9.14 Worksheets
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: In the Development and in
Evolution of Behavior and the Mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN: 9780262026734.
1
1Preview:
The
thickening
embryonic
neural tube
a
b
c
d
e
a.
a.
Endbrain (telencephalon)
c.
c.
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
d.
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
e.
Spinal cord
Forebrain
b. ‘Tweenbrain (diencephalon) (prosencephalon)
b.
Courtesy of MIT Press. Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: In
the Development and in Evolution of Behavior and
the Mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN: 9780262026734.
Fig 1.3
2
1Preview:
a
b
c
The
thickening
embryonic
neural tube
d
a.
e
Courtesy of MIT Press. Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: In
the Development and in Evolution of Behavior and
the Mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN: 9780262026734.
b.
c.
Endbrain (telencephalon)Forebrain
‘Tweenbrain (diencephalon)
(prosencephalon)
Midbrain (mesencephalon)
d.
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
e.
Spinal cord
3
2
Synapses: varied structural arrangements:
Consider the functional possibilities
1. Axo-somatic
2. Axo-dendritic
(to dendritic shaft or
dendritic spine)
Fig 1-13a
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
4
3
Synapses: varied structural arrangements:
Consider the functional possibilities
6. Serial synapses
Gating mechanisms…
7. Synapses without a
postsynaptic site (not
illustrated)
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
Fig 1-13c
5
4
Synapses: varied structural arrangements:
Consider the functional possibilities
Cell 3
3. Axo-axonal
Presynaptic inhibition and
facilitation
4. (Also: dendro-dendritic,
dendro-axonal…)
5. Reciprocal synapses
Fig 1-13b
Cell 2
Cell 1
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
6
5
Hamster Brain (similar to rat)
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
Fig.1-5
Adult
Newborn
7
5
Hamster Brain (similar to rat)
A
B
C
D
E
F
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
Adult
Newborn
8
6
Pallium (medial,
dorsal, lateral)
Study the names of these
subdivisions. Learn
which is which.
Schematic of premammalian brain
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
9
7
Sketch of a pre-mammalian brain
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
10
7 Locate a local reflex channel. What function might
such a pathway serve?
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
11
8
Mammalian brain diagrams
Schematic
side view
Top view,
embryonic
brain (with
spinothalamic
tract)
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
12
8
Mammalian brain diagrams
Schematic
side view
Top view,
embryonic brain
(with dorsal root
axon)
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
13
8
Brain diagrams
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
.
14
9
Closure of neural tube with formation of sympathetic ganglia:
Learn the terms!
Ectoderm
Notochord
Neural plate
Neural groove
Neural tube
and
neural crest
Dorsal root
ganglion
Roof plate
Alar plate
Basal plate
Floor plate
Ganglia of
sympathetic NS
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
15
9
Closure of neural tube with formation of peripheral ganglia:
A___________
B___________
Neural X stage
Neural Y stage
Neural __Z___
and
neural __ZZ__
C___________
D___________
______I
E___________
F___________
Ganglia of __J__
nervous system
G__________________
H____________________
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
16
REVIEW
Some neurodevelopment terms to be familiar with
ectoderm (vs. mesoderm and endoderm),
ventricular layer, intermediate layer, marginal
layer (= matrix layer, mantle layer, zonal layer)
modes of migration,
radial glia (radial astrocytes),
ependyma,
sulcus limitans, separating alar and basal plates,
neural crest,
dorsal and ventral roots and rootlets.
See Nauta & Feirtag, ch.10, and other texts
17
10
Internal Structure
Spinal Cord Segment C1
Segment C5
Internal structure of
spinal cord:
Note the lateral horn
Segment C8
Segment T2
Segment T10
Segment L1
Segment L4
Segment S4
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
18
11
Termination of
dorsal root fibers
Figures removed due to copyright restrictions.
Please see course textbook or: Rexed, Bror. "A Cytoarchitectonic Atlas of the Spinal
Coed in the Cat." Journal of Comparative Neurology 100, no. 2 (1954): 297-379.
