„71
J u ly
.7 6
.26
12.56
13.08
i 960
T o ta l
I 96I
Ja n u a ry
T o ta l
10.61
,
.72
-1 .7 2
1 .20
,04
9.46
- .03
30
th e edges o f th e v a lle y =
These complex r a i n f a l l p a tte r n s may have had
c o n s id e ra b le e f f e c t upon s o i l fo rm a tio n .
R a i n f a l l p ro b a b ly was o f m ajor
s ig n if ic a n c e i n d e te rm in in g w hether a g ra s s o r f o r e s t dom inated in th e
n a tiv e v e g e ta tio n .
R a i n f a l l d i s t r i b u t i o n ap p ears to be r a t h e r c o n s ta n t th ro u g h o u t
th e y e a r e x ce p t f o r a r e l a t i v e l y d ry p e rio d in l a t e J u ly and e a r ly
A ugust,
I t i s d e b a ta b le w h e th er a fa llo w seaso n to conserve s o i l mois­
tu r e i s e f f e c t i v e S u p p l e m e n t a l i r r i g a t i o n i s econom ical f o r most
crops i f ample ground w a te r i s a v a il a b le .
E f f e c t o f N itro g e n and Phosphorus F e r t i l i z a t i o n
G resto n s i l t loam
The e f f e c t o f n itro g e n and phosphorus f e r t i l i z a t i o n on O reston
s i l t loam i s shown in Table V,
Both n itr o g e n and phosphorus caused
s i g n i f i c a n t in c re a s e s in th e y ie ld o f b a r le y .
Y ield s in c re a s e d about
f i v e b u sh e ls p e r a cre from each o f th e f i r s t two in crem en ts o f n itro g e n
and d e c re a se d s l i g h t l y from th e t h i r d in c re m e n t.
E conom ically th e f i r s t
two in crem en ts were p r a c t i c a l s in c e th e r e tu r n s due to th e resp o n se
were ab o u t tw ic e th e c o s t o f th e n itr o g e n .
The low r a i n f a l l and th e
e f f e c t on n i t r a t e accu m u la tio n o f th e p re v io u s crop o f peas may have
reduced th e e f f e c tiv e n e s s o f th e l a s t in c re m e n t o f n itr o g e n .
Phosphorus a t a 40 pound r a t e in c re a s e d b a r le y y ie ld s about f iv e
■'•Reports o f th e N orthw estern Branch Experim ent S ta tio n , K a lis p e l l , M ontana,
31
Table V0
E f f e c t o f n itr o g e n and phosphorous f e r t i l i z a t i o n on b a rle y
g ra in y i e l d s s C re sto n s i l t loam , i 960.
N itro g e n in pounds p e r a c re
O
15
30
-45
Phosphorous
L b s./A c re
O
40
80
Phosphorous
Average
Bushels p e r a c re
Rep. I
Rep. 2
Rep. 3
T o ta l '
11.2
32 .0
19.8
63.O
1 7 .4
22 .5
1 8 .8
5 8 .7
2 9 .4
31 .9
30.3
9 1 .6
21 .4
H .7
32.4
6 5.5
2 3 .2
Rep. I
Rep. 2
Rep. 3
T o ta l
1 2 .9
2 7 .8
31.3
72.0
2 7 .8
2 8 .4
2 7 .6
8 3 .8
2 7 .3
3 2 .7
3 9 .4
9 9 .4
2 2 .5
3 2 .7
36.8
9 2 .0
2 8 .9
Rep. I
Rep. 2
Rep. 3
T o ta l
1 1 .9
2 6 .8
2 2 .8
61.5
1 7 .9
2 9 .4
38.0
9 5 .3
2 3 .6
3 0 .6
34.4
8 8 .6
2 4 .3
30 .9
31.0
8 6 .2
26 .8
2 1 .8
2 5 .3
31.1
27.1
N itro g e n Average
A n a ly sis o f V arian ce
Source
df
SS
R e p lic a tio n s
N itro g en
Phosphorous
N xP
E rro r
2
3
2
6
22
621.0
405.1
1 7 9 .7
110.0
561.8
T o ta l
35
1877.6
x
■a.1 .
MS
310.5
1 35.0
8 9 .9
1 8 .3
2 5 .5
26.3
19.2
^ ■ s ig n ific a n t a t th e 5 p e r c e n t c o n fid e n c e l e v e l .
F
5.29*
3.52*
0 .7 2
F 5%
3.05
3.44
2.55
32
b u s h e ls p e r a c r e and produced y ie ld s a t l e a s t a s h ig h a s th e 80 pound
ra te o
This re sp o n se i s eco n o m ical.
The 40 pound r a t e o f phosphorus i s
a p p a r e n tly n e a r th e to p o f th e re sp o n se c u rv e .
may have g iv en e q u al re sp o n se a t l e s s c o s t .
T h e re fo re ? lo w er r a te s
The phosphorus l e v e l of
t h i s s o i l was e x tre m e ly low compared to the, median o f th e s e r i e s .
Thus9
o th e r fC resto n s o i l s may n o t show a s i g n i f i c a n t re sp o n se to phosp h o ru s.
F la th e a d f i n e sandy loam
R e s u lts o f a n itro g e n -p h o sp h o ru s t r i a l on F la th e a d f i n e sandy
loam i n I960 a p p ea r in T able 71.
N itro g e n produced s i g n i f i c a n t b a r le y
y ie ld in c r e a s e s w ith each in crem en t o f n itr o g e n .
S ince each increm ent
in c r e a s e s th e y ie ld o n ly about two b u s h e ls p e r a c r e 9 n itr o g e n f e r t i l i z a ­
t i o n was n o t econom ical.
B uring y e a r s o f more normal r a i n f a l l a s te e p e r
n itr o g e n re s p o n se cu rv e may o c cu r w hich would r e s u l t in an econom ical
re s p o n s e .
Check y ie ld s w ere e x tre m ely low w ith p la n ts showing s ig n s of
d ro u g h t damage.
P la n ts on p lo ts w hich re c e iv e d n itr o g e n d id n o t ap p ear
to be damaged9 in d ic a tin g t h a t n itr o g e n in c re a s e d th e e f f i c i e n c y of
m o is tu re u s e .
There was no s i g n i f i c a n t phosphorus re sp o n se in t h i s t r i a l even
though th e phosphorus l e v e l a cc o rd in g to s o i l t e s t was v e r y low .
The
a v a ila b le phosphorus i n t h i s s o i l i s a p p a r e n tly h ig h e r th a n th e s o i l
t e s t in d ic a te d .
A s i m i l a r t r i a l on F la th e a d f i n e sandy loam in I9 6 0 showed re ­
sponse to b o th n itr o g e n and phosphorus a s seen in Table 711.
This s o i l
p o sse sse d o rg a n ic m a tte r and phosphorus l e v e l s s im ila r to th o s e o f th e
i.
•
33
Table T l.
E f fe c t o f n itro g e n and phosphorous f e r t i l i z a t i o n on b a r le y
g ra in y i e l d s s F la th e a d f i n e sandy loam, i 9 60.
N itro g e n in pounds p e r acre
0________ 15_______ 30_______ 45
Phosphorous
Lbs 0/A cre
O
40
80
Phosphorous
Average
B ushels p e r a c re
EepI
6. 4
Rep 0 2 . 7=0
4=6
Rep, 3
T o ta l
1 8 .0
■ 7=7
9 .0
7 .2
2 3 .9
1 0 .2
1 0 .1
8 .2
2 8 .5
11 .0
13=9
15 =6
4 0 .5
9 .2
Rep. I
Rep0 2
Rep. 3
T o ta l
5 =1
7=4
8 .5
2 1 .0
1 1 .3
9 .6
8 .6
2 9 .5
1 2 .6
1 2 .2
1 3 .5
3 8 .3
1 3 .6
12 .8
1 6 .7
4 3 .1
1 1 .0
Rep. I
Rep. 2
Rep0 3
T o ta l
8 .9
9=8
6 .9
2 5 .6
1 0 .1
1 0 .0
9 =4
2 9 .5
1 1 .5
1 2 .1
6 .6
30 .2
12 .3
18 .8
11.9
4 3 .0
1 0 .7
7=2
9 .2
1 0 .8
H ol
N itro g e n Average
A n aly sis o f V arian ce
Source
df
SS
ES
F
F 5%
R e p lic a tio n s
N itro g e n
Phosphorous
N xP
E rro r
2
3
2
6
22
10.5
2 2 7 .7
21 „I
1 5 .4
7 8 .6
5 .3
75.9
1 0 .6
2 .6
3 .6
21.24*
2.9 5
0 .7 1
3.05
3 .44
2 .5 5
T o ta l
35
353.3
X 0 . 0 0 100 3
GoVo o.-.o 5 =8
^ s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e 5 p e r c e n t -c o n fid e n c e l e v e l .
34
Table V II0
E f f e c t o f n itro g e n and phosphorous f e r t i l i z a t i o n on b a rle y
g ra in y i e l d s , F la th e a d f i n e sandy loam . Experim ent S ta tio n ,
1961.
0
N itro g e n in pounds p e r a c re
15
30
45
Phosphorous
L b so/A cre
0
40
so
Phosphorous
Average
Bushels p e r a c re
Rep. I
Rep. 2
Rep. 3
T o ta l
5.8
10.9
1 .7
1 8 .4
7.2
1 6 .6
1 1 .3
35.1
15.0
1 1 .3
19.3
4 5 .6
Rep0 I
Rep0 2
Rep0 3
T o ta l
3.5
7 .6
2 .4
13.5
1 1 .8
22.0
1 6 .8
50.6
2 2 .6
27.8
1 5 .3
65.7
Rep0 I
Rep0 2
Rep0 3
T o ta l
8 .2
13.8
3.8
25.8
1 0 .3
1 7 .4
9 .1
36.8
.
6 .4
1 3 .6
N itro g e n Average
'
12.6
22 .2
1 1 .6
4 6 .4
1 2 .1
2 4 .8
28.6
22.6
76.0
1 7 .2
20.2
2 6.9
27.3
74 .4
22.6
18.5
25.0
66.1
16.9
2 0 .6
20.9
A n a ly sis o f V arian ce
Source
df
SS
ES
R e p lic a tio n s
N itro g e n
Phosphorous
N xP
E r ro r
2
3
2
6
22
■188.3.
