Basic human requirements
Core Temperature
370 C
360 C
340 C
320 C
310 C
280 C
Room Temperature
0o C
20o C
35o C
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar radiation
Energy [kW/(m²·μm)]
2.0 -
Black body at 800 K
Solar radiation
at atmosphere’s boundaries
1.5 Solar radiation
at sea level
Clear sky, sun at 30°
above the horizon
1.0 -
0.5 UV
00
visible
0.5
IR
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Wavelength [μm]
Solar radiation
Ground
Reflection
5%
Cloud
Reflection
20%+
Atmospheric
Absorption
& Scattering
25%
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar radiation
Earth’s orbit
ƒ seasons
Equinox March
22
Winter solstice
Dec 21
Summer solstice
June 21
Equinox Sept 21
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar course
1400
Earth’s orbit
1385 [W/m 2]
1200
ƒ seasons
Height above
sea level
1000
latitude and elevation’s impact
0m
800
500 m
3000 m
600
400
2500
200
[kWh/m2 an]
yr]
2000
Cairo
Dakar
1500
Alger
1000
0
Lisbon
Carpentras
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Rom
Hambourg
e
Paris
Helsinki
500
0
0
10
20
30
40
Latitude du lieu
50
60
70
η [°]
Parameters in incoming radiation
Earth’s orbit
ƒ seasons
latitude and elevation’s impact
earth’s inertia
T
h
o
90
o
C
Average outside
temperature
20
o
60o
57o F
10
Solar elevation
o
41 F
o
o
30
0o
0
o
21 juin
Image by MIT OCW.
a 16°F
difference for
the same
solar elevation
23 sept
22 dec
21 mars
21 juin
Critical for solar
protections
Solar radiation
Earth’s orbit
ƒ seasons
ƒ day
Solar radiation
N
Apparent movement of the sun
Z
ƒ lococentric (local) referential
elevation η
azimuth φ
↔
h
δ
latitude L
declination δ
Image by MIT OCW.
solar time Hsolar
ηnoon = 90° - L + δ
N
N'
Zenith
Equatorial Plane
Elevation
Latitude
Azimuth
S'
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar radiation
Apparent movement of the sun
ƒ lococentric (local) referential
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar radiation
Apparent movement of the sun
ƒ lococentric (local) referential
cylindrical projection
80
12 h
11 h
10 h
9h
70
14 h
DH
60
15 h
60
90
120
150 180
20
10
N
19 h
150
120
90
S
30
18 h
S
h
40
17 h
L
5h
50
16 h
AK
6h
30
13 h
BJ
7h
0
F
EG
CI
8h
N
Sun
90
Latitude: 49o
60
30
E
0
a
W
N
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar radiation
Apparent movement of the sun
ƒ lococentric (local) referential
cylindrical projection
Solar radiation
Apparent movement of the sun
ƒ lococentric (local) referential
cylindrical projection
stereographic projection
Sun
Zenith
Nadir
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar radiation
Apparent movement of the sun
ƒ lococentric (local) referential
cylindrical projection
30
24
6
14
Ma
90o
6
35 o
22
Dec 2
1
rs 2
26
Feb
Jan 1
27
o
0
5o
il
Ma
17
N ov
o
10
12
75
18
1
8
pr
300 o
o
1
1
g3
14
3
60
285 o
o
30o
40o
50o
60o
70o
80o
o
+90
Jan 2
Jul 2
21 Dec.
o
23 Sept. - 21 Mar
255
21 Juin
p2
Oct
4
20o
16
Se
30 o
5
31
5
Au
270o
15 o
10o
o
N
0o
105 o
3
345
y 26
o
o
12 o
0
47o N
A
stereographic projection
1
1
o
21 o
0
195 o
o
18
0o
1
50
165
Images by MIT OCW.
Solar radiation
Apparent movement of the sun
ƒ lococentric (local) referential
cylindrical projection
stereographic projection
11
12
13
10
14
15
9
16
8
17
7
6
105o
90o
60o
S
75o
A
O
120o
N
o 165o 180o 195o 210o
135o 150
D
18
225o
19
240o
o
J
F 255
M
270o
A
o
M 285
J
300o
J
45o
315o
330o
30o
Image by MIT OCW.
15o
N
345o
Solar radiation
Apparent movement of the sun
ƒ lococentric (local) referential
cylindrical projection
tan E = y/x
C
E
y
20'
stereographic projection
B
A
+
36'
0
180
15
o
40
0
o
7
8
8
9
10
0
12
w
E
2
11
9
3
11
/Ja
5
80o
4
1
1
Au
5
E
W
4
3
p
Se
1/Feb
1/
Jul
2
1
y2
Ma
Ju
n
e
2
1
Jul 2
1/ M
ay
21
120
1/Jan
Nov 2
1
Dec 2
60
0
30
0
15
15
0
0
1
ar2
1/M
t2
12
180
Site plan
21
2
60
Image by MIT OCW.
