Relationships of soils to mountain and foothill range habitat types and production in western Montana
[pt.1] Predicting soil temperature regimes of mountain and foothill sites in western Montana [pt.2]
by Larry Charles Munn
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF
PHILOSOPHY in Crop and Soil Science
Montana State University
© Copyright by Larry Charles Munn (1977)
Abstract:
In Part I soils at 23 sites representing 8 western Montana mountain and foothill range habitat types
were characterized and classified in accordance with Soil Taxonomy. The soils ranged from Borollic
Calcior-thids at the dry end of a moisture and soil development gradient to Pachic Cryoborolls on the
moist end. Corresponding vegetation was a Stipa comata/Bouteloua gracilis community on the dry end
and a Festuca idahoensis/Agropyron caninum community on the moist end. Soil taxonomic units and
vegetation habitat types were ordered along the moisture gradient. Multiple linear regression analysis
was used to model aboveground dry matter productivity of the sampled sites. Eighteen significant
variables were identified including thickness of the mollic epipedon, total soil organic matter, total N
content, elevation, depth to free carbonates, estimated annual precipitation, aspect, solum thickness,
summer soil temperature at 50 cm, percent coarse fragments in the A horizon, and extractable K. The
thickness of the mollic epipedon was the variable most highly correlated with productivity (r = .89**)
and the best regression model accounted for 90% of the variability in total productivity between sites
(based on 2 years’ productivity data). Soil morphological characteristics proved more useful in models
of site productivity than estimated climatic data or site nutrient data.
Part II: In a cooperative study, 61 scientists recorded over 450 observations of soil temperature in the
mountains and foothills of western Montana during the period June through October, 1976. Multiple
linear regression analysis was used to construct models for the prediction of Mean Summer Soil
Temperature and Mean Annual Soil Temperature from readily measured site factors. Factors found to
be correlated to soil temperature included site latitude, aspect, slope, elevation, and thickness of an 0
horizon if present. Different models were developed for forest and for range sites.
Application of the models in estimating soil temperature regimes (frigid vs. cryic) in the study area was
discussed along with relationships of soil temperature to site productivity. I.
RELATIONSHIPS OF SOILS TO MOUNTAIN AND FOOTHILL RANGE
HABITAT TYPES AND PRODUCTION IN WESTERN MONTANA
'
^
II.
PREDICTING SOIL-TEMPERATURE REGIMES OF MOUNTAIN AND
FOOTHILL SITES IN WESTERN MONTANA
by
LARRY CHARLES MUNN
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment
of the requirements for the degree
of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY
in
Crop and Soil Science
Approved:
Chairperson, Graduate Committee
Head, Major Department
Graduate Dean
MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITY
Bozeman, Montana.
August, 1977
ill
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to express my sincere appreciation to the following:
Dr. G. A. Nielsen for his professional guidance, enthusiasm for
soils, and friendship while serving as my major professor.
W. F. Mueggler for his close support on the two research projects
encompassed in the thesis.
The members of my graduate committee. Dr. J. M. Caprio, Dr. R. E.
Lund, Dr. E. 0. Skogley, and Dr. T. Weaver for sharing their time,
efforts and advice.
The many participants in the soil temperature cooperative study,
without whose help the project would have been impossible.
The Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah
and the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station for their generous
support under Grants and Contracts 707 and 968.
Finally, I would like to thank my parents and grandparents for
their patience and quiet support during the many years of my formal .
education.
iv
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
VITA. ........................
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ..........................
il
........
. . . . .
LIST OF TABLES.........................
LIST OF FIGURES .................' ........................ . .
ABSTRACT..........................
vi
viii
ix
RELATIONSHIPS OF SOILS TO MOUNTAIN AND FOOTHILL RANGE
HABITAT TYPES AND PRODUCTION IN WESTERN MONTANA. . . .
I
Introduction........
Research Methods. . .
Results and Discussion
Conclusion..................................................
Literature Cited.........
17
18
PART II:
co ro
PART I:
ill
PREDICTING SOIL TEMPERATURE REGIMES OF MOUNTAIN AND
FOOTHILL SITES IN WESTERN M O N T A N A ..................
21
Introduction. ........................ . . . ................
Literature Review
M e t h o d s .......................
Results and Discussion......................................
22
23
27
41-
Example Calculations of Mean Summer Soil Temperature (MSST)
53
Mean Summer Soil Temperature, Range (MSST-2). . . . . . .
Daily Summer Soil Temperature, Forested (DSST-I). . . . .
Usefulness of the Predictive Models .............
Summary
.................... . . . . . . . . . .
Literature Cited.................... ■................... .. .
53
56
62
70
71
APPENDICES........................................................ 75
Appendix I: Estimated Site. Climatic Data . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix II: Range Site Productivity Data..................
Appendix III: Soil Pedon Descriptions. .
............ . .
76
.77
78
TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd.)
Page
Appendix IV: Raw Physical and Chemical Data. ................
101
Appendix V: Correlation Matrix for Significant Regression
Variables (All Regressions)...................... ' 105
Appendix VI: Classes of Soil Temperature Regimes ............
108
Appendix VII: Montana Soil Temperature Project Participants. . H O
Appendix VIII: Raw Soil Temperature Data .................... Ill
Appendix IX: Counties Represented in the Soil Temperature
Study Data B a s e ............................ .
125
Appendix X: Deviation of 1976 Mean Monthly Air Temperatures
and Precipitation from the 30 Year Average
126
(1941-1970)..............................
vi
LIST OF TABLES
Number
I-I
Page
HABITAT TYPES AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF ASSOCIATED SOIL
PROFILES............................................ . .
4
1-2
SIGNIFICANT VARIABLESFROM PRODUCTIVITY
8
1-3
REPRESENTATIVE SITE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA........ ..
I- 4
SITE PRODUCTIVITY REGRESSION EQUATIONS............
14
II- I KEY TO SOIL TEMPERATURE DATA CODES................
30
REGRESSIONS . . .
10
11-2
KEY TO VARIABLES............................... .. . . .
31
II-3
VARIABLES SIGNIFICANTLY RELATED TO SOIL TEMPERATURE . . .
35
II-4
RANGE IN POSSIBLE VALUES OF ASPECT VARIABLES......
II-5
DATA GROUPS SUBJECTED TO MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS FOR
SOIL TEMPERATURE PREDICTION........ '.............. .
43
II-6
FIT OF SOIL TEMPERATURE PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS TO DATA BASE
44
II-7
PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS FOR DAILY SUMMER SOIL TEMPERATURE,
DSST.................................................. ...
46
II-8
40
PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS FOR DAILY OCTOBER SOIL TEMPERATURES,
. DOST...................... .................... .. . . .
47
EQUATIONS FOR PREDICTING MEAN SUMMER SOIL TEMPERATURE,
MSST.
.......................................... .. . .
. 48
II-9
II-IO EQUATIONS FOR PREDICTING MEAN ANNUAL SOIL TEMPERATURE,
MAST...................................
49
II-Il DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL TEMPERATURE DATA BY MONTH AND
VEGETATION TYPE .....................
51
11-12
DATA FOR EXAMPLE MEAN SUMMER SOIL TEMPERATURE CALCULATION
• 54
vi-i
LIST OF TABLES (cont’d.)
Number
Page
11-13 DATA FOR EXAMPLE DAILY SUMMER SOIL TEMPERATURE CALCU­
LATIONS, DSST
...............................
55
•11-14 COMPARISON OF PREDICTED MEAN ANNUAL SOIL TEMPERATURE
(MAST) AND MEAN SUMMER SOIL TEMPERATURE (MSST) WITH
OBSERVED VALUES, BANGTAIL
STUDY AREA,MONTANA, 1970 . . .
61
11-15
RANGE OF
SITEPHYSICALCHARACTERISTICS.................
11-16 MODELS FOR PREDICTING FORB AND TOTAL. PRODUCTIVITY OF
MOUNTAIN GRASSLANDS IN WESTERN MONTANA, BASED ON SOIL
TEMPERATURE .............................
63
69
viii
LIST OF FIGURES
Number
I-I
1-2
1-3
Page
Map of Montana Showing Study Area (West of Heavy Line)
and Sample Sites (Blocks with Numbers)........ ..........
5
Representative Soil Profiles. T Denotes Soil Temperature
Recorded at 50 cm When Sampled in August. % OM is Per­
cent Organic Matter in Fine Earth Fraction............ .
9
Generalized Relationships of Soil Characteristics and
Range Habitat Types. Included with Mollic Epipedons in
this Study were Epipedons of Three Aridisols and an Alfisol
Which Meet the Color, Organic Carbon, and Consistency
Requirements for a Mollic Epipedon but not the Thickness
Requirement.......................................... ..
11
II-I
Soil Temperature Data Collection F o r m ..................
28
II-2
Corrected Date Variables— Effect of Assumed Temperature
Maxima Date on Daily Summer Soil Temperature.......... ..
34
Aspect Corrections. Corrected Aspect Equals Minor Angle
from Reference Aspect (North or Northeast)..............
39
II-4
Effect of Elevation on Mean Annual Soil Temperature, MAST
59
II-5
Effect of Elevation on Mean Summer Soil Temperature, MSST
60
II-6
Effect of Aspect on Mean Annual Soil Temperature, MAST. .
65
II-7
Effect of Aspect on Mean Summer Soil Temperature, MSST. .
66
II-3
II-8
Daily Summer Soil Temperature (DSST) vs. D a t e ..........
I
4
\
67
ix
ABSTRACT
In Part I soils at 23 sites representing 8 western Montana mountain
and foothill range habitat types were characterized and classified in
accordance with Soil Taxonomy. The soils ranged from Borollic Calciorthids at the dry end of a moisture and soil development gradient to
Pachic Cryoborolls on the moist end. Corresponding vegetation was a
Stipa comata/Bouteloua gracilis community on the dry end and a Festuca
idahoensis/Agropyron caninum community on the moist end. Soil taxonomic
units and vegetation habitat types were ordered along the moisture
gradient. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to model above­
ground dry matter productivity of the sampled sites. Eighteen signi­
ficant variables were identified including thickness of the mollic
epipedon, total soil organic matter, total N content, elevation, depth
to free carbonates, estimated annual precipitation, aspect, solum thick­
ness, summer soil temperature at 50 cm, percent coarse fragments in
the A horizon, and extractable K. The thickness of the mollic epipedon
was the variable most highly correlated with productivity (r = .89**)
and the best regression model accounted for 90% of the variability in
total productivity between sites (based on 2 years’ productivity data).
Soil morphological characteristics proved more useful in models of
site productivity than estimated climatic data or site nutrient data.
Part II: In a cooperative study, 61 scientists recorded over 450
observations of soil temperature in the mountains and foothills of
western Montana during the period June through October, 1976. Multiple
linear regression analysis was used to construct models for the predic­
tion of Mean.Summer Soil Temperature and Mean Annual Soil Temperature
from readily measured site factors. Factors found to be correlated to
soil temperature included site latitude, aspect, slope, elevation, and
thickness of an O horizon if present. Different models were developed
for forest and for range sites.
Application of the models in estimating soil temperature regimes
(frigid vs. cryic) in the study area was discussed along with relation­
ships of soil temperature to site productivity.
PART I
RELATIONSHIPS OF SOILS TO MOUNTAIN AND FOOTHILL RANGE
HABITAT TYPES AND PRODUCTION IN WESTERN MONTANA
2
INTRODUCTION
Wildland managers are seeking better ways to categorize land units
based upon (I) the land's capability to produce such resources as wood,
forage, and wildlife, and (2) response to management practices.
The
habitat type concept (8) is. gaining acceptance as a useful approach to
such classification.
A habitat type includes all portions of the
landscape that support, or are capable of supporting, the same kind of
relatively stable plant community.
Thus, land units within a habitat
type have similar environments and biotic potentials, and can be
expected to respond similarly to disturbance.
Where native vegetation
has been altered severely (e.g. by overgrazing), knowledge of soil
properties associated with various habitat types should be useful in
determining the habitat type.
In fact, soil and climatic character­
istics may be the only predictors of habitat type available on such
sites.
This paper reports an investigation of relationships between soils
and mountain and foothill range habitat types defined by Mueggler and
Handl (11) for western Montana,
Emphasis was on the current system of
soil classification reported in Soil Taxonomy (14) and prediction of
vegetation productivity.
3
RESEARCH METHODS
Eight of the most important rangeland habitat types in western
Montana were selected for study.
Importance was based upon estimated
acres occupied and potential forage production.
Detailed soil profile
descriptions, laboratory characterizations, and vegetation productivity
were made for 23 sites.
Sites were deliberately selected to span the
range in productivity, and consequently probable extremes in soil
properties, within a habitat type.
This was done to encompass maximum
variation with a minimum of sampling effort.
Much less variation in
soils and productivity probably would be encountered by a random selec­
tion of the same number of sites.
The habitat types sampled and
number of sites examined in each are shown in Table I-I.
Distribution
of the sites is shown in Figure I-I.
At each site, a sampling pit was located adjacent to the clipped
plots used by the Forest Service for the measurement of site produc­
tivity.
The sampling pit locations were chosen to represent the topo­
graphic features (e.g. slope, aspect, etc.) of the clipped plots.
The
pits were dug to a depth of approximately 150 cm, or to an obstruction
impenetrable to pick and shovel.
The C horizon was reached in all
pits and most of the pits extended below the active root zone.
Soil profile descriptions were prepared using the guidelines of
the Soil Survey Manual (15) and were recorded and processed using the
TABLE 1-1.
Habitat
Type-12
-
HABITAT TYPES AND CLASSIFICATIONS OF ASSOCIATED SOIL PROFILES.
Sites.
Soil Subgroups
Soil Families
Estimated Soil Climatic Regimes
Moisture
Temperature
STCO/
BOGR
102
358
180
Borollic Calciorthid
Borollic Calciorthid
Borollic Calciorthid
fine-loamy over sandy
fine-loamy
fine-loamy
aridic
aridic
ustic^
frigid
frigid
frigid
AGSP /
BOGR1"-
009
179'
149 -
Entic Haploboroll
Typic Arglboroll
Typic Argiboroll
coarse-loamy
fine-loamy
loamy-skeletal
aridic
aridic3
ustic
frigid
frigid
frigid
AGSP /
AGSM
248
083
Entic Haploboroll
Entic Haploboroll
loamy-skeletal
coarse-loamy^
ustic
aridic
frigid
frigid
FESC/
AGSP
232
Vertic Argiboroll
Entic Haploboroll
fine
fine-loamy
ustic
aridic
frigid
frigid
105
027
028
Typic Haploboroll
Typic Cryoboroll
Calcic Cryoboroll
Calcic Cryoboroll
coarse-loamy
coarse-loamy
clayey-skeletal
fine
ustic
ustic
ustic
ustic
frigid
cryic
cryic
cryic
ARTR/
FEID
272
140
046
Typic Cryoboralf
Pachie Cryoboroll
Pachic Cryoboroll
clayey-skeletal
coarse-loamy
fine-loamy
ustic
ustic
ustic
cryic
cryic
cryic
FESC/
FEID.
208
304
372
Argic Pachic Cryoboroll fine-loamy
Calcic Pachic Cryoboroll fine-loamy^*
Calcic Pachic Cryoboroll loamy-skeletal
ustic
ustic
ustic
cryic
cryic
cryic
FEID/
AGCA
125
056
041
Argic Cryoboroll
Argic Pachic Cryoboroll
Pachie Cryoboroll
ustic
ustic
ustic
cryic
cryic
cryic
FEID/
AGSP
coarse-loamy5
fine
fine-loamy
^Key to habitat type.codes: STCO— Stipa comata (Needle and Thread) ; BOGR— Bouteloua gracilis
(Blue grama); AGSP— Agropyron spicatum (Bluebunch wheatgrass); AGSM— Agropyron smithii
(Western wheatgrass); FESC— Festuca scabrella (Rough fescue); FEID— Festuca idahoensis (Idaho
fescue); ARTR— Artemisia tridentata (Big sagebrush); and AGCA— Agropyron caninum (Intermediate
wheatgrass).
2Borderline aridic.
3Borderline ustic.
^Borderline fine-loamy.
5Borderline loamy-skeletal
■
356
S W X r FALLS
Figure I-I. Map of Montana Showing Study Area (West of Heavy Line) and Sample Sites
(Blocks with Numbers).
6
Montana Automatic Data Processing (ADP) System (9).
Coarse fragments
of less than 25 cm in diameter were weighed and converted to percent .
3
by volume using 2.65 g/cm as the bulk density of the coarse fragments.
A visual estimate was made of percent coarse fragments greater than
25 cm diameter.
Bulk density was measured for each horizon, except
where prohibited by excessive coarse fragments, by the sand backfill
method (I).
Soil samples (of approximately 4 liters) were collected for each '
horizon in the profile, sampling from all sides of the pit.
These
samples were screened in the field to remove coarse fragments greater
than 2 cm and stored in plastic bags for delivery to the laboratory.
In the laboratory the samples were air-dried, crushed in a flail type
mill, and screened to remove the greater than 2 mm fraction.
The fine
earth fraction was then subsampled and analyzed for texture (2), soluble
cations and pH of the saturated paste (16), cation exchange capacity by
ammonium saturation (7), and nutrient status including extractable Ca,
Mg., Na, and K (6), modified Bray P (13), organic matter (12), and
total nitrogen (only for A horizons and for B horizons which were part
of a mollic epipedon) (3).
Approximations of plant available (1/3
bar minus 15 bar) water were obtained using the following equations
developed by Decker (10) for Montana soils:
+0.6
(% organic matter) + 0.3 x (% clay).
x 15 bar water.
Percent 15 bar water = 2
Percent 1/3 bar water = 2
7
Soil temperature and moisture regimes of the soils were estimated
by Shelby Brownfield, SCS State Soils Correlator in Montana, based upon
experience in other areas, of Montana and one early August measurement
of summer soil temperature for each site.
Frost-free season, annual
precipitation, and potential evapotranspiration for each site were
estimated from maps (4, 5).
Estimated climatic data are presented in
Appendix I.
Dry matter productivity modeling was based on 2 years of clippedplot data (1974 and 1975) provided by the U. S . Forest Service
(Appendix II).
Independent variables tried in the multiple regression
analysis were those listed in Table 1-2 as well as soluble and exchange­
able cations (kg/ha), maximum bulk density and cation exchange capacity
in the solum, average percent clay in A and B horizons, and average
percent coarse fragments in B and C horizons.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Representative soil profiles are shown in Figure 1-2 and associ­
ated soil physical and chemical properties for each of the habitat types
are given in Table 1-3.
Figure 1-3 shows the generalized relationships
between soil characteristics and the habitat types.
Soil pedon des­
criptions for the 23 sites are given in Appendix III, and raw physical
and chemical data for each profile are given in Appendix IV.
8
TABLE 1-2.
Regression
SIGNIFICANT VARIABLES FROM PRODUCTIVITY REGRESSIONS.
Variable ■
Total
productivity
Elevation (m)
Soil temperature, summer @ 50 cm (0C)
Frost-free season (da)
Corrected aspect (degrees)
A horizon thickness (cm)
Organic matter, A horizon (%)
Precipitation (cm/year)
Organic matter, A horizon (kg/ha)
Organic matter, total (kg/ha)
Total nitrogen, A horizon (kg/ha)
Coarse fragments, A horizon (%)
Solum thickness (cm)
Extractable K (kg/ha)
Estimated available HgO (cm)
Thickness of mollic epipedon (cm)
Depth to free CaCOo (cm)
i
PET - (precipitation + est. avail. HgO)
Grass
productivity
Organic matter, A horizon (kg/ha)
Organic matter, total (kg/ha)
Total nitrogen, A horizon (kg/ha)
Solum thickness (cm)
Extractable K (kg/ha)
Thickness of mollic epipedon (cm)
Forb
productivity
Elevation (m)
Soil temperature @ 50 cm (0C)
Frost-free season (da)
A horizon thickness (cm)
Organic matter, A horizon (%)
Precipitation (cm/year)
Organic matter, A horizon (kg/ha)
Organic matter, total (kg/ha)
Total nitrogen, A horizon (kg/ha)
Coarse fragments, A horizon (%)
Solum thickness (cm)
Potential evapotranspiration (cm/year)
Thickness of mollic epipedon (cm)
Depth to free CaCO^ (cm)
*, **:
I
Simple
Correlation
.56
-.62
-.55
r .43
.73
.43
.59
.87)
.86'
.75
-.46
.64
/ .53 ■
.54
.89
-71
-.67 .
.53
.56
.45 '
.42
.44
.60
.74
-.76
-.69
.65
.53
.46
.70
.69
■ .63
-.47
.50
-.61
.66
.62
F
Ratio
9.6**
13.2**
9.2**
4.7*
24.0**
4.9*
11.3**
66.0**
58.2**
27.6**
5.6*
14.2**
' 8.1*
.8.7*
80.8**
20.8**
17.6**
8.0**
9.5**
5.4*
4.5*
5.1*
11.9**
24.8**
■ 29.3**
18.8**
15.7**
8.1**
5.7*
20.2**
18.6**
■
13.6**
5.9* '
7.0*
12.5**
15.8**
. 12.7**
Significant at the 0.05 and 0.01 levels, respectively.
Potential evapotranspiration minus the sum of the estimated annual
precipitation gnd estimated available water storage capacity of the
solum.
9
FESC/AG SP SITE 0 8 7
FEID/AGCA SITE 041
A R T R /F E ID SITE
140
S T C 0 /B 0 G 8 SITE 3 5 8
pH % om
p H % om
75
20
76
I 3
75
08
80
0 .4
79
0 .3
(cm )
C 2co
ENTIC HAPLOBOROLL
F IN E -LO A M Y , ARIDIC
BOROLLIC C ALCIO RTHIO
FINE - LOAMY, ARIDIC
Figure 1-2.
PACHIC CRYOBOROLL
COARSE - LOAMY, USTIC
No Lim e
ACHIC CRYOBOROLt
INE-LO AM Y, USTIC
Representative Soil Profiles. T Denotes Soil Tempera­
ture Recorded at 50 cm When Sampled in August. % OM
is Percent Organic Matter in Fine Earth Fraction.
TABLE II-3.
REPRESENTATIVE SITE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL DATA.
_____
Habitat
Type
Site
No.
Production
Aspect
Slope
(kg/ha) (degrees) (I)
Elevation
(»)
Thickness
A
Horizon Solum
Coarse
Fragments
Horizon
A
B
C
— (cm)-—
Nutrients in Solu=
Total
Extractable
N
Ca
K
Na
Mg
--(«■—
P
-(kg/ha)-
— (1000 kg/ha)-
Organic
Matter
A
Horizon Solum
-(1000 kg/ha)-
Water
tion1
Mollic Epipedon
ThickC:N
Ratio
(cm)
(cm)
Depth
CaCOj
(cm)
STCOZ
BOGR
358
950
48
12
1,150
12
40
I
I
3
0.9
33.4
2.6
0.9
160
15
37
80
4.5
122
23:1
0
AGSP/
BOCR
179
1,010
63
I
1,360
11
48
26
7
38
0.6
48.2
2.3
1.4
150
35
38
126
7.0
26
35:1
48
AGSP/
AGSM
248
1,020
145
36
1,380
31
31
29
—
57
1.7
8.9
0.4
0.5
60
40
63
63
3.0
21
22:1
21
FESC /
AGSP
087
1,060
171
4
1,590
26
26
23
—
21
2.7
9.3
0.6
0.4
10
40
87
87
2.8
26
19:1
26
FE ID/
ACSP
028
1,350
348
12
2,230
28
51
8
16
20
3.4
51.3
2.0
1.4
40
10
127
182
5.4
28
22:1
28
ARTR /
FEID
140
1,200
57
19
2,090
40
40
15
—
18
2.2
7.3
1.0
1.0
20
40
116
116
3.4
40
31:1
91
FEID/
FESC
372
1,620
197
19
2,160
29
73
15
34
45
5.3
40.7
1.1
1.0
20
168
252
5.1
57
19:1
57
FEID/
AGCA
041
2,050
95
7
2,170
51
99
2
28
32
4.5
17.8
2.4
3.4
90
209
250
8.7
83
27:1
140
^Calculated for solum using equation:
90
0
Plant available water (Z) = 2 + 0.6 x (Z organic matter) + 0.3 x (Z clay).
^This eplpedon meets the color, organic carbon, and consistency requirements for a mollic epipedon, but not the thickness requirement.
1600
A nnual
P ro d u c tiv ity
0 1400
1 1200
5*1000
800
600
BOROLLIC h - ~
CALClORTHlDS
—
TYPlC
TYPIC
CALCIC---------- FACSiC ~
CALClC-PACHlC-ARGlC-PACHlC
\<--------------^ G I B O ^ T s ^ ------------------ -------------------------------------- CRYO BO R O LLS------------------------ > |
0
Thickness o f
M ollic Epipedon
30
E 60
o
D ep th to CaCO^
90
120
M O IS T U R E G R A D IE N T
D R Y --------------------------------------> M O IS T
A
STC O/BOGR
Figure 1-3.
A
A 6 S P /B 0 GR
A
AGSP/AGSM
A
A
A
A
FESC/AGSP
FE ID /A G S P
A R T R /F E IO
F E S C /F E ID
A
FE ID /AG C A
Generalized Relationships of Soil Characteristics and Range Habitat Types.
Included with Mollic Epipedons in this Study were Epipedons of Three
Aridisols and an Alfisol which Meet the Color, Organic Carbon, and Con­
sistency Requirements for a Mollic Epipedon but not the Thickness
Requirement.
12
The habitat types and soil taxonomic units of sampled sites
(Table 1-1) were related along moisture and soil development gradients.
A perfect relationship between habitat types and soil taxonomic units
was not found; several thxonomic units occurred within more than one
habitat type and most of the habitat types had at least two soil
taxonomic units represented in the sampled sites.
This was probably
due to variability allowed within soil taxonomic units in the classifi­
cation system, to the range of site moisture and productivity which
occurs within habitat types, and to the wide variation in soil and
climatic characteristics which interact to determine the natural vege-?
tation at a site.