/1 277.0 .
193.0
1 77.3
308.6
94.2
425.7
96.5
2 9.6
1 4 .0
T o ta l
35
2144.2
x
GV
C
O
.
.
.
.
O O O O
1 5 .4
2 4 .3
-fr s ig n ifl e a n t a t t h e 5 p e r c e n t c o n f id e n c e l e v e l .
F
.. **
30 34
6 88
2 .1 1
F 5%
3.05
3.44
35
I960 t r i a l on F la th e a d sandy Ioam0
Each o f th e f i r s t two in crem en ts of
n itr o g e n r e s u l t e d in economic b a r le y y i e l d in c r e a s e s .
This y e a r more
optimum w e ath e r c o n d itio n s e x is te d and no d ro u g h t e f f e c t s w ere n o ted .
F o r ty pounds of phosphorus in c re a s e d y ie ld s ab o u t f iv e b u sh els
p er a c r e w ith no in c re a s e a t a h ig h e r r a t e .
The re a so n f o r th e d i f f e r ­
ence in phosphorus re s p o n se betw een t h i s t r i a l and th e i 960 t r i a l i s n o t
c l e a r l y u n d e rs to o d .
I t i s a p p a re n tly due to y e a r ly v a r i a t i o n s o r d i f ­
fe re n c e s in s o i l .
K a lis p e ll loam
The r e s u l t s o f a n itro g e n -p h o sp h o ru s t r i a l on K a l i s p e l l loam a re
p re s e n te d in Table F i l l .
S ig n i f ic a n t re sp o n se s o c cu rred w ith each of
\
th e f i r s t two in c re m e n ts o f n itr o g e n , in c r e a s in g b a r le y y ie ld s ab o u t
f iv e b u s h e ls p e r a c r e .
A ll p la n ts showed s ig n s o f m o is tu re s t r e s s ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y i n p lo ts which had n o t re c e iv e d n itr o g e n .
T his s o i l pos­
s e s s e s an o rg a n ic m a tte r c o n te n t com parable to th e median o f th e s e r i e s .
N itro g e n re s p o n se s could be ex p ected on K a lis p e ll s o i l s d u rin g some
y e ars.
No phosphorus re sp o n se o c c u rre d in t h i s t r i a l .
The phosphorus
le v e l o f t h i s s o i l was c o n s id e ra b ly h ig h e r th a n th e median o f th e
s e rie s .
T h e re fo re , phosphorus resp o n se may o ccu r on some K a lis p e ll
s o ils .
T a lly f i n e san d y loam
The e f f e c t of n itr d g e n and phosphorus f e r t i l i z e r s on b a r le y
36
Table V III ,
E f f e c t o f n itro g e n and phosphorous f e r t i l i z a t i o n on b a r le y
g ra in y i e l d s , K a lis p e ll loam , I9 6 0 ,
0
.
N itro g en in pounds p e r a c re
15
30
45
Phosphorous
L b s, /Acre
0
40
80
Phosphorous
Average
B ushels p e r a c re
Rep, I
Rep, 2
Rep, 3
T o ta l
3 .1
2 .1
1 .6
6.8
9 .2
8 .5
7 .1
24.8
1 0 .5
1 4 .0
9 .4
33.9
9 .6
1 2 .4
1 2 .2
34.2
8 .3
Rep, I
Rep, 2
Rep, 3
T o ta l
1 .3
2 .4
1 .6
5 .3
9 .1
5.8
23.3
8 .8
1 2 .2
1 4 .3
35.3
1 3 .4
1 1 .0
8 .1
32.5
8 .0
Rep, I
Rep, 2
Rep, 3
T o ta l
2 .8
1 .6
5 .7
6.9
6.9
7.9
2 1 .7
1 0 .7
1 0 .6
1 4 .1
35.4
15.6
5.4
10.3
31.3
7 .8
2 .0
7.8
1 1 .6
10.9
_ i a
N itro g e n Average
A n a ly sis o f V arian ce
Source
df
SS
ES
F
R e p lic a tio n s
N itro g e n
Phosphorous
N xP
E rro r
2
3
2
6
22
2 .3
518.6
1 .4
2 .7
95.9
1 .2
139.5
0 .7
0.5
4 .4
39 7
.2
.1
T o tal
35
620.9
..
x
C V
8,1
2 6 ,0
^ s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 5 p e r c e n t c o n f id e n c e l e v e l
.*
F
52
3.05
3.44
2.55
37
grown on T a lly f in e sandy loam i n . I960 a re shown i n Table IXe
t i l i z e r tre a tm e n t gave s i g n i f i c a n t y ie ld re s p o n s e s .
No f e r ­
P l o t a v e ra g e s in ­
d ic a te d th a t econom ical y i e l d in c r e a s e s r e s u lte d from 15 and 30 pounds
o f n itr o g e n .
These in c r e a s e s were n o t s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t p ro b a b ly
due to th e la r g e v a r i a t i o n w ith in tre a tm e n ts as e x e m p lifie d by th e h ig h
c o e f f i c i e n t of v a r i a b i l i t y .
t i v e l y h ig h y i e l d s .
The t r i a l was i r r i g a t e d r e s u l t i n g in r e l a ­
I t appears t h a t i n m ost n o n - ir r ! g a te d t r i a l s in
1961 w a te r was th e m ost s i g n i f i c a n t l i m i t i n g f a c t o r s in c e b o th i r r i g a t e d
t r i a l s j T a lly and W a lte rs , produced r e l a t i v e l y h ig h y i e l d s .
th e s e s o i l s i s co n sid e re d to be p a r t i c u l a r l y p ro d u c tiv e .
N e ith e r o f
The reaso n
f o r th e abnorm al v a r i a t i o n in th e t r i a l i s unknown b u t c o u ld be due to
s o il or irrig a tio n ir r e g u la r itie s .
I r r i g a t i o n was perform ed by overhead
s p r in k le r s and s h i f t i n g wind may have p re v e n te d un ifo rm d i s t r i b u t i o n o f
w a te r.
The o rg a n ic m a tte r c o n te n t o f t h i s s o i l was com parable to th e
median o f th e s e r i e s .
Though th e r e s u l t s o f t h i s t r i a l a r e n o t con­
c lu s iv e , i t would appear t h a t n itr o g e n re sp o n se s may o ccu r on some T a lly
s o ils .
Phosphorus l e v e l s w ere q u ite low on t h i s s i t e a s w e ll as on
m ost T a lly s o i l s .
th is s o il.
There i s l i t t l e i n d ic a tio n o f phosphorus re sp o n se on
L ik e w ise , o th e r T a lly s o i l s may n o t respond to phosphorus.
Swims s i l t y c la y loam
R e s u lts of a i 960 t r i a l on Swims s i l t y c la y loam a p p ea r in Table
X,
F if te e n pounds o f n itr o g e n produced s i g n i f i c a n t y ie ld in c re a s e s
am ounting to ab o u t f iv e b u s h e ls p er a c r e .
A d d itio n a l n itr o g e n d id not
\
38
Table IX0
E f f e c t o f n itr o g e n and phosphorous f e r t i l i z a t i o n on b a rle y
g r a in y i e l d s 3 T a lly f i n e san d y loam , I9 6 0 .
0
N itro g e n i n pounds p e r acre
15
30
45
Phosphorous
L bs. /A cre
0
40
80
Phosphorous
Average
B ushels p e r a c re
Rep. I 59.1
Rep. 2 31.8
Rep. 3 4 1 .3
T o tal 132.2
41.9
4 7 .3
45.3
133.5
54.9
4 5 .0
4 6 .6
146.5
• 57.2
61.4
34.7
153.3
4 7 .1
Rep. I 45.0
Rep. 2 4 0 .4
Rep. 3 34.5
T o ta l 119.9
51.7
4 5 .2
53.2
150.1
47.9
60.9
57.0
165.8
58.1
61 .7
53.1
172.9
50 .7
Rep. I 43.8
Rep. 2 38.2
Rep. 3 61.9
T o tal 143.9
4 9 .6
4 0 .6
55.5
145.7
4 9 .4
43.8
58.7
151.9
45.8
69.1
151.0
4 7 .7
51.6
53.0
N itro g e n Average
4 4 .0
3 6 .1
49.4
A n a ly sis o f V arian ce
Source
d f.
SS
R e p lic a tio n s
N itro g en
Phosphorous .
N xP
E rro r
2
3
2
6
22
141.9
413.3
4 6 .1
255.7
2081.3
T o ta l
35
2938.3
GoVo
IS
7 1.0
1 37.8
23.1
4 2 .6
9 4 .6
OOOO
49.1
33.0
F
1 .4 5
0 .2 4 '
0 .4 5
F
52
3.05
3=44
2.55
39
Table X0
E f f e c t o f n itr o g e n and phosphorous f e r t i l i z a t i o n on b a rle y
g r a in y i e l d s , Swims s i l t y c la y loam , I960,
0
N itro g e n in pounds p er a c re
■
15
30
45
Phosphorous
L bs. A c r e
Phosphorous
Average
Bushels p e r a c re
0
40
80
Rep. I
Rep. 2
Rep. 3
T o ta l
14 o4
2 0 .1
1 5 .3
4 9 .8
1 8 .5
2 2 .6
1 7 .9
59.0
14.8
2 8 .4
1 9 .1
62 .3
2 8 .7
1 6 .3
27.5
72.5
2 0 .3
Rep. I
Rep. 2
Rep. 3
T o ta l
14»4
25.5
1 7 .6
57.5
25.'9
23.8
20.0
69.7
3 0 .0
24=6
23.5
78.0
31.3
22.4
23.8
77.5
2 3 .6
Rep. I
Rep. 2
Rep. 3
T o ta l
1 4 .7
1 5 .7
1 6 .6
4 7 .0
22.2
28.2
22.8
73.2
25.3
24.9
1 7 .2
66 .4
15.9
25.3
16.3
57.5
20 .3
1 7 .1
22.4
23.0
23.1
N itro g e n Average
A n a ly sis o f V arian ce
Source
•
*
•
,
•
R e p lic a tio n s
N itro g e n
Phosphorous
N xP
E rro r
T o ta l
df
SS
2
3 '
■ 2 ...