19
12
Adult spinal cord, schematic frontal section:
reflex and lemniscal channels
Dorsal
columns
Spinothalamic
tract
Dorsal root
fibers of
various sizes
Spinoreticular
axons
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
20
12
Adult spinal cord, schematic frontal section:
reflex and lemniscal channels
A
B
Dorsal root
fibers of
various sizes
C
D
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
21
13
The body surface represented at the
hindbrain-spinal cord boundary
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
22
13
The rostral-most end of the spinal cord
A
D
B
C
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
23
14
Dorsal Funiculus
Dorsal Median Sulcus
Lissauer's Zone
Substantia Gelatinosa
Dorsal
Spinocerebellar
Tract
Lateral Funiculus
4
Clarke's Column
(nucleus dorsalis)
5
6
Lateral Horn
7
8
Central Canal
9
Ventral Funiculus
Anterior White Commissure
Ventral Median Fissure
1 millimeter
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
Fig 9-9
Clarke’s Column and dorsal spino-cerebellar tract
24
15
Adult spinal cord:
some descending and intrinsic axons
Propriospinal
axons
Corticospinal
axons
(after their
decussation)
Rubrospinal
axons
Reticulospinal,
Vestibulospinal,
Fastigiospinal
(from Cb),
Tectospinal
Corticospinal axons, uncrossed (variable in quantity)
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
25
15
Adult spinal cord: some descending and intrinsic axons
(fill in the blanks)
__B_______
axons
(after their
decussation)
___A____
axons
___C______
axons
___D_____spinal,
___E_____spinal,
Fastigiospinal
(from Cb),
___F_____spinal
_______G______ axons, uncrossed (variable in quantity)
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
26
16
Dorsal root
ganglion
Sympathetic
Descending
reticulospinal
nervous system
fibers
axons, schematic
xxxx
section of spinal xxxxxx
cord, thoracic level xx
Spinal nerve
Paravertebral
ganglion
Prevertebral
ganglion,
e.g., celiac
To
striated
muscles
Smooth muscle: Glands;
intestinal tract; blood
vessels, erector pili
(hairs); sweat glands.
Cardiac muscle
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.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
27
17
Thoraco
-lumbar
Vagus nerve
(10th cranial nerve)
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
28
17
A. Which ganglion
is this?
Thoraco
-lumbar
____X_____ nerve
(10th cranial nerve)
C. Which ganglia
are these?
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
29
18
Interventricular Foramen
Choroid Plexus of
Lateral Ventricle
Choroid Plexus of
Third Ventricle
Aq
Lateral Aperture
Choroid Plexus of
Fourth Ventricle
Median Aperture
Central Canal
Ventricular
system
Fig 9a-1
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
30
Meninges & Glia
19
Dura
Astrocyte
Arachnoid
Pia
Pial-glial
membrane
Ependymal
cells lining the
ventricle
Satellite oligodendrocytes (oligodendroglia)
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
31
19
Meninges & Glia (Identify structures indicated)
B
A
C
D
E
A
F cells lining
the ventricle
Satellite oligodendrocytes
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
32
20
a
Basic subdivisions,
embryonic neural tube:
Where is the rhombus?
What is it?
b
c
e
a.
Spinal cord
a. Sp inal corda. Endbrain
db. Hindbrain (telencephalon)
b. Hi (rhombencephalon)
ndbrain
Forebrain
(rhombencephalon
b. ‘Tweenbrain
(prosencephalon)
c.
Midbrain
(diencephalon)
c.
Midbrain
(mesencephalon)
(mesencephalon)
c. Midbrain
d.
‘Tweenbrain
(mesencephalon)
d. ‘T(di weenbrain
encephalon)
(di encephalon)
d. Hindbrain
(rhombencephalon Reminder: Students
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
e. Spinal cord
should understand and
know this figure!
33
21
Embyonic spinal cord & hindbrain compared:
identify the indicated structures
Embryonic spinal cord
(in cross section)
C zone
D zone
E zone
A_ plate
B plate
Sulcus F
Embryonic hindbrain
Secondary sensory
cell groups in D zone
of A plate
A plate
Motor neuron cell groups
in D zone of B plate
B plate
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
34
22 Notes on hindbrain origins: definitions
•
•
Segmentation above the segments of the spinal cord: The
somitomeres & branchial arches in the mesoderm, and the
rhombomeres of the CNS
See Nauta & Feirtag, ch.11, p. 170, on the “branchial motor
column” -- in addition to the somatic and visceral motor
columns.