Even though the study did not link specific soil
3 ^
taxonomic units with each habitat type, it does give an indication of
the kinds of soils associated with the various habitat types and the
influence of soil moisture upon both the present vegetation and soil
profile.
The STCO/BOGR habitat type is associated with dry calcareous
soils; all three sites are Borollic Calciorthids.
The AGSP/BOGR
habitat type reflects more moist conditions and the soils associated
with this type are Mollisols.
The remaining habitat types are associ­
ated with Mol.lisols, except for one sagebrush site (ARTR/FEID) where
the soil is an Alfisol.
Mollisols reflect increased moisture condi­
tions through thickening of the mollic epipedon, increased organic
matter content, and increased depth to free carbonates.
The association
13
of Festuca idahoensis with cryic temperature regimes (only I of the 13
FEID plots had the warmer frigid regime) is probably significant.
Four productivity regressions are given in Table 1-4.
The first
equation uses the single variable most highly correlated with site pro­
ductivity, thickness of the moIlic epipedon.
The second provides
greater reduction in the standard error of the prediction but requires
a larger number of variables.
Included with mollic epipedons in this
study were epipedons of three Aridisols and an Alfisol which meet the
color, organic carbon, and consistency requirements defined in Soil
Taxonomy (14) but not the thickness requirement for a mollic epipedon.
Although the sample size was relatively small (23 sites), the regres­
sions were statistically significant at the P = .05 level.
The pre­
dictive equations are biologically meaningful, and should be useful.
Table 1-2 lists factors correlated with site productivity.
The
factor most highly correlated with site total productivity was thick­
ness of the mollic epipedon (r = .89**).
This measurement is much
easier to obtain than any of the other highly correlated variables,
such as total organic matter content (r = .86**); A-horizon.organic
matter content (r = .87**); and total nitrogen (r = .75**) which
require laboratory analysis.
Thickness of mollic epipedon is related
to many soil and site (microclimate) factors which influence soil
TABLE 1-4.
SITE PRODUCTIVITY REGRESSION EQUATIONS.
Dependent Variable
Productivity (P)
Equation
Multiple
R^
kg/ha
Standard
Error
kg/ha
Total
P = 533.228 + 18.068 [thickness of mollic epipedon (cm)]
.79
228
Total
P = 624.089 - 9.272 [thickness of mollic epipedon (cm)]
- 1.761 [corrected aspect (°)] - 0.004 [extractable
Ca (kg/ha)] + 0.004 [total organic matter (kg/ha)]
.90
171
P = 1103.731 - 162.382 [% organic matter - B horizon]
+ 9.759 [% coarse fragments - A horizon] - 0.927
[elevation (m)] - 0.125 [extractable K (kg/ha)]
+ 0.010 [total organic matter (kg/ha)]
.78
201
P = -330.022 + 4.745 [% coarse fragments - C horizon]
■ - 16.731 [% coarse fragments - A horizon] + 0.511
[elevation (m)]
.76
169
Grass
Forb
15
moisture regime and determine the composition and productivity of vege­
tation on a site.
Many of the factors listed in Table 1-2 are related to soil mois­
ture including elevation, precipitation, soil temperature, frost-free
season (the sites with longer frost-free seasons are at low elevations
with less precipitation and warmer soil temperature), solum thickness,
potential evapotranspiration, estimated available soil moisture, and
coarse fragment content of the A horizon.
The higher, cooler sites
tended to have higher organic matter content and thicker A horizons and
solums, both factors which would contribute to increased availability
of soil moisture.
A correlation matrix for the independent variables
used in.the productivity regressions is given in Appendix V.
The estimated available water storage capacity of the soil, as
calculated with the. Decker equation, is significant in the regression.
This suggests that high forage productivity is dependent on the avail­
able moisture storage capacity of the soil; however, this could also
reflect the strong dependency on organic matter content in the Decker
equation.
The corrected aspect is significant, in regression with
total productivity and this might also be related to more favorable
moisture conditions on cooler (NE) aspects.
The correlation with
nitrogen could be both a nutrient and a moisture related phenomenon
(increased organic matter with corresponding increased nitrogen on
moist sites).
16
Forb productivity is correlated with elevation (r =+.74**) and
summer soil temperature at 50 cm (r =-.76**).
The positive and nega­
tive correlations respectively for these two variables suggest that
their correlation to forb productivity is due to moisture relationships
since, with adequate moisture, productivity would be expected to
decrease with increasing elevation (and shorter frost-free season) and
increase with increasing soil temperature.
The negative correlation
of frost-free season length to both total (r = -%55**) and forb (r =
1
69**) productivity supports the concept of the overriding influence
of the moisture regime to site productivity.
Grass productivity was correlated with fewer of the variables
measured during the study and the correlations were generally weaker
than correlations with total and forb productivity (Table 1-2).
Site nutrient status is based on the solum horizons (A, B, and AC)
since this portion of the profile has been significantly affected by
biotic activity and is the major source of water and nutrients for
plants.
Some roots did occur in the C horizons of most sites.
ents in the solum provided larger
Nutri­
values in productivity regressions
than nutrients in the entire profile or in the upper 50 cm of the
profile.
Regressions based on extractable (soluble plus exchangeable)
nutrient, cations provided larger R
2
values than regressions based on
soluble or exchangeable cations alone.
17
• Extractable P , which varied widely between plots, was not signifi­
cantly related to site productivity.
Of the extractable cations only
potassium was directly related to site productivity (total and grass
productivity).
The amount of plant available potassium (measured as
extractable K) is a function of the moisture, clay mineralogy, and
nutrient cycling characteristics of the sites.
Estimated climatic characteristics of the sites, while signifi­
cantly related to total and forb productivity, did not have high partial
correlations.
It is felt that actual seasonal climatic data for each
site would have greatly increased the accuracy of the predictive models.
A paired-t test indicated that total site productivity in 1976 was
significantly greater (P = 0.05) than 1975. productivity.
In most of
the areas sampled, 1975 was a "wet" year with higher than normal summer
precipitation.
Site specific climatic data for mountain and foothill
range sites are difficult and expensive to obtain.
The use of mollic
epipedon thickness as a morphological integrator of site microclimate
is a practical approach to estimating site productivity.
CONCLUSION
Range habitat types and soil taxonomic units were related along
moisture and soil development gradients.
Site and soil characteristics
were good predictors of range site productivity.
Soil morphological
characteristics proved more useful in models of site productivity than .
estimated climatic data or site nutrient data.
LITERATURE CITED
19
1.
Blake, G. R. 1965. Bulk density, pp. 374-389. In C. A. Black
(ed.) Methods of Soil analysis. Agron. No. 9, Part I, Am. Soc.
of Agron., Madison, Wise., 770 pp.
2.
Bouyoucos, G. J. 1939. Directions for making mechanical analyses
of soils by the hydrometer method.
Soil Sci. 42:225-229.
3.
Bremner, J. M. 1965. Total nitrogen, pp. .1149-1178. In C. A.
Black (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Agron. No. 9, Part 2, Am.
Soc. of Agron., Madison, Wise., 802 pp.
4.
Caprio, J. M. 1973. Preliminary estimate of average annual poten­
tial evapotranspiration in inches. Montana Agric. Expt. Stn.,
Bozeman.
5.
_________ . 1965. Montana average length of freeze-free season.
Montana Cooperative Extension Service Folder No. 823, Bozeman.
6.
Chapman, H. D. 1965a. Total exchangeable bases, pp. 902-904. In
C. A. Black (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Agron. No. 9, Part 2,
Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, Wise., 802 pp.
7.
____ .
1965b. Cation-exchange capacity, pp. 891-901. In
C. A. Black (ed.) Methods of soil analysis. Agron. No. 9, Part 2,
Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, Wise., 802 pp.
8.
Daubenmire, R. 1968. Plant communities: A textbook of plant
synecology. Harper and Row, New York. 300 pp.
9.
Decker, G. L., G. A. Nielsen, and J. W. Rogers. 1975.
automated data processing system for soil inventories.
Agric. Expt. Stn. Res. Rpt. No. 89, Bozeman. 77 pp.
The Montana
Montana
10.
Decker, G. L. 1972. Automatic retrieval and analysis of soil
characterization data. Ph.D. dissertation. Montana State Univer­
sity, Bozeman [libr. Cong. Card No. Mic. 73-10949]. University
Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich. (Diss. Abst. Inti. No. 33/11).
11.
Mueggler, W. F., and W. P . Handl. 1974. Mountain grassland and
shrubland habitat types of western Montana. USDA Forest Service
Intermtn. Forest and Range Expt. Stn., and Region One. 89 pp.
12.
Sims, J. R., and V. A. Haby. 1971. Simplified colorimetric
determination of soil organic matter. Soil Sci. 112:137-141.
20
13.
Smith, F. W., B. G. Ellis,
fluoride solutions for the
in clacareous soils and in
been added. Soil Sci. Am.
and J. Grava. 1957. Use of acidextraction of available phosphorus
soils to which rock phosphate has
Proc. 21:400-404.
14.
Soil Survey Staff. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil,
classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. USDA
Hndbk. No. 436. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing
Office. 754 pp.
15.
_________ . 1951. Soil survey manual. USDA Hndbk. No. 18.
Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office. .503 pp.
16.
U. S. Salinity Laboratory Staff. 1954. Determination of the
properties of saline and alkalai soils, pp. 7-33. Jn L . A.
Richards (ed.) Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkalai
soils. USDA Hndbk. No. 60. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government
Printing Office. 160 pp.
PART II
PREDICTING SOIL TEMPERATURE REGIMES OF MOUNTAIN AND
FOOTHILL SITES IN WESTERN MONTANA
22
INTRODUCTION
The temperature of a soil is one of its most important properties
(20).
Soil temperature is a controlling factor of vegetation growth
(17) and soil development (20).
Each soil pedon has a characteristic
temperature regime that can be measured.
However, because a series of
measurements over a period of time are required to adequately charac­
terize soil temperature regimes (20), temperature measurements are
often neglected in routine collection of soil data and profile descrip­
tion.
Relatively little data exist on the temperature regimes of moun­
tain and foothill soils under natural vegetation in western Montana (10).
A major problem in soil classification in this region is the separation
of soils with cryic and frigid soil temperature regimes in western
I
Montana and frigid and mesic soils in eastern Montana.
Such knowledge
is required for proper classification at the suborder and great group
levels of Soil Taxonomy (20).
Soil temperature affects the growth of agronomic crops (17) and
the distribution of natural vegetation (I, 16).
In an earlier study of
range soils in western Montana, the authors reported a strong negative
correlation between summer soil temperature and site productivity (12).
^Shelby Brownfield, SCS/USDA Soils Correlator, personal communica­
tion; and Harold Hunter, SCS/USDA, Forest Soil Scientist, personal
communication.
23
Carleton et aJL. (5) reported strong relationships between vegetation
types in the mountains of New Mexico and soil temperature and moisture
regimes.
General correlations between forest vegetation and soils have
been noted in Montana and used as guidelines in soil mapping.
2
The purpose of this study was to investigate the various factors
related to, or correlated with, summer soil temperatures of soils under
natural vegetation in western Montana.
A major objective of the study
was to develop predictive models, for the estimation of summer soil
temperature regimes using regression analysis and other statistical
techniques.
Because of the shortage of weather stations in western.Montana and
the wide range of environmental gradients which occur there, an attempt
was made to develop predictive models for summer soil temperature based
on easily measured site characteristics.
A further objective of this paper is to consider use of the soil
temperature predictive models to evaluate site productivity and vegetational composition of wildland sites.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Smith j2 t al. (18) provide a comprehensive discussion of soil
temperature; this material was condensed to form the bulk of the treat­
ment of soil temperature regimes in Soil Taxonomy (20).
In Soil
Taxonomy, the Soil Survey Staff suggest methods for predicting mean
2Ibid.
24
annual soil temperature (MAST) and mean summer soil temperature (MSST)
from air temperatures or from ground water temperature (for MAST).
Arkley predicted MAST based on a single temperature measurement at
50 cm soil depth in mid-April or mid-October (3).
10 western states including Montana.
His data were from
Other models for predicting MAST
were based on a number of environmental (climatic and site) variables.
He reported standard errors (S.E.y) of 1.0 to 1.7°C for a series of
equations for predicting MAST in Montana and Wyoming.
Chiang and Baker (6) reported methods to approximate the daily
rhyzosphere (0-20 cm soil depth), mean temperature from limited soil
temperature measurements.
They emphasize the paucity of soil tempera­
ture data regularly collected by weather stations in the United States.
Unpublished work at Montana State University by Buchanan
provides a detailed comparison of soil temperatures under meadow and
forest vegetation for a series of transects in the Bridget Mountains
northeast of Bozeman, Montana.
His data showed significantly warmer
summer soil, temperatures under meadow vegetation as compared to adjacent
spruce-fir forest.
1
Munn, Nielsen, and Mueggler (12) reported correlations between an
early August soil temperature reading (at 50 cm soil.depth) and total
productivity (r = -.62**) and forb productivity (r = -.76**) of native
rangelands in western-Montana.
They attributed these, correlations
primarily to moisture relationships— the cooler sites at higher eleva­
25
tions (r=- .75**) having increased precipitation (r = -.63**) and
reduced potential evapotranspiration (r = .85**).
Nimlos (14) provides data for soil temperature regimes of some
soils under natural vegetation in the Lumbrect Experimental Forest in
western Montana.
He reported finding a general relationship between
the summer temperature of well-drained soils and the associated plant
ecology.
He also reported observing significant discrepancies between
MAST as calculated from four evenly spaced measurements as prescribed
in Soil Taxonomy (20) and MAST calculated from weekly or monthly readings
for the soils studied.
Nimlos also attributed much of the correlation
between soil temperature and vegetation to the relationships between
soil temperature and soil moisture.
Nlmlos, McConnell, and Pattie (15) provide temperature data for
alpine soils in Montana.
These data are of interest in illustrating
the effects of elevation on soil temperature, but the alpine zone is
above the elevation limits in the present study.
Mueggler (10) provides data from intensive monitoring of four
mountain grassland sites in southwestern Montana.
His data show maxi­
mum temperature at 50 cm soil depth to occur between the last week of
July and the first week of August.
His study allows a detailed
analysis of the interaction between soil temperatures and site specific
climatic factors.
He also documents the problems inherent in extrapo­
lating valley weather station climatic data to mountain sites.
26
Daubenmire (7) provides soil temperature data for eight habitat
types in the eastern Washington steppes as well as soil moisture data.
He hypothesizes that the distribution of vegetation is better explained
by observed soil moisture and temperature differences than by soil
chemical or morphological properties.
Haigh (personal communication, 1977) reports the use of the presence
of Festuca idahoensis as a major component of the grassland plant.
community as a criterion'for determining the lower boundary of the cryic
soil
3
temperature regime in mapping soils of the Madison Valley,
Montana.
Haigh is party chief for the Madison County soil survey
currently in progress by the Soil Conservation Service, USDA.
McDole and Fosberg (8, 9) reported temperatures from southeastern
Idaho soils.
They found soils with MAST of less than 8°C occurred
only above 1,830 m or under poorly drained conditions.
They also
reported that MAST of soils in their study area were generally 2.5 to
3°C warmer than mean annual air temperature.
Farther from the study area, Carle.ton, Young, and Taylor (5)
reported good correlation between vegetation typds in the mountains of
New Mexico and soil temperature and moisture regimes.
Their study,
spanned a range from warm, dry pinon-.juniper woodland (mesic soil .
temperature regime) to alpine vegetation (pergelic soil temperature
3
See Appendix VI for definitions of soil temperature regimes. .
27
regime).
Their data show the influence of elevation and aspect oh soil
temperature.
The brevity of this section is a reflection of the scarcity of
literature available reporting soil temperatures for soils under natural
vegetation in the northern Rockies and for literature concerned with
the prediction of soil temperatures from site specific data.
METHODS
A cooperative project was initiated involving 6I people most of
whom were professional soil scientists from agencies currently engaged
in field soil studies (Appendix VII).
Coordination and support for the
cooperative program were received from both the U. S. Forest Service
Region I soils personnel (E. Richlen, coordinating) and the Soil Conser­
vation Service (J. Rogers, coordinating).
July 20, 1976 was designated Montana Soil Temperature Day after
the soil temperature day concept of Arkley (3).
Participants in the
project were asked to collect at least one set of data from their area
and were encouraged to collect Several.
It was emphasized that several
sets of data from sites representative of their area wopld greatly
enhance the accuracy of the final predictive models for their use.
Multiple copies of a data form. (Figure II-I) and a glass thermom­
eter that had been checked for accuracy by immersion in water, were
sent to each participant.
The participants were asked to sample sites
which represented the range of elevations and vegetation types.in their
28
Collected by_
Date collected
JSoll Temp. @ 50 cm (20 In.)
(°F, 0C)
Site location (legal description or map)_
County__________________________________
Elevation ______________________________
(feet, meters)
Aspect _____ .___________________________
(degrees or compass points)
Slope___________________________________
_(%, degrees)
'
Vegetation type or crop_
Vegetation cover by overstory
0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80-100 (%)
Vegetation cover by understory
Drainage:
1
2
3
4
5
-
See pp. 169-172 of the Soil Survey Manual.
6
7
8
9
very poorly
poorly
somewhat poorly
moderately well
well
Slope shape
0-20, 20-40, 40-60, 60-80, 80-100 (%)
-
somewhat excessively
excessively
altered, drained
altered, wetted (by irrigation)
_________________ (plane, concave, convex, irregular)
0 horizon present
Yes
No
Thickness________________ (inches, cm)
Comments______________________________________________________________
Estimated textural class of fine earth (< 2 mm dia.) sandy loam, loam,
silt loam, clay loam, clay, etc.
Estimated rock fragments (> 2 mm dia.) _______ |
_______ (% by volume)
Estimated depth to bedrock_________________________
(inches,, cm)
Have you circled the correct units of measure above?
Comments
Figure II-I.
______________ ;
_______________ ■
__________
Soil Temperature Data Collection Form.
29
areas and to emphasize contrasts, e.g. forest vs. grassland, north
aspect vs. south aspect, clearcut vs. mature stand, etc.
Data requested on the form were thought to be correlated with soil
temperature and could be easily collected in the field by people with
some knowledge of soils.
In addition to observations on the July 20 date, participants
were asked to take soil temperatures and.complete the data form for
any soil pits they opened during the course of their summer’s fieldwork,
and were encouraged to collect one or several sets of temperature data
in mid-October to permit calculation of MAST based on Arkley's model.^ .
Data received from the participants were encoded for statistical
analysis.
Indicator variables were used to encode such data as
textural class, drainage class, percent cover by overstory,and under­
story, etc. (Thble II-I-).
.A list of variables used in regression
analysis of the data is given in Table II-2.
A solar radiation
variable was calculated for each site using the equation for instan­
taneous radiation, I:
I = I p1/s:Ln Asin 0
O
where:
(19)
sin A = sin (latitude) sin (solar declination) + cos (latitude)
x cos (solar declination) cos (solar hour angle),
SlAST (°C) = 4.01 + 0.439 [mid-October Soil Temperature (°C) at
50 cm], r = 0.944, S.E.y = 1.21.
30
TABLE II-I.
KEY TO SOIL TEMPERATURE DATA CODES„
Vegetation Code:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
-
Bare (no vegetation)
Grass and forbs
Grass, forbs, and shrubs
Crops
Trees and grass
Deciduous.trees (forest)
Coniferous trees (forest with forb understory)
Cover Class Code:
Overstory & Understory—
1
2
3
4
5
-
0-20% cover
20-40% cover
40-60% cover
60-80% cover
80-100% cover
Slope Shape Code:
1
2
3
4
-
Convex
Plane
Irregular
Concave
Textural Class Code:
1
2
3
4
5
6
-
Sand
Loamy sand
Sandy.loam
Loam
Silt loam
Sandy clay loam
7
8
9
10
11
12.
-
Silt
Silty clay loam ■
.
Clay loam
Sandy clay
Silty clay
Clay
31
TABLE II-2.
KEY TO VARIABLES.
1 - date max. 15 =■ date variable assuming Aug. 15 temperature maximum
2
-
(date max.
max.)2/10^
^ = (date variable assuming Aug. 15 temperature
3 - sin date max. 15 = sin of date variable, assuming Aug. 15 temperature maximum
4 - sin date max. 10.= sin of date variable, assuming Aug. 10 tempera­
ture maximum
5 - percent slope = percent slope of major slope
6 - corrected aspect (NE) = aspect as minor angle from the northeast
(045°)
7 - corrected aspect (N) = aspect as minor angle from North
8 - sin (aspect) x slope = sin of (corr. aspect (N) - 90) x percent
slope
9 - radiation = total direct radiation on June 22 (cal-cm ^-day "*")
1 0 - radiation^ = [total direct radiation on June 22 (cal-cm ^)]^/10®
4
11 - elevation = elevation in meters/10
12 - (elevation)^ = (elevation in meters)2/10^
,
13 - latitude = latitude in minutes/10
4
14 - vegetation code = vegetation class code from form
15 - cover overstory = overstory cover class code from Table XI-I
16 - cover understory = understory cover class code from Table II-I
17 - drainage = drainage code from form
18 - slope shape = slope shape code from form
4
19 - bedrock = estimated depth to bedrock in cm/10 .
2 0 - 0 horizon thickness = thickness of 0 horizon in cm
21 - texture = soil textural class code
22 - log (elevation) = log of elevation in meters
23 - log (latitude) = log of latitude in minutes
32
and:
sin 0 = sin A cos (slope) - cos A sin (slope) sin (Z-site
aspect);
where:
Z = AZ - 90, AZ is solar azimuth from North,
sin AZ = -cos (solar declination) sin (solar hour angle)/cos A,
Iq = 1.92 calories per cm
P=
2
per minute (solar constant), and
0.9 (atmospheric transmission coefficient).
The radiation variable was calculated as daily direct radiation on
June 22 based on instantaneous radiation averaged at 4-minute intervals,
for.a 12-hour period (6 AM to 6 PM, solar time).
The atmospheric
transmission coefficient used (0.9) was that appropriate for a mountain
top (1,500 m) on a clear day (4).
The radiation variable for a particu­
lar site can be interpolated from tables provided by Buffo, Fritschen,
and Murphy (4).
Soil temperature at 50 cm generally follows a sinusoidal curve with
date (23).
To correct measurements taken on any particular day in
the sampling period to a date of interest (e.g. mid-monthly dates) a
sin curve is used.
It is first necessary to determine the date of the
temperature maxima so that other dates can be properly evaluated.
Dates
for the summer soil temperature maxima of August 5, 10, 15, and 20
were evaluated using multiple linear regression analysis.
The basic
date transformation consists of assigning the value 90 to the assumed
date, and renumbering the remaining calendar days preceding the date
of the maxima (I to 90) and following the date of the maxima (90 to I ) .. '
33
For example, if August 15 is assumed to be the date of the temperature
maxima, then August 14 is given the value 89, August 15 = 90, August 16
= 89, etc.
With the sampling dates thus assigned values as angles
(degrees), it is possible to further transform the date variable by
finding the sin of the assigned value.
Figure II-2 illustrates the
effect of the sin transformation for two dates of assumed temperature
maxima.
Date variable transformations based on assumed dates of
temperature maxima of August 10 and August 15 gave the highest simple
correlations with soil temperature from the data base (Table 11-3).
It is expected that the actual date of the temperature maxima would
vary frdm site to site and from year to year.
The corrected aspect (N) and corrected aspect (NE) are the aspect
of the site expressed as the minor angle from a north or northeast
reference.
tions.
Figure II-3 illustrates the effects of these transforma­
The variable "sin (aspect) x slope" is an attempt to quantify
the interaction between slope and aspect.
range in values of the aspect variable.
Table II-4 illustrates the.
This variable assumes no
correction for an east (90°) or west (270°) aspect of any slope.
A
negative correction is made for northerly aspects (0 to 89° and 271 to
360°) and a positive correction is made for southerly aspects (91 to
269°).
The magnitude of the correction for either case increases as
the steepness of the slope increases.
This variable provided the best
fit.’to the data of all the slope-aspect transformations tried including
34
Temper
9.0 -
8.0
-
7.0 .
7/10
7/20
8/1
8/10 8/15 8/25
9/5
Date
10 Indicates temperature curve with assumed Aug. 10 temperature
maxima
15 indicates temperature curve with assumed Aug, 15 temperature
maxima
Site is forested, 30% slope, north aspect (0°), 5 cm 0 horizon,
47° N latitude
Figure II-2.
Corrected Date Variables— Effect of Assumed Tempera­
ture Maxima Date on Daily Summer Soil Temperature.
35
TABLE II-3. VARIABLES SIGNIFICANTLY, RELATED TO SOIL TEMPERATURE.
Temperature
Variable
Simple
Correlation
F
Summer, forested
with 0 horizon
sin date max. 10
bedrock
percent slope
elevation
latitude
date max. 10
radiation
sin date max. 15
log(date max. 15)
(date max. 15)^
log(elevation)
(elevation)^
Iog(Iatitude)
(radiation)^
date max. 15
.39
.15
-.17
-.53
.36
.34
.20
.38
.35
.27 .
-.55
-.51
.36
.21
.31
27.2**
3.4 (.10)
4.6* .
61.7**
22.8**
20.1**
6.6*
26.7**
21.5**
11.8**
66.7**
53.6**
22.5**
7.1**
16.6**
Summer, forested
w/o 0 horizon
cover understory
drainage
slope shape
texture
latitude
Iog(Iatitude)
-.31
.37
.37
-.58
-.39
-.39
3.6 (.10)
5.6*
5.6*
17.4**
6.3*
6.3*
Summer, nonforested, with
0 horizon
percent coarse fragments
elevation
log(elevation)
(elevation)^
-.52
-.68
-.64
-.72
4.1 (.10)
9.7**
7.5*
11.6**
Summer, nonforested, w/o.
0 horizon
drainage
bedrock
elevation
radiation
log(elevation)
(elevation)^
(radiation)^
corrected aspect (N)
.27
-.18
-.46
.21
-.40
-.49
.21
.26
8.6**
3/9*
29.4**
. 5.1*
21.9**
36.4**
5.2*
8:2**
.
.