6
'''
22
67.7
219.3
84^4
88.5
422.9
35
882.8
'
MS
F
F 5%
i
,.
X
0 7
33.9
73.1
42.2
13.8
19.2
2 1 .4
2 0 .5
^ s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 5 p e r c e n t c o n f id e n c e l e v e l .
.*
3 80
2.1 9
0 .7 7
3.05
3=44
2.55
40
a f f e c t y i e l d s „ ■ This is th e o n ly t r i a l where 15 pounds o f n itr o g e n p ro­
duced maximum y i e l d s „
The o rg a n ic m a tte r c o n te n t o f t h i s s o i l was con­
s id e r a b ly h ig h e r th a n th e median o f th e s e r i e s . -O th e r Swims s o i l s may
respond to h ig h e r r a t e s o f n itr o g e n .
The phosphorus l e v e l o f t h i s s o i l
was r e l a t i v e l y h ig h compared to th e median o f th e s e r i e s .
O th er Swims
s o i l s may show re sp o n se w ith phosphorus even though t h i s s o i l d id n o t.
In 1961s t r i a l s w ere e s ta b lis h e d on Swims s i l t y c la y loam a t th re e
lo c a t i o n s ;
th e G reer farm in th e s o u th e a s te r n p o rtio n o f th e v a lle y ,
the' F r i t z farm i n th e c e n t r a l p o r tio n , and th e Seney farm in th e so u th ­
w e ste rn p a r t of th e v a l l e y .
The t r i a l r e s u l t s from th e F r i t z and G reer
farm s a re shown in Table XI and Table X II, r e s p e c tiv e ly .
N e ith e r o f
th e t r i a l s responded s i g n i f i c a n t l y to n itr o g e n o r p h o sp h o ru s.
Both
t r i a l s were s e r i o u s l y in f e s te d w ith w ild o a ts w hich a p p a r e n tly i n f l u ­
enced th e r e s u l t s .
The t r i a l on th e F r i t z farm v i s u a l l y showed in c re a s e d
w ild o a t grow th in th e n itr o g e n p l o t s .
a f f e c t e d th e r e s u l t s .
This c o m p e titio n undou b ted ly
Both t r i a l s p o sse sse d h ig h e r phosphorus le v e ls
th a n th e m edian o f th e s e r i e s .
The F r i t z t r i a l was r e l a t i v e l y h ig h in
o rg a n ic m a tte r w h ile th e G reer t r i a l was q u i t e low.
was r e l a t i v e l y h ig h i n a v a ila b le ph o sp h o ru s.
The G reer t r i a l
These t r i a l s i l l u s t r a t e
t h a t weed i n f e s t a t i o n can s i g n i f i c a n t l y in flu e n c e f e r t i l i z e r re s p o n se .
R e s u lts o f th e t r i a l on th e Seney farm a re p re s e n te d i n Table
X III .
S ig n i f ic a n t re s p o n se s o c cu rred from b o th n itr o g e n and phosphorus.
The f i r s t in crem en t o f n itr o g e n in c re a s e d y ie ld s ab o u t seven b u sh els
p e r a c r e , fo llo w e d by an a d d itio n a l 13 b u s h e l in c r e a s e from th e second
41
T ab le XI„
E f f e c t o f n it r o g e n and p h osp horous f e r t i l i z a t i o n on b a r le y
g r a in y i e l d s s Swims s i l t y c la y loam on th e E a r l F r i t z fa n n s
1961.
0
N itro g e n in pounds p e r a c re
15
30
45
Phosphorous
Lbs o/A cre
0
40
SO
Phosphorous
Average
Bushels p e r a c re
Rep0 I 63.7
Rep0 2 60.3
Rep0 3 49.5
T o ta l 173.5
42o4
28.3
39,8
110.5 -
4 4.3
2 6 .6
39.3
1 10.2
67 .6
34.1
59.4
161.1
54.9
55.1
50.9
Rep0 I 4 1 .9
Rep0 2 52.9
Rep0 3 3 4 .7
T o ta l 129.5
4 6 .4
143.1
Rep0 I 5 1 . 8
Rep0 2 35.4
Rep0 3 28 01
T o ta l 1 15.3
.
N itro g e n Average
46 5
4 6 .3
4
43.0
55.9
43.3
1 42.4
1 4 2 .2
4 6 .4
4 2 .7
4 8 .4
_41z2
132.4
37.8
31.5
4 8 .6
117.9
4 8 .4
39.2
60.1
147.9
4 2 .8
42.9
4 1 .2
50.1
4 1 .8
. .,
J 6
-
A n a ly sis of V arian ce
Source
df
SS
R e p lic a tio n s
N itro g en
Phosphorous
N xP
E rro r
2
3
2
6
20
352.9
4 2 .7
1 27.4
1944.7
T o ta l
33
2576.9
HS
:
1 0 9 .2
..
1 7 6 .5
1 4 .2
54 ,6
2 1 .2
97.2
x . . . 4 5.2
^GoV0 OOO 2 1 . 8
F
0 .1 5
0.56
0 .2 2
F
%
5
3.05
3.44
2.55
42
T able X I I 0
E f f e c t o f n it r o g e n and p h osp h orou s f e r t i l i z a t i o n on b a r le y
g r a in y i e l d s . Swims s i l t y c l a y loam s o i l , Gordon G rie r
fa rm , 1 9 6 1 .
0
N itro g en in pounds p e r a c re
15
30
45
Phosphorous
L b s0 A c re
0
40
80
Phosphorous
Average
B ushels p e r a c re
Rep0 I
Rep0 2
Rep0 3
T o ta l
1209
1 5 .9
21» 3
50.1
1 1 .3
'1 7 .1
2 0 .4
4 6 .8
-10,4
2 2 .9
2 5 .4
5 8 .7
1 2 .3
2 0 .1
2 7 .6
60.0
18 .1
Rep0 I
Rep0 2
Rep0 3
T o ta l
1 3 .1
1 4 .9
2 5 .3
53.3
1 5 .3
1 7 .3
2 4 .1
56.7
1 7 .5
1 7 .5
31.1
66.1
14 .9
16 .9
34.1
65 .9
2 0 ,2
Rep0 I
Rep0 2
Rep0 3
T o ta l
Ho 6
1 4 .9
1 7 .8
4 7 .3
1 3 .0
13.1
34.7
60.8
1 8 .8
2 0 .0
6 2.2
15 .9
1 8 .4
2 0 .7
55.6
18 .8
1 6 .7
1 8 .5
20 .8
20 .1
N itro g e n Average
• A n a ly sis o f V arian ce
Source
df
R e p lic a tio n s
N itro g en
Phosphorous
N xP
E rro r
2. ...
3
2
6
22
T o ta l
35
SS
MS
F
F 5%
8 1 5 .1
8 7 .8
2 6 .3
3 3 .4
325.8
4 0 7 .6
2 9 .3
1 3 .1
5 .6
1 4 .8
1 .9 8
0 .8 9
0.3 8
3.05
3 .4 4
2 .5 5
1288.4
x ..
G 0 V o
OO
19 O 0
. . 2 0 .3
0 0
43
T able X I I I t,
E f f e c t o f n it r o g e n and phosp h orou s f e r t i l i z a t i o n on b a r le y
g r a in y i e l d s , Swims s i l t y c l a y loam s o i l , Ben S e n e y farm ,
1961.
0
N itro g en in pounds p e r a c re
15
30
45
Phosphorous
Lbs 0/A cre
0
40
80
Phosphorous
Average
B ushels p e r a c re
Rep. I 50.3
Rep. 2 55.7
Rep. 3 55.7
T o ta l 1 6 1 .7
73.4
207.7
82.1
7 6 .3
66 .1
224.5
73.0
63.4
66.5
202.9
Rep. I 6 1 . 6
Rep. 2 5 2 . 8
Rep. 3 52.3
T o ta l 166.7
61.8
43.8
54.7
160.3
8 0 .4
7 8 .8
79.4
238.6
6 5 .8
76.3
68.9
211.0
64.7
Rep. I 73.8
Rep. 2 4 3 .8
Rep= 3 7 0 .4
T o ta l 187.2
75.6
73.3
65.1
214.0
73.4
81.6
89.3
244.3
84.8
75.4
76.4
236.6
73.5
64.7
7 8 .6
72.3
N itro g e n Average
57.3
82.3
5 2 .0
66.4
A n a ly sis o f V arian ce
Source
df
SS
R e p lic a tio n s
N itro g en
Phosphorous
N xP
E rro r
2
3
2
6
22
349.7
2285.9
530.2
448.7
1393.8
T o ta l
35
5008.3
ES
-
174.9
762.0
2 6 5 .I
74.8
63.3
.
68.2
Co Vo OOO. 1 1 .7
^ s i g n i f i c a n t a t th e 5 p e r c e n t c o n f id e n c e l e v e l .
F
.. **
12 03
4 18
1 .1 8
F
52
3.05
3.44
2.55
44
in c re m e n t.
The t h i r d in c re m en t a p p a r e n tly d e c re a se d y ie ld s s l i g h t l y .
O rganic m a tte r c o n te n t o f t h i s s o i l was r e l a t i v e l y low compared to th e
median o f th e s e r i e s .
Phosphorus in c re a s e d y ie ld s a b o u t seven b u sh e ls p e r a c re when
e ig h ty pounds were a p p lie d ,
At th e f o r t y pound r a t e no re sp o n se o c c u rre d .
F ix a tio n o f c o n s id e ra b le amounts o f th e f i r s t in crem en t o f phosphorus
may be th e e x p la n a tio n .
This i s th e o n ly Swims s o i l in v e s tig a te d w ith
phosphorus l e v e l s as low as th e median o f th e s e r i e s .
There p ro b ab ly
a re o th e r Swims s o i l s w hich w i l l resp o n d to phosphorus.
■Somers s i l t y c la y loam
The r e s u l t s of a t r i a l o f Somers s i l t y c la y loam a p p e a r in Table
XIV.
y ie ld .