10' 15' 20' 25'
pr
/A
1
g2
Oct 2
30
5'
21
6
o
10
21
v
No
/M
70
5
Se
60
o
6
6
21
o
7
ar
50
ay
1/M
2
Jul
8
6
1
p2
o
7
D
Ju
7
n2
1
40
60
A
+
o
1200
6
2
eb
/F
21 1
t
2
Oc ec
D
30
1
n2
1
20
30
10
0
15
21
21
Solar radiation
Apparent movement of the sun
ƒ lococentric (local) referential
cylindrical projection
Horizontal sun protections
stereographic projection
30
20
10
0
10
40
50
60
70
80
Image by MIT OCW.
90
20
30
40
50
40
50
60
70
80
60
70
80
90
Solar radiation
Apparent movement of the sun
ƒ lococentric (local) referential
Vertical sun protections
cylindrical projection
stereographic projection
30
40
50
60
70
80
Image by MIT OCW.
90
20
10
0
10
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Solar radiation
30
20
350
0
32
40
20
50
0
30
0
2 90
280
W
260
30
F
D
F
40
E
50
60
18
6
70
80
14
B
H
80
8
16
C
60
G
70
12
E
I
10
100
J
250
110
A
120
3
0
13
0
23
L
0
14
190
160
S
170
-
150
+
200
0
21
0
24
22
0
Combined protection
10
31
cylindrical projection
stereographic projection
340
330
ƒ lococentric (local) referential
N
10
Apparent movement of the sun
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar radiation
Daylight
Image by MIT OCW.
Solar radiation
Daylight
Sky type
Clear
Milky-white
Partly cloudy
Whitish
Light grey
Dark grey
Dark
Sun
Shiny
Clear
Partly veiled
Veiled
Still visible
Barely visible
Invisible
Global
radiation
800 to 900
600 to 800
300 to 700
250 to 400
200 to 300
100 to 200
20 to 100
10 to 20%
20 to 40%
20 to 50%
40 to 80%
50 to 100%
75 to 100%
100%
2
[W/m ]
Diffuse
component
Climate
Atmospheric phenomena (global climate)
ƒ Wind flows and Coriolis force
North Pole
W
E
Subpolar
low-pressure belt
Low pressure
High pressure
Wind flow from high to low pressure zones
W
L
H
L
H
H
Intratropical
convergences
Subtropical
high-pressure belt
E
E
H
H
H
Subpolar
low-pressure belt
L
Polar high
H
L
Tropopause
High pressure
Subtropical
high-pressure belt
H
L
L
L
W
E
South Pole
Prevailing westerlies
Cold front
Warm front
Convergence
W = Westerly winds
E = Easterly winds
Warm wind
Cold wind
H = High pressure
L = Low pressure
Images by MIT OCW.
Climate
Atmospheric phenomena (global climate)
ƒ Wind flows and Coriolis force
ƒ Water
Image by MIT OCW.
Climate
Atmospheric phenomena (global climate)
ƒ Wind flows and Coriolis force
ƒ Water
ƒ Mountains
Rain Shadow
San Francisco
190 miles
Precipitation:
Temperature:
Image by MIT OCW.
19 Inches
46o F January
64o F July
Reno
210 miles
7 Inches
20o F January
91o F July
Climate
Atmospheric phenomena (global climate)
ƒ Wind flows and Coriolis force
ƒ Water
ƒ Mountains
Percentage of Gradient Wind Velocity
600
Altitude (m)
500
1600
100%
400
1200
75%
300
100
100% 800
75%
200
50%
0
Effect of terrain on wind velocity profiles
Image by MIT OCW.
50%
50%
75%
400
00
Altitude (ft)
ƒ Friction
100%
Climate
Atmospheric phenomena (global climate)
ƒ Wind flows and Coriolis force
CO2 concentration in ppm
ƒ Water
320
ƒ Mountains
ƒ Friction
ƒ Greenhouse effect
360
1992
280
1750
240
200
160
Temperature in oC
16
1992
1750
15
14
13
12
11
10
160
120
80
40
Millennia ago
Image by MIT OCW..
Human needs and outside environment
Reading assignment from Textbook:
ƒ “Introduction to Architectural Science” by Szokolay: § 1.3
Additional readings relevant to lecture topics:
ƒ "How Buildings Work" by Allen: Chap 1
ƒ "Heating Cooling Lighting" by Lechner: § 5.1 - 5.6 + § 6.1 - 6.13
ƒ “Sun Wind Light“ by Brown & DeKay: § 1 - 6 in Chap 1A