(table, continued)
36
TABLE II-3.
(continued).
Temperature
Variable
.SimpIe
Correlation
October, forested
with 0 horizon
sin date max. 10
percent slope
elevation
latitude
date max. 10
radiation
sin date max. 15
log(date max. 15)
(date max. 15)^
log (elevation)
(elevation)^
Iog(Iatitude)
(radiation)^
date max. 15
.71
-.41
-.76
.65
.71
.52
.71
.70
.71
-.77
-.73
.65
.51
.71
October, forested
w/o 0 horizon
sin date max. 10
drainage
texture
date max. 10
radiation
sin date max. 15
log(date max. 15)
(date max. 15)^
(radiation)^
date max. 15
.46
.51
.48
.48
.45
.45
.44 ;
. .50
.46
• .48
October, nonforested with
0 horizon
sin date max. 10
date max. 10
sin date m a x . ■15
log(date max. 15)
date max.15
October, nonforested w/o
0 horizon
sin date max. 10
cover understory
elevation
latitude
date max..10
sin date max. 15
log(date max. 15)
.62
.60 .
.62
.64
.60.
F
38.9**
7.8**
52.9**
28.2**
39.4**
14.6**
38.8**
37.2**
38.8**
55.3**
45.7**
. 28.2**
14.1**
39.4**
5.3*
7.2*
5.9*
5.9*
5.0*
5.2*
4.9*
6.7*
5.5*
5.9*
■
5.5*
5.0 (.10)
' 5.5*
6.1*
5.0 (.10)
.60
-.28
-.76
,44
,59 , •
.60
.60
•
30.2**
4.7*
75.5** ■
12.9**
29.8**
30.3**
31.5**.
(tablfe continued)
37
TABLE II-3. . (continued).
Temperature
Simple
Correlation
Variable
F
2
(date max. 15)
log(elevation)
(elevation)^
log(latitude)
date max. 15
.58
-.74
-.76
-.44
.59
27.8**
66.2**
76.6**
13.1**
29.8**
Summer, forested
sin date max. 10
drainage
0 horizon thickness
percent coarse fragments
corrected aspect (NE)
elevation
latitude
date max. 15
radiation
sin date max. 15
sin (aspect) x slope
log(elevation)
(radiation)^
.34
.15
-.32
-.26
.17
-.56
.38
.32
.23
.35
.21
-.58
.24
24.6**
4.1*
20.7**
13.2**
5.6*
87.2**
31.4**
21.4**
10.5**
25.4**
8.5**
95.3**
11.0**
Summer, range
vegetation code
drainage
0 horizon thickness
percent coarse fragments
elevation
radiation
sin (aspect) x slope
(elevation)^
(radiation)2
-.23
.33
-.27
-.23
-.38
.30
.26
-.42
.30
October, forested
sin date max. 10
texture
percent coarse fragments
elevation
latitude
date max. 15
u
radiation
sin date max. 15
sin (aspect) x slope
.71
-.24
-.49
-.72
.62
. .71
.49
.71
.39
6.5*
' • 15.3**
9.8**
7.1**
20.1**
,11.6**
9.1**
26.5**
'11.9** '
.
53.0**
3.1 (.10)
15.9**
56.3**
3i,6**
52.9**
15.9**
52.9**
9.0**
(table continued)
38
TABLE ilr-3.
(continued).
Temperature
Variable
log(elevation)■
Iog(Iatitude)
(radiation)^
October, range
sin date max. 10
percent coarse fragments
bedrock
corrected aspect (NE)
elevation
latitude
date max. 15
radiation
sin date max. 15
sin (aspect) x slope
(elevation)^
Iog(Iatitude)
(radiation)^
Simple
Correlation
F
-.72
.62
.49
54.7**
. .50
-.30
-.27
.35
-.64
.34
.50
.21
.50
.25
-.68
.35
.22
20.4**
6 .3*
4 .7*
8 .6**
43.0**
31.7**
16.3**
8.1**
20.0**
2.9 (.10)
20.8**
3.9 (.10)
51.7**
8.3**
3.0 (.10)
39
Corrected Aspect (N)
Aspect = 90°
:n > - 9o°
Aspect
Corr. Aspect
Corrected Aspect (NE)
N
Northeast
z' Aspect » 270°
Corr. Aspect (NE) - 13
"Aspect \
= 90°
\
Corr.
'
Aspect
[(NE)- 45°
Aspect - 180°
Corr. Aspect
(NE) - 135°
Figure II-3.
Aspect Corrections.
Corrected Aspect Equals Minor
Angle from Reference Aspect (North or Northeast).
- 40
TABLE II-4. ■ RANGE IN POSSIBLE VALUES OF ASPECT VARIABLES.
'Variable
Range
Aspect
0 to 360°
Corrected aspect (N)
0 to 180°
Corrected aspect (NE)
0 to 180°
sin transformed aspect x slope
-I x slope
to+1 x slope
slope x [cos aspect + cos (2 x
aspect) + cos (3 x aspect)]
-3 x slope
to+3 x slope
41
the cos (aspect-9) and Fourier analysis (first-, second-, and thirdharmonic) transformations described by Stage (21).
The data were subjected to multiple linear regression analysis,
analysis of variance, and nonlinear regression analysis.
Analysis’of
variance was used in the initial steps of grouping the data for regres­
sion analysis.
None of the nonlinear regression models which were tried
fit the data as well as the linear model with log and sin function
transformations.
reported.
Consequently, only linear regression results are
For completeness, raw data collected during the study are
included in Appendix VIII.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Project participants sent back over 450 usable sets of data.
A
few sets were not used because of discrepancies in the site location and
data for the site, e.g. elevation data not correct for the legal des­
cription of the site.
A list of the counties from which temperature
data were collected is presented in Appendix IX.
Initial analysis of variance indicated that data from forested
sites should be treated separately from nonfcrested sites.
sistent with Buchanan’s data.
This is con­
An alternative would be to add a constant
to forested soil temperature readings to correct for the lower summer
temperature observed under forest vegetation.
This approach was tried,
but was not used because of the difference in variables which w ere.sig­
nificantly related to temperature in the forested and nonforested
42
systems when analyzed separately.
The discrepancy in R values when the
two systems were analyzed separately also suggested that the variances
within the systems were different (nonequal) rather than just the inter­
cepts of the regression lines.
Similarly, higher R values were obtained
from regressions in which the summer (June, July, and August) soil
temperatures were analyzed separately from the October soil temperatures.
. The data were grouped as shown in Table II-5 for multiple linear
regression analysis.
Equations from these groupings were selected
based primarily on standard errjs (S.E.y) for use as predictive models.
Predictive models were tested against the data base and the final models ■
chosen for use were those which (I) fit the data base most closely
(Table II-6);
(2) had readily measured site characteristics as indepen­
dent variables; and (3) had a data base of at least 50 sites (Table
II-6).
All of the variables in the final predictive models are signi­
ficant in the regressions at the P = 0.05 level except for the sin date '
max. 10 variable in equation DSST-2.
Because of the short time period
over which the range sites were collected, no date dependency was stat- .
istically significant in the regression.
The date variable and coeffi­
cient from equation DSST-I were forced into equation DSST-2 by adjusting
the constant term.
The close fit of the adjusted DSST-2 equation to the
data (Table II-6) and of the M S ST-2 equation to calculations discussed
later (under Example Calculations) support this adjustment.
Only sites where the vegetation was described as coniferous forest
(vegetation code 7) were used for equations DSST-I and D0ST-1.
43
TABLE II-5.
DATA GROUPS1 SUBJECTED TO MULTIPLE REGRESSION ANALYSIS
FOR SOIL TEMPERATURE PREDICTION.
Grouping
Y
R
No. Variables in
Equation
(°C)
All sites
All summer sites
All October sites
All summer with 0 horizon
All summer without 0 horizon
All October with 0 horizon
All October without 0 horizon
All summer forested sites
All summer nonfcrested sites
All October forested sites
All October nonforested sites
Summer forested sites with 0 horizon
Summer forested sites without 0 horizon
Summer nonforested sites with 0 horizon
Summer nonforested sites without 0 horizon
October forested with 0 horizon
October forested without 0 horizon
October nonforested with 0 horizon
October nonforested without 0 horizon
Summer, forested
Summer, range
October, forested
October, range
1.99
■ 2.12
1.36
1.51
1.97
1.32
1.22
1.72
1.97
1.44
1.27
1.45
0.73
1.06
1.87
1.06
1.22
1.09
0.99
1.70
1.97
1.39
1.17
.87
.69
.85
.80
.80
.86
.89
.75
.78
.83
.88
.78
.97
.90
.79
.93
.83
.81
.94
.72
.75
.87
.91
10
11
. 9
9
8
5
7
9
8
4
7
8
11
3
7
4
3
2
7
5
4
3
4
Summer groups consist of temperature readings in June, July, and
August. October groups consist of temperature readings from late
September and October.
44
TABLE II-6.
Equation
Number
FIT OF SOIL TEMPERATURE PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS TO DATA BASE.
Temperature Predicted"*"
Percent Sites with
Error Greater Than:
1°C
2°C
3°C
Sample
Size
%•
I
2
3
4
Summer,
Summer,
Summer,
Summer,
5
6
7
8
October,
October,
October,
October,
9
with 0 horizon
with 0 horizon (log T)
w/o 0 horizon
w/o 0 horizon (log T)
53
60
59
70
23
32
31
44
5
8
13
20
170
170
151
151
35
43
38
. 42
6
13
ii
11
3
3
0
I
60
60
70
70
All Sites
70
43
25
451
10
11
12 .
Summer, nonf©rested
Summer, nonforested with 0 hor.
Summer, nonforested w/o 0 hor.
61
83
23 ■ 7
64
27
45
0
14
127
13
114
13
14
15
Summer, forested
Summer, forested with 0 hor.
Summer, forested w/o 0 hor.
75 . 71
21
58
10
59
36.
5
5
194
157
37
October, nonforested
October, nonforested with 0 hor.
October, nonforested w/o 0 hor.
44
30
33
10
0
I
58
‘ 53
36
16
17
■ 18
19
20
21
with 0 horizon
with 0 horizon (log T)
w/o 0 horizon
w/o 0 horizon (log T)
October, forested
October, forested with 0 hor.
October, forested w/o 0 hor.
I
0
0
68
11
57
14
19
13
4
■ 0
0
63
41
22
5
188
14,
124
■
DSST-I2
Summer, forested
50
19
DSST-22
Summer, range
54
29 .
DOST-I2
October, forested
52
18
I
DOST-22
October, range
39
.9 .
3 ’
]_
. 53
■
.
-63
■
(log T) Indicates use of log^Q transformation of dependent variable,
n
Best equations for each prediction type.
45
Several agricultural sites were not used in the data base for the range
equations, DSST-2 and DOST-2.
This accounts for the reduced data base
used for these four equations (428 sites).
Predictive equations developed from the temperature data are given
in Table II-7 and Table II-8.
Four predictive equations were selected
to provide models for predicting both daily summer, i.e., June, July,
and August (DSST) and daily October soil temperatures (DOST) for soils
under forest (i.e., with 0 horizon) and nonforest vegetation.
Equations developed using soil temperature as the dependent variable
were consistently better at fitting predicted temperatures to the data
base than were equations developed using 1°8^ q of soil temperature as
the dependent variable (Table II-6).
Temperatures predicted by the models in Table II-7 are soil temper­
atures at 50 cm on a particular day (specified as an independent vari­
able) during the summer prediction period (DSST).
The October predic­
tive equations (Table II-8) are of interest for predicting the October
15 temperature used in Arkley’s model for estimating mean annual temper­
ature (2).
The equations for the summer (June, July, and August)
predictive period are of use in estimating mean summer soil temperature
(MSST).
Mean summer soil'temperatures predictive models are given in
Table II-9.
Table II-IO contains equations for predicting mean annual
soil temperature (MAST) based on the equations in Table II-8 and
Arkley’s model.
TABLE TI-7.
No.
PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS FOR DAILY SUMMER SOIL TEMPERATURES, DSST.
Temperature
Predicted
Equation
I
R
Standard
Error
Sample
Size
(°C)
DSST-I
Forested2
DSST = 63.3 + 9.99 (sin date max. 10) - 12.2 [log
(elevation)] + 0.014 [sin (aspect) x slope]
- 83.1 (latitude) - 0.146 (0 horizon
thickness)
.72
1.70
188
DSST-2
Range3
DSST = 101.1 + 9.99 (sin date max. 10) - 321.9
(latitude) + 0.0376 [sin (aspect) x slope]
- 2.03 (elevation)^
.75
1.97
124
^"Definitions of independent variables are given in Table II-2.
2
Coniferous forest; forb, or grass, and forb understory, with or without 0 horizon.
3
Grasses; grasses and forbs; and grasses, forbs, and sparse shrubs, with or without
0 horizon.
TABLE II-8 .
No.
PREDICTIVE EQUATIONS FOR DAILY OCTOBER SOIL TEMPERATURES, DOST.
Temperature
Predicted
I
Standard
Error
Sample
Size
Equation
R
DOST = 33.0 + 6.72 (sin date max. 10) - 9,14
[log (elevation)] + 0.0232 [sin (aspect)
x slope]
.87
1.39
53
DOST = 11.0 + 0.546 (date max. 15) + 0.0633
2 .91
[sin (aspect) x slope] - 1.11 (elevation)
- 50.8 (latitude)
1.17
63
(0C)
DOST-I
Forested
DOST-2
Range
2
1
Definitions of variables are given in Table IT-2.
2
Coniferous forest with forb or grass and forb understory, with or without 0 horizon.
3
Grass; grass and forbs; or grass, forbs, and sparse shrubs, with or without 0 horizon.
TABLE II-9,
No.
EQUATIONS FOR PREDICTING MEAN SUMMER SOIL TEMPERATURE, M S S T .
Temperature
Predicted
Equation
I
Based on
Equation
(°C)
MSST-I
Forested2
■3
MSST-2 ; Range „
MSST = 71.5 - 12.2 [log (elevation)] + 0 . 0 1 4
[sin (aspect) x slope] - 83.1 (latitude)
— 0.146 (0 horizon thickness)
'
'
MSST = 1 0 9 . 3 - 321.9 (latitude) + 0.0376 [sin
(aspect) x slope] - 2.03 (elevation)^
DSST-I
DSST-2
oo
^Definitions of independent variables are given in Table II-2.
2
Coniferous forest with forb or grass and forb understory, with or without 0 horizon.
3
Grasses; grasses and forbs; and grasses, forbs, and sparse shrubs, with or without
0 horizon.
TABLE II-IO.
No.
EQUATIONS FOR PREDICTING MEAN ANNUAL SOIL TEMPERATURE, MAST.
Temperature
Predicted
Equation"*"
Based on
Equation
(°C)
MAST-1
Forest2
MAST-2
Range4
MAST = 19.7 - 4.01 [log (elevation)] + 0.0102
[sin (aspect) x slope]
D0ST-1 & Arkley's
Model^
. MAST = 15.8 + 0.0278 [sin (aspect) x slope]
- 0.487 (elevation)^ - 22.3 (latitude)
D0ST-2 & Arkley's
Model
^"Definitions of variables are given in Table II-2.
2
Coniferous forest with forb or grass and forb understory, with or without 0 horizon.
^Arkley's Model:
MAST(0C) = 4 . 0 1 + 0.439 (mid-October soil temperature at 50 cm).
^Grasses; grass and forbs; or grass, forbs, and sparse shrubs, with or without 0 horizon.
50
Table II-3 contains a list of variables which were significantly
correlated with soil temperature.
Summer soil temperatures for
forested sites were more predictable than for nonforested sites, and
the standard error of the estimates was approximately 0.5°C smaller
(Table II-7).
October temperatures for both forested and nonforested
sites were also relatively predictable with low standard errors (Table
II-8).
The forest environment would be buffered against the effects
of short-term (i.e., less than week-long) weather patterns in compari­
son to the nonforested sites where both daily and short-term climatic
changes are more extreme.
This would allow more accurate prediction
of soil temperature in the forest system based upon measurements taken
on only one date.
A weakness in the data base is the relatively small number of
temperatures recorded for June, as compared to July and August data
(Table 11-11).
Summer data for nonforested range sites were largely
confined to a period from the July 20 soil temperature day date
through the first week of August.
A plot of daily soil temperature at 50 cm against time follows
a sinusoidal curve (23).
For plotting purposes, the Julian date must
be corrected so that the summer maxima and winter minima will occur
on the appropriate dates.
In this study, the dates of August 5, 10,
15, and 20 were tested in regression analysis as the date of the
summer maxima for correction purposes.
Highest simple correlations ■
51
TABLE II-Il.
DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL TEMPERATURE DATA BY MONTH AND
VEGETATION TYPE.
Vegetation
Number of Sites by Month
June
July
August
Sept. . Oct.
Total
Forested:
with 0 horizon
without 0 horizon
17
I
99
33
41
3
6
3
, 35
18
198
58
Nonforested:
with O horizon
without O horizon
O
O
11
105
2
9
I
O
10
57
24
171
18
248
■ 55
10
120
451
Total
52
of the date variables with soil temperature were obtained in regressions
where the August 10 (summer, forested) and August 15 (October, forested
and nonforested) correcting dates (maxima) were used (Table II-3).
Figure II-2 shows the effect of the different correcting dates.
The simple correlations in Table II-3 show generally predictable
trends (e.g. elevations and cover class were correlated negatively
?
with soil temperature,positively correlated with soil temperature, ..
etc.).
The simple effect of latitude was less direct since soil
temperature (except for forested without 0 horizon summer temperature)
increased with increasing latitude.
This is probably due to an inter-,
action with elevation— average elevation of the study sites decreases
as latitude increases (r = -.75).
In the predictive equations, with
elevation also taken- into account, the coefficients of the latitude
variables are negative (Tables II-6 and II-7).
The radiation variable is an expression of the interaction between
slope, aspect, and latitude since no account was taken of average cloud
cover in the various parts of the region covered by the study; a
factor which varies considerably over the study region.
It is a measure
of potential radiation at the site rather than actual radiation.
An important limitation of the study is the fact that the data
were collected in one year and do not reflect the year-to-year varia­
tion known to exist due to such factors as snow pack and early summer
weather patterns.
The 1976 summer season air temperatures and pre-
53
cipitation were near the long-term averages at weather stations through­
out the study region (22)’ and are summarized in Appendix X.
Signifi­
cant variation in the summer soil temperature would be expected in a
year such as 1977 when the soil warmed earlier because of greatly
reduced snow pack.
A crude correction for this can be made in a partic­
ular area by taking a soil temperature reading, comparing it to the pre­
dicted value, and using the difference as a correction factor.
This
correction would also partially compensate for local and annual fluctua­
tions in cloud cover.
Variations in June cloud cover are particularly
significant in affecting MSST (10).
The best prediction of MSST would
require three local measurements of soil temperature to obtain monthly
correction factors for mid-monthly June, July, and August soil tempera­
tures.
Example Calculations of Mean Summer Soil Temperature (MSST)
Table 11-12 and Table 11-13 contain data used in the following
calculations.
These data were not part of the data base used in con­
structing the predictive models.
Site SI is in Pelican Valley, Yellow­
stone National Park, Wyoming, and Site S2 is in Missoula County, Montana.
Mean Summer Soil Temperature, Range (MSST-2)^
Site SI:
MSST = 109.3 - 321.9 (2675)/10
- 2.03 (2366)2/106
5
Equatipn given in Table II-9.
4
+ .0376 (5 x -.81,9)
TABLE 11-12.
Site
DATA1 FOR EXAMPLE MEAN SUMMER SOIL TEMPERATURE CALCULATION.
Measured
Temp./Date
MSST
Pre­
Ob­
dicted served
( C )---
(0C)
SI
I
7.5
12.5
12.0
6/15
7/15
8/15
11.6
10.7
Ele­
vation
Lati­
tude
Site
Aspect
Sin
Aspect
!--- - (degrees)---
(m) '
2366
Corr.
Aspect
(N)
44°34'
035
35
-.819
Slope
Vegetation
%
5
. grass Sc forbs
(2674')
These data were not part of the data base from which the predictive equations were
developed.
Ln
TABLE 11-13.
Site
52
Date
7/20
DATA 1 FOR EXAMPLE DAILY SUMMER SOIL TEMPERATURE CALCULATIONS, DSST.
DSST
ObPre­
served dieted
0 Horizon
Thickness
Ele­
vation
— — ( C)--
(cm)
(m)
5.5
7.1
5
2532
Lati­
tude
45°41'
Percent
Slope
38
Aspect
Corr.
Aspect
(N)
Sin
Aspect
023
023
-.921
(2741')
1These data were not part of the data base from which the predictive equations were
developed.
Vege­
tation
conif­
erous
forest
w/forb
under­
story
56
MSST = 109.3 - 86.1 - 0.2 - 11.4
MSST = 11.6°C
Observed MSST = (7.5 + 12.5 + 12.0)/3 = 10.7°C
Two other sites in the immediate vicinity of Site SI gave devia­
tions of the predicted MSST from the observed MSST o I.0°C and 0.5°C.
Since these deviations are less than the standard error of equation
D.SST-2 (Table II-7), a correction of the predictive model would be
unwarranted.
If the deviations had been larger than the standard error
(e.g. 2.8°C rather than 0.8°C), the predictive equation could be
corrected by subtracting the mean deviation from the constant term.
Daily Summer Soil Temperature, Forested.(DSST-I)^
Site S2:
DSST = 63.3 + 9.99
[sin (69)] - 12.2 [log (2532)]
+ 0.014 (38 x -.921) - 83.1 (2741)/IO4
- 0.146 (5)
DSST = 63.3 + 9.99 (.934) - 12.2 (3.4035)
+ 0.014 (-35.0) - 22.8 - 0.7
DSST = 63.3 + 9.3 - 41.5 - 0.5 - 22.8 - 0.7
DSST = 7.I 0C
Since only one site is available in this location, and since the
difference between the predicted DSST (7.1°C) arid the measured D SST.
^Equation given in Table II-7.
/
57
(5.5°C) is less than the standard error of the predicting equation
(I.70°C), no correction to the predictive model for local use is
warranted.
Differences between mean annual air temperature and MAST are
apparently greater in Montana, at least for some soils (14) than the
I C difference suggested in Soil Taxonomy.
This is probably due to
the greater climatic extremes prevalent in the northern Rockies as
compared to the United States as a whole.
This effect is enhanced by
the interaction between aspect and winter snow cover which is particu­
larly significant in Montana, partially as a latitude-solar radiation
effect (4).
.
•,
The usefulness of predictive equations based on air temperature
or other climatic measurements is limited by the scarcity of existing
weather stations in valleys, and by the problems encountered in
extrapolating data from such stations to sites at higher elevations (10)
The predictive models for MSST and MAST developed in the course
of this study enable the user to estimate soil temperature regimes from
data which are readily collected in the course of pedon sampling.
If
a single measurement of soil temperature is collected as part of the
pedon data, the predictive equation can be corrected for the local
area and year if the deviation of observed from predicted for that
date is large enough to warrant (i.e., greater than S .E.
equation).
for the
Such a correction will be more accurate if based on several
C
58
temperature measurements from a local area (see Example .Calculations
of Mean Summer Soil Temperature, p. 52).
An examination of Figure II-4, Effect of Elevation on Mean Annual
Soil Temperature, MAST and Figure II-5, Effect of Elevation on Mean
Summer Soil Temperature, MSST reveals that at high elevations (greater
than 2,300 m) the predicted MSST is lower than the predicted MAST.
Since Arkley’s model for predicting MAST is based on data from nine
western states, including Montana (2), it is likely that this model
tends to overestimate MAST for Montana soils, at least at higher ele­
vations.
To test this, predicted MSST and MAST were calculated for a
series of transects in the Bridget Mountains of Montana where observed
data for MSST and MAST were available for 1970 (3).
Table 11-14 gives
site data and the results of this comparison.
The predicted MSST values for both forested and meadow sites
were within 1.0°C of the observed values.
The predicted MAST values,.
however, averaged 4.2°C higher than the observed MAST of the transects.
This suggests that some correction must be made to the MAST-1 and MAST-2
predictive equations before they can be applied to Montana soils.
It
is suggested at present that at least 3°C be subtracted from the con­
stant term in these predictive equations.
Based on the standard errors of the regressions, the predictive
models should be sufficiently accurate to be useful for identifying
frigid and cryic soils.
No temperature measurements from soils with
___ Forested, 30Z slope, North Aspect (0°),
5 cm 0 horizon, 47° N latitude
- - Range, 30% slope, South Aspect
(180°), 47° N latitude
2100
-
Elevation (m)
Ui
VO
1300 .
1100
.
900
.
7.0
MAST (0C)
Figure II-4.
Effect of Elevation on Mean Annual Soil Temperature, MAST
2700
Forested, 302 slope, North Aspect (0°),
5 cm 0 horizon, 47° N latitude
2500
Range, 302 slope. South Aspect
(180°), 47° N latitude
2300
2100
1900
1700
Os
O
Elevation
(m)
1500
1300
1100
900
5
I
6
I
7
I
8
*
9
I
10
I
11
I
12
1
13
I
14
I
15
I
16
I
17
I
18
MSST (0C)
Figure II-5.
Effect of Elevation on Mean Summer Soil Temperature, MSST.
I
19
20
Forest (8)
2290
(cm)
0.7 .
MAST
Pre- ^
Obdicted
served
I
Mean
Slope x
sin Aspect
45047'
+ < 0.25
5.9
1
Mean
Latitude
T
(m)
Mean
0 Horizon
Thickness
I
O
0
Mean
Elevation
I
2
Transects
COMPARISON OF PREDICTED MEAN ANNUAL SOIL TEMPERATURE (MAST) AND MEAN SUMMER
SOIL TEMPERATURE (MSST) WITH OBSERVED VALUES, BANGTAIL STUDY AREA, MONTANA,
1970.1
I
TABLE TI-14.
1.8
MSST
Pre- .
Ob­
dieted
served
—
( c) —
7.6
6.6
45°47'
+ < 0.2
7.2
3.0
2280
0.0
10.3
Meadow (7)
10.7
_______________________________________________________________ __________________________________ 'o\
H
‘'"Data from Buchanan (3).