Both n itr o g e n and phosphorus gave s i g n i f i c a n t re sp o n se s in b a rle y
Each in crem en t o f n itr o g e n in c re a s e d y ie ld s a b o u t two b u sh els
p e r a c re w hich was n o t enough to o f f s e t th e c o s t o f th e n itr o g e n .
The
o rg a n ic m a tte r o f t h i s s o i l was th e h ig h e s t of any s o i l u n d er in v e s tig a ­
t i o n and c o n s id e ra b ly h ig h e r th a n th e m edian o f th e s e r i e s .
F o r ty pounds o f phosphorus in c re a s e d b a rle y y ie ld s a b o u t f iv e
b u sh e ls p e r a c r e .
This s o i l p o sse sse d c o n s id e ra b ly h ig h e r phosphorus
le v e l s th a n th e m edian o f th e s e r i e s .
On th e b a s is o f t h i s t r i a l ,
Somers s o i l s p ro b a b ly w i l l respond to n itro g e n r a t e s up to 45 pounds
p e r a c re and to phosphorus r a t e s up to 40 pounds.
Z iw anis loam
The t r i a l on Z iw anis loam in i 960 was a com plete c ro p f a i l u r e
45
Table XIV,
E f f e c t o f n itr o g e n and phosphorous f e r t i l i z a t i o n on b a rle y
g ra in y i e l d s , Somers s i l t y c la y loam , I9 6 0 ,
0
N itro g e n in pounds p e r a c re
15
30
45
Phosphorous
L bs, /A cre
0
40
80
Phosphorous
Average
Bushels p e r a c re
Rep, I
Rep. 2
Rep. 3
T o ta l
19.6
9 .0
1 1 .9
4 0 .5
1 1 .9
2 5 .1
1 5 .4
52.4
1 5 .1
2 1 .3
2 4 .9
61.3
2 7 .1
25 .5
25 .9
78 .5
19,4
Rep. I
Rep. 2
Rep. 3
T o ta l
32.2
21.0
1 4 .4
6 7 .6
. 1 9 .8
2 7 .2
2 0 .1
67.1
28.8
31.2
2 1 .6
8 1 .6
2 8 .6
26.8
26 .2
81.6
24 .8
Rep. I
Rep. 2
Rep. 3
T o tal
2 5 .2
1 5 .9
2 1 .6
6 2 .7
3 1 .7
16.9
20.9
69.5
3 6 .3
2 1 .3
27.8
85.4
34.4
22.9
2 9.1
8 6 .4
25.3
1 9 .0
2 1 .0
2 5 .4
27.4
N itro g en Average
'
A n a ly sis o f V arian ce
Source
df
SS
MS
R e p lic a tio n s
N itro g e n
Phosphorous
N xP '
E rro r
2
3
2
6
22
132.0
402.9
257.0
58.9
659.8
6 6 .0
134.3
128.5
9 .8
30 .0
T o ta l
35
1510.6
x . . . . 2 3 .2
G.T* O O O O 2 3 .6
-K -signifi c a n t a t th e 5 p e r c e n t c o n f id e n c e l e v e l „
F
. .. **
4 48
4 29
0 .3 3
F 5%
3.05
3 «44
2.55
46
due to d ro u g h t damage.
The g r a in d r ie d up w h ile in th e b o o t s ta g e .
There was no d if f e r e n c e in th e appearance o f th e b a r le y p la n ts due to
fe rtiliz e ro
This s o i l i s th e s h a llo w e s t o f th e s o i l ty p e s in c lu d e d in
th e in v e s t i g a t i o n and o c cu rs in th e d r i e r p o r tio n o f th e v a lle y .
It
does n o t ap p ear u n re a so n a b le to e x p e rie n c e a cro p f a i l u r e u n d er th e se
c o n d itio n s .
Many o f th e farm s on t h i s s o i l a re i r r i g a t e d .
■Walters s i l t y c la y loam
The e f f e c t o f n itro g e n and phosphorus on b a r le y y ie ld s when grown
on W alters s i l t y c la y loam i s p re s e n te d i n Table XV.
A s ig n ific a n t
re sp o n se to n itr o g e n was o b ta in e d , w ith 15 pounds in c r e a s in g y ie ld
about seven b u s h e ls p e r a c r e .
The second in crem en t in c re a s e d y ie ld
about th r e e b u sh e ls p e r a cre and th e t h i r d in c re m e n t, l e s s th a n two
b u sh e ls p e r a c r e .
was eco n o m ical.
I t i s d o u b tfu l w h e th er th e t h i r d 15 pound increm ent
The o rg a n ic m a tte r c o n te n t o f t h i s s o i l was comparable
to th e median o f th e s e r i e s .
This t r i a l was i r r i g a t e d and gave r e l a ­
t i v e l y hig h y i e l d s .
W a lte rs s e r i e s p o s se ss e s c o n s id e ra b ly h ig h e r phosphorus le v e ls
a c c o rd in g to s o i l t e s t th a n o th e r s o i l s in c lu d e d in th e s tu d y .
How-r-
e v e r , th e phosphorus l e v e l o f th e s o i l a t t h i s t r i a l was r e l a t i v e l y
low .
Even s o , phosphorus gave no y ie ld re sp o n se .
Summary
A ll t r i a l s responded s i g n i f i c a n t l y to n itr o g e n w ith th e excep­
t i o n of a t r i a l on T a lly f in e sandy loam and two t r i a l s on Swims s i l t y
47
Table XV.
E f f e c t o f n itr o g e n and phosphorous f e r t i l i z a t i o n on b a rle y
g ra in y i e l d s , W alters s i l t y c la y loam,, i 960.
0
N itro g en in pounds p e r a c re
15
30
45
Phosphorous
L b s. /A cre
0
40
80
Phosphorous
Average
Bushels p e r a c re
Rep. I 4 7 .8
Rep. 2 4 8 .1
Rep. 3 38.5
T o ta l 1 3 4 ,4
4 4 .7
4 2 .2
50.0
136.9
34 .1
4 5 .6
4 3 .4
1 2 3 .1
58.4
55,0
4 2 .2
155.6
4 5 .8
Rep. I 4 4 .7 ■
4 9 .8
Rep. 2 37.8
54.4
Rep. 3 37.6
4 4 .8
T o ta l 120.1 ■ 149.0
5 5 .6
6,5.1 .
51.6
1 7 2 .3
66.9
4 9 .9
4 4 .5
161.3
50.2
Rep. I 52.8
Rep. 2 3 6 .8
Rep. 3 2 8 .7
T o tal 1 18.3
59.4
3 9 .6
52.6
1 5 1 .6
6 0 .3
54 .1
52.9
1 6 7 .3
60.1
4 4 .1
56.6
160..8
4 9 .8
4 8 .6
51 .4
53.1
N itro g en Average
410 4
A n a ly sis of V arian ce
Source
i
R e p lic a tio n s
N itro g en
Phosphorous
N xP
E rro r
df
SS
ES
2
3
2
6
22
360.6
714.6
1 41.3
463.8
1058.9
1 8 0 .3
2 3 8 .2
7 0 .7
7 7 .3
4 8 .1
T o ta l,
35
2739.2
3C
«6
'GoVe OOOO 14 3
0 4 0 0
6
^ s i g n i f i c a n t a t t h e 5 p e r c e n t c o n f id e n c e l e v e l .
F
4 .9 5 *
1 .4 7
1 .6 1
F 52
3.05
3.44
2 .5 5
48
c la y loam.
The t r i a l on T a lly s o i l was e x tre m ely v a r ia b le and th e r e ­
s u l t s a r e p ro b a b ly n o t r e l i a b l e .
Both o f th e t r i a l s on Swims s o i l which
d id n o t respond to n itr o g e n were c o m p licated by w ild o a t i n f e s t a t i o n s .
O th e r Swims s o i l s d id resp o n d to n itr o g e n .
G e n e ra lly maximum y ie ld s w ere produced from t h i r t y pounds of
n itr o g e n .
Two t r i a l s responded to th e t h i r d I 5 pound in c re m en t of n i­
tro g e n b u t d em o n strated re sp o n se c u rv es which ro se so slo w ly t h a t no
r a t e was eco n o m ical.
Both o f th e se t r i a l s were conducted i n i 960.
D uring a y e a r o f more fa v o ra b le m o istu re th e s e t r i a l s may have shown
econom ical re s p o n se .
There appeared to be no r e l a t i o n s h i p betw een
n itr o g e n re sp o n se and o rg a n ic m a tte r c o n te n t.
I t i s i n t e r e s t i n g t h a t n itro g e n d id n o t cause any s i g n i f i c a n t
y i e l d d e c re a s e s i n th e d ry y e a r , i 960.
c re a se d th e e f f ic ie n c y of m o istu re u s e .
N itro g e n r a t e s a p p a r e n tly in ­
T his was p a r t i c u l a r l y e v id e n t
on th e t r i a l s w here th e check y ie ld was e x tre m ely low and was d e f i n i t e l y
a f f e c te d by m o is tu re s t r e s s .
Only t r i a l s on S r e s to n s F la th e a d 9 Swims9 and Somers gave s i g n i f i ­
c a n t re sp o n se s to p h o sp h o ru s.
n itr o g e n .
Each o f th e s e t r i a l s a ls o resp o n d ed to
S e v e ra l t r i a l s w hich were v e ry low in s o i l t e s t phosphorus
gave no re sp o n se to f e r t i l i z e r pho sp h o ru s.
in c re a s e y ie ld s e co n o m ica lly .
Phosphorus d id n o t g e n e r a lly
These f in d in g s su g g e st t h a t g e n e r a lly
phosphorus f e r t i l i z a t i o n o f b a rle y i s n o t p r a c t i c a l .
E f f e c ts o f P o tassiu m and Boron F e r t i l i z a t i o n
49
F la th e a d f i n e .sandy loam
The e f f e c t of p o ta ssiu m f e r t i l i z e r on p o ta to e s grown a t th e Mangle
farm on F la th e a d f i n e sandy loam in n o rth e rn Lake Gounty i s shown in
Table XFI1,
Both so u rc e s o f p o ta ssiu m r e s u lte d in s i g n i f i c a n t y ie ld
re s p o n s e s o
G e n e ra lly ^ th e y ie ld ap p eared to in c re a s e w ith each in c r e ­
ment o f p o ta ssiu m .
