Steel
Building material of the 20th century
Outstanding structural properties
ƒ Higher buildings
ƒ Longer spans
ƒ Slender constructions
Photographs removed due to copyright
restrictions:
Vogesen School, Basel (CH) (Diener&Diener, 1994)
Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris (Labrouste, 1875)
Menier Chocolate Factory, France (Saulnier, 1872)
Steel
Building material of the 20th century
Outstanding structural properties
ƒ Higher buildings
ƒ Longer spans
ƒ Slender constructions
ƒ Glazed buildings
Photographs removed due to copyright
restrictions:
Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago (Mies van der
Rohe 1940)
Farnworth House, Plano (USA) (Mies van der Rohe,
1945)
Steel
Building material of the 20th century
Outstanding structural properties
ƒ Higher buildings
ƒ Longer spans
ƒ Slender constructions
ƒ Glazed buildings
Photographs removed due to copyright
restrictions:
Glass skyscraper, Chicago (project) (Mies van der
Rohe, 1922)
Crystal Palace, Universal Exhibition (Paxton, 1851)
Steel
Building material of the 20th century
Outstanding structural properties
ƒ Higher buildings
ƒ Longer spans
ƒ Slender constructions
Photographs removed due to copyright
restrictions:
Guggenheim Museum, Bilbao (Gehry, 1997)
ƒ Glazed buildings
ƒ Prefabrication
ƒ Orthogonal assembly but free "veil" form
Steel
Frames
ƒ with cantilevering beams
Image by MIT OCW.
Image by MIT OCW.
Steel
Frames
ƒ with cantilevering beams
ƒ with continuous columns
Image by MIT OCW.
Image by MIT OCW.
Steel
Frames
ƒ with cantilevering beams
ƒ with continuous columns
ƒ two-way frames
Image by MIT OCW.
Photograph removed due
to copyright restrictions:
Tea House, Vienna (Marterer,
1998)
D6
D7
b
a
Image by MIT OCW.
Steel
Issue of fire-protection
ƒ Heat affects steel’s load-carrying ability
ƒ Strategy depends on
­ Building use
­ Occupancy
­ Space heating
­ Number of storeys
ƒ Protection measures
­ Oversizing
­ Intumescent paint
­ Concrete cladding or filling
Image by MIT OCW.
Steel
1/10
Trusses for extreme spans
ƒ Senior citizen’s home
by MVRDV (1997)
Depth of beam
h (m)
2.00
1.90
1.80
1.70
1.60
1.50
1.40
1.30
1.20
1.10
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
0.60
0.50
0.40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
1/12
1/15
1/18
1/24
1/36
Span
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 1(m)
Element
(loadbearing)
Span 1(m)
h*/l
-10 m
6-15 m
1/18 - 1/36
1/15 - 1/24
Castellated beam ( ) 8-20 m
10-25 m
Lattice beam
1/12 - 1/18
1/10 - 1/15
Roof purlin ( )
Floor beam ( )
Image by MIT OCW.
Steel
Diagonals and diamonds
ƒ Ornamental quality
ƒ Form directly related to structure
Photographs removed due to copyright
restrictions:
Faculty of Law, Cambridge (UK) (Foster, 1995)
Mediathek, Japan (Ito, 2001)
Swiss Re Tower, London (Foster, 2000)
Steel
Diagonals and diamonds
ƒ Ornamental quality
ƒ Form directly related to structure
Photographs removed due to copyright
restrictions:
Sabolovka Radio Mast, London (Suchov, 1919)
Prada Epicenter Store, Tokyo (Herzog&DeMeuron,
2001)
Swiss Re Tower, London (Foster, 2000)
Steel
Canopy
ƒ Independent structure
ƒ Space generator
Photographs removed due to copyright
restrictions:
Hall of Labor, Turin (Nervi, 1961)
Stansted Airport, London (Foster, 1991)
Steel
Folding of metal for reinforcement
ƒ Aluminum-based loadbearing constructions (Jean Prouvé)
Photographs removed due to copyright
restrictions:
Méridienne de l’Observatiore, Paris (Prouvé, 1951)
Centenaire de l’Aluminium, Paris (Prouvé, 1954)
Steel
Main reference for lecture contents:
ƒ “Constructing Architecture” by Deplazes: pp. 113-138
Additional readings relevant to lecture topics:
ƒ "Fundamentals of Building Construction" by Allen
&
ƒ "Building Construction Illustrated" by Ching & Adams
chapters on steel