2
Number in parentheses is sample size.
-
3
Based on equations MAST-1 (forest) and MAST-2 (meadow).
^Based on equations MSST-I (forest) and MSST-2 (meadow).
~*The maximum sin (aspect) x slope effect would be + 0.2°C.
dicted temperatures.
It was not included in pre­
\
62
mesic or pergelic temperature regimes were known to be included in
the base data for this study— the predictive models should therefore
be applied only to soils which are expected to have frigid or cryic
temperature regimes.
Table 11-15 gives mean values and ranges for
site physical variables used in developing the predictive models.
Application of the predictive models to sites which lie outside the
■range of characteristics listed in this table is likely to greatly
influence the error of the predictions.
Usefulness of the Predictive Models
The predictive models should be helpful in identifying the tempera­
ture regimes of frigid and cryic soils, and particularly, in esti­
mating the boundary in terms of elevation, aspect, etc., between soils
with frigid and soils with cryic temperature regimes in a local area
(e.g. county).
The Holloway series is an example of a soil in western
Montana which occurs over a wide range of elevations with both cryic
and frigid temperature regimes.
The series appeared to be morpho­
logically inseparable over this range and.is presently mapped as an
Andie Cryochrept with a warm phase (frigid temperature regime) at the
mI
lower elevation.
The official series description for the Holloway (13)
describes the setting of the soil as steep slopes of mountain divides
at elevations of 1,220 m to 2,440 m with a MAST, of 1°C and a MSST of
^Harold Hunter, SCS Soil Scientist, personal communication, 1977.
63
TABLE 11-15.
RANGE OF SITE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS.
Variable
Measured Soil Temperature
Elevation
Slope
Latitude
Corrected Aspect (N)
Depth to Bedrock
0 Horizon Thickness '
Mean
10.7°C .
1,551 m
25%
47°07’
79°
174 cm
2.3 cm
Range
0.8-21.0°C
609-2,916 m
0-80%
44048 T-^S0S S r
0-180°
0-625 cni
0-11 cm
I
Zero indicates that the depth to bedrock was not estimated by the
data collector.
Soil depth at all sites is at least 50 cm.
64
IO0C (7°C to 8°C under an 0 horizon and full forest canopy).
The
MSST-I predictive model could be used to predict the approximate
lower boundary of the cryic temperature regime for this soil.
Figures II-4, II-5, II-6, and II-7 show the effect of changes of
elevation and aspect on mean annual and mean summer soil temperatures.
Users of the predictive models may wish to construct similar graphs
for their particular areas and for the range of slopes that they
normally encounter.
Such graphs are readily prepared by specifying all
of the conditions (independent variables) except of the factor of
interest which is allowed to vary over the desired range.
Figure II-8
shows the predicted sinusoidal trend of soil temperature over the
summer period.
Because of the relationships between soil temperature and vege­
tation distribution, maps based on soil temperature will have some
utility in evaluating vegetation type and, indirectly, productivity.
For example, the cryic-frigid temperature regime boundary could be
mapped to delineate the boundary between grasslands in which Festuca
idahoensis is a major component, and drier, less productive grasslands
with warmer
frigid soil temperature regime (12).
A similar use would
be in delineating the lower boundary of Douglas Fir-Engelmann Spruce
habitat types (Pseudotsuga menzesii-Picea engelmannii) (5).
Munn, Nielsen, and Mueggler (12) reported a correlation between
the early August soil temperature at 50 cm depth and total productivity
--- Forested, 30% slope, 5 cm 0 horizon, 47° N latitude, 1800 m elevation
- - Mountain Range, 30% slope, 47° N latitude, 1800 m elevation
9.0 -
8.0 -
/
/
\
/
MAST (0C)
/
\
/
^
\
^
ON
7.0 -
6.0 *
N
E
S
W
Site Aspect
Figure II-6.
Effect of Aspect on Mean Annual Soil Temperature, MAST.
n
15.0
0 horizon, 47° N latitude
1800 m elevation
- Mountain Range, 30% slope
47° N latitude, 1800 m
elevation
11.0
MAST (0C)
cr>
O'
Site Aspect
Figure II-7.
Effect of Aspect on Mean Summer Soil Temperature, MSST
67
■
6/1
"
6/10
'
5/20
I
6/30
I
7/10
f
7/20
I
7/30
I
8/10
| ' r f
8/20
Date
Figure II-8.
Daily Summer Soil Temperature (DSST) vs. Date.
8/30
«
9/10
68
of 23 native range sites; in western Montana (r = -.62**).
Other
site variables provided more accurate estimates of total productivity;
however, they reported that the early August soil temperature measure­
ment was the single-most' accurate indicator of forb productivity tested
for the study sites.
An equation for predicting forb productivity
based on soil temperature from their study is given in Table 11-16.
The authors also report a slightly more accurate prediction model with
two independent variables.
Equations for predicting total productivity
of the 23 sites based on soil temperature are also given in Table 11-16.
The authors suggested that available soil water was the primary
factor affecting vegetation patterns and productivity in the study.
Most of the factors significantly related to productivity in the study
were related to soil water availability.
This is in agreement with
the work reported by Nimlos (14); Carleton, Young, and Taylor (5);
Anderson and McNaughton (I); and Mueggler and Harris (11).
The increased evapotranspirative demand for soil water on warm
aspects and exposures and at lower elevations depletes the available
soil water
supply early in the growing season with resultant, decreased
vegetation growth.
Also, sites at lower elevations commonly receive
less precipitation compared to higher elevation sites.
Sites on warm
(i.e., southwestern and southerly) exposures receive less effective
precipitation than sites on cooler aspects (i.ei, north and northeast)
due to winter snowmelt and redistribution of snow by wind.
TABLE 11-16.
MODELS FOR PREDICTING FORB AND TOTAL PRODUCTIVITY OF MOUNTAIN GRASSLANDS IN
WESTERN MONTANA, BASED ON SOIL TEMPERATURE.^
Dependent
Variable
Productivity (P)
Equation
R
(kg/ha)
Standard
Error
F
Ratio
(kg/ha)
Forb
P = 1550 - 74.5 [mid-summer soil temperature at
50 cm (0C)]
.76
211
29.3**
Forb
P = 631 - 47.2 [mid-summer soil temperature at
50 cm (0C)] + .289 [elevation (m)]
.80
199
18.2**
Total
P = 2531 - 93.3 [mid-summer soil temperature at
50 cm (0C)]
.62
393
13.2**
Total
P = 834 - 16.9 [mid-summer soil temperature at
50 cm (0C)] + 16.6 [thickness of Mollic
epipedon (cm)]
.90
229
40.4**
^Models based on a mid-summer soil temperature reading taken during the last week of
July and the first.week of August.
70
Part of the interaction between soil temperature and soil water
can be attributed'to the use of solar energy in the evaporation of
water; thus, much of the energy incident upon moist soils does not
act to raise soil temperature. (18).
A secondary effect is the
increased resistance to temperature change imparted to a moist soil
due to the greater specific heat of water as compared to dry soil (18)
Soil temperature represents the integration of many factors in
the site climatic, physical, and biotic environment.
Because of this,
and because of the relationship between soil temperature and potential
site productivity, it is a useful characteristic for comparisons
between different sites and for evaluations of land potential.
SUMMARY
In this study the author has (I) developed predictive models for
mean annual soil temperature (based on Arkley's model) and mean summer
soil temperature using readily measured site characteristics as inde­
pendent variables, and (2) discussed application of the predictive
models for estimating soil temperature regimes in western Montana for
classification purposes and as a guide in evaluating vegetation distri
bution and productivity.
Several equations for predicting total and
forb productivity of mountain grasslands in western Montana based on
soil temperature are presented.
LITERATURE CITED
72
1.
Anderson, Jay E., and S. J. McNaughton.■ 1973. Effects of low soil
temperature on transpiration, photosynthesis, leaf relative water
content, and growth along elevationally diverse plant populations.
Ecology 54:1220-1233.
2.
Arkley, Rodney J. 1972. Multiple regression equations for predic­
ting mean annual soil temperature in the western United States.
Proc. Western Regional Technical Work Planning Conference of the
National Cooperative Soil Survey.
14 p.
3.
Buchanan, B. A.
1972. Ecological effects of weather modification,
Bridget Range area, Montana: Relationships of soil, vegetation,
and microclimate. Ph.D. thesis, Montana State University, Bozeman.
4.
Buffo, John, Leo J. Fritschen, and James L. Murphy. 1972. Direct
solar radiation on various slopes from O to 60 degrees north
latitude. USDA/Forest Service Res. Paper PNW-142. Pacific North­
west Forest and Range Experiment Station. Portland, Oregon.
74 p.
5.
Carleton, 0., L. Young, and C. Taylor. ■ 1974. Climosequence study
' of the mountainous soils adjacent to Sante Fe, New Mexico. USDA/
Forest Service.
Southwestern Region.
160 p.
6.
Chiang, H. C., and D. G. Baker.
ature data for ecological work.
1968. Utilization of soil temper­
Ecology 49:1155-1160.
7.
Daubenmire, R. 1972. Annual cycles of soil moisture and tempera­
ture as related to grass development in the steppe of eastern
Washington.
Ecology 53:419-424.
8.
McDole, R. E., and M. A. Fosberg. 1974.
Soil temperatures in
selected southeastern Idaho soils:
I. Evaluation of sampling
techniques and classification of soils.
Soil Science Soc. Amer.
Proc. 38:480-486.
9.
_________ . 1974.
Soil temperatures in selected southeastern
Idaho soils: II. Relation to soil and site characteristics.
Soil Science Soc. Amer. Proc. 38:486-491.
10.
Mueggler, W. F. 1971. Weather variations on a mountain grass­
land in southwestern Montana. USDA/Forest Service Res. Paper
INT-99.
Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station.
Ogden, Utah.
25 p.
11.
Mueggler, W. F., and C. A. Harris.
1969.
Some vegetation and
soil characteristics of mountain grasslands in central Idaho.
Ecology 50(4):671-678.
73
12.
Munn, L. C . , G. A. Nielsen, and W. F . Mueggler.. 1977. Relation­
ships of soils to mountain and foothill range habitat types and
production in western Montana.
Submitted to Soil Science Soc.
Amer. Journal, March 24, 1977.
13.
National Cooperative Soil Survey. 1973.
lished series. Rev. CAM/DRC/SFP 2/73.
14.
Nimlos, Thomas J . 1971.
Soil moisture and temperature regimes
on the Lumbrecht experimental forest. Completion Report A-046M bnt. In Nimlos, Thomas J., and Lee E. Eddleman, The response
of native Montana grasses to soil water stress. Montana Forest
and Conservation Experiment Station, Missoula.
38 p.
15.
Nimlos , T . J., R. C. McConnell, and D. L. Pattie.
1965.
Soil
temperature and moisture regimes in Montana alpine soils.
Northwest.
Science 39(4):129-138.
16.
Patten, D. T. . 1963. Vegetational pattern in relation to environ­
ments in the Madison Range, Montana.
Ecol. Monogr. 33(4):375406.
17.
Richards, S. J., R. M. Hagan, and T. M. McCalla. 1952. Soil
temperature and plant growth, p. 303-480. In H. T. Shaw (ed.)
Soil physical conditions and plant growth. Agronomy, Vol. II.I
Amer. Soc. of Agron., Madison, W i s .
18.
Smith, Guy D., Franklin Newhall, Luther H. Robinson, and Dwight
Swanson. 1964.
Soil temperature regimes— their characteristics
and predictability.
USDA/Soil Conservation Service TP-144. 14 p.
19.
Smithsonian Institution. 1958. Smithsonian meteorological tables.
Edition 6, rev. 527 p. Prepared by R. J. List. The Smithsonian
Inst. Press, Washington, D. C.
20.
Soil Survey Staff. .1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil,
classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Agric.
Handbk. No. 436.
SCS/USDA. U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C. 754 p.
21.
Stage, A. R. 1976. An expression for the effect of aspect,
slope, and habitat type on tree growth. Forest Science 22(3) :
457-460.
Holloway series.
Estab­
./
74
22.
U. S. Weather Bureau.
1976. Climatological Data, Montana.
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.
USDA
23.
Van Wijk, W. R., and D. A. DeVries.
1963. Periodic temperature
variations in a homogenous soil. In Van Wijk et al. (ed.)
Physics of plant environment. . p. 102-143. North-Holland Publ.
Co., Amsterdam.
Interscience Publishers, a div. of John Wiley
and Sons, Inc., New York. 382 p.
APPENDICES
76
APPENDIX I:
Site No.
009
023
027
028
041
046
056 .
083
087
102
105
125
140
149
179
180
208
232
248
272
304
358
372
1
ESTIMATED SITE CLIMATIC DATA
Annual
,
Precipitation
Frost-Free
Season2
(cm)
(da)
33
38
48
48
46
46
61
28
28
25
46
43
43
73
36
38
53
71
30
48
48
33
79
115
HO
82
82
53
53
69
92
88
112
98
32
65
90
121
96
60
117
HO
70
115
115
' 81
•
From Soil Conservation Service.
annual precipitation in inches.
Box 970, Bozeman, Montana..
Potential
„
Evapotranspiration'5
(cm)
■
60
59
37
37
37
39
37
' 48
. 41
57
44
36
38
56
65
56
39
53
64
37
53
64
42
1968. . State of Montana average
1953-1967 bare period. Map.
SCS,
2
From J. M. Caprio. 1965. Average length of freeze-free season. Map,
Cooperative Extension Service, Folder No. 83. Montana State University,
Bozeman, Montana.
3
From J. M. Caprio. 1973. Preliminary estimate of average annual
potential evapotranspiration in inches. Montana Agricultural Experi­
ment Station, Bozeman, Montana.
PLEASE NOTE:
Pages 77 through 104, and
112 through 124 c o nt ai n
p r i n t t h a t is v er y small
and i n d i s t i n c t .
Filmed >'•
as ' r e c e i v ed . ■
UNIVERSITY MICROFILMS
77
APP F N D l X
CRY
II : R A N G E
SITE P R O D U C T I V I T Y
MATTER P R O D U CT IV IT Y
1 974
S I T E NO.
9
2?
27
?E
41
46
56
83
87
102
125
140
149
179
IRO
208
232
24 P
H
i .
304
358
372
105
TOTAL
GRASS
3R5.
221 .
1297.
8 68.
371.
255.
1061 .
3 52 .
1701.
7 81 .
1537.
6 26.
1824.
853 .
631.
4 12.
»01.
517 .
185.
16H.
1055.
360.
2 72.
1309.
549.
3 09.
1051.
563 .
922.
422.
1249. 1 1 8 8 .
P24.
696.
1093. 10 35.
698 .
L 45 .
1447.
942 .
698.
6 33 .
1585. 1007 .
716.
567.
FURfl
164.
312.
316.
7 08 .
921.
6 92.
970.
216.
2 o9 .
17.
694.
4 54.
240.
487.
SOU.
60.
126.
56.
j 10.
505.
65.
5 77.
142.
SHRUP
0.
116.
U.
0.
0.
217.
0.
I.
13.
U.
0.
591.
U.
J.
0.
0.
0.
0.
141.
0.
0.
0.
7.
DATAl
IN K G Z H A
1975
FPR B
567 .
310.
113.
554.
1421.
805.
824.
32 3.
502 .
162 P .
5C6. 1 1 2 2 .
2406.
953. 1 4 5 3 .
1707.
689.
668.
2 1 5 8 . 1219.
940.
317.
973 .
655.
1317.
875.
4 29.
234.
232 .
0.
465. 1154.
1618.
1 1 1 R . 260.
399.
404.
125.
278.
962.
587.
208 .
898.
402.
386.
2563. 2156.
226.
1 1 4 b . 1057 .
87 .
8 39.
9 52.
112.
7 86.
196.
4 75.
934.
I 3u 6 .
372.
1196.
972.
223.
1654. 1124.
5 30.
898.
599.
2 99.
TOTAL
GRASS
SHRU3
141.
60.
0.
0.
0.
149.
0.
0.
12.
I.
0.
458.
0.
166.
1 09.
0.
0.
0.
112.
C.
0.
0.
0.
Productivity data provided by W. F. Mueggler, Plant Ecologist,
USDA-Forest Service, Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment
Station, Ogden, Utah.
78
APPENDIX III:
SOIL PEDON DESCRIPTIONS
SURVEY SAMPLE NO.S
SVSMT
IlZ
LOCATIONS
WHITEHALL CEMFT ART
CLASSIFICATION;
BOROLLIC CALCIORTHIOS: FINE-LOAMY OVER SANDY OR SANDY-SKELETAL ,
SITE NO.: 7510?
SLOPE:
U54
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE:
precipitation :
PERMEABILITY:
physiography :
microrelief :
vegetation :
parent material :
county :
JEFFERSON
ELEVATION: 1396 METERS
CLASS:
MODERATELY SLOPING
KIND:
CONVEX
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
ANNUALS
DEGREES F
SUMMERS 66 DEGREES F
DEPTH:
CM.
month : June
325 CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
MODERATELY RAPID
DRAINAGE CLASS: WELL DRAINED
ALLUVIAL OR COLLUVIAL FANS
ON CREST OF HIGH POINT
.TASSES AND FJRBS
SLIGHTLY
WEATHERED
ALLUVIUM
METAMORPHIC - QUARTZITE
HORIZON
A !!CA
A 12CA
MONTH SAMPLED: JUNE
ASPECT: SOUTHWEST
WINTER i
DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
KIND:
NO WATER TABLE
UPPERS 025 CM lower : 100 CM
STONINESS: CLASS
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
U RRJWN
MOIST
COMMON
MILDLY
ABRUPT
b CM. C O i IN.)
ClOYk 4/3) INTERIOR
I
LOAM
;
STRUCTURE
J MANY
FINE
ROOTS
TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
5
EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
DISCONTINUOUS
J
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
MODERATE
FINE
GRANULAR
IN MAT AT TOP OF REFERENCE HORIZON
FEW FRAGMENTS
;
NEUTRAL PH- 7.J (PH METER)
5
6 - *6 CM. ( ) - 6 IN.)
CIOVR 4/3) INTFOIOR
SQOWN
S LOAM
I
MOT ST
STRUCTURE
S MANY
FINE
ROOTS
CJMMJN TC "ANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORfS
S
MJDFRATELY cFFfRVFSCFNT (MCL)
CONTINUOUS
S
ABRUP I SMOOTH BOUNDARY
MODERATE
FINE
GRANULAR
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
S
FEW FRAGMENTS
S
MILDLY ALKALINE PH- 7.6 (PM METER)
B
ZCA
16 - 32 C". C 6 - 13 IN.)
JROWN
(IOVR 5/3) INTERIOR
i
GRITTY LOAM
$ WEAK TO MODERATE
MEDIUM
SUAANGULAfl RLOCKT
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PARTING TO WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE
GRANULAR
I MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
5 COMMON TO MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
; FEW FRAGMENTS
i VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I
MILDLY ALKALINE FH- 7.7 (MM METER)
CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
B
3CA
12 - 50 CM. ( 1 3 - 20 IN.)
LI. YELLOWISH BROUN (IOYR 6/4) INTERIOR
I
GRITTY LOAM
;
WEAK TO MODERATE
MEDIUM SUBAMGULAR BLOCKV
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I COMMON
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
; COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I
FEW
FRAGMENTS
J VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (MCL) CONTINUOUS
J MILDLY ALKALINE PM- 7.1
(PH METER) .
C
ICA
50 - 56 CM. ( PO - 22 IN.)
YELLOWISH BROWN (IOYR 5/4) INTERIOR
I
VERY GRITTY LOAM
J WEAK
MEDIUM
SUB ANGULAR BLOCKV MOIST
STRUCTURE
I
COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
$ COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
; FEW
FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
i
FEW SOFT
MEDIUM MASSES OF LIME
;
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
J MILDLY ALKALINE RH- 7.7 (PH METER) .
C
2CA
56 - 160 CM. ( 2 2 - 71 IN.)
YELLOWISH BROWN (IOYR 5/4) INTERIOR
• FINE SANO
i
FIRM
YELLOWISH BROWN
UOYR 5/4) INTERIOR
KROTOV INAS 16
- CM THICK ) i SINGLE GRAIN
MOIST
rEW FINE
ROOTS THROUGHOUT HORIZON
5 COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORIS
; FEW FRAGMENTS
J COMMON SOFT
MEDIUM MASSES OF LIME
, MANY
SOFT
FINE L MEDIUM MASSES OF LIME
• VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I MODERATELY ALKALINE PN- 7.9 (PH METER) .
REMARKS:
OLO ALLUVIAL FAN, ROLLING IOPO. CREST OF HlLL• THIN VEGETATION, CALCAREOUS TO SU
RFA CE, RAIN THE NIGHT BEFORE, ANTNE STS (LARGE RED ANTS) IN VICINITY OF PIT. C2
SANO L ANGULAR GRAVELS SAND LAYER CVFRY DENSE AT 150-168 CM, C2 HEAVY LIMf COATI
NGS ON GRAVELS. FEW FINE ROOTS TO 120 CM.
ASPECT-222.
STC0/BOGR• ARIOIC, FRIGID
I
79
SURVEY SAMPLE
STSliT
K r . :
CLASSIFICATION:
BoU lLIC fcAL(fIORTlSftiV^E-LOAMY
SITE NO.: TtjSH
SLOPF:
IP1
AIR TCMPEO ATllPF
SOIL TEPPERftTURC
WATER TABLE :
PRECIPITATION:
PERME AEILITY:
PHYSIOGRAPHY:
MlCRORtLIEF:
vegetation :
PARENT MATERIAL:
county : tetun
HUR IZDN
A
ICA
35#
MONTH SAMPLED: AUGUST
ELEVATION: IlSZ METERS
KIND:
PLANE
CLASS!
STRONGLY SLOPING
ASPECT: NORTHEAST
WINTER:
DEGREES F
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
Summer :
OFGREES F
winter :
degrees f
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
summer : 6 j DEGREES F
IEPTHt
CM.
MONTH: AUGUST
KINOt
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER: G25 CM LOWER: IOO CM
l*T9 CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
«HMATF
DRAINAGE CLASS: WELL DRAINED
ROLLING OR HILLY UPLANDS
STONT NE SS. CLASS
ON SLOPE
GRASSES ANO FORMS
HIGHLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOL IFLUCTATE
SANDSTONE .
HORIZONTAL
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
J - IZ CM. C O 5 IN.)
DARK GRAYISH BROWN CiOYR 4/Z) INTERIOR
$ FINE SANDY LOAM J
VERY FINE
V DK GRAYISH BROWN ClOVR j/2) CRUSHED WET i WEAK TH MODERATE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
i
COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
PORES
i FEW
IN MAT AT TIP DF REFERENCE HORIZON i MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
CONTINUOUS
SOfT
THREAD-LIKE MASSES OF LIME
; MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT CHCD
■ILOLY ALKALINE PH- 7.5 CPH METER) } ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
;
I? - *0 CM. I 5 - 16 IN.)
I GRAYISH BROWN
CIOYR 5/2) CRUSHED
IR) WN ClOVC 5/3) INTERIOR
I LOAM
STRUCTURE
WET ; MODE RATc TO STRONG FINE L MEDIUM SUBANGUL AR BLOCKV
MOIST
i MANY
FINE
COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
, COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
VERY fINE
MASSES OF LlMf
; VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT
cFW TO COMMON
SOFT
J CLEAR
SMOOTH
CHCD
CONTINUOUS
I MILDLY ALKALINE PH- 7.6 (PH METER)
MDUNOARY
C
C
C
ICA
2CA
DCA
REMARKS:
AO - 44 CM. c 16 - 37 IN.)
ARDwN
( IOYR 5/3) INTERIOR
I FINE SANDY LOAM I GRAYISH BROWN
CZ.5V 6/2)
FINE
SUBANGULAR BLOCKV
MOIST
STRUCTURE
CRUSHED WET 5 WEAK TO MODERATE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON 5 COMMON TO MANY FINE
COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR ANO TUBULAR
PORES
, FEW TO COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I
VERY FINE
MASSES OF LIMf ; VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT
=EW TO COMMON
SOFT
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
i
MILDLY ALKALINE PH- 7.5 (PH METER)
i GRADUAL SMOOTH
30UNOARY
94 - 115 CM. ( 3 7 - 54 IN.)
BROWN
(IOYR 5/3) INTERIOR
J LOAMY FINE SANO ; GRAYISH BROWN
CRUSHED WET ; MASSIVE MOIST
i
FEW TO COMMON FINF
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
i
FEW TO COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
FEW TO COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FEW TO COMMON
SOFT
S
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL) CONTINUOUS
i
MASSES OF LIME
MODERATELY ALKALINE PM- 8.0 CPH METEP) i CLEAR SMOOTH BOUNDARY
(2.5V
i
5/2)
PORES
•
VERY FINE
IDS - 185 CM. (S3 - 73 IN.)
GRAYISH BROWN ClOVR 5/2) INTERIOR
i LOAMY SANO
i GRAYISH BROWN
(2.SY 5/2)
CRUSHED WEI } LIGHT GRAY ClOVR 6/1) INTERIOR
J MASSIVE "GIST
I FFW
=IME
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
i
FEW FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
I
=EW FRAGMENTS
, FfW FRAGMENTS
I
FEW TO COMMON
SOFT
VERY FINE
MASSES OF LIME
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I
•ODER ATfLV ALKALINE PH- 7.9 (PH METER)
< NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
CALCAREOUS TO SURFACE. DENSE B HORIZON VERY FEW CF,C3 HAS FAINT ROCK STRUCTURE
(SAP*OL Ilf). REO IRON STAINS IN ROOT CHANNELS IN Cl. ASPECT *048.
STCO/BOGR, ART QIC, FRIGID
80
SURVFY SiFPLF NO.:
location :
CLASSIFICATION:
SITE NO.: TSlflO
SlOPF:
10*
AIR TEMPFPITURF
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE:
PRECIPITATION:
PERMEABILITY:
PHYSIOGRAPHY:
NICRORELIfF:
vegetation :
PARENT MATERIAL:
HORIZON
A
I
$75*1
YF OF die ti»re* wildcat crfek
BOROLLIC CALCIORTHIOS: FINE-LOAMY ,
county : sweet grass
class :
strongly sloping
AVVUAL:
ANNUAL:
TEPTM:
J37 CM.