A p p a re n tly th e to p o f th e y ie ld re sp o n se cu rv e was
not re a ch e d by th e h ig h e s t r a t e o f th e ex p erim en t s in c e th e l a s t in c r e ­
ment gave an a p p re c ia b le re s p o n s e .
The so u rc e o f p o tassiu m d id n o t ap - .
p e a r to in flu e n c e th e y ie ld o f p o ta to e s .
N e ith e r d id th e re a p p ea r to
be any re sp o n se from b o ro n .
A t r i a l on th e Abe Dubay farm showed no c o n s is te n t re sp o n se from
potassium , o r boron (T able X F II) .
Some r a t e s o f p o tassiu m appeared to
g iv e economic re sp o n se s when p lo t a v erag e s were compared.
S in ce no
tre a tm e n t was s i g n i f i c a n t l y d i f f e r e n t from th e check p l o t a v e ra g e , d i f ­
fe re n c e s may not be r e a l .
These two t r i a l s p o sse sse d th e lo w e st a v a ila b le p o ta ssiu m le v e ls
a cc o rd in g t o s o i l t e s t s o f any o f th e f i v e s i t e s s tu d ie d and sh o u ld be
th e m ost l i k e l y to e x h ib it re s p o n se .
F u r th e r s tu d ie s a re needed on th e
e f f e c t o f p o tassiu m on p o ta to y ie ld and q u a l i t y b e fo re any r e l i a b l e
recom m endation can be made.
A t r i a l on th e E . B. Johnson farm in d ic a te d no re sp o n se from .
e i t h e r p o tassiu m o r boron (T ab le X F III).
The a v a ila b le p o tassiu m le v e l
was s l i g h t l y h ig h e r th a n on th e o th e r F la th e a d s o i l s .
E a l i s p e l l loam
E f f e c t o f potassium a n d .b oron f e r t i l i z a t i o n on p o t a t o y i e l d s , F la th e a d f i n e sandy
loam , W alt M angle farm , Lake C ou nty, 1 9 61.
T a b le XVI.
Boron
K2O*
#
#
$
0
0
0
0
25
0
T reatm en ts
0
0
100
0
0
25
0
75
0
0
50
0
0
0
50
0
0
75
0
0
100
4
0
0
4
0
50
4
50
0
Cwt. i$er Acre
Rep. I
222.4
228.9
248.5
. 222.4
281.2
2 2 2 .4
248.5
222.4
261.6
215.8
261.6
235.4
Rep. 2
228.9
242.0
255.1
287.8
261.6
228.9
255.1
255.1
287.8
215.8
2 2 8 ’9
255.1
Rep. 3
215.8
215.8
268.1
215.8
274.7
228.9
215.8
248.5
235.4
202.7
209.3
268.1 o
Average
222.4
228.9
257.2
242.0
272.5
226.7
239.8
242.0
261.6
211.4
233.3
252.9
*
* *
Lbs. KgO as m u ria te o f p o ta sh
Lbs. K2O a s p o ta ssiu m s u l f a t e
A n a ly sis o f V ariance
Source
SS
df
MS
2
1753.5
876.8
T reatm ents
11
,10350.3
940.9
E rro r
22
7185.4
326.6
T o ta l
35
19289.2
R e p lic a tio n s
240.9
G o V .e
# e »
* S ig n if ic a n t a t th e 5 p e rc e n t co n fid e n ce le v e l
F
F
2.88*
2.26
57=
T a b le X V II.
# Boron
# K2O*
# K2O**
E f f e c t o f p o ta s siu m and b oron f e r t i l i z a t i o n on p o t a to y i e l d s , F la th e a d f i n e sandy
loam , Abe Dubay farm , Lake. C ou nty, 19 6 1 .
0
25
0
0
0
0
0
50
0
T reatm en ts
0
0
100
0
0
25
0
75
0
0
0
50
0
. 0
75
0
0
100
4
0
0
4
0
50
4
50
0
Cwt. p e r Acre
Rep . I
242.0
255.1
242.0
215.8
202.7
300.8
235.4
189.7
235.4
183.1
222.4
202.7
Rep. 2
. 183.1
202.7
235.4
307.4
274.7
176.6
307.3
255.1
228.9
235.4
235.4
235.4
Rep. 3
294.3
261.6
346.6
287.8
340.1
235,4
327.0
359.7
274.7
294.3
228.9
242.0
Average
239.8
239.8
274.7
2 70.3
272.5
237.6
289.9
268.2
246.3
237.6
228.9
226.7
*
**
Lbs, K2O a s m u ria te o f p o ta sh
Lbs. K2O a s p o ta ssiu m s u l f a t e
A n a ly sis o f V ariance
df
Source
R e p lic a tio n s
T reatm ents
E rro r
T o ta l
■
■ SS
MS
2
27372.8
13686.4
11
14627.3
1329.8
22
38236.4
1738.0
35
80236.5
X .................... 252,7
C.V. . . . . . . . . . .
16.5
F
F
. ().76
^'' '
5%
2,.26
—
,
T a b le X V H I.
# Boron
# IC2O*
# K2O**
E f f e c t o f p o ta s siu m and boron f e r t i l i z a t i o n on p o t a t o y i e l d s , F la th e a d f i n e sandy
loam , K. B. Johnson farm , 19 6 1 .
0
0
0
T reatm en ts
0
0
100
6
0
25
0
75
0
0
50
0
0
25
0
0
0
50
0
0
75
0
0
100
4
0
0
4
0
50
4
50
0 .
Cwt. p e r Acre
Rep. I
228.9
215.8
209.3
196.2
196.2
215.8
209.3
196.2
183.1
242.0
163.5
222.4
Rep. 2
176.6
202.7
202.7
215.8
196.2
183.1
176.6
235.4
215.8
235.4
196.2
202.7
R ep. 3
202.7
189.7
196.2
202.7
2 35.4
189.7
202.7
150.4
189.7
209.3
189.7
196.2 N
Average
202.7
202.7
202.7
204.9
209.3
196.2
196; 2
194.0
196.2
228.9
183.1
207.1
:
* . Lbs. K2O a s m u ria te o f p o ta sh
** Lbs. K2O a s p o ta ssiu m s u l f a t e
A n a ly sis o f V ariance
Source
df
MS
SS
2
6 84.3
T reatm ents
11
4020.4
E rro r
22
9323.9
T o ta l
35
14028.6
R e p lic a tio n s
X
C
i V
.
. . . . . .
___________ __
2 0 2 . 0
1 0 . 5
II" '
F
0.8 6
2.,26
5%
342,,2
.
365.,5
450,.5
53
Table XIX .shows, t h a t n e i t h e r p o tassiu m nor boron had any e f f e c t
upon th e p o ta to y ie ld o f K a lis p e ll loam .
The a v a ila b le p o tassiu m le v e l
o f t h i s s o i l was s l i g h t l y h ig h e r th a n on th e. F la th e a d s o i l s ,
P re s to n s i l t loam
No re sp o n se o c c u rre d from e i t h e r p o tassiu m o r boron on S re s to n
s i l t loam a s shown i n Table XX,
This t r i a l shows a la r g e amount o f
v a r i a t i o n which can n o t r e a d i l y be e x p la in e d .
The a v a il a b le p o tassiu m
l e v e l o f t h i s s o i l was q u ite h ig h .
Summary
A ll th r e e t r i a l s on F la th e a d s o i l p o ssessed ' a v a ila b le p o tassiu m
le v e l s lo w e r th a n th e m edian o f th e s e r i e s ,
However5, two o f th e se
o c c u rre d in Lake Sounty some d is ta n c e away where low p o tassiu m le v e ls
a re more common,^
At any r a t e , o n ly t r i a l s w ith v e ry low a v a ila b le
p o tassiu m l e v e l s gave re s p o n s e s ,
K iw anis s o i l s have a m edian a v a il a b le p o tassiu m l e v e l which i s
c o n s id e ra b ly l e s s th a n th e o th e r s o i l s u n d er in v e s t i g a t i o n .
They could
be expected to be th e f i r s t to e x h ib it g e n e ra l p o tassiu m d e f i c i e n c i e s , i n
th e County,
However5, t r i a l s on low p o ta ssiu m s o i l s u s in g h ay as a crop
in d ic a te d no p o ta ssiu m r e s p o n s e ,^
I t i s ex p ected t h a t i n th e f u tu r e
!■Potato t i s s u e a n a ly s e s have in d ic a te d low p o tassiu m le v e l s in
t h i s a r e a . F i l e s NW Branch Experim ent S ta tio n ,
^1961 Annual E e p o rts N orthw estern Branch Experim ent S ta tio n ,
K a l i s p e l l 5, M ontana,
'1
E f f e c t o f p o ta s siu m and b oron f e r t i l i z a t i o n on p o t a to y i e l d s , K a l i s p e l l loam, 1961.
T a b le ZIK.
# B oron.
# KgO*
ir KgO**
0
0
0
T reatm en ts
0
0
100
0
0
25
0
75
0
0
50
0
0
25
0
0
0
50
0
0
75
0
0
100
4
0
0
4
0
50
4
50
0
Gwt. p e r Acre
Rep. I
255.1
261.6
255.1
2 55.1
261.6
2 4 2 ,0
274.7
255.1
268.1
248.5
228.9
248.5
Rep. 2
294.3
261.6
255.1
2 3 5 .4
248.5
274.7
274.7
248.5
255.1
228.9
242.0
248.5
Rep „ 3
255.1
2 35.4
255.1
242.0
2 42.0
2 4 2 .0
261.6
222.4
242.0
268.1
228.9
235.4 ^
A v e rag e '
278.2
252.9
255.1
2 10.8
250.7
252.9
270.3
242.0
255.1
248.5
233.3
244.1
*
L bs. KgO as m u ria te o f p o ta sh
Lb's. KgO as p o ta ssiu m s u l f a t e
A n a ly sis o f V arian ce
Source
SS
df
MS
2
983.7
491.9
Treatments
11
3592.7
326.7
Error
22
3721.0
169.1
T o ta l
35
8297.4
R e p lic a tio n s
X
c.v.
c o » e e e o o o o » »
249.5
5 .2
I
F
1.93
2.26
5%
T a b le XX.