Sulcus limitans
Visceral motor column
Alar plate
Somatic motor column
Branchial motor column
Reticular formation
Basal plate
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
35
23
Columns in
spinal cord
Columns in
Hindbrain
Fig 10-9
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
36
24
Adult caudal hindbrain of mammal
principle cell columns and fiber tracts (schematic)
4th
ventricle
Vestibular, auditory (VIII);
caudally—nuc. gracilis &
cuneatus (dorsal column
nuclei)
Trigeminal (V, sensory
from face)
Visceral sensory & motor
(III in midbrain; VII, IX
& X – parasympathetic
Descending
pathways:
Rubrospinal
Vestibulospinal
Tectospinal
Reticulospinal:
not shown
Corticospinal
= pyramidal
tract
Branchial motor column:
nuc. ambiguus (IX, X –
swallowing & vocalization)
facial (VII), masticatory (V)
Somatic motor column:
Medial
Spinothalamic III, IV (midbrain) & VI – eye
lemniscus tract
movements
XII – tongue movements
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
Fig 10-10
37
25
Evolution of Brain 4
Expansion of midbrain with
evolution of distance-receptor
senses: visual and auditory,
receptors with advantages over
olfaction for speed and sensory
acuity, for early warning and for
anticipation of events.
……………………………..
Motor side: 1) escape locomotion; 2) turning of head
and eyes with modulation by
motivational states, including
those triggered by olfactory
sense.
Endbrain
‘tweenbrain
Midbrain
Anti-predator
behavior:
turning away,
fleeing
Orienting:
turning of head
& eyes toward
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
38
26
Review of earlier figure:
Note the pathway from
neocortex to cerebellum
1
1.
2.
3.
Dorsal columns
Nuclei of the dorsal columns
Medial lemniscus
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ventrobasal nucleus of thalamus (n. ventralis posterior)
Thalamocortical axon in the “internal capsule”
nucleus
nucleus
Corticofugal axons, including corticospinal components. Called “pyramidal tract” in hindbrain below pons.
Pons
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
39
27
Frontal section, middle of mammalian midbrain:
Superior Colliculus
Central Gray Area
(periaqueductal gray)
Red Nucleus
Ventral Tegmental Area
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
40
27
Frontal section, middle of mammalian midbrain:
Identify the indicated structures
A
B
F
C
D
E
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
41
Midbrain Locomotor Region (MLR):
Localization in cat by electrical stimulation studies
28
Parasagittal section
IC
SC
Th
P
Inferior
Colliculus
IC
Midbrain
Locomotor
Area
NR
M
Frontal section
BC
Midbrain
Locomotor
Area
LL
P
Hypothalamic
Locomotor Area
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
Fig 14-1
Th = thalamus
BC = brachium conjunctivum
M = mammillary body
(axons from cb)
NR = nuc. ruber (red nuc.) LL = lateral lemniscus
III = oculomotor nerve
(auditory)
P = pons
SC = superior colliculus
42
29
Midbrain neurons projecting to spinal cord
and hindbrain for motor control
Superior Colliculus
(optic tectum)
Red
nucleus
(n. ruber)
Tectospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
43
30
Midbrain areas that influence moods and motivational states:
Superior Colliculus
Central gray area
(CGA)
Brachium of Inferior Colliculus (auditory
pathway, midbrain to thalamus)
Oculomotor nucleus
Red
nucleus
(n. ruber)
Spinothalamic tract (some fibers
terminate in SC)
Medial lemniscus
Cerebral peduncle: contains
corticospinal + corticopontine fibers,
+ cortex to hindbrain fibers
Tectospinal tract
Rubrospinal tract
Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
Connections to the CGA, also called the Periaquaductal Gray (PAG),
and to the VTA enabled control of or influence on moods/motivations
crucial for survival: defensive, aggressive, sexual. Activation of these
areas is accompanied by feelings of pain (CGA) or pleasure (VTA).
44
31
Midbrain:
Rodent
Species comparisons
Note the great
differences in the size
of the cerebral
peduncles at the base
of the brain
(Sections are not
drawn to the same
scale)
Human
Tree
Shrew
(Squirrel is similar)
Fig 11-3
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
45
32
Rostral end of the thickening neural tube in mammals:
descriptive terms
LVA
Forebrain
LG
MG
Midbrain
Thickened
Ventricular
Layer
Hindbrain
LVA = Lateral ventricular angle region
LG = Lateral Ganglionic Eminence
MG = Medial Ganglionic Eminence
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
46
32
Rostral end of the thickening neural tube in mammals:
identify the abbreviations shown
LVA
LG
MG
Thickened
Ventricular
Layer
Forebrain
Midbrain
Hindbrain
LVA = X
LG = Y
MG = Z
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
47
33
a
The lateral forebrain bundle:
major origins and course
a
b
c
d
e
a.