N D l E R ATE
DEGREES F
DEGREES F
CM.
16J
ELEVATION: 1536 METERS
kino :
plane
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
SUMMER: 6j DEGREES F
MONTHS JULY
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS -DRAINAGE CLASS: WELL DRAINED
MONTH SAMPLED! JULY
ASPECT: WEST
winter :
degrees F
winter :
degrees f
KIND:
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER: 025 CM LOWER: 100 CM
ROLLING OR MILLY UPLANDS
STONINESS: CLASS
ON SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS
PARTLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOLIFLUCTATE
CALCAREOUS SANDSTONE
.
HORIZONTAL
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
OB CM. < 0 3 IN.)
3R0WN
ClOYR 4/3) INTERIOR
I
LOAM
; V OK GRAYISH BROWN ClOYR 3/2)
CRUSHED WFT ; WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE fc MEDIUM GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
; MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
NONCALCARfOUS CHCD
CONTINUOUS ; MILDLY ALKALINE PH- 7.4 CPH METER)
I
ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
i
•
R ZlCA
8 - 29 CR. C 3 - 11 IN.)
RROWN
ClOYR 4/3) INTERIOR
< CLAY LOAM
j BROWN
ClOVR 4/3) CRUSHED WET {
WEAK TO MODERATE MEDIUM SUBANGULAR RLOCKV
MOIST STRUCTURE
PARTING TO
WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
I
COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
• COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
• COMMON
rINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
i
FEW SOFT
THREAO-LTKE MASSES OF LIME
•
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT CHCD CONTINUOUS
5 MILDLY ALKALINE PH- 7.5 CPH METER) J
ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
R 22CA
29 - 43 CM. C 11 - 17 IN.)
BRBWN
ClOVR 4/3) INTERIOR
I LOAN
i BROWN
ClOYR 5/3)CRUSHED WET
WEAK 10 MODERATE
FINE L MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKY MOIST
STRUCTURE
PARTING TO WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE
SUMANGULAR BLOCKY
MQIST
; COMMON
'INE
ROOTS THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON PINF
IRREGULAR PORFS
,
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR ANOTUBULAR
PORES
I FEW
TO COMMON SOFT
THREAD-LIKE "ASSES OF LIME
i
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
i
MILDLY ALKALINE PH- 7.6 CPH "£TER)
I
CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
I
P
BCA
43 - 54 CM. ( 17 - 21 IN.)
1
HOWN
CIUYR 5/3) INTERIOR
I LOA"
J GRAYISH BROWN (2.5V
5/2) CRUSHED
WET ; MODERATE
FINf & MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKY MOIST
STRUCTURE
PARTING TO WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE
SUB ANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
; COMMON
rINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
; COMMON IO "ANY FINE
TUBULAR PORES
,
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
J COMMON SOFT
VERY FINE
MASSES OF LIME
5
VIHP NTLV EFFERVESCENT (HCL) CONTINUOUS
J MILOLY ALKALINE PH- 7.7 (PH METER) ;
CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
ICA
54 - 70 CM. C 21 - 20 IN.)
PALE BROWN ClOYR 6/3) INTERIOR
J FINE SANDY LOAM J LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY
C2.5Y 6/2) CRUSHED WET ; WEAK
FINE
SURANGULAR BLOCKV
MOIST
STRUCTURE
5EW TO COMMON
FINE
ROOTS
BETWEEN PEOS
S FEW TO COMMON FINE
TUBULAR
PORES
• FEW FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW SANDSTONE
FRAGMENTS
; COMMON SOFT
VERY FINE
MASSES OF LIME
J
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL) CONTINUOUS
i MILDLY ALKALINE PH- 7.7 (PH METER)
ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
/CA
Re m a r k s :
70 - IOJ CM. C 28 - 19 IN.)
*.RAY
C5Y5/1) INTERIOR
J VERY CHANNF RY LOAMY FINE SANO ; "ASSIVE MQIST
PARTING TO
, FEW TO COMMON FINE
ROOTS
MATTED AROUND STONES AND PfbBLcS
- H cINE
IRREGULAR
0ORE S
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
$
MODERATELY ALKALINE PH- 8.J (PH METER)
S NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
ASPECT «286, ELFV*5046FT, T«17 C, BEDROCK INCLINED ALPROX:S-6l, FEW LARGE C.F.
GDPHfRS IN VICINITY. PM CALCAREOUS. ANTS L SMALL WNITF GRUR S• C2 IS SAPROLI TE.
C? HO*. MATERIAL DESCRIBED IN CRACKS IN WEATHERED BEDROCK (SANDSTONE)
STCO/BOGR, USTICCBORDERLINE ARIOIC), FRIGID
i
;
i
81
SURVEY SMPLE NO.:
S7SNT
LOCATION:
LIMESTONE HILLS
CLASSIFICATION:
ENTIC
HAPLOBOROLLSI COARSE-LOAMY ,
SITE NO.: 75 9
SLOPE:
?5*
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE:
precipitation :
permeability :
physiography :
microrelief :
vegetation :
PARENT MATERIAL:
HORIZON
A l
9
MONTH SAMPLED: AUGUST
ELEVATIONS 1414 METERS
county : BROADWATER
CONVEX
ASPECT: WEST
KIND:
CLASS:
STEEP
winter
:
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
winter :
DEGREES F
SUMMER: 65 DEGREES F
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
KINDI
NO WATER TABLE
MONTH: AUGUST
DEPTH:
CM.
CM
LOWER: 066 CM
UPPER:
025
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
333 CM.
MODERATELY RAPID
DRAINAGE CLASS* WELL DRAINED
STONINESS: CLASS
ROLLING OR HILLY UPLANDS
ON SLOPE
GRASSES ANO FORBS
PARTLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOLIFLUCIATE
MET AMORPHIC.
INCLINED
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
0 - 1 7 CM. C O 7 IN.)
V OK GRATISH BROWN ClOTR 3/2) EXTERIOR
• GRITTY LOAM
;
MODERATE TO STRONG FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
i
MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
* MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
S FEW
FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
I
NONCALCAREOUS (MCL)
I NEUTRAL PH- 7.0
CPH METER)
I ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
ICA
17 - 33 CM. C 7 - 13 IN.)
GRAfISH BROWN
ClOYR 5/2) CRUSHED 5 CLAY LOAN
% MODERATE
VERT FINE L FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
* COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
S FEW
MIXED SEDIMENTARY
FRAGMENTS
i FfW TO COMMON SOFT
VERY FINE
MASSES OF LIME
I
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
i MILDLY ALKALINE
PH- 7.6 CPH METER)
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
2CA
33 - 46 CM. C 13 - 18 IN.)
LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY (2.5V 6/2) CRUSHED I SANDY CLAY LOAM i MODERATE
FINE L MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I FEW TO COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEWOX IDE-PROTECTED WEATHERED ROCK
FRAGMENTS
J
FEW TO COMMON
SOFT
VERY FINE
MASSES OF LIME 5 MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I MILDLY ALKALINE PH- 7.7 CPH METER)
J CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
C
3CA
46 - 66 CM. C 18 - 26 IN.)
DARK BROWN ClOYR 3/3) CRUSHED I COARSE SANDY LOAM
3 WEAK
VERY FINE 4 FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
S FEW TO COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
5 FEW TO COMMON
FINE
J FEW FRAGMENTS
FEW TO COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
MIXED LITHOLOGY FRAGMENTS
J COMMON SOFT
MASSES OF LIME
3
FINE
MODERATELY ALKALINE PH- 8.1
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL) CONTINUOUS
I
(PM METER)
3 CLEAR
WAVY
BOUNDARY
C
4CA
REMARKS:
66 - 111 CM. C 26 - 44 IN.)
DARK RED
C2.5YR 3/6) EXTERIOR
J VERY CHANNERY
VERY FINE 4 FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
5
MATTED AROUND STONES AND PEBBLES
I
COMMON FINE L
FEW TO COMMON
SOFT
VERY FINE
MASSES OF LIME
I
(HCL)
DISCONTINUOUS
3 MODERATELY ALKALINE PM- 8.1
BOUNDARY
FEW
SANDY LOAM
; WEAK
FEW FINE
ROOTS
MEDIUM IRREGULAR
PORES
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT
(PH METER)
J NOT REACHED
DESERT PAVEMENT PRESEN:.THIN VEG.C1/2"-3" PAVEMENT). SHALLOW TO BR.C4 MOR CALC
IN LIME SKINS ONLY. ASPECT-242.,C4 MATERIAL DESCRIBED IN CRACKS IN FRACTURED
BEDROCK. AGSP/BOGR, ARIDIC, FRIGID
J
82
SURVEY SAMPLE NO. I
LOCATIONS
YANKEE JIM CANYON
CLASSIFICATIONS
TYPIC
ARGIBOROLLS S
SITE NO.: 7*1*9
SLOPE S
02%
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLES
precipitation :
permeability :
physiography :
microrelief :
vegetation :
parent material :
HORIZON
A l
:OUNTYS PARK
class ;
annual :
ANNUAL:
depth :
nearly level
DEGREES F
DEGREES F
CM.
STSMT
LOAMY-SKELETAL
1*9
,
ELEVATION: ISZA METERS
PLANE
kino :
DEGREES F
summer :
SUMMER: 63 DEGREES F
MONTHS AUGUST
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASS: WELL DRAINED
OAJ CM.
MODERATELY RAPID
ALLUVIAL OR COLLUVIAL FANS
JN SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS
SLIGHTLY
WEATHERED
ALLUVIUM
IGNEOUS, METAMORPHIC AND SEDIMENTARY
MONTH SAMPLED: AUGUST
ASPECT: SOUTHWEST
WINTER:
DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
KIND:
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER: OAl CM LOWERS 03* CM
STONINESSt CLASS 3
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
O - IA CM. C O - 6 IN.3
DARK BROWN ClOYR 3/33 CRUSHED I VERY GRAVELLY LOAM
J V DK GRAYISH BROWN
UOYR 3/2) CRUSHED WET ; MODERATE
FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I
MANY
FINE
ROOTS THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR PORES
FEW IGNEOUS
FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
i NONCALCAREOUS (HCL)
8
NEUTRAL PH- 7.0 (PH METER)
I ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
B
ZT
IA - 3* CM. ( 6 - IJ IN.)
DARK BROWN (IOYR 3/3) EXTERIOR
I VERY GRAVELLY
CLAY LOAM
8
DARK GRAYISH BROWN ClOVR A/2) CRUSHED WET i WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE L MEDIUM
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
5 COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
8 COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORF S
8 COMMON
FAINT
DARK BROWN (10VR 3/3) CLAY SKINS ON PEO FACES
S FEW FRAGMENTS
,
PM7.0
(PM
METER)
S
NEUTRAL
;
(MCL)
FFW FRAGMENTS
8 NONCALCAREOUS
ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
B
3CA
3A - AU CM. C U 16 IN.)
LOAM
8
I VERY GRAVELLY
DARK BROWN C IOVR 3/3) EXTERIOR
FINE
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
0«RK GRAYISH BROWN <2.SY S/2) CRUSMtD WtY 8 WEAK
MOIST
STRUCTURE
8 COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
8 COMMON
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
J FFW FRAGMENTS
• FEW FRAGMENTS
8 COMMON
SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LIMF
t MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
DISCONTINUOUS
MILDLY ALKALINE PM- 7.5 (PH METER)
8 ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
C
ICA
2CA
REMARKS I
AO - 85 CM. ( 1 6 - 33 IN.)
BROWN
(IOYR 5/3) EXTERIOR
8 VERY GRAVELLY
LOAN
8 GRAYISH BROWN
(2.5Y 5/2) CRUSHED WET 8 MASSIVE MOIST
PARTING TO
8 COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
8 COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR PORES
8 FEW LIMESTONE
FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
8 MANY
SOFT
FINE L MEDIUM MASSES OF LINE
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (MCL)
CONTINUOUS
I
MILDLY ALKALINE PH- 7.5 (PH METER)
CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
85 - IAO CM. ( 3 3 - 55 IN.)
BROWN (10YR A/3) EXTERIOR
8 VERY GRAVELLY
LOAMY SANO
8 MASSIVE MOIST
COMMON FINE
ROOTS THROUGHOUT HORIZON
: COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
S FEW FRAGMENTS
• FFW FRAGMENTS
8 COMMON TO MANY SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LIME
8 MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL) CONTINUOUS
8 MILOLT ALKALINE
PM- ?.e (PM METER)
8 NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
GRAVELLY FAN NEAR YELLOWSTONE RIVER. MANY LARGE STONES AT SURFACE. FAN OR TERRA
CE, WATER WORKED GRAVELS8 ASPECT-ZAO.
AGSP/POGR, USTIC, FRIGID
:
8
8
8
8
83
SURVEY SAMPLE MO.S
LOCATION:
816 TIMBER AIRPORT
CLASSIFICATION!
TYPIC
ARGIBOAOLLSi
SITE NO.! TSITS
SLOPE!
OIL
AIM TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE!
PRECIPITATION!
PERMEABILITY:
PHYSIOGRAPHY!
MICRORELIEF!
vegetation :
PARENT MATERIAL!
HORIZON
A
STSMT
ITS
FINE-LOAMY
COUNTY! SWEET GRASS
ELEVATION! HSS METERS
CLASS!
NEARLY LEVEL
KIND:
PLANE
ANNUAL!
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
annual :
degrees f
SUMMER! 68 DEGREES F
DEPTH:
CM.
MONTH! JULY
016 CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
MODERATE
DRAINAGE class : well drained
STREAM, OUTWASH OR PLAINS TERRACES
ON SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS
PARTLY WEATHERED
ALLUVIUM
IGNEOUS ROCKS
STONINESS: CLASS
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
O - 11 CM. ( O 6 IN.)
V OK GRAYISH BROWN CiOYR 1/2) INTERIOR
I GRAVELLY
MODERATE
FINE L MEDIUM GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS (HCL)
(PM METER)
I ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
B ZIT
MONTH SAMPLED: JULY
ASPECT: EAST
WINTER!
DEGREES F
WINTER!
DEGREES F
KINDI
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER: Oil CM LOWER! 016 CM
SILT LOAN i
i MANY
FINE
PORES
I FEW
i NEUTRAL PM- T.i
Il - Zi CM. C ♦ - 8 IN.)
DARK BROWN CIOYR 3/3) SILTY CLAY LOAM I MODERATE TO STRONG FINE L MEDIUM
SUB ANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PARTING TO MODERATE
FINE
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
j COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
i MANY
FAINT
OK. YELLOWISH BROWN
ClOYR 3/6) CLAY SKINS ON HORIZONTAL I VERTICAL PED FACES
I NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
I NEUTRAL PH- 6.T (PM METER)
! CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
B ZZT
Zl - 36 CM. C
8 - 16 IN.)
DARK BROWN CiOYR 3/3) INTERIOR
I SILTY CLAY LOAM i STRONG FINE C MEDIUM
SUBANGUlAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PARTING TO MODERATE TO STRONG FINE
SVBANGUlAR BLOCKY MOIST
i COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
i MANY
DISTINCT
V DK GRAYISH BROWN
CIOTR 3/Z) CLAY SKINS ON HORIZONTAL G VERTICAL PEO FACES
I FEW SANDSTONE
FRAGMENTS
: NONCALCAREOUS
I NEUTRAL PH- 6.9 (PM METER)
I CLEAR
WAVY
BOUNDARY
B
ICA
36 - 66 CM. C 16 - 19 IN.)
PALE BROWN ClOYR 6/3) INTERIOR
DRY i LOAN
| WHITE
ClOVR 6/1)
INTERIOR
DRY I LIGHT GRAY ClOVR T/Z) INTERIOR
i MODERATE TO STRONG
FINE t MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PARTING TO WEAK
FINE
SUB ANGULAR BLOCKY MOIST
i COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
I MANY
SOFT
FINE I
MEDIUM MASSES OF LIME
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I
MILDLY ALKALINE PH- 7.6 (PH METER)
I CLEAR WAVY
BOUNDARY
C
CA
68 - 135 CM. ( 1 9 - 33 IN.)
VERY PALE BROWN (10YR T/J) INTERIOR
DRY I GRAVELLY
LOAMY SANO
S BROWN
(10YR 5/3) INTERIOR
I
MASSIVE MOIST
| FEW TO COMMON
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
,
FEW FRAGMENTS
I MANY
SOFT
FINE I MEDIUM MASSES OF LIME
, COMMON
SOFT
COARSE MASSES OF LIME
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I
MILOLT ALKALINE PH- 7.8 (PM METER)
I NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
REMARKS:
GRAVEL PM , OLD TERRACE
UNDULATING BOUNDARY, SOLUM THICKNESS VARIES 30 TO 66 CM IN PIT, WELLORAINEO, INT
NESTS NEAR PIT, LARGE RED AND SMALL RED. RAIN DAY BEFORE SAMPLING. ASPECT-063.
AGSP/BOGR, ARIOICCBOROERLINF USTIC), FRIGID
I
84
SUKVEY SAMPLE NO
LOCATION:
CLASSIFICATIONS
SITE NO.: 7SZA8
SLOPE:
J**
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE:
precipitation :
permeability :
PHYSIOGRAPHY:
MICRORELIEF I
vegetation :
PARENT MATERIAL:
CANYON CREEK
ENTIC
HAPLOaOROLLSI
I
LOAMY-SKELETAL
COUNTY: LEWIS AND CLARK
ELEVATION! 13TB METERS
class :
STEEP
KINO:
CONVEX
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
summer :
DEGREES F
annual :
DEGREES F
summer : 66 DEGREES F
CM.
depth :
MONTH: AUGUST
030 CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
MODERATELY RAPID
DRAINAGE CLASS: WELL DRAINED
MOUNTAINS. STEEP HILLS. OR DEEPLY DISSECTED PLATEAUS
ON SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS
SLIGHTLY
WEATHERED
SOLID ROCK
INTERBEOOEO SANDSTONE AND SILI STONE•
INCLINED
HORIZON
*
SJSNT
MONTH SAMPLED: AUGUST
aspect : southeast
winter :
degrees F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
KINO:
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER: OZS CM LOWER! OTB CM
STONINESS: CLASS O
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
O - Zl CM. ( O 8 IN.3
V OK GRAYISH BROWN ClOYR 3/Z)
VERY FINE I FINE
GRANULAR
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
FRAGMENTS
. FEW FRAGMENTS
(PH METER)
I ABRUPT WAVY
CRUSHED : VERY GRITTY SILT LOAM
S MODERATE
HOIST
STRUCTURE
S COMMON TO MANY FINE
COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I
FEW
: NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
: NEUTRAL PH- 6.8
BOUNDARY
AC
CA
21 - 31 CM. ( B - IZ IN.)
YELLOWISH BROWN (10YR S/A) CRUSHED I GRITTY CLAY LOAN
: MODERATE
VERY FINE A FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
i COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
i COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FEW
FRAGMENTS
. FEW FRAGMENTS
J FEW TO COMMON
SOFT
VERY FINE
MASSES OF LIME
S MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I MILDLY ALKALINE
PM- I.S (PM METER)
I CLEAR
WAVY
BOUNDARY
C
ICA
31 - 50 CM. ( IZ - ZO IN.)
OK. YELLOWISH BROWN (10YR A/A) CRUSHED ! CHANNERY
SANDY LOAM
S
SINGLE GRAIN
MOIST
I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
i
COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
i FEW METAMORPHtC FRAGMENTS
. FEW
FRAGMENTS
I COMMON SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LINE
I
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT
(HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I NEUTRAL PM- 7.3 (PM METER) I CLEAR
WAVY
BOUNDARY
C
ZCA
50 - TB CM. ( 2 0 - 31 IN.)
OK. YELLOWISH BROWN (10YR A/A) CRUSHED I VERY CMANNERY
CLAY LOAM
I
SINGLE GRAIN
DRY I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
MATTED AROUND STONES AND PEBBLES
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
S FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
S
COMMON SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LIME
S VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I MILDLY ALKALINE PM- 7.6 (PH METER) I GRADUAL WAVY
BOUNDARY
C
3CA
REMARKS:
JS - HO CM. ( 3 1 - A3 IN.)
LI. YELLOWISH BROWN (10YR 6/A) INTERIOR
DRY I VERY CHANNERY
CLAY LOAM
I
FEW FINE
ROOTS
MATTED AROUND STONES ANO PEBBLES
: FEW TO COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FEW TO COMMON
SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LIME
I
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
DISCONTINUOUS
i
MODERATELY ALKALINE PH- 8.2
CPH METER)
I NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
ASPECT-IAS.
FRACTURED BEDROCK
AGSP/AGSM,USTIC,FRIG ID, C3 MATERIAL DESCRIBED IN CRACKS IN
I
85
SURVEY SAMPLE NO.:
LOCATION?
ORUMMONO
CLASSIFICATION!
ENTIC
MAPLOBOROLlSi
SITE NO.: 75 83
SLOPE:
11*
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE:
precipitation :
permeability :
physiography :
MICRORElIEFi
vegetation :
PARENT MATERIAL:
HORIZON
A
AC
C
C
S75NT
COARSE-LOAMY ,
83
,
COUNTY: GRANITE
ELEVATION: 1344 METERS
MONTH SAMPLED: JULY
CLASS:
STRONGLY SLOPING
KIND:
CONVEX
ASPECT: SOUTH
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
annual :
DEGREES F
SUMMER: 64 DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
depth :
CM.
MONTH: JULY
KINO:
NO WATER TABLE
028 CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
UPPER: 025 CM LOWER: 100 CM
MODERATE
DRAINAGE CLASS: WELL DRAINED
ROLLING OR HILLY UPLANDS
STONINESSi CLASS I
ON SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS
HIGHLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOL IFLUCT ATE
IGNEOUS ROCKS
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
O- 15 CM. C O 6 IN.)
OARK BROWN C7.5VR 3/2) INTERIOR
I
SILTY CLAY LOAM J MODERATE
FINE L MEDIUM GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
i
MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
i
COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
MOPES
i few
FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS
J NEUTRAL PH- 6.7 CPH METER) .
CA
ICA
ZCA
REMARKS:
15 - 26 CM. C 6 - 10 IN.)
DARK GRAYISH BROWN UOYR 4/2) INTERIOR
I
CLAY LOAM
FINE L MEDIUM GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
S MANY
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
I
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT
NEUTRAL PM- 7.1 CPH METER) I ABRUPT WAVY
BOUNDARY
26 - 39 CM. C 10 - 15 IN.)
LIGHT GRAY ClOYR 7/2) INTERIOR
I
CLAY LOAM
SUB ANGULAR BLOCK!
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I
MANY
THROUGHOUT HORIZON I COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
FEW FRAGMENTS
$ VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT CNCD
PM- 7.6 CPH METER) I CLEAR
WAVY
BOUNDARY
S WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE
ROOTS
PORES
5 FEW
CHCD
CONTINUOUS
S
J WEAK
MEDIUM
FINE
ROOTS
PORES
i FEW FRAGMENTS
,
CONTINUOUS
I
MILDLY ALKALINE
39 - 185 CM. C 15- 73 IN.)
LIGHI GRAY ClOVR 7/2) INTERIOR
5 LOAM
J YELLOW UOYR 7/6) INTERIOR
J
LIGHT GRAY ClOVR 7/1) INTERIOR
i COMMON FRIABLE LIGHT GRAY ClOYR 7/1)
ELUVIAL TONGUES
02
CM THICK J
I
MASSIVE MOIST
J COMMON
FINE L MEDIUM ROOTS
IN CRACKS
I COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
S
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT CHCD
CONTINUOUS
I
MILDLY ALKALINE PH- 7.7 CPH METER) .
PM- HIGH WEATHERED GRANITE SAPROLITE.
ASPECT-185.
AGSP/AGSM, ARIOICt FRIGID, CBOROERLINE FINE LOAMY FAMILY)
86
SURVEY SRNRLE NO.I
LOCATION:
BOWMAN'S CORNER
CLASSIFICATION!
VERTIC ARtIBOROLLSj
SITE NO.: T52IT
SLORE:
OTI
AIR TENRERATURE
SOIL TENRERATURE
WATER TABLE!
RREClRITATIONI
RERNE ABILITY:
RHYSIOCRARMY:
MICRORELIEF:
v e g e t a t i o n
:
RANENT MATERIAL:
HORIZON
A l
6
B
STSNI
i i i
FINE ,
COUNTY: LEWIS AND CLARK
CLASS: MODERATELY SLORINC
annual :
DEGREES F
annual :
degrees f
OER TM:
CM.
OAl CM.
MODERATELY SLOW
ROLLING OR HILLY URLANOS
ON SLORE
GRASSES ANO FORMS
HIGHLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL
IGNEOUS ROCKS
ELEVATION: 1369 METERS
KINO:
RLANE
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
summer : 6i degrees f
MONTH! AUGUST
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
DRAINAGE CLASS: WELL DRAINED
3CA
degrees f
WINTER:
DEGREES F
KINO:
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER! 016 CM LOWER! 031 CM
STONINESS: CLASS
MATERIAL. LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOLIFLUCTATE
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
O - 16 CM. C O - 6 IN.)
VERT DARK GRAY (IOTA 3/1) EXTERIOR
j CLAY LOAN
VERT FINE L FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I
IN MAT AT TOP OF REFERENCE HORIZON
J MANY
FINE
NDNCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
I SLIGHTLY ACID
PH- 6.A (PH
BOUNDARY
ZT
MONTH SAMPLED: AUGUST
ASPECT! NORTH
winter :
i MODERATE
MANY
FINE
ROOTS
IRREGULAR
PORES
i
METER)
I ABRUPT SMOOTH
16 - 31 CM. ( 6 - IZ IN.)