E f f e c t o f p o ta s siu m and b oron f e r t i l i z a t i o n on p o t a to y i e l d s , C r e sto n s i l t
# Boron
# K2O*
# K2O**
0
0
0
0
25
0
0
50
0
0
75
0
T reatm en ts
0
0
100
0
0
25
-
0
0
50
Cwt. per. Acre
0
0
75
loam , 1961.
0
0
100
4
0
0
4
0
50
'4
50
0
'■
Rep. I
3 72.8
300.8
398.9
327.0
307.4
327.0
291.0
320.5
291.0
300.8
333.5
320.5
Rep, 2
294.3
281.2
268.1
323.7
313.9
307.4
294.3
343.4
300.8
300.8
287.8
369.5
Rep. 3
317.2
402.2
274.7
359.7
300.8
2 7 1 .4
333.5
313.9
340.1
313.9
278.0
300.8 u,
vn
Average
*
**
328.1
328.1
313.9
307.4
336.8
301.9
306.3
310.6
325.9
305.2
299.8
Lbs. K2O a s m u ria te o f p o ta sh
Lbs. K2O a s p o ta ssiu m s u l f a t e
A n a ly sis o f V ariance
. F
SS
MS
2
108079.8
54039.9
-•
T reatm ents
11
54232.4
4930.2
().50
E rro r
22
215347.0
9788.5
T o ta l
35
377659.2
Source
R e p lic a tio n s
df
I .
C.V. .
. . . 316.2
F
5%
2,,26
330.3
56
c e r t a i n F la th e a d County s o i l s w i l l respond to p o tassiu m .
57
COWELUSIGNS
The c o n c lu s io n s o f t h i s in v e s t i g a t i o n a re a s f o llo w s :
1„
B a rle y resp o n d ed s i g n i f i c a n t l y to n itr o g e n on m ost F la th e a d
County s o i l s o
The optimum r a t e o f n itr o g e n v a r ie d b o th betw een and
w ith in s o i l ty p e s ,
2*
No n itr o g e n r a t e gave a n e g a tiv e response*
Phosphorus d id n o t g e n e r a lly g iv e a y ie ld re sp o n se when
a p p lie d to b arle y *
About o n e - th ir d o f th e t r i a l s showed a s i g n i f i c a n t
re sp o n se to phosphorus b u t o n ly one was econom ical*
O ccurrence o f re ­
sponse was n o t s p e c i f i c a l l y r e l a t e d to s o i l t e s t phosphorus l e v e l s ,
3*
The p r o b a b ility o f p o tassiu m re sp o n se on m ost F la th e a d County
s o ils is s lig h t.
C e r ta in a re a s o f v e ry low p o tassiu m l e v e l s may be ex­
c e p tio n s ,
4*
Boron d id n o t a f f e c t p o ta to y ie ld s on any o f th e s o i l s
s tu d ie d ,
5«
A ttem pts to combine s o i l ty p e s i n t o s o i l groups o f s im ila r
f e r t i l i t y s t a t u s have n o t been s u c c e s s f u l f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s s
a,
The number of f i e l d t r i a l s and s o i l t e s t sam ples' was to o
lim ite d to p re s e n t an ad eq u ate p ic tu r e o f th e f e r t i l i t y
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f any s o i l ty p e s tu d ie d ,
b,
P a s t management p r a c tic e s have p ro b a b ly been re s p o n s ib le
f o r some o f th e v a r i a b i l i t y en co u n tered w ithin- s o i l ty p e s ,
c,
Weed i n f e s t a t i o n s and in a d e q u a te i r r i g a t i o n have in f l u ­
enced f e r t i l i z e r re sp o n se on c e r t a i n t r i a l s ,
6*
G en eral recom m endations f o r th e f e r t i l i z a t i o n o f b a r le y on
58
th e b a s is of t h i s in v e s t ig a ti o n a re a s f o llo w s ;
a.
K iw anis} T a lly , and Swims, 15 pounds o f n itr o g e n (N) .
per a cre.
b.
K a l i s p e l l , F la th e a d , and W a lte rs , 15 to 30 pounds o f
n itr o g e n (N) p e r a c r e .
a.
fire s to n and Somers, 30 pounds o f n itr o g e n (N) and 20 to
40 pounds o f phosphorus (^ 2^ 5) Pe r a c r e .
59
L I T E R A T U R E
C I T E D
Io
A llaw ays W» H«s and Rhoadess .Ho F , Forms and d i s t r i b u t i o n o f phos­
phorus in th e h o riz o n s of some N ebraska s o i l s in r e l a t i o n to
p r o f i l e developm ent. S o il S c i„ 72s119-128„ 1951»
2.
A llaw ays W. Hos and P i e r r e s l i . H„ A v a i l a b i l i t y , f i x a t i o n and l i b ­
e r a tio n o f p o tassiu m i n h ig h -lim e s o i l s . . J . Am. Soc. Agron«
3 1 s940-953- 1939
3-
A llis o n s Fo Eo N itro g e n a h d T so il f e r t i l i t y . S o i l s , The 1957 Y ear­
book o f A g r ic u ltu r e , House Document No. 30, W ashington D. C.
1957
4-
A tk in so n , H o J o , G ile s , G. F - , and ZacLean,. A. J . F e r t i l i t y s tu d ie s
on s o i l ty p e s s I I . The p h y s ic a l and ch em ical co m p o sitio n of
s o i l s from C a rlto n and G re n v ille C o u n ties in O n ta rio . Can. J»
o f A gr. S c i- 33s116-124- 1953
.
.
.
5=
A tto e , Oo J„ P o tassiu m f i x a t i o n and r e le a s e in s o i l s o c c u rrin g
under m o ist and d ry in g c o n d itio n s . S o il S c i. Soc. Amer0 P ro c .
11:145-149- 1953.
6.
B a r t e l l i , L. J . , and P e te r s , P . B. I n te g r a tin g s o i l m o istu re ch ar­
a c t e r i s t i c s w ith c l a s s i f i c a t i o n u n i t s o f some I l l i n o i s s o i l s .
S o il S c i. Soco Amer. P r o c . 23 :1 4 9 -1 5 0 . 1959-
7»
Baumgardner, Z„ F - , and B arb er, S ta n le y A. E f f e c t o f s o i l ty p es on
c o r r e l a t i o n o f s o i l - t e s t v a lu e s w ith crop re s p o n s e . S o il S c i8 2 :4 0 9 -4 1 8 . 1956.
8.
B ishop, W illiam D ., and B arb er, S ta n le y A. The e f f e c t o f s o i l
phosphorus compounds on s o i l t e s t c o r r e l a t i o n . S o il S c i. Amer.
P ro co 22:435-439. 1958.
9»
D ebetz , S. E f f e c t o f s o i l ty p e , s o i l m o istu re and n itro g e n f e r t i ­
l i z e r on th e growth o f s p rin g w h e at. Can. J . S o il S c i. 4 1 :4 4 -5 1 .
1961
.
10.
D ennis, E. J . , and C hesniv, Leon. The a v a i l a b i l i t y o f phosphorus
to a l f a l f a i n th e h o riz o n s o f fo u r E a s te rn N ebraska s o i l s . S o il
S c i. Soc. Amer. P r o c . 1 7 :4 9 -5 2 . 1953-
11.
German, W illiam L . P o tassiu m r e le a s e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f s e v e r a l
s o i l s from Ohio and New York. S o il S c i. Soc. Amer. P ro e- 21:
52-58. 1957.
60
12„
Jen n y 3 H» F a c to rs of S o il F o rm atio n ,
Inc o 3 New Y ork0 194-1,
13«
J a c k so n , Mo L0
14.
L utw ick , L 0 E0, MacLean3 A, J 03 and B ishop3 R0 E0 F e r t i l i t y s tu d ie s
on s o i l ty p e s? T, The e f f e c t o f c o n tin u e d c ro p p in g in th e g reen ­
house on th e phosphorus su p p ly in g power o f s o i l s 0 Can, J , Agr,
S c i0 35?101-110, 1955,
1
MacLean3 A, J , , L utw ick 3 L, E03 and B ishop3 R, F , F e r t i l i t y s tu d ie s
on s o i l ty p e s? T I, The e f f e c t o f c o n tin u e d ' cro p p in g in the
greenhouse on th e p o ta ssiu m su p p ly in g powers o f s o i l s . Can, J 0
Agr, S c i0 35s397-406, 1955.
15»
McGraw-Hill Book Company3
S o il Chem ical A n a ly s is ,
P r e n ti c e - H a ll, In c ,
1958,
16,
O lson3 R, A03 D r e ie r 3 A, F , , and S oren so n , R0 C, The s ig n if ic a n c e
o f s u b s o il and s o i l s e r i e s i n N ebraska s o i l t e s t i n g , Agron0 J .
50?185-188, ‘ 1958,
17,
O s t l e 3 B ernard, S t a t i s t i c s in R ese arch ,
P r e s s , Ames3 Iowa0 1958,
18,
P e a rs o n 3 R, W« P o ta ssiu m -su p p ly in g power o f e ig h t Alabama s o i l s .
S o il S c i, 74:301-309, 1952,
1 90
Pope3 A ,, and Cheney3 H, B, The p o ta ssiu m su p p ly in g power o f
s e v e r a l E a s te rn Oregon S o il s , S o il S c i0 Soc, Amer, P ro c , 21?
75-79. 1957.
20,
Rouse3 R0 D ennis3 and B ertram son3 B, R, P o tassiu m a v a i l a b i l i t y in
s e v e r a l In d ia n a s o i l s ? I t s n a tu re and methods o f e v a lu a tio n .
S o il S c i, Soc, Amer, P ro c , 1 4 :1 1 3 -1 2 3 . 1950,
21,
S h ra d e r3 W, D03 R iech en 3 F , F , , and E n g leh o rn 3 A0 -J0 E f f e c t o f
s o i l ty p e d if f e r e n c e s on crop y i e l d on G la rio n -W e b ste r s o i l s in
Iowa, Agron, J , 49:204-20 7 , 1957.