Endbrain
(telencephalon)
b.
‘Tweenbrain
(diencephalon)
c.
Midbrain
(mesencephalon)
Hindbrain
(rhombencephalon)
d.
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the
development and in evolution of behavior and the
mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
Fig 12-6
Note the different names at
different levels. All these names
occur frequently in discussions of
brain structure and connections
e.
Spinal cord
Cortical white matter to
Internal capsule
Cerebral peduncles
(includes fibers to ‘tweenbrain,
midbrain, pons, remainder of
hindbrain, spinal cord)
Pyramidal tract
Corticospinal tract
48
33
a
Descending axons from
somatosensory and motor
cortical areas:
a
Note the different names at
different levels. Fill in the blanks.
b
c
d
e
a.
Endbrain
(telencephalon)
b.
‘Tweenbrain
(diencephalon)
c.
Midbrain
(mesencephalon)
Hindbrain
(rhombencephalon)
d.
e.
Spinal cord
Cortical white matter to
____A________ capsule
Cerebral ____B_______
(includes fibers to ‘tweenbrain,
midbrain, pons, remainder of
hindbrain, spinal cord)
_______C________ tract
_______D________ tract
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
Fig 12-6
49
34
‘Tweenbrain
and
Endbrain
limbic &
MFB
Lateral forebrain
bundle
Medial forebrain bundle
Lateral forebrain bundle
Medial forebrain bundle
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Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
50
34
‘Tweenbrain
and
Endbrain
--Identify the
axon groups
indicated
A
What bundle of
axons are all these?
What group of axons are these? B
C
What bundle of axons are these?
D
What group (bundle) of axons?
Courtesy of MIT Press.Used with permission.
Schneider, G. E. Brain structure and its origins: in the development and in
evolution of behavior and the mind. MIT Press, 2014. ISBN:9780262026734.
51
Check your knowledge of brain structures:
Neuroanatomy review
• Subdivisions of CNS; definitions of cell types
– Shapes of the neural tube at various levels
• Sensory channels of conduction; dermatomes
• Diaschisis: lesion-produced deafferentation causes a
functional depression of neurons
• Evolution of neocortex with major ascending and
descending pathways to it and from it
• Spinal cord structure; differences between levels
• Propriospinal system
• Autonomic N.S. and its components
• Hindbrain organization; distortions of the basic plan
• Cranial nerves: the 5th (trigeminal nerve)
52
Neuroanatomy review continued
• Midbrain: tectum and tegmentum; species differences;
outputs for three major types of movement
• Diencephalon: two major and two additional subdivisions
(functional/structural)
• Telencephalon: the endbrain (cerebral hemispheres and
basal forebrain); origins of two major pathways for
descending axons (Both contain some ascending axons also.)
• Some major axonal pathways in mammals:
– Spinoreticular, trigeminoreticular tracts (mostly ipsilateral)
– Spinothalamic tract; longest axons reach the ventrobasal nuc. of
thalamus (VB = VPM and VPL)
– Dorsal columns, connecting to the medial lemniscus pathway,
which projects to the ventrobasal nuc. of thalamus
– Corticospinal & corticopontine pathways (the former connect to
all levels of CNS, the latter connecting to the pons, hence to
cerebellum)
53
35
P2
Mesencephalon
P1
Mes.
MP
Telencephalon
DP
Diencephalon
P3
Str.
D
OB
Eye Stalk
D
R
V
Rhombencephalon
D
1st
P4
R1
P5
R2
P6
OB
D
C
1) Embryonic brain with curved
longitudinal axis
Neuromeric models of
embryonic mammalian
brain
R3
R4
R5
R6
R7
2) Puelles & Rubenstein,’93
MP
DP
P3
P4
LP
VP
P5
Str.
Pa
P6
3) Revision of the model
Fig 12-8
Image by MIT OpenCourseWare.
54
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9.14 Brain Structure and Its Origins
Spring 2014
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