V OK GRAYISH BROWN (10YR 3/2) INTERIOR
i CLAY
: STRONG MEDIUM
SUB ANGULAR BLOCKY MOIST
STRUCTURE
i MANY
FINE
ROOTS
BETWEEN PEDS
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
, FEW FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
MANY
PROMINENT
VERY DARK BROWN (10YR 2/2) CLAY SKINS
ON HORIZONTAL t VERTICAL PEO FACES
I NONCALCAREOUS (HCL)
T NEUTRAL PM- 6.T
(PH METER)
j ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
i
I
31 - A3 CM. ( 1 2 - IT IN.)
DARK GRAYISH BROWN (IOYR A/2) INTERIOR
I CLAY
i MODERATE TO STRONG
FINE I MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
AND MODERATE TO STRONG
FINE
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
BETWEEN PEOS
I
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
, FEW FINE
IRREGULAR ANO TUBULAR PORES
COMMON DISTINCT
DARK GRAYISH BROWN ClBYR A/2) CLAY SKINS
ON HORIZONTAL G VERTICAL PEO FACES
I FEW SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LIME
J
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I MILDLY ALKALINE PM- T.A (PM METER)
CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
I
j
C
ICA
Al - T6 CM. (IT - 30 IN.)
GRAYISH BROWN
(IOYR 6/2) INTERIOR
i CLAY
j LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY UOYR 6/2)
CRUSHED WET I MODERATE
FINE t MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKT
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I
FEW FINE
ROOTS
BETWEEN PEDS
I
FEW FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
. FEW
FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
I COMMON DISTINCT
BROWN
(IOYR 5/3)
CLAY SKINS ON HORIZONTAL L VERTICAL PEO FACES
I FEW SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LIME
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (MCL)
CONTINUOUS
I MILDLY ALKALINE
PH- I.S (PH METER)
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
ZCA
TA - ITA CM. ( 3 0 - 69 IN.)
GRAYISH BROWN
(IOYR 6/2) INTERIOR
I GRITTY CLAY
i LIGHT GRAY UOYR
EXTERIOR
I MODERATE TO STRONG FINE C MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTUME
I FEW FINE
ROOTS BETWEEN REDS
I FEW FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FEW FAINT
GRAYISH BROWN
UOYR S/2) CLAY SKINS
ON HORIZONTAL L VERTICAL PEO FACES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
I COMMON TO MANT SOFT
MEDIUM MASSES OF LIME
J VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL) CONTINUOUS
I
MILDLY ALKALINE PH- T.A (PH METER)
I NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
REMARKS:
VERY CLAYEY SITE. VERY FEW VF ROOTS IN TOP 10 CM OF C2. CZ SEEMED DRIER AFTER 19
6 CM. ASPECT"OOS.
FESC/AGSP. USTIC. FRIGID
1/1)
87
SURVEY SAMPLE NO-S
S7SMT
LOCATIONS
MULLAN GULCH NW OF OFER LODGE
CLASSIFICATION:
ENIIC
NAPLOBOROLLSt FINE-LOAMY
SITE NO.: 75 87
SLOPES
OM
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLES
PRECIPITATIONS
PERMEABILITY:
PHYSIOGRAPHY:
MICRORELIEFS
VEGETATIONS
PARENT MATERIALS
87
,
COUNTY: POWELL
CLASS:
GENTLY SLOPING
ANNUALS
DEGREES F
ANNUALS
DEGREES F
DEPTHS
CM.
ELEVATION: 1591 METERS
KINDS
CONVEX
SUMMERS
DEGREES F
SUMMERS 6J OEGREES F
MONTHS AUGUST
0?8 CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
MODERATELY RAPID
DRAINAGE CLASS: WELL DRAINED
STREAM, OUT WASH OR PLAINS TERRACES
ON SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS
SLIGHTLY
WEATHERED
GLACIAL OUTWASH
IGNEOUS, M£TAMORPHIC AND SEDIMENTARY
HORIZON
MONTH SAMPLED: AUGUST
ASPECTS SOUTH
WINTERS
DEGREES F
WINTERS
DEGREES F
KINDS
NO WATER TABLE
UPPERS 025 CM LOWERS 100 CM
STONINESSS CLASS O
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
A
I
O- 16 CM. C OLOAM
I MODERATE
MANY
FINE
ROOTS
IRREGULAR
PORES
I
(HCL)
I NEUTRAL PH-
A
3
16 - 26 CM. < 6 - 10 IN.
DRY I GRITTY LOAM
I
DARK BROWN OOYR
BROWN
ClOVR 4/3) EXTERIOR
FINE
SUB ANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
CRUSHED J WEAK TO MODERATE
VERY
FINE
L
FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
J
PARTING TO WEAK TO MODERATE
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
; COMMON TO MANY FINE
COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
i
NONCALCAREOUS
IRREGULAR
PORES
I
FEW FRAGMENTS
) ABRUPT WAVY
BOUNDARY
(HCL)
i NEUTRAL PH- 7.1 (PH METER)
C
ICA
6 IN.)
STRUCTURE
VERY FINE fc FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
FINE
IN MAT AT TOP OF REFERENCE HORIZON
! MANY
NONCALCAREOUS
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
S
6.8 (PH METER) I ABRUPT WAVY
BOU
3/3)
26 - 36 CM. ( 1 0 - 14 IN.)
BROWN
(IOVR 4/3) EXTERIOR
DRY J GRITTY LOAM
{ GRAYISH BROWN
ClOVR 5/2)
CRUSHED i WEAK
FINE
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PARTING TO
WEAK
VERY FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR PORES
I
FEW FRAGMENTS
•
FEW SANDSTONE
FRAGMENTS
| CONMON SOFT
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
VERY FINE
MASSES OF LIME
I
MILDLY ALKALINE PH- 7.5 (PH METER)
C
2CA
36 - 54 CM. ( 14 - 21 IN.)
WHITE
ClOYR 8/2) EXTERIOR
ORT t LOAN
i
LIGHT GRAY UOVR 7/2) CRUSHED
MODERATE
FINE I MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKT
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PARTING TO
WEAK TO MODERATE
VERY FINE L FINE
SUBANGULAR BLOCKV
MOIST
t FEW FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
I
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW SANDSTONE
FRAGMENTS
I
MANY
SOFT
FINE L MEDIUM
MASSES OF LIME
I
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
i
MILDLY ALKALINE
PH- 7.4 (PM METER) .
C
3CA
54 - BI CM. C 21 - 32 IN.)
YELLOWISH BROWN ClOVR 5/4) EXTERIOR
DRY ; CLAY LOAM
I PALE BROWN ClOVR
CRUSHED I MODERATE
FINE L MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKV
MOIST
STRUCTURE
5
FEW FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
FEW TO COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR ANO TUBULAR PORES
, FEW FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
S FEW
FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
J COMMON SOFT
VERY FINE
MASSES OF LIME
i
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL) CONTINUOUS
I
MILDLY ALKALINE PM- 7.5 (PH METER)
C
ACA
REMARKS:
BI - 126 CM. ( 32 - 50 IN.)
LI. YELLOWISH BROWN ClOVR 6/4) EXTERIOR
DRY I GRITTY LOAM
% PALE BROWN
ClOVR 6/3) CRUSHED S WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE L MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
i
FEW FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I FEW FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
, FEW FINE
IRREGULAR PORES
S FEW
FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
I
FEW TO COMMON SOFT
VERY FINE
MASSES OF LIME
I
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT CHCD
CONTINUOUS
S MILDLY ALKALINE
PH- 7.8 CPM METER)
I
NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
ASPECT-171.
FESC/A6SPtARIOICtFRIGKO
6/3)
88
SURVfY SAMPLE NO.:
location :
classification :
SITE NO.: 75 23
SLOPE I
1<?X
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLES
precipitation :
PERMEABILITY:
physiography :
microrelief :
vegetation :
PARENT MATERIAL:
S75MT
RED BLUFF RANCH
IYPIC
HAPLOBOROLLSI
COUNTY: MADISON
class :
23
COARSE-LOAMY
strongly sloping
ELEVATION: 1743 METERS
KINDI
PLANE
SUMMER !
DEGREES F
SUMMER: 64 DEGREES F
MONTHS JULY
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
DRAINAGE CLASS: WELL DRAINED
MONTH SAMPLED: JULY
ASPECT: NORTHWEST
WINTERS
DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
kind :
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER: 025 CM LOWERS 100 CM
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
ANNUAL;
DEGREES F
DEPTH:
CM.
038 CM.
MODERATE
STONINESS I CLASS
ROLLING OR HILLY UPLANDS
ON SLOPE
GRASSES ANO FORBS
PARTLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOL IFLUCT ATE
METAMORPHIC
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
HORIZON
O - 21 CM. C O 8 IN.)
V OK GRAYISH BROWN ClOVR 3/2) INTERIOR
I GRITTY LOAM
ClOVR 3/1) INTERIOR
WET I MODERATE
FINE
GRANULAR
MANY
FINE
ROOTS THROUGHOUT HORIZON
i MANY
FINE
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
5 NONCALCAREOUS
CMCD
CPH METER)
I ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
A
21 - 46 CM.
BROWN
C7.5VR
INTERIOR
5
COMMON FINE
COMMON TO MANY
NONCALCAREOUS
BOUNDARY
B
% VERY OARK GRAY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
IRREGULAR
PORES
i NEUTRAL PM- 6.7
C 8 - 18 IN.)
5/4) INTERIOR
ORY I CLAY LOAM
I BROWN
C7.5YR 4/4)
MODERATE
FINE L MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
t COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR PORES
FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
I
CHCD
I NEUTRAL PH- 6.8 CPH METER)
5 CLEAR
SMOOTH
BROWN
C7.SVR 4/4) INTERIOR
I LOAM
I TELLOWISH RED
CSVR
5/8)
INTERIOR
I WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE I MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
STRUCTURE
oAR TIMG TO SINGLE GRAIN
MOIST
I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
, FEW FINE
IRREGULAR ANO TUBULAR PORES
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW SANDSTONE
FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
I
NEUTRAL PM- 6.9 (PM METER)
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
C
59 - 89 CM. ( 2 3 - 35 IN.)
OK. YELLOWISH BROWN ClUVR 4/4) INTERIOR
I
LOAM
i WEAK
FINE L MEDIUM
SUB ANGULAR BLOCKT
MOIST
STRUCTURE PARTING TO
I
COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON I COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
i DISTINCT
V OK GRAYISH BROWN ClOYR 3/2) CLAY SKINS ON SAND AND GRAVEL
I FEW FRAGMENTS
NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
I
MILDLY ALKALINE PH- 7.4 (PM METER)
i GRADUAL SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
2CA
REMARKS*
89 - 140 CM. C 35 - 55 IN.)
OK. YELLOWISH BROWN ClOVR 4/4) INTERIOR
I LOAM
; WEAK
FINE L MEDIUM
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I
FEW TO COMMON
FINE
ROOTS
, FEW TO COMMON
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
5 COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
• FEW FRAGMENTS
FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
FEW SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LIME
I MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
DISCONTINUOUS
I NEUTRAL PH- 7.0 (PH METER)
$ NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
ROCK STRUCTURE VISABLE IN C HORIZON. ASPECT-297.
FE10/AGSP, USIIC, FRIGID
I
I
I
,
I
«
I
89
SURVEY SRFPLE NO.I
LOCATION:
4A0LEV PARK
CLASSIFICATION:
TiPIC
CRYOBOROLLS#
SITE NO.: 7S10S
SLOPE:
121
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE:
precipitation :
permeability :
PHYSIOGRAPHY:
microrelief :
vegetation :
PARENT MATERIAL:
S75FT
IOS
COARSE-LOAMY
COUNTY: JEFFERSON
MONTH SAMPLED: JULY
ELEVATION: 1786 METERS
CONVEX
aspect : southwest
CLASS:
STRONGLY SLOPING
KINO:
DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
annual :
summer :
DEGREES F
DEGREES F
WINTER:
SUMMER:
61
annual :
DEGREES
F
DEGREES F
KIND: NO WATER TABLE
depth :
CM.
MONTH: JULY
UPPER: 025 CM LOWER: 100
0*6 CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
MODERATE
DRAINAGE CLASS: WELL DRAINED
STONINESS: CLASS 3
MOUNTAINS STEEP HILLS, OR DEEPLY DISSECTED PLATEAUS
IN SLOPE
GRASSES ANO FORBS
PAATLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOL IFLUCTATE
COARSE IGNEOUS ROCKS
HORIZON
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
A 11
O - 12 CM. C O 5 IN.)
VERY DARK GRAY ClOVR J/l) INTERIOR
I LOAM
; VERY DARK GRAY ClOVR 3/1)
INTERIOR
DRY $ WEAK TO MODERATE
VERY FINE L FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
5 MANY
FINE
ROOTS
IN MAT AT TOP OF REFERENCE HORIZON
S
I
FEW FRAGMENTS
• FEW SANDSTONE
COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS
J SLIGHTLY ACID PH- 6.J (PH METER)
I
ABRUPT
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
A
12 - 28 CM. C 5 - 11 IN.)
DARK BROWN ClOVR 3/3) INTERIOR
I
VERY GRAVELLY
MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PARTING
FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
; COMMON TO MANY FINE
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS
I SLIGHTLY AGIO PH-
B
12
2
I
28 - 72 CM. C U - 28 IN.)
BROWN
ClOVR 4/3) INTERIOR
I
GRAVELLY
CLAY LOAM
i MODERATE TO STRONG
MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKV
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I COMMON FINE C MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR ANO TUBULAR
PORES
I
FEW CONGLOMERATE
FRAGMENTS
, FFW FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS
I NEUTRAL
PM- 6.6 CPH METER) .
B
C
CLAY LOAM
I MODERATE
TO WEAK TO MODERATE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
• FEW CONGLOMERATE
6.4 CPH METER) .
72 - 90 CM. ( 2 8 - 35 IN.)
BROWN
ClOVR 4/3) INTERIOR
I
GRAVELLY
SILTY CLAY LOAM I
3K• YELLOWISH BROWN ClOTR 4/4) EXTERIOR
I WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE C MEDIUM
sub angular blockt
moist
structure
: common fine
roots
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I FEW TO COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
I
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW SANDSTONE
FRAGMENTS
I
NONCALCAREOUS
I
NEUTRAL PM- 6.6
CPH METER) .
CA
REMARKS:
90 - 150 CM. C J5 - 59 IN.)
YELLOWISH BROWN ClOYR 5/4) INTERIOR
I
GRAVELLY
LOAM
j WEAK
FINE I MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
$ FEW TO COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
I
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW SANDSTONE
FRAGMENTS
I FEW SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LIME
$ MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL) CONTINUOUS
J MILDLY ALKALINE
PH- 7.4 (PM METER) •
ASPECT-236.
FE I0/AGSP e USTICt CRTIC
90
SUKVtr SKKPLE HO. !
LOCATION!
GRAVELLY MENS
CLASSIFICATION!
CALCIC CRYOBOROLLSI
SITE NO.! TS /I
SLOPE!
OTt
AIR TENPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE!
PRECIPITATION!
PERMEABIlITT:
PHYSIOGRAPHY!
MICRORELIEF!
VEGETATION!
PARENT MATERIAL!
STSMT
CLAYEY-SKELETAL
2T
>
COUNTY! MADISON
ELEVATION! 222» METERS
MONTH SAMPLED: JULY
CLASS: MODERATELY SLOPING
KINO:
PLANE
ASPECT! SOUTH
ANNUAL!
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
W INTER:
DEGREES F
ANNUAL!
DEGREES F
SUMMER: ST DEGREES F
WINTER!
DEGREES F
DEPTH!
CM.
MONTH!
KIND!
NO WATER TABLE
OAB CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
UPPER: 025 CM LOWER! 100 CM
MODERATE
DRAINAGE CLASS! WELL DRAINED
MOUNTAINS. STEEP MILLS. OR DEEPLY DISSECTED PLATEAUS
STONINESS: CLASS O
ON SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS
HIGHLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL MATERIAL. LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOL IFLUCTATE
LIMESTONE - MARBLE .
INCLINED
HORIZON
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
A 11
O - a CM. I O 3 IN.)
Y OK GRAYISH BROWN (10YR 3/2) INTERIOR
I SILT LOAM
I
WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I MANY
FINE 4 MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
■
FEW FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS
(HCl)
I NEUTRAL PH- T.l (PH METER)
I
ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
A 12
a - 2i cm . c ) - e in .)
v DK GRAYISH BROWN (10VR 3/2)
MODERATE
MEDIUM GRANULAR
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
(PM METER)
I ABRUPT SMOOTH
INTERIOR
I CHANNE RY
SILT LOAM
I
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I MANY
FINE t MEDIUM
MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
i FEW
i NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
I NEUTRAL PM- T.3
BOUNDARY
B
ZCA
21 - 31 CM. ( 8
BROWN
(IOYR A/1)
SUBANGULAR BLOCKT
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
FRAGMENTS
• FEW
MILOLY ALKALINE PM-
B
3CA
31 - A3 CM. ( 12 - IT IN.)
PALE BROWN (10YR 6/1) INTERIOR
I SILT LOAM
I MODERATE
MEDIUM
SUB ANGULAR BLOCKY
STRUCTURE
I COMMON FINE L MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
.
FEW TO COMMON FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I FEW IGNEOUS
FRAGMENTS
. FEW
IRONSTONE
FRAGMENTS
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCl) CONTINUOUS
S
MILDLY ALKALINE PM- T.A (PH METER) I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
- 12 IN.)
INTERIOR
I SILT LOAM
: MODERATE
MEDIUM
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I COMMON TO MANY FINE C MEDIUM ROOTS
I COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR PORES
! FEW
FRAGMENTS
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I
T.l (PM METER)
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
Al - BS CM. (IT - 33 IN.)
VERY PALE BROWN (10YR 7/3) INTERIOR
I CHANNERY
SILT LOAM
i WEAK
FINE
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY MOIST
STRUCTURE
I FEW TO COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
. COMMON FINE
TUBULAR PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
J COMMON SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LIME
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL) CONTINUOUS
S MILDLY ALKALINE
PH- I.6 (PM METER) .
C
REMARKS!
SHALLOW SOIL. SOME BEDROCK OUTCROPPINGS NEARBY.
IBA. FEIO/AGSP. USTICt CRYIC
ANT NESTS NEAR PIT.
ASPECT•
91
SURVEY SAMPLE NO.S
GRAVELLY MTNS
LOCATION:
CLASSIFICATION!
CALCIC CRY06QR0LL SS
S7SMI
Z#
FINE ,
SITE NO.! 7S ZB
SLOPE:
I?t
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL temperature
water table:
precipitation:
permeability :
physiography :
MICRORELIEF:
VEGETATION!
PARENT MATERIAL:
MONTH SAMPLED: JULY
COUNTY! MADISON
elevation : 2234 METERS
ASPECT: NORTH
PLANE
CLASS:STRONGLY SLOPING
KINO:
DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
annual :
degrees f
summer :
DEGREES F
WINTER:
SO
DEGREES
F
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
KINO:
NO WATER TABLE
DEPTH:
CM.
MONTH! JULY
UPPERS 025 CM LOWER! 100
048 CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
MODERATE
DRAINAGE class : well drained
STONINESS: CLASS
MOUNTAINS STEEP HILLS, OR DEEPLY DISSECTED PLATEAUS
3N SLOPE
GRASSES ANO FORMS
PARTLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL MATERIAL# LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOL IFLUCT ATE
PARENT MATERTAL:
HIGHLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOLtFLUCTATE
LIMESTONE - MARBLE .
HORIZONTAL
HORIZON
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
A 11
O - 15 CM. C O - 6 IN.)
VERY DARK GRAY ClOVR )/l> INTERIOR
I
SILT LOAM
i MODERATE
FINE L MEDIUM GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
5 MANY
FINE & MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
S NONCALCAREOUS
CHCD
; NEUTRAL PM- 6.8 CPH METER)
I
ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
A
15 - 28 CM. C 6 - 11 IN.)
V OK GRAYISH PROWN ClOYR 3/2) INTERIOR
i
CHANNERY
SILT LOAM
i
MODERATE
FINE L MEDIUM GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
i
COMMON
FINE & MEDIUM ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
5 NONCALCAREOUS (HCL)
S NEUTRAL PH- 7.3
(PH METFR)
J ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
B
B
12
2CA
3CA
C
C
28 - 43 CM. C II - IT IM.)
BROWN
ClOYR 4/3) INTERIOR
I SILT LOAM
{ MODERATE
FINE
SUB ANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
IHROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR ANO TUBULAR
PORES
, COMMON
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
I
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
S MILDLY ALKALINE PM- 7.5 CPH METER)
CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
•
I
43 - 51 CM. C 17 - ZO IN.)
PALE BROWN ClOYR 6/3) INTERIOR
S
SILT LOAM
I WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE
SUB ANGULAR BLOCKY
ROOTS
MOIST
STRUCTURE
• COMMON FINE
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
,
CONTINUOUS
S MILDLY ALKALINE
FEW FRAGMENTS
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
PM- 7.5 (PM METER)
: CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
51 - 90 CM. C 20 - 35 IN.)
VERY PALE BROWN ClOYR 7/3) INTERIOR
I
SILT LOAM
% WEAK
FINE
SUBANGULAR BLOCKV
NOIST
STRUCTURE
I FEW TO COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
J MANY
FINE
TUBULAR PORES
t
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW
FRAGMENTS
I FEW SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LIME
t
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT
(MCL)
CONTINUOUS
I MILDLY ALKALINE PM- 7.6 (PH METER)
% GRADUAL WAVY
BOUNDARY
2
REMARKST
90 - HO CM. ( 35 - 43 IN.)
VERY PALE BROWN ClOVR 7/1) INTERIOR
S
(IOVR 8/2) EXTERIOR
I WEAK
FINE
FEW FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
3
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FFW FRAGMENTS
i
FEW
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
VERY CHANNERY
SILT LOAM
i WHITE
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
COMMON TO MANY FINE
TUBULAR PORES
TO COMMON
SOFT
MASSES OF LINE
3
I MILDLY ALKALINE PM- 7.6 (PM METER)
OPPOSING SLOPE OF 027, VISABLY MOISTfcR SITE. RAIN EVENING BEFORE SAMPLING. C HOR
HARD RED-YELLOW NODULES ON ROCKS. ASPECT-348.
FE10/AGSP, USTICt CRYIC
I
3
I
92
SURVEY SAMPLE NO. I
STSMT
2
location :
classification :
ALDER CS.E)
TYPIC
CRYOBORALFS 2
SITE NO.: ZS272
slope :
10%
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TAMLE:
PRECIPITATION!
PERMEABILITY!
physiography :
MICRORELIEF:
VEGETATION!
PARENT MATERIAL!
MONTH SAMPI ED: AUGUST
ELEVATION: 1926 METERS
COUNTY: MADISON
ASPECT: WEST
CONVEX
CLASS!
STRONGLY SLOPING
KIND:
DEGREES F
winter :
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
DEGREES F
winter :
SUMMER: SA DEGREES F
DEGREES F
ANNUAL:
KIND:
NO WATER TABLE
month : AUGUST
CM.
DEPTH:
UPPER! OlO CM LOWER! 041
046 CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
DRAINAGE CLASS: WELL DRAINED
MODERATE
STONINESS! CLASS
MOUNTAINS STEEP HILLS, OR DEEPLY DISSECTED PLATEAUS
ON SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS AND SHRUBS
HIGHLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOLIfLUCTATE
IGNEOUS ROCKS •
HORIZONTAL
HORIZON
A
I
CLAYEY-SKELETAL
,
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
O - 10 CM. C O 4 IN.)
DARK GRAYISH BROWN ClOVR 4/2) EXTERIOR
I
LOAM
i V OK GRAYISH BROWN
ClOYR 3/2) CRUSHED WET I WEAK TO MODERATE
VERY FINE GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I MANY
FINE
ROOTS
IN MAT AT TOP OF REFERENCE HORIZON i
MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
J
NONCALC ARECUS
(HCL)
I SLIGHTLY ACID
PM- 6.5 (PH METER)
i
ABRUPT SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
10 - 41 CM. ( 4 - 1 6 IN.)
I
VERY STONY CLAY
} BROWN (10VR S/3)
BROWN
ClOYR 4/3) EXTERIOR
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
CRUSHED WET I MODERATE TO STRONG VERY FINE G FINE
COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON
STRUCTURE
I
TUBULAR PORES
: MANY
DISTINCT
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
, FEW FINE
I FEW
BROWN (10YR 4/3) CLAY SKINS ON HORIZONTAL 4 VERTICAL PEO FACES
FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
: NEUTRAL
FRAGMENTS
, FEW IRONSTONE
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
PM- 6.7 (PM METER)
I
CLEAR
41 - 75 CM. C 16 - 30 IN.)
| VERY STONY LIGHT CLAY
I BROWN
ClOYR 5/3)
BROWN
(10YR 5/3) EXTERIOR
CRUSHED WET I MODERATE
FINE
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I FEW
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR PORES
S FEW
FAINT
BROWN
(10TR 4/3) CLAY SKINS ON HORIZONTAL 4 VERTICAL PEO FACES J FEW
FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
I FEW TO COMMON SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LIME
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (MCL)
DISCONTINUOUS
I
MILDLY ALKALINE PH- 7.4
(PH METER)
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
75 - 102 CM. ( 3 0 - 40 IN.)
DARK GRAY
ClOVR 4/1) EXTERIOR
I
CLAY
{ BROWN ClOVR 4/3) EXTERIOR
GRAYISH BROWN
ClOYR 5/2) CRUSHED WET I WEAK
FINE 4 MEDIUM
SUBANGUlAR BLOCKY
NOlST
STRUCTURE
I
FEW FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
FEW TO COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
MANY
SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LIME
I
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I MILDLY ALKALINE PM- 7.7 CPH METER)
I NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
REMARKS!
SAGE.PART EFFERVESCENT Bi CROCK-RINDS), ASPECT-257.