22,
Sm ith3 R, S, The d i f f e r e n t i a l re sp o n se o f two s o i l a s s o c ia tio n s
to rock p h o sp h ate , Agron, J , 4 2 :4 9 5 -4 9 8 , 1950,
23,
Sm ith3 F , W03 E l l i s 3 B0 G03 G rava3 G0 Use o f a c id - f lu o r id e s o lu tio n s f o r th e e x tr a c ti o n o f a v a il a b le phosphorus i n c a lc a re o u s
s o i l s and in s o i l s to which ro ck p h o sp h ate has been added.
S o il S c i, Soc, Amer, P ro c , 21?400-404. 1957«
24,
W illia m s, B, H03 and Jac k so n , R0 K0 S o il Survey3 U pper F la th e a d
T a lle y A rea, M ontana, U0S0D0A0 S o il C o n se rv a tio n S e rv ic e ,
I960,
The Iowa S ta te C o lleg e
61
25.
Young3 R. A .3 L a th w e ll3 D„ J „ 3 and B r a d f ie ld 3 R0 Greenhouse and
la b o r a to r y in v e s t i g a t i o n o f phosphorus., p o ta ssiu m , and sodium
r e l a t i o n s in s o i l s and c ro p s , C o rn e ll Ag. Exp0 E em oir0 351;
1 -3 1 . 1958.
62
APPENDIX
S o il P r o f i l e D e s c rip tio n s o f S o il Types I n v e s tig a te d
'i
C r e sto n s i l t loam
L o c a tio n ;
N orth s id e o f ro a d , 740 f e e t w e st o f road i n t e r s e c t i o n in
th e SEi SEi s e c . 5, T. 28 N ., R. 20 W,
A^p 0 to 12 in c h e s
dark g ray ish -b ro w n to v e ry d ark g ra y is h brown o r
v e ry dark brown (10 YR 3« 5 /2 , d ry ; 2 .5 / 2 , m o ist)
s i l t loam ; weak, f i n e , g r a n u la r o r crumb s tr u c ­
t u r e ; s o f t when d ry , f r i a b l e when m o is t; n e u tr a l;
boundary c l e a r .
Bg 12 to 18 in c h e s
brown to d ark brown ( 7 .5 YR 4 /2 , d ry ; 3 /3 j m o ist)
s i l t loam ; weak, v e ry c o a r s e , p r is m a tic s t r u c t u r e ;
s o f t when d r y , v e ry f r i a b l e when m o is t; n e u tr a l;
boundary c l e a r .
ICca 18 t o 33 in c h es
v e ry p a le brown to brown (10 YR 7 /3 , d ry ; 5 /3 ,
m o is t) s i l t loam; w eak, c o a rs e , su b a n g u la r b lo ck y
s t r u c t u r e ; s o f t when d r y , v e ry f r i a b l e when m o is t;
c a lc a re o u s ; accu m u latio n o f calcium c a rb o n a te ;
boundary g ra d u a l.
C 33 to 42 in c h e s
v e ry p a le brown to brown (10 YR 7 /3 , d ry ; 5 /3 ,
m o is t) loam; m a ssiv e ; s o f t when d ry , v e ry f r i a b l e
when m o is t; c a lc a re o u s , g rad es to s t r a t i f i e d s i l t
64
T la th e a d f i n e sa n d y loam
O to 12 in c h es
v e ry dark g ray ish -b ro w n to v e ry dark brown o r
b la ck (10 TR 3 /1 .5 , d ry ; 2 / l . 5, m o is t) f i n e sandy
loam ; m o d erate, f i n e , g ra n u la r s t r u c t u r e ; s o f t
when d r y , v e ry f r i a b l e when m o is t; ab o u t n e u tr a l;
boundary c l e a r .
A^g 12 to 24 in c h e s
v e ry dark g ray ish -b ro w n to v ery d a rk brown (10 TR
3 /2 , d ry ;. 2 /2 , m o is t) f i n e sandy loam; weak, v e ry
c o a rse prism s t h a t r e a d i l y s e p a r a te in to m o d erate,
f i n e , g ra n u la r s t r u c t u r e ;, s o f t when d ry , v e ry f r i ­
a b le when m o is t; ab o u t n e u t r a l ; boundary c le a r .
Bg 24 to 34 in c h e s
brown t o dark red d ish -b ro w n (7 .5 TR 4 /2 , d ry ; 5 TR
3 /2 , m o is t) f i n e sandy loam ; weak, c o a rse prism s
t h a t s e p a ra te in to weak, medium, su b a n g u la r b lo ck y
s t r u c t u r e ; s o f t when d ry , v e ry f r i a b l e when m o ist;
ab o u t n e u tr a l; boundary g ra d u a l.
34 to 44 in c h es
pale-brow n to brown o r dark-brow n (10 TR 6/ 3 , d ry ;
7 .5 TR 4 /3 , m o is t) l i g h t f i n e sandy loam o r
loamy f i n e sand; m assive in p la c e b u t b reak s in to
weak, c o a r s e , su b a n g u la r b locky s t r u c t u r e ; s o f t
and n e a r ly s in g le g ra in e d when d ry , v e ry f r i a b l e
when m o is t; s l i g h t l y a l k a l i n e ; boundary c le a r .
65
F la th e a d f in e sandy loam , c e n t.
G 44 t o 54 in c h e s
p ale-brow n to brown (10 YE 6 /3 , d'ryj 5/ 3 , m o ist)
loamy f i n e san d j m assive o r s in g le g r a in e d | s o f t
and v e ry f r i a b l e j m o d e ra te ly c a lc a re o u s 5 s p o ts of
lim e accu m u latio n w eakly cement th e sand and form
weak, f i n e , su b a n g u la r, b lo c k lik e lumps t h a t a re
s l i g h t l y h a rd when d ry and s l i g h t l y f ir m when
m o ist 0
66
Kalispell loam
L o c a tio n s
NDV^ NW^ s e c , 2 , T, 28 N, R„ 22 W„
A^p 0 to 8 in c h es
dark g ra y ish -b ro w n to v e r y dark brown (10 TR 4 /2 ,
d ry j 2 /2 , m o is t) loam ) w eak, f i n e and v e ry f i n e ,
g ra n u la r s t r u c t u r e ; s o f t when d ry , v e ry f r i a b l e
when m o is t; about n e u tr a l in r e a c t i o n ; boundary
c le a r,
Bg 8 to 13 in c h e s
pale-brow n to dark-brow n (10 IR 5 » 5 /3 , d ry ; 3/ 3,
m o is t) s i l t loam ; w eak, v e ry c o a r s e , p ris m a tic and
c o a r s e , blocky s t r u c t u r e ; l i t t l e o r no c la y c o a t­
in g s on p e d s; s o f t to s l i g h t l y h ard when d ry ,
f r i a b l e when m o is t; n e u tr a l to s l i g h t l y c a lc a re o u s
in lo w er I in c h ; boundary c le a r ,.
Cca 13 to 30 in c h es
p a le -y e llo w to l i g h t o liv e-b ro w n ( 2 ,5 I 7 /3 , d ry ;
5 /4 , m o is t) s i l t loam ; m assive i n p la c e bu t b reaks
in to weak, medium and f i n e , su b a n g u la r b lo c k s o r
lum ps; when d ry s l i g h t l y h a rd , when m o ist s l i g h t l y
f ir m - in p la c e b u t v e ry f r i a b l e when d is tr u b e d ;
abundant accu m u latio n o f f lo u r y lim e c a rb o n a te ;
boundary g ra d u a l.
G 30 to 45 in c h e s
p a le -y e llo w to l i g h t o liv e-b ro w n ( 2 .5 I 7 /3 , d ry ;
5 /3 , m o is t) v e ry f i n e san d y loam ; m a ssiv e ; s o f t
when d ry , f r i a b l e when m o is t; c a lc a re o u s .
67
T a lly f i n e san d y loam
L o c a tio n s
1 ,225 f e e t n o rth and 30 f e e t w est o f s o u th e a s t c o rn e r o f s e c .
15, T. 29 N ., R. 22 W.
0 to 8 in c h e s
dark g ray ish -b ro w n to v e ry d a rk brown (10 IR 4 /2 ,
d r y I 2 /2 , m o ist) f i n e san d y Ioamj weak, f i n e , crumb
s t r u c t u r e j s o f t , l o o s e , a n d n e a r ly s in g le g ra in e d
when d ry , v e ry f r i a b l e when m o istj r e a c t i o n about
n e u t r a l j boundary c l e a r .
B2 8 to 15 in c h e s
brown to dark-brow n ( 7 .5 YR 5 /3 , d ry j 3 /3 , m o ist)
f in e sandy Ioamj v e ry w eak, c o a rs e , p ris m a tic and
weak, c o a rse , b lo ck y s t r u c t u r e j s o f t when d ry ,
v e ry f r i a b l e when m o is tj r e a c tio n about n e u tr a lj
boundary c l e a r .
Cca 15 to 30 in c h es
l i g h t - g r a y to g ra y ish -b ro w n (10 YR 7 /2 , d ry j 5 /2 ,
m o is t) f i n e san d y loam j m assiv ej s o f t when d ry ,
f r i a b l e when m o is tj m oderate accu m u la tio n of f lo u r y
lim e c a rb o n a te j boundary g ra d u a l.
!Cl 30 t o 40 in c h e s
p a le -y e llo w to g ray ish -b ro w n (2 .5 T 7 /3 , d ry j 5 /2 ,
m o is t) loamy f i n e sa n d j m assive to lo o s e and s in g le ­
g ra in e d j c a lc a re o u s .
68
Swims s i l t loam
Aq I to O in c h es
f o r e s t l i t t e r c o n s is tin g of p in e n e e d le s and th e
le a v e s of decid u o u s t r e e s a n d s h ru b s j low er onef o u r th in c h m a tte d and w e ll decomposed.
A;l 0 t o I in c h
d a rk -g ra y to b la c k (10 YB 4 / l , d ry j 2 / l s m o ist)
s i l t loamg m o d e ra te, t h i n , p l a t y and m o d erate,
medium, g ra n u la r s t r u c t u r e g s l i g h t l y h a rd when d ry ,
v e ry f r i a b l e when m o is tj n o n -c a le a re o u s j boundary
c le a r .