ARTR/FFIO, USTICt CRYIC
I
5
:
I
93
SURVEY SAMPLE NO.*
S7SMT
LOCATION*
E. OF DILLON (HOFFMAN PLACE)
classification :
PACHIC
CRiOBOROLLST
COARSE-LOAMY
SITE NO.* 75140
SLOPES
29%
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLES
PRECIPITATIONS
PERMEABILITY*
PHYSIOGRAPHY*
MICRORELIEF:
VEGETATIONS
PARENT MATERIALS
HORIZON
A Il
140
COUNTY: MADISON
ELEVATIONS 2091 METERS
MONTH SAMPLED! AUGUST
CLASS*
STEEP
KINO*
CONVEX
ASPECT* NORTHEAST
ANNUALS
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
SUMMER: 52 DEGREES F
WINTER*
DEGREES F
DEPTH*
CM.
MONTH* AUGUST
KIND:
NO WATER TABLE
343 CM.
UPPER: 025 CM LOWER: 100
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
MODERATELY RAPID
DRAINAGE CLASS* WELL DRAINED
STONINESS: CLASS
ROLLING OR HILLY UPLANDS
ON SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS AND SHRUBS
PARTLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOL IFLUCT ATE
METAMORPHIC - GNEISS •
INCLINED
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
O12 CM. ( O 5IN.)
V OK GRAYISH BROWN (10VR 3/2) EXTERIOR
I LOAM
$
CRUSHED WET I MODERATE
VERY FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
FINE
ROOTS
IN MAT AT TOP OF REFERENCE HORIZON I MANY
PORES
I FEW SANDSTONE
FRAGMENTS
t FEW FRAGMENTS
(HCL)
I
NEUTRAL PH- 6.6 (PH METER)
I ABRUPT SMOOTH
VERY DARK GRAY ClOYR
STRUCTURE
5 MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
S NONCALCAREOUS
BOUNDARY
A 12
12 - 24 CM. ( 5 9 IN.)
V DK GRAYISH BROWN (10VR 3/2) EXTERIOR
S LIGHT LOAN
; V DK GRAYISH BROWN
(IOYR V?) CRUSHED WET J MODERATE
FINE L MEDIUM GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
J MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
: MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FRAGMENTS
S
NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
i NEUTRAL PM- i.O (PH METER)
5 CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
A
24 - 40 CM. ( 9 16 IN.)
OARK BROWN (IOVR 3/3) EXTERIOR
I LIGHT LOAN
I
CRUSHED WET I MODERATE
FINE I MEDIUM GRANULAR
MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I MANY
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS
(PH METER)
I CLEAR SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
C
3
I
PCA
R EM AR K S:
DARK BROWN (10VR 3/3)
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
$
(HCL)
< NEUTRAL PH- 6.9
40 - 91 CM. ( 1 6 - 36 IN.)
LI. YELLOWISH BROWN OOYR 6/4) EXTERIOR
; STONY
COARSE SANO I BROWN
ClOVR 5/3) CRUSHED WET I MASSIVE MOIST
PARTIiG TO I FEW TO COMMON
FINE L MEDIUM ROOTS THROUGHOUT HORIZON
S COMMON TO MANT FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
>2 CM
? NONCALCAREOUS (HCL)
MILOLT ALKALINE PH- 7.5 (PM METER)
I GRADUAL WAVT
BOUNDARY
91 - 142 CM. ( 3 6 - 56 IN.)
PALE BROWN (IOYR 6/3) EXTERIOR
I
CRUSHED WET * MASSIVE MOIST PARTING
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
COMMON TO MANY
FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS >2 CM
DISCONTINUOUS
I MILDLY ALKALINE PM-
3/1)
SIONY COARSE SAND i BROWN (10YR 5/3)
TO
I
FEW FINE
ROOTS
FINE
IRREGULAR PORES
I
FEW
| MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
7.6 (PM METER)
; NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
BEDROCK TILTED ALMOST VERTICAL.KROTOVINAS OF A HOR MATERIAL IN C1,C2. ROOTS IN
C2 ONLY IN KROTOVINAS. VERY SMALL PATCHES OF LIME UNDER ROCKS IN C HORIZONS.
ARTR/FEIO, USTICf CRTIC
J
94
SURVFT SIMPLE NO.
LOCRTIONI
CLASSIFICATION!
STSMT
CLIFF LAKE NATURAL AREA.
PACHIC
CRYOBOROLLSi
FINE-LOAMY
SITE NO.I TS 46
SLOPE!
09«
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE!
PRECIPITATION!
PERMEABILITY:
PHYSIOGRAPHY:
NICRORELIFFI
VEGETATION!
PARENT MATERIAL:
COUNTY! MAOISON
CLASS!
STRONGLY SLOPING
ANNUAL!
DEGREES F
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
OEPTNI 145CM.
046 CM.
MODERATE
ROLLING OR HILLY UPLANDS
ON SLOPE
GRASSES ANO FORBS ANO SHRUBS
PARTLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL
FINE IGNEOUS ROCKS, ACIDIC
HORIZON
A
Il
A IZ
46
,
ELEVATION! 214S METERS
KINO:
PLANE
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
SUMMER: SZ DEGREES F
MONTH! AUGUST
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
DRAINAGE CLASS! WELL DRAINED
MONTH SAMPLED: AUGUST
ASPECT: NORTHEAST
WINTER!
DEGREES F
WINTER!
DEGREES F
KINO!
GROUND WATER TABLE
UPPER! OZS CM LOWER I 100 CR
STONINESSt CLASS
MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOLIFLUCTATE
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
O - IZ CM. ( O S IN.)
_
VERY OARK GRAY ClOYR 3/1) EXTERIOR
5 SILT LOAM
I BLACK
UOYR 2/1)
CRUSHED WEI I MODERATE
FINE t MEDIUM GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
i
MANY
FINE
ROOTS
IN MAI AT TOP OF REFERENCE HORIZON
T MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I NONCALCAREOUS (HCL)
I SLIGHTLY ACID PH- 6.3
(PH METFR) I ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
OARK BROWN UOYR i/3) EXTERIOR
I SILIY CLAY LOAM I VERY DARK BROWN UOYR 2/2)
CRUSHED WET I MODERATE
FINE A MEDIUM SUBANGUlAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PARTING TO WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE ( MEDIUM GRANULAR
MOIST
i
COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON TO MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
, FEW FINE
IRREGULAR ANO TUBULAR
PORES
8 FEW
SANDSTONE
FRAGMENTS
i NONCALCAREOUS
(HCl)
T SLIGHTLY ACIO
PH- 6.4
(PH METER)
I ABRUPT WAVY
BOUNDARY
lie
z
54 - BI CM. ( 2 1 - 33 IN.)
I FLAGGY FINE SANOY LOAM i BROWN
OK. YELLOWISH BROWN UOYR 4/4) EXTERIOR
I
SUBANGULAA BlOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
(IOYR 4/ i) CRUSHED WET I WEAK
FINE
COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
, COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
I EW
FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
I SLIGHTLY ACID PM- 6 .)
(PM METER)
I CLEAR WAVY
BOUNDARY
IlC
I
83 - 102 CM. ( 33 - 40 IN.)
,
BROWN
UOYR 5/3) EXTERIOR
I FLAGGY LOAM
i BROWN
UOYR S/3) CRUSHED
WET I MASSIVE MOIST PARTING TO
I FEW TO COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I MANY
FINE
TUBULAR PORES
, COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FFW SHALE
FRAGMENTS
, FFW FRAGMENTS
8
WAVY
NDNCALCAREOUS (HCL)
8 SLIGHTLY ACID
PH- 6.1 (PH METER)
8 CLEAR
BOUNDARY
IIC
2
102 - 152 CM. ( 4 0 - 60 IN.)
__ ,
GRAYISH BROWN
UOYR 5/2) EXTERIOR
I FLAGGY LOAM
: MASSIVE MOISI
I
FEW FINE
ROOTS
MATTED AROUND STONES AND PEBBLES
8 MANY
FINE
TUBULAR
PORES
, FEW TO COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
I FEW
FRAGMENTS
• FEW FRAGMENTS
8 FEW SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LINE
8
MODERATELY EFFERVESCENT (Md)
DISCONTINUOUS
I SLIGHTLY ACID PM- 6.4
(PM METER) I NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
REMARKS:
MOIST SAGEBRUSH SITE WATER TABLE AT 14 CM
ASPECT - 032.
ARTR/FEID,USTIC,CRYlC
ANTHILLS. GOPHER A MOOSE ACTIVITY.
95
SURVEY SRRPLE NO.
LOCATION:
classification :
SITE NO.: 15206
SLOPE:
16«
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE!
precipitation :
PERME RBIL ITT:
PHYSIOGRAPHY!
MICRORELIEF:
VEGETATIONS
PARENT MATERIAL!
HORIZON
STSPT
BLACK BUTTE (WHITE SULFUR SPRINGS)
ARGIC PACHIC CRTOGOROLLSI FINE—LOAMT
COUNTT: MEAGHER
MONTH SAMPLED: AUGUST
ELEVATION: 2012 METERS
ASPECT: SOUTHEAST
CLASS!
NODERATELT STEEP
KINO:
CONVEX
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
winter :
degrees f
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
SUMMER: 59 DEGREES F
DEPTH!
CM.
MONTH! AUGUST
kino :
NO WATER table
OS) CM.
UPPER! 031 CM LOWER! 091 CM
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
MODERATE
DRAINAGE CLASS! WELL ORAINEI
MOUNTAINS, STEEP MILLS, OR DEEPLY DISSECTED PLATEAUS
STONINESS: CLASS 3
ON SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS
HIGHLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOLIFLUCTATE
MEI AMOR PHIC
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
A
I
O - 21 CM. < O - 8 IN.J
VERT DARK GRAY (10YR 3/1) EXTERIOR
I LOAM
I MODERATE
VERY FINE G FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I MANY
FINE
ROOTS
IN MAT AT TOP OF REFERENCE HORIZON
! MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR PORES
I FEW
FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS (MCL)
I SLIGHTLY ACIO PM- 6.2
(PM METER) S ABRUPT WAVY
BOUNDARY
A
I
21 - 31 CM. ( 8 - 12 IN.)
DARK BROWN (10YR )/)) EXTERIOR
ORY S STONY LOAN
I V OK GRAYISH BROWN
(10YR 3/2) EXTERIOR
I MODERATE
VERY FINE L FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
, COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
S
NONCALCAREOUS (HCL)
I SLIGHTLY ACIO
PH- 6.2 (PM METER)
I CLEAR WAVY
BOUNDARY
.
R ?1T
Tl - 62 CM. ( 1 2 - 26 IN.)
BROWN
(IOYR 6/3) EXTERIOR
ORT I STONY CLAY LOAM
S DARK BROWN (10YR 3/1)
EXTERIOR
I MODERATE
FINE
SUBANGUlAA BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I
COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
, COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
I FEW
FAINT
BROWN (IUYR 6/3) CLAY SKINS ON PEO FACES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW
FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS (MCL)
I SLIGHTLY ACIO PM- 6.2 (PH METER) .
B
62 - 91 CM. ( 2 6 - 36 IN.)
OX. YELLOWISH BROWN (IOYR 6/6) EXTERIOR
I
STONY CLAY LOAM
; MODERATE
FINE t MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
; COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
)
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
, FEW TO COMMON
FINE
IRREGULAR ANO TUBULAR
PORES
I FEW FAINT
BROWN
(IOYR 6/3)
CLAY SKINS ON PEO FACES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW CONGLOMERATE
FRAGMENTS
NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
< SLIGHTLY ACIO
PH- 6.2 (PH METER) .
??T
C
I
91 - 106 CM. ( 3 6 - 61 IN.)
YELLOWISH BROWN (IOYR 5/6) EXTERIOR
I STONY CLAY LOAM
I BROWN (IOYR 6/3)
EXTERIOR
WFT I WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
i COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR ANO TUBULAR
PORES
, COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FEW
DISTINCT
BROWN
(IOYR 6/3) CLAY SKINS ON PEO FACES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
,
FEW FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
I SLIGHTLY ACIO
PM- 6.3 (PM METER)
I
NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
remarks:
TONGUE OF Al 21CM WIDE 36 CM DEEP INTO 821.THIN A3 UNDERNEATH LARGE ROCKS IN PT
T. VERY ROCKY SITE. PM SAME TEXTURAL CLASS AS B21,S22. ASPECT-126.
FESC/FEIO, USTIC, CRTIC ,BORDERLINE LOAMY-SKELETAL (36* C.F.)
96
SURVEf SAMPLE NO.
SISMT
304
location :
classification :
JARECKI ranch
CALCIC PACHIC
SITE NO.t 7S304
SLOPE:
IMI
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE:
PRECIPITATION*
PERMEABILITY*
PHYSIOGRAPHY!
microrelief :
vegetation :
PARENT MATERIAL*
COUNTY* LAKE
ELEVATION: 1143 METERS
CLASS*
MODERATELY STEEP
KIND*
CONVEX
ANNUAL*
DEGREES F
SUMMER!
DEGREES F
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
SUMMER: 55 DEGREES F
DEPTH*
CM.
MONTHS AUGUST
048 CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
MODERATELY RAPID
DRAINAGE CLASS* WELL DRAINED
ROLLING OR HILLY UPLANDS
ON SLOPE
GRASSES ANO FORMS
SLIGHTLY
WEATHERED ALLUVIUM
MIXED LITHOLOGY
PARENT MATERIAL*
PARTLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOLIFLUCTATE
RET AMORPHIC.
INCLINED
CRY060R0LLSI
HORIZON
FINE-LOAMY
,
MONTH SAMPLED: AUGUST
ASPECT: NORTHEAST
WINTER*
DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
KINO*
NO WATER TABLE
UPPER* 025 CM LOWER: 100 CM
STONINESS* CLASS
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
A 11
O - 12 CM. ( O 5 IN.)
VERY DARK GRAY ClOYR 3/1) EXTERIOR
I SILT LOAM
I BLACK
ClOYR 2/1)
EXTERIOR
WET I MODERATE
VERY FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
S
MANY
FINE
ROOTS
IN MAT AT TOP OF REFERENCE HORIZON
$ MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
S FEW FRAGMENTS
5 NONCALCAREOUS (HCL)
I NEUTRAL PH- 6.7
(PH METER)
I ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
A
12 - 22 CM. C 5 - 9 IN.)
V OK GRAYISH BROWN (10VR 3/2) EXTERIOR
DRY i SILT LOAM
EXTERIOR
WET { MODERATE
VERY FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
MANY
FINE
FEW MIXED SEDIMENTARY
FRAGMENTS
; NONCALCAREOUS (HCL)
(PH METER)
I ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
B
C
IIC
IZ
2
ICA
2CA
remarks*
*. BLACK
UOYR 2/1)
STRUCTURE
I
IRREGULAR PORES
I
$ NEUTRAL PH- 6.9
22 - 41 CM. C 9 - 16 IN.)
V DK GRAYISH BROWN ClOVR 3/2) CRUSHED WET I LOAM
I WEAK TO MODERATE
VERY FINE I FINE
SUBANGUlAR BLOCKV
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I COMMON TO MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
| COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR PORES
FEW FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
I NEUTRAL PH- 7.0 (PM METER)
i
ABRUPT SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
41 - 58 CM. ( 1 6 - 23 IN.)
GRAYISH BROWN
UOVR 5/2) CRUSHED WET * GRAVELLY
LOAM
* MASSIVE MOIST
COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
I FEW SHALE FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
i
MANY
SOFT
VERY FINE
MASSES OF LIME
I NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
I
STRONGLY ALKALINE
PM- 8.5 (PH METER)
I ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDARY
58 - 108 CM. ( 2 3 - 43 IN.)
LIGHT BROWNISH GRAY UOYR 6/2) CRUSHED WET I CLAY LOAM
5 FTRM
BROWN
C7.5YR 5/4) EXTERIOR
ELUVIAL TONGUES
08
- CM THICK ) 5
WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE L MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKV
MOIST
STRUCTURE
; FEW
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
, FEW FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
S FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW
MIXED SEDIMENTARY
FRAGMENTS
I
COMMON TO MANY SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LIME
VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I
STRONGLY ALKALINE
PM- 8.6
(PH METER)
J NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
CLAYEY II PM ASPECT-035.
FESC/FEID, USTIC, CRYIC
MOLlIC EPEPEDON TO 41 CM. POSSIBLE SODIUM INFLUENCE
,
i
J
I
97
SURVEY SAMPLE NO.
STSMT
ITZ
LOCATION:
SE OF LINCOLN (STE MPLE PASS)
classification :
CALCIC PACHIC
CRVOBOROLLSI
LOAMY-SKELETAL
•
SITE NO.I TSlTt
COUNTY: LEWIS AND CLARK
ELEVATION! ZlSB METERS
MONTH SAMPLED: AUGUST
SLOPFI
114 CLASS:
MODERATELY STEEP
KINO:
CONVEX
aspect : south
AIR TFNPERtTURF
ANNUAL!
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
WINTER!
DEGREES F
DEGREES F
SOIL TEMPERATURE
ANNUAL!
DEGREES F
Summer : SI DEGREES F
WINTER!
DEGREES F
WATER TARLEI
DEPTH!
CM.
month : AUGUST
KINO!
NO WATER TABLE
PRECIPITATION!
033 CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
UPPER! OZS CM LOWER: 100
PERMEABILITY:
MODERATELY RAPID
DRAINAGE CLASS! WELL DRAINED
PHYSIOGRAPHY I
MOUNTAINS. STEEP MILLS, OP DEEPLY DISSECTED PLATEAUS
STONINESS! CLASS
NICRORELIEF!
ON SLOPE
vegetation :
GRASSES ANO FORBS
PARENT MATERIAL!
PARTLY WEATHERED RESIDUAL MATERIAL. LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOLIFLUCTATE
MEIAMORPHIC
HORIZON
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
A 11
O - 1$ CM.
BLACK
(IOTA
CRUSHED WET I
PINE
ROOTS
PORES
I FEW
(PH METER) I
A IZ
15 - Zl CR. ( 6 - 11 IN.)
VERY DARK BROWN (IOYR Z/Z) INTERIOR
UOYR Z/Z) CRUSHED WET I MODERATE
STRUCTURE
I MANY
FINE
ROOTS
IRREGULAR PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
(HCL)
I SLIGHTLY ACID
PM- 6.S (PM
< O6 IN.)
ZZD INTERIOR
I SILT LOAN
I VERY DARK GRAY (10YR 3/1)
MODERATE
VERY FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I MANY
IN MAT AT TOP OF REFERENCE HORIZON
I MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS
(MCL)
I NEUTRAL PH- 6.6
ABRUPT SMOOTH BOUNDART
I GRITTY LOAM
VERY FINE I FINE
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
, FEW FRAGMENTS
METER)
I ABRUPT
I VERY DARK BROWN
GRANULAR
MOIST
I MANY
FINE
I NONCALCAREOUS
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
B
Z
Zl - SI CM. ( I I - ZZ IN.)
DARK BROWN UOYR 3/3) INTERIOR
I GRITTY LOAM
I V OK GRAYISH BROWN
ClOYR 3/Z) CRUSHED WET I WEAK TO MODERATE
VERY FINE 4 FINE
SUBANGULAR BLOCK!
HOIST STRUCTURE
PARTING IO WEAK
VERY FINE
GRANULAR
HOIST
I COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
I NONCALC AREOUS
(HCL)
I NEUTRAL PM- 7.3 (PM METER)
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
B
ICA
ST - Tl CM. ( ZZ - Zl IN.)
BROWN UOYR 4/3) INTERIOR
I STONY
LOAM
| GRAYISH BROWN
(Z.SY S/Z)
CRUSHED WET I WEAK TO MODERATE
VFAY FINE G FINE
SUBANGULAR PLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
, FEW FINE
IRREGULAR ANO TUBULAR
PORES
I FEW
FRAGMENTS
. FEW FRAGMENTS
I FEW SOFT
THREAD-LIKE MASSES OF LIME
,
FEW TO COMMON
SOFT
FINE
MASSES OF LIME
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS I MILDLY ALKALINE PM- T.8 (PM METER)
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
C
CA
REMARKS I
Ti - H S CM. (ZR - AS IN.)
BROWN
UOTR S/3) INTERIOR
I STONY
LOAM
I LIGHT GRAY UOYR 6/1)
INTERIOR
I YELLOWISH BROWN UOVR S/A) EXTERIOR
WET I MASSIVE MOIST
FEW TO COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I FEW FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
. COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR ANO TUBULAR
PORES
I FEW
FRAGMENTS
, PEW FRAGMENTS
I COMMON TO MANY SOFT
FINE t MEDIUM
MASSES OF LIME
I VIOLENTLY EFFERVESCENT (HCL)
CONTINUOUS
I
MODERATELY ALKALINE PM- 7.1 (PM METER)
I NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
TOP OF 3 IS NOO CALCAR.
I CM. ASPECTaIIT
FESC/FEIO, USTIC, CRYIC
SOME HIGHLY WEATHERED ROCKS IN Cl I POLLIC EPIPEOON TO S
I
98
SURVFY SAMPLE NO. %
location :
CLASSIFICATION!
BUTCH HILL
ARtIC
CRYOBOROLLSt
STSMT
175
COARSE-LOAMY ,
SITE NO.! 15125
SLOPE!
091
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE!
PRECIPITATION!
PERMEABILITY!
PHYSIOGRAPHY!
MICRORELIEF!
VEGETATION!
parent material :
COUNTY! BEAVERHEAD
CLASS!
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
ANNUAL:
DEGREES F
DEPTH!
CM.
PARENT MATERIAL!
RESIDUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOLIFLUCTATE
HORIZON
ELEVATION: 2538 METERS
MONTH SAMPLED: AUGUST
KIND!
CONVEX
ASPECTS SOUTHWEST
summer :
degrees f
WINTER:
DEGREES F
summer : 55 DEGREES F
WINTER!
DEGREES F
MONTH! AUGUST
KIND: NO WATER TABLE
0 5 3 CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
UPPER: 022 CM LOWER: 037 CM
MODERATE
DRAINAGE CLASS! WELL DRAINED
MOUNTAINS, STEEP MILLS, OR DEEPLY DISSECTED PLATEAUS
STONINESS: CLASS
ON SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS
SLIGHTLY
WEATHERED
RESIDUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOLIFLUCTATE
FINE IGNEOUS ROCKS
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
A
I
O - 22 CM. ( O9 IN.)
DARK GRAYISH BROWN ClOVR 5/2) EXTERIOR
I
LOAM
; BLACK
ClOVR 2/1)
CRUSHED MOIST
I
WEAK TO MODERATE
VERY FINE L FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
t MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON ; MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
J FEW FRAGMENTS
I NONC ALCAREOUS
CHCD
I
SLIGHTLY ACID PH- 6.3 CPH METER)
J ABRUPT WAVY
BOUNDARY
B
ZT
?2 - 37 CM. C 9 - 15 IN.)
BROWN
ClOYR 5/3) EXTERIOR
i STONY LOAM
; V OK GRAYISH BROWN ClOVR 3/2)
CRUSHED MOIST
I
WEAK
VERY FINE L FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
;
COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
: COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
J NQNCALCAREOUS
CHCLi
$ NEUTRAL PM- 6.7 CPN METER)
I CLEAR
WAVY
BOUNDARY
C
37 - 95 CM. C 15- 37 IN.)
LIGHT GRAT ClOYR 6/1) INTERIOR
: STONY
CLAY LOAM
* GRAYISH BROWN
C2.5Y 5/2) CRUSHED MOIST
i WEAK TO MODERATE
VERY FINE L FJME
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
T COMMON
FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
, FEW TO COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS
CHCD
5
NEUTRAL PM- 6.6 CPH METER)
I
NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
REMARKS:
SOLUM VARIES IN PIT FROM 12 CM TO 31 CM CAD t 6 CM TO 11 CM CB2 HOR)- TOTAL 18
CM TO 52 CM. ASPECT■236.
FE 10/AGCA, USTIC, CRYIC ,BORDERLINE LOAMV-SKELATAl C33* C.F.)
99
SURVFY SAMPLE NO. %
S75MT
54
location :
classification :
3ANGTAIL AREA
ARGIC PACHIC CRYOBOROLLSI
SITE NO.: 75 56
SLOPFJ
131
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TABLE:
precipitation :
permeability :
PHYSIOGRAPHY!
microrelief :
vegetation :
COUNTY: GALLATIN
MONTH SAMPLED: AUGUST
ELEVATION: 2353 METERS
class :
ASPECTS SOUTHEAST
KINO:
CONCAVE
annual:
DEGREES F
WINTER:
DEGREES F
DEGREES
SUMMER!
ANNUAL:
DEGREES
SUMMER: 50 DEGREES F
WINTER!
DEGREES F
DEPTHS
CM.
month : AUGUST
KIND:
NO WATER TABLE
061 CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS —
UPPER: 017 CM LOWER: 098 CM
MODERATE
DRAINAGE CLASS: WELL DRAINED
MOUNTAINS STEEP HILLS, OR DEEPLY DISSECTED PLATEAUS
STONINESS: CLASS
ON SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS
HIGHLY WEATHERED
RESIDUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOLIFLUCTATE
SANDSTONE .
HORIZONTAL
parent materials
HORIZON
A
I
B 21T
FINE •
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
O - 17 CM. C O 7 IN.)
V OK GRAYISH BROWN (10TR 3/2)
VERY FINE fc FINE
GRANULAR
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
; MANY
(HCL)
S MEDIUM ACID PM- 5.9
EXTERIOR
I
SILT LOAM
:
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I
(PM METER)
5 ABRUPT SMOOTH
MODERATE
FINE
ROOTS
NONCALCAREOUS
BOUNDARY
17 - 56 CM. ( 7 - 22 IN.)
VERT DARK GRAY (IQYR 3/1) EXTERIOR
I
SANDY CLAY
J WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE L MEDIUM PRISMATIC
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PARTING TO MODERATE
S COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
FINE L MEDIUM GRANULAR
MOIST
COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
, FEW FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
I MEDIUM ACID PM- 5.7 (PH METER)
I
CLEAR
PORES
5 NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
B 22T
56 - 98 CM. ( 2 2 - 39 IN.)