A2 I t o 4 in c h e s
l i g h t b ro w n ish -g ra y to d a rk g ra y is h brown (10 YB
6 /2 , dryg 3 » 5 /2 , m o is t) l i g h t s i l t y c la y loamg
m oderate, medium and c o a r s e , p l a t y s t r u c t u r e and
weak, f in e and medium, su b an g u la r b lo ek y s t r u c t u r e g
s l i g h t l y hard when d r y , v e r y f r i a b l e when m bistg
many f i n e p o res and r o o t c h a n n e ls g n o n -c a lc a re o u s g
boundary a b ru p t.
B2 4 to 11 in c h e s
p in k is h -g ra y to brown ( 7 .5 YB 7 /2 , dryg 4« 5 /2 ,
m o is t) l i g h t s i l t y c la y loamg w eak, c o a r s e , p r i s ­
m a tic s tr u c tu r e and f i n e and medium, su b an g u la r
b lo ek y s tr u c tu r e g b lo c k s v e ry porous and have a
few smooth f a c e s , b u t s u rfa c e n o t c o a te d w ith clayg
s l i g h t l y h ard when d r y , f r i a b l e when m o is tg th in
69
Swims s i l t Ioam g Gont0
c la y c o a tin g in r o o t ch an n els and w orm holes; non. c a lc a re o u s I boundary c l e a r ,
Bca 11 to 17 in c h e s . p in k is h -g ra y to brown ( 7 ,5 IR 7 /2 , d r y j 5 /2 , m o ist)
s i l t loam | w eak, c o a r s e , p ris m a tic and t h i c k ,
p l a t y s t r u c t u r e s e p a r a tin g In to weak, medium su b a n g u la r b lo c k y i i n t e r i o r o f peds f a i n t l y s ta in e d to
m o ttle d p a le brown and l i g h t y e llo w is h brownj
s l i g h t l y h ard when d r y , f r i a b l e when m o is t; many
p o re s and ro o t c h a n n e ls , some t h i n l y c o ate d w ith
c la y , m oderate e ffe rv e s c e n c e w ith d i l u t e hydro­
c h lo r ic a c id ; boundary c l e a r ,
cI c a 17 to 25 in c h e s v e ry p a le brown to brown (10 YE 7 /3 , d r y ; 5 /3 ,
m o is t) s i l t loam | few , f a i n t , f i n e , y ello w ish -b ro w n
m o ttle s I m assive in p la c e , e x ce p t f o r th i n , h o r i­
z o n ta l s t r a t a t h a t b re a k e a s i l y i n t o f i n e b lo c k s;
s l i g h t l y h a rd when d ry , fir m when m o is t; numerous
f in e p o re s and a few ro o ts and r o o t c h a n n e ls;
v i o le n t e ffe rv e s c e n c e w ith h y d ro c h lo ric a c id ; few ,
f i n e , w h ite s e g r e g a tio n s o f lim e ; boundary c l e a r ,
25 to 40 in c h e s
p in k is h -w h ite to p in k is h -g ra y (7 ,5 YR 8 /2 , d ry ;
6 /2 , m o is t) s i l t loam ; m assiv e, e x c e p t f o r h o r i-
70
Swims s i l t loam , c o n t. •
zoEital s t r a t a 4 to -g- in c h t h i c k 5 f ir m t o m o d erately
f r i a b l e when m o is tj c a lc a re o u s b u t no se g re g a te d
lim e 1 boundary g ra d u a l,
40 to 54 in c h es
s i m i l a r to h o riz o n above b u t c o n ta in s th in le n s e s
o f v e r y f i n e sandy loam ; boundary g ra d u a l,
£4 54 to 60 in c h e s
loamy f i n e san d ; m assive o r s in g le - g r a in e d ; c a l­
careo u s ,
I
71
Som ers s i l t y c l a y loam
L o c a tio n s
SW| SW^ s e c . 1 7, T. 27 N ., R. 20 W.
A^p 0 to 8 in c h es
g ra y to v e ry d ark g ra y (10 YB 5A 5 d ry ; 3 /l> m o ist)
s i l t y c la y loam ; m o d e ra te, v ery f i n e , g ra n u la r
s t r u c t u r e ; s o f t when d r y , v e ry f r i a b l e when m o is t;
ab o u t n e u t r a l ; boundary a b ru p t.
Bg 8 t o 12 in c h e s
grayish -b ro w n to d ark g ray ish -b ro w n (10 IR 5 °5 /2 ,
d ry ; 4 /2 , m o is t) s i l t y c la y loam ; w eak, c o a rse ,
p ris m a tic and weak to m o d erate, medium, blocky
s t r u c t u r e ; s l i g h t l y h a rd when d r y , f r i a b l e when
m o is t; s l i g h t l y a l k a l i n e ; boundary c l e a r .
Cca 12 to 22 in c h es
l i g h t - g r a y o r v e ry p a le brown to p ale-brow n (10
IR 7 / 2 . 53 d ry ; 6/ 3 , m o ist) s i l t y c la y loam ; m assive
in p la c e b u t b re a k s to weak, su b a n g u la r b lp c k s ;
s l i g h t l y f ir m when m o is t; c a lc a re o u s , in c lu d in g
m oderate amount o f s e g re g a te d lim e ; boundary g rad ­
u a l.
C 22 t o 30 in c h es
very, p a le brown to p a le brown (10 IR 7 /3 , d ry ;
6/ 3 , m o is t) s t r a t i f i e d o r v arved s i l t loam and
s i l t y c la y loam ; b reak s to weak, f i n e , b lo c k s;
s l i g h t l y f ir m when m o is t; c a lc a re o u s ; boundary
a b ru p t.
72
Somers s i l t y c la y loam , c o n t.
D 30 in c h e s p lu s
l i g h t - g r a y to l i g h t b ro w n ish -g ra y (10 YR 7 /2 , d ry j.
6/ 2, m o is t) loamy f i n e sa n d j s i n g le - g r a in e d 3 lo o s e 3
c a lc a re o u s .
73
K iw an is loam
L o c a tio n ;
West s id e o f ro a d , $60 f e e t so u th o f th e n o rth q u a r te r s e c tio n c o rn e r in NBg NWg s e c . 28, T. 29 N .„ R. 21 W.
0 to 2 in c h es
d a rk g ray ish -b ro w n (10 YR 4 /2 , d ry ; 2 /2 , m o ist)
loam ; w eak, f i n e , g ra n u la r s t r u c t u r e ; s o f t when
d ry ; v e ry f r i a b l e when m o is t; n e u tr a l r e a c tio n ;
boundary c l e a r .
A]_2 2 to 9 in c h es
grayish-brow n to v e r y d ark g ray ish -b ro w n (10 IR
5 /2 , d ry ; 3 /2 , m o is t) loam ; w eak, s o f t , crumb
s t r u c t u r e ; s o f t when d ry , v e ry f r i a b l e when m o ist;
n e u tr a l r e a c tio n ; boundary c l e a r .
C 9 to 39 in c h es
v e ry p a le brown to pale-brow n (10 IR 8 / 3 , d ry ; 6/ 3 ,
m o is t) f in e sandy loam ; m assive b u t b re a k s in to
s o f t , i r r e g u l a r lum ps; c a lc a re o u s ; boundary a b ru p t.
D1 39 t o 58 in c h es
l i g h t - g r a y to l i g h t b ro w n ish -g ray (10 IR 7 /2 , d ry ;
6 /2 , m o is t) lo o s e , c o a rse san d ; c a lc a re o u s ; boundary
g ra d u a l.
Dg 58 bo 70 in c h e s
same as la y e r above e x c e p t t h a t g r a v e l i s abundant.
W alters v e r y f i n e sandy loam
L o c a tio n ;
NE^ NEj s e c . 4? T. 29 N„s R. 21 W.
Aod 2 to 0 in c h es
lo o s e mat o f f a i r l y f r e s h c o n if e r n e e d le s .
A]_ 0 to 2 in c h e s
g ra y to v e ry d a rk brown (10 TR 4 .5 / 1 , d ry ; 2 /2 ,
m o is t) v e r y f i n e sandy Ioam9 weak, f i n e , crumb
s t r u c t u r e ; lo o s e and s in g le g ra in e d when d ry , v e ry
f r i a b l e when m o is t; s l i g h t l y a c id ; boundary a b ru p t.
Ag 2 to 10 in c h es
v e ry p a le brown to p a le brown (10 TR 7 /3 , d r y ;
6 /3 , m o is t) v e ry f in e sandy loam; m assive to weak,
c o a r s e , p l a t y s t r u c t u r e ; h a rd when d r y , v e ry f r i ­
a b le when m o ist; s l i g h t l y a c id ; boundary c l e a r .
Bg 10 t o 13 in c h es
pale-brow n to dark-brow n (10 TR 6 /3 , d ry ; 7 .5 TR
3 /3 , m o ist) s i l t loam; w eak, su b a n g u la r b lo ck y
s t r u c t u r e ; s l i g h t l y h a rd when d ry , b u t c e n te rs of
pads a re h ard and s l i g h t l y d a rk e r; f r i a b l e when
m o ist b u t c e n te r s of peds a r e firm ; ab o u t n e u tr a l
i n r e a c t i o n ; boundary c l e a r .
Bca 13 to 24 in c h es
pale-brow n to brown (10 TR 6 .5 /3 , d r y ; 7 .5 TR 4 /3 ,
m o is t) f in e sandy loam ; m assiv e, e x c e p t f o r th e
p re sen c e o f a few,, firm o r h a rd , s m a ll lum ps; s o f t
when d ry , f r i a b l e when m o is t; c a lc a re o u s ; boundary
c le a r.
75
W alters v e r y f i n e sandy Ioam q c o n t«
C 24 to 34 in c h e s
l i g h t - g r a y to p ale-b ro w n (10 IR 7 /2 , d ry j 6 /3 ,
m o is t) f i n e sandy loam ; m assiv e; s o f t when d r y ,
v e ry f r i a b l e when m o is t; c a lc a re o u s ; has a few,
f i n e , f ir m s p o ts o f se g re g a te d lim e c a rb o n a te ;
g rad es t o c o a rs e sand a t depth o f 3 to 4 f e e t .
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