DARK BROWN ClOTR 3/3) CRUSHED I CLAY LOAM
*, WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE L MEDIUM PRISMATIC
MOIST
STRUCTURE PARTING TO MODERATE
FINE C MEDIUM SUB ANGULAR MLOCKY
MOIST
I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
*
FEW TO COMMON
FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR PORES
I MANY
DISTINCT
DARK BROWN ClOTR 3/3) CLAY SKINS ON HORIZONTAL I VERTICAL PEO FACES
J
NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
I MEDIUM ACIO PH- 6.0 (PH METER)
5 CLEAR SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
B
98 - 124 CM. ( 3 9 - 49 IN.)
BROWN
ClOTR 4/3) EXTERIOR
I VERY FINE SANDY LOAM
5 MODERATE
MEDIUM
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY MOIST
STRUCTURE
I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
$ COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR PORES
•
COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I COMMON DISTINCT
DARK BROWN ClOTR 3/3)
CLAY SKINS ON HORIZONTAL PED FACES I FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW SANDSTONE
FRAGMENTS
I NONCALCAREOUS (HCL)
I SLIGHTLY ACID PH- 6.3 CPH METER)
I
CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
3
C
124 - 186 CM.
BROWN
ClOTR
INTERIOR
I
COMMON TO MANY
SLIGHTLY ACID
remarks:
C 49 - 73 IN.)
4/3) INTERIOR
I FINE SANDY LOAM I VERY DARK GRAY ClOTR 3/1)
MASSIVE MOIST
I COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR
PORES
I
NONCALCAREOUS
(HCL)
PH- 6.3 CPH METER)
I NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
DEEP SOIL, VERY FEW ROCK FRAGMENTS.GOOD STAND OF VEG.
ASPECT-152.
FEIO/AGCA, USTIC,CRTIC
MOLLIC EPIPEOON TO 56 CM.
I
i
100
SU«VEf SAMPLE NO.
S7SMT
41
location :
classification :
CLIFF LAKE
PACHIC CR YOBOROLL SS
SITE NO.I IS 41
SLOPE*
071
AIR TEMPERATURE
SOIL TEMPERATURE
WATER TAMLE:
precipitation :
permeability :
physiography :
microrelief :
vegetation :
PARENT material :
MONTH SAMPLED: AUGUST
elevation : 2110 METERS
COUNTY: MADISON
ASPECT: EAST
PLANE
kino :
CLASS:
MODERATELY SLOPING
winter :
DEGREES F
DEGREES F
DEGREES F
SUMMER:
annual :
DEGREES F
winter :
summer : SZ DEGREES F
DEGREES f
annual :
kino :
no WATER TABLE
month : AUGUST
CM.
depth :
UPPER: 025 CM LOWER: 100
04& CM.
CONTROL SECTION LIMITS
DRAINAGE CLASS: WELL DRAINED
MODERATE
STONINESS: CLASS
ROLLING OR HILLY UPLANDS
ON SLOPE
GRASSES AND FORBS
SLIGHTLY
WEATHERED RESIDUAL MATERIAL, LOCAL COLLUVIUM OR SOLIFLUCTATE
FINE IGNEOUS ROCKS, ACIDIC
HORIZON
FINE-LOAMY
,
PROFILE DESCRIPTION
A 11
O18 CM. ( O 7 IN.)
VERY DARK GRAY ClOfR 3/1) EXTERIOR
5 SILT LOAM
$ BLACK
ClOYR 2/1)
CRUSHED MOIST
$ MODERATE
VFRY FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
AND
MODERATE
FINE
GRANULAR
MOIST
I MANY
FINE
ROOTS
IN MAT AT TOP OF REFERENCE HORIZON
I
MANY
FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I
NONCALCAREOUS CHCD
I MEDIUM ACID PH- 6.0 CPH METER)
S ABRUPT SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
A IZ
18 - SI CM. C 7 - 20 IN.)
V DK GRAYISH BROWN ClOYR 3/2) EXTERIOR
• SILT LOAM
j VERY DARK GRAY
ClOYR 3/1) CRUSHED MOIST
i
WEAK TO MODERATE
FINF & MEDIUM
SUB ANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
PARTING TO
J MANY
FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I
COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
I
NONCALCAREOUS CHCD
I
SLIGHTLY ACIO
PH- 6.1 CPH METER)
5 CLEAR
SMOOTH
BOUNDARY
B
7
51 - 83 CM. C 20 - Ji IN.)
BROWN
ClOYR 4/3) INTERIOR
% HEAVY LOAM
% DARK BROWN ClOYR 3/3)CRUSHED
MOIST
I
MODERATE
FINE I MEDIUM SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
I
COMMON TO MANY FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
t COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR PORES
, COMMON TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR PORES
3
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
3 NONCALCAREOUS
CHCD
2 MEDIUM ACID PH- 5.8
CPH METER)
I CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
B
3
Bi - 99 CM. C 33 - 39 IN.)
BROWN
ClOYR 5/3) EXTERIOR
3 HEAVY LOAM
I DARK GRAYISH BROWN ClOVR 4/2)
CRUSHED MOIST
3 WEAK TO MODERATE
VERY FINE GRANULAR
MOIST
STRUCTURE
COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZONS COMMON
TO MANY FINE
IRREGULAR
PORES
3 FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
I NONCALC AREOUS CHCD
2
SLIGHTLY ACID PH- 4.2 CPH METER)
2 CLEAR
SMOOTH BOUNDARY
99 - 140 CM. C 39- 55 IN.)
BROWN
ClOYR 4/3) CRUSHED MOIST
3 VERY STONY LIGHT CLAY LOAM J
WEAK TO MODERATE
FINE
SUBANGULAR BLOCKY
MOIST
STRUCTURE
3
FEW TO COMMON FINE
ROOTS
THROUGHOUT HORIZON
I COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR AND TUBULAR PORFS
, FEW TO COMMON FINE
IRREGULAR PORES
5
FEW FRAGMENTS
, FEW FRAGMENTS
{ NONCALCAREOUS
CNCD
I SLIGHTLY ACID
PH- 6.3 CPH METER)
I NOT REACHED BOUNDARY
C
REMARKS:
SOME GOPHER ACTIVITY IN AREA, VERY MOIST C HOR.
FEIO/AGCA,USTICfCRYtC
ASPECT-095.
3
101
APPENDIX IV:
HOR UON
SATURATED
MATER
<n
RAW PHYSICAL
AND
texture
ESTIMATED avail .
WATER
SANO SILT CLAV
(t)
(...
102 All
102 A12
102 B2
10? B3
102 Cl
102 C2
102 Cl
30.7
29.5
22.0
23.5
20.4
17.9
19.B
9.8
7.1
6.1
8.3
35**1
35*82
35* cl
35BC2
35PC3
14.7
15.7
J2.0
30.3
27.4
9.7
9. 3
9.1
1*0*1
180B21
1*0*22
180*3
17.0
ieoci
15.4
37. j
31.*
30.*
28.6
9A1
9C1
9C2
9C3
48
14
66
31
72
22
BULK
OFNS ITV
(GZCC)
(CM.)
11.7
16.4
15.0
14.3
22.8
27.0
I. 18
1.66
1.38
1.17
1.32
1.28
1.44
8.
8.
18.
18.
51.
107.
18.
•5
1.07
1.24
1.27
1.39
1.49
13.
28.
53.
58.
51.
2.2
.9
7.1
1.11
I.46
1.55
1.51
1.51
20.
15.
10.
26
17
12
22.0
8.9
4.7
18.4
.97
1.17
1.53
1.79
18.
15.
13.
20.
18
25
22
28
13
30.0
64.5
50.0
58.4
37.9
1.02
1.89
1.27
1.71
.82
15.
18.
8.
43.
56.
10.
15.
13.
86.
21
14
12
?C
48
55
70
43
32
15
26
54
58
42
36
33
61
22
36
42
45
38
20
??
22
22
I
12.6
11.1
9.2
8.2
44
32
38
44
44
12
36
34
34
36
44
32
28
22
20
37.5
41.4
29.0
23.0
9.7
10.9
7.5
5.7
44
46
63
71
36
28
20
11.1
3. 3
2.5
8.8
2.5
20
17
CHEMICAL DATA
10
4
I
COARSE
FRAGMENTS
tt>
8.0
.6
.3
.8
8.4
1.0
1.2
THICKNESS
8.
18.
1*9*1
149B2
149B3
l*9Cl
I*9c2
179A1
179B21
179B22
179B3
I79C
32.8
17.0
15.9
30.5
21.6
9.2
10.4
9.4
10.9
6.0
57
64
60
55
80
25
44.4
46. 3
43.2
4 3.4
23.2
13.7
14.8
10.8
28
11.6
6.6
42
46
54
48
64
15
20
24
21
30
39
26
28
15
?S.9
3.4
5.2
38.1
1.11
1.18
1.46
1.41
2.06
248 Al
24RAC
248 Cl
248 C2
36.2
39.1
29.5
27.8
13.1
12.5
30
36
31
31
12
30
27.3
31.3
49.6
*3.5
1.0*
.99
I. 14
1.81
20.
32
39
33
2?
38
83*1
83 AC
83Cl
8JC2
36.6
43.6
51. 3
57.0
10.9
12.2
14.0
6.2
55
53
44
46
21
17
19
41
24
30
37
13
11.6
6.1
.89
I.Io
1.36
1.48
15.
10.
147.
?3? Al
232 B2
?3? *3
232 Cl
232 C2
40.7
60.9
67.2
63.3
59.0
12.7
19.9
10.6
21.U
18.6
42
26
63
16
22
32
18
10
22
23
26
56
27
62
55
5.1
17.0
1.16
I.74
1.60
1.70
1.26
15.
15.
13.
33.
99.
87 Al
87 A3
87 Cl
87 C2
87 C3
87 C4
40.6
i8.2
37.8
37.5
29.1
28.8
12.3
10.6
10.4
1C.8
7.8
8. I
44
56
57
51
55
57
30
21
19
21
26
23
26
23
24
28
19
20
24.0
20.7
16.1
12.?
15.8
27.7
1.75
1.15
1.56
1.33
1.42
2.07
15.
10.
10.
18.
28.
46.
23 Al
23 B2
2' B3
23 Cl
23 C2
28.3
26.2
31. 2
34.3
32. T
8.6
6.5
5.3
5.8
6.9
65
66
75
69
63
21
21
15
19
21
14
13
IO
17.4
12.7
13.3
10.8
13.0
I.Id
1.36
1.66
1.85
1.53
20.
105 All
105 *12
105 B2
105 *3
105 C
31.9
21.8
29.3
19.8
22.1
8.9
7.8
8.2
6.1
4.8
58
57
S3
59
76
2R
27
28
2R
15
14
16
19
13
9
14.6
*i.*
23.9
25.6
.99
1.61
1.64
1.6 3
U58
13.
15.
43.
18.
61.
6.6
14.4
66
11
18
17
7
16
11.0
17.4
2.5
3.6
2.5
20.1
10.
10.
20.
28.
10.
25.
13.
30.
SI.
102
HOWIfON
S6tUW*TED
wm i
(T)
ESTTwITFD aVATl.
TEXTURE
WtTfq
SANO SIlT CLAV
( t>
c... • I ...
COARSE
FRAGMENTS
(X)
BULK
DENSITY
(G/CC)
(CF.)
.64
.98
.97
1.02
.97
8.
13.
10.
13.
41.
THICKNESS
14.6
11.5
lv.4
13.0
15.8
20
26
28
24
24
60
45
5o
45
34
22
21 C
PI.9
61.1
46.1
47.4
48.2
31
42
15.6
38.6
23.0
28.8
29.0
ZR All
?8 A12
2 8 B2
28 B3
28 Cl
28 C2
80.8
59.0
47.8
54.5
55.1
48.4
14.4
12.7
13.I
16.6
15.7
15.6
22
28
28
24
26
35
52
48
40
32
30
21
26
24
32
44
44
44
1.3
16.2
13.7
20.4
10.9
39.2
.49
.74
1.13
1.20
.93
1.67
15.
13.
15.
8.
38.
20.
21? C
42.2
36.8
24.0
35.2
13.6
14.3
Iw•7
14.7
58
38
55
30
14
24
17
30
28
38
28
40
19.1
36.1
78.3
15.2
1.05
1.71
3.49
1.56
10.
30.
36.
25.
140 All
140 A12
140 A3
140 Cl
140 C2
33.8
S
21.0
13.H
22.4
6.2
8.2
6.3
66
73
67
78
90
23
16
21
8
11
11
12
6
2
4.5
7.3
26.8
13.7
22.9
1.21
1.60
1.57
I.48
1.64
13.
10.
18.
SI.
SI.
46 All
46 Al2
46 B2
46 Cl
46 C2
76.3
41.2
33.6
31.6
29.2
27.9
I2.0
7.9
U . 4
2.3
31
32
39
31
U
3
4?
43
4?
O
66
76
18
27
O
1.1
3.5
22.4
27.9
45. J
.44
.97
1.21
1.42
1.42
13.
41.
30.
18.
SI.
208 Al
ZOflA3
208 B21
?08 B22
208 C
46.5
25.5
28.8
29.8
34.4
II.5
9.4
9.3
10. 3
48
74
SO
56
50
38
5
28
23
24
14
21
22
21
76
15.4
26.9
32.7
36.2
47.3
1.07
1.50
1.64
2.09
2.09
20.
10.
30.
30.
13.
304 All
304 A12
304 B2
J04 Cl
304 C2
50.6
46.6
32.0
21.7
29.0
12.w
9.4
7.1
5.4
9.7
29
26
44
SZ
24
49
55
42
Jfl
SI
22
17
14
10
25
3.1
7.7
27.R
34.9
16.1
.75
.98
1.1?
1.74
1.69
13.
10.
18.
18.
SI.
17?All
■*7?A12
J7Z B2
37? B3
37? C
73.2
58.7
45.8
39.5
43.6
14.7
11.I
8.7
9.0
9.2
28
34
28
26
24
5b
48
56
54
54
16
18
16
20
22
10.0
71.1
41.5
42.3
44.9
•63
.89
1.21
1.21
1.28
15.
13.
28.
16.
41.
125 Al
125 82
125 C
54.2
33.0
16.6
10.9
8.0
6.3
56
54
63
32
37
24
10
14
13
9.6
33.0
56.5
.72
1.51
2.50
23.
15.
56.
56 Al
56 B21
56 B22
56 B3
56 C
46.6
34.4
32.3
35.5
30.2
12.1
lb. 7
10.9
9.0
4.6
46
48
42
40
66
30
2
30
38
26
24
50
28
22
8
•1
.6
3.6
5.4
.5
.46
1.10
1.39
I. 35
1.40
18.
38.
43.
41 All
41 A12
41 B2
41 B3
41 C
62.5
48.5
31.2
51.5
36.1
13.5
1C.6
9.2
9.0
9.2
36
35
36
35
32
46
43
42
43
45
18
72
22
22
1.9
2.7
34.0
34.1
32.1
.55
1.02
1.31
1.42
.85
18.
33.
33.
15.
41.
/7 All
21 A12
?7 B2
I l B3
Al
27? B2
272 B3
212
3.9
c .l
e.e
A6
20
19
23
25.
61.
103
NQelZPN
- Sn
SA 8
SM .
C l)
etc
CA.
FXT RACT ARLE
MG.
NA.
K.
CA.
SOLUBLE
MG.
8 8 AT
NA.
K.
PPM
: ...............
All
I . 7 A12
2 7 B2
2 7 B3
27 C
95.
122.
453.
5 76.
'69.
0.
0.
I.
I.
I.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
34.1
30.3
21.5
17.0
15.5
27.4
31.9
94.3
94.3
40.0
5.6
5.9
3.9
4.2
5.3
.1
.0
.2
.2
•2
1.8
1.2
.5
•4
.3
2.0
1.9
1.3
1.0
.9
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
•0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
All
Al 2
B2
B3
Cl
C2
85.
11 2 .
502.
457.
456.
409.
0.
0.
0.
I.
0.
I.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
3o.8
34.6
19.5
21.5
22.5
25.6
28.2
34.9
94.3
94.3
94.3
94.3
4.5
4.5
4.1
4.7
8.9
10.6
•0
.0
.0
.2
.0
•2
1.9
1.3
.6
.5
.5
.5
3.1
1.9
1.1
1.3
1.0
.7
•1
.1
.0
.1
•1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
272
272
272
272
Al
B2
B3
C
69.
92.
2 2b.
335.
I.
0.
0.
I.
0.
0.
0.
0.
16. 2
12.9
7.3
11.9
9.1
9.1
15.6
35.3
1.7
2.5
1.1
4.7
.1
.0
.0
•2
I .1
•6
.3
•i
.8
.4
.4
.5
•0
.0
.0
.0
140
140
140
140
140
All
A12
A3
Cl
C2
55.
68.
69.
131.
165.
c.
U.
0.
0.
I.
0.
18.5
i i .*
12.9
4.2
1.6
8.3
6.4
7.1
4.1
1.9
I .7
0.
0.
J.
I.
1.3
1.8
1.3
.8
.0
.0
.0
.2
.0
•8
.4
.3
.2
.1
.5
.4
.4
.2
.1
46
46
46
46
46
All
A12
B2
Cl
C2
60.
78.
67.
°1.
81.
0.
0.
I.
0.
0.
0.
4.
0.
0.
0.
30.9
18.7
12.9
16.9
I 3.1
15.6
11.4
8.3
I I .4
8.3
3.1
2.7
2.4
3.8
7.3
.0
.0
.2
.1
.0
1.5
1.1
.6
. 6
.4
208
208
208
208
208
Al
A3
B21
B22
C
6 3»
67.
84 .
76.
84.
0.
I.
I.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
24.1
14.5
15.5
18.5
18.0
13.3
7.5
9.4
10.2
10.6
2.1
2.0
2.9
3.5
4.1
.0
.1
.2
.0
.0
304
104
104
104
304
All
A12
B2
Cl
C2
46.
6 3.
52.
62.
205.
0.
I.
3.
6.
31.
0•
0.
2.
12.
3d .
21.0
18.0
10.9
4.8
6.8
7.5
7.9
3.8
1.9
9.1
1.5
2.2
1.3
1.1
2.5
36.8
28
28
28
28
28
28
J 72
ITc
37?
37?
172
All
Al 2
B2
B3
C
1 ?S
12$
125
Al
B2
C
74.
74.
12*.
493.
431.
Oe
0.
0.
59.
35.
57.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Je
ORGANIC
MATTER
( I)
2670
1370
11.0
6.3
3.1
2.8
2.1
• 1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
6
4
2
0
0
0
3430
1140
11.0
6.9
2.6
2.3
.8
•6
.0
.0
.0
•0
.0
.0
.0
.0
35
32
11
9
1070
5.4
1.4
•4
1.2
.0
.0
.0
.0
•0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
•0
9
9
6
4
6
990
380
80
4.8
1.7
1.0
.2
.1
1.5
.4
.1
•1
.0
•1
.1
.0
.0
.0
•0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
16
11
6
4
6
2750
1140
10.2
3.7
.8
•6
•6
1.3
.7
.8
.7
.7
1.3
.5
.3
.3
• 3
•1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
•1
.0
.0
.0
.0
24
14
11
4
4
1680
460
8.8
1.9
1.3
. 8
•9
•1
•?
.4
1.1
3.2
.9
1.4
•4
.2
•3
• i
. 3
• I
•4
.1
.0
.0
.0
•1
.0
.0
.0
.1
.9
1.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
6
4
4
2
2
1070
760
6.0
3.9
•1
.1
1.5
.9
1.9
1.8
1.2
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
11
4
2
6
2
1)60
2670
U el
.0
.0
.0
I.M
.6
•3
i* .t
0.
0.
0.
21.0
19.0
17.5
23.3
16.1
? 4 .S
94.3
75.7
4.5
0.
.9
•8
•0
•0
1.1
.6
•4
•2
.1
23.1
10.6
2.8
11.4
2.6
1.1
2.1
.7
.4
.0
.0
•0
1.1
.5
.1
.9
• I
.1
.1
.0
•0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
16
29
11
USO
9.8
3.0
.7
1.2
.8
.4
.2
.3
.9
.4
•2
.2
.2
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
•J
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
11
14
14
11
9
1180
530
4.9
2.9
.8
. 6
.3
.8
.0
.i
.1
•0
.0
.0
•0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
16
14
9
2
4
2900
630
.0
.0
1.9
1.3
.6
.5
10.2
3.4
1.1
.7
.5
2.0
I. I
el
0.
56
56
56
56
56
Al
B21
B22
B3
C
84.
Po .
101.
89.
107.
0.
0.
I.
0.
I.
0.
0.
I.
0.
a.
?8» ?
24.6
34.1
40.8
31.9
19.?
16.8
26.5
28.2
27.4
4.4
3.9
7.5
7.9
6.4
•0
•0
#3
.2
41
41
41
41
41
Al l
A12
63.
69.
76.
138.
86.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
u.
33.0
1.2
.0
0.
0.
0.
2.0
2.4
2.0
2.9
.0
0.
16.4
10.2
9.1
9.1
11.0
62
TOTAL
N.
PPM
11
6
0
0
0
0.
9.
I.
B3
C
P
19.0
15.5
9.4
16.5
•i
• 3
.3
.2
.2
.U
6.1
3.2
1.7
1.0
104
HORIZON'
Sfte
PASF
' AT.
(?)
FSP
102
10?
IGt
10’
102
io:
102
AU 2 1 3 .
Al 2 340 .
#52.
82
511.
83
44t .
Cl
C2 I M S .
C3
2o 7 •
V.
0.
0.
I.
0«
27.
9.
0.
O•
0.
i.
9.
2.
15 .
30.7
15.0
10.2
32.4
9.4
3 A. 3
36.2
8.4
37.9
9.4
7. 3 1 1 2 . 8
7.9
17.2
JbA
358
35 A
J5 A
J5A
Al
82
Cl
C2
CS
I J7 •
349.
?34.
J4 I.
**32.
I.
I.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Ue
I.
14.
18.
17.5
12.9
17.5
11.9
0.4
180
I BG
180
IbO
ItiO
Al
B21
822
B3
Cl
Ol .
*49.
JGU .
344 .
295 .
0.
0.
2.
i.
0.
0•
0.
Ue
0.
U•
Al
Cl
C2
CS
89.
450.
*?9.
350.
I.
0.
I.
0.
149 Al
149 B2
14° B3
I 41 Cl
149 C2
79.
129.
189.
337.
<1 1 .
179
170
179
179
179
Al
B21
B22
B3
C
24b
24 H
?4 8
<48
CEC
CA.
( I)
FXTRACTAAlf
AG.
NA.
Ke
CA.
SOLUALF
AG.
NA.
K.
8 RAT
P
PPM
TOTAL
Ne
PPM
ORGANIC
MATTER
(I)
1.7
2. 1
3*6
6. 1
5.9
5. 0
3. 4
.1
.0
.0
.1
.7
2.3
2.1
.8
.7
.9
1.1
1.4
1.1
.8
I .2
.5
.3
•i
.2
.3
.6
•0
.0
.0
.1
1.0
1.8
•3
.0
.0
•G
.0
.7
.3
l.A
.0
.0
•0
•2
.5
.8
.0
26
9
4
6
16
11
19
610
530
2.6
1.4
.9
.5
.2
.1
•3
21.6
40.0
31.9
29.8
27.4
2.7
5. 1
11.4
15.2
11.5
.1
.2
.4
2.4
2.2
•7
•4
.3
.4
•i
1.0
.6
.7
.7
.7
el
.0
1.9
2.7
2.1
.0
.0
.4
2.A
2.2
.0
.0
.0
. I
.0
6
2
2
6
2
690
2 mb
20.0
<1.5
14.5
12.9
12.9
14.9
2 R• 2
J8• 3
36.6
31.5
3.6
4.4
5. 1
7.5
6.9
.0
.0
.7
.4
.3
.3
.1
1.0
.9
.5
.3
•3
.1
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
9
2
2
2
6
610
.1
el
•0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
•4
•4
.0
3.1
2.1
I.I
1.0
.3
i>.
0.
0.
Ie
20.0
17.5
10.0
17.4
14.9
75.7
38.7
36.2
2. 9
3.5
4.5
7. 7
.?
.1
.1
.1
.8
.2
•1
el
.9
.7
.4
.4
el
.0
.0
.1
.0
•0
.0
•0
•0
.0
.0
.0
16
0
0
2
380
2.9
1.9
.6
.2
0.
I.
I.
0.
0.
0.
I.
u.
0.
J•
11.4
18.0
70.5
I 2.4
13. 4
7.1
17.2
3u. 3
18. 3
22.9
2.1
5.3
4.5
3. 8
5.3
.0
.2
.2
.1
•2
I.U
1.0
.7
.4
.7
1.0
.2
.8
.7
.4
el
.1
el
.0
el
•0
.1
.0
.0
•2
.1
.0
.0
•0
.1
40
11
19
16
26
530
3.1
1.5
1.4
•8
.3
84.
n6 •
in .
66< .
844.
0.
0.
I.
0.
0.
0.
0.
D.
Ue
Ue
2 3.3
2.8
4.4
3.6
2.4
1.7
.0
.2
.2
.1
.0
1. 1
.9
.6
.2
.1
2.1
.7
.7
.9
.3
.1
.0
.0
eU
•0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
•c
.1'
.0
.0
.0
26
2
4
2
2
760
24. I
14.5
4.2
18.4
22.4
21.7
94.3
35.7
4.5
1. 8
1.6
2.1
.3
Al
AC
Cl
C2
AS.
1 95.
199.
417.
I.
I.
I.
2.
Ue
U.
0.
U•
17.7
I7.u
16.5
7. )
13.7
33. 2
11. 5
2A. o
1.4
.9
i.3
1. 7
.1
.1
.2
.2
. ft
.3
.1
.4
.8
1.4
.4
•4
.0
•0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
•0
.0
.0
.0
19
11
24
29
840
660
3.1
2.1
1.7
«6
83
83
83
81
Al
AC
Cl
C2
86.
181.
407.
327.
0.
0.
I.
0.
Ue
0.
I.
28.
19.5
22.1
25.1
36.8
15.i
37. 4
94.3
94.3
2.4
3.2
8. 0
26.9
.0
.0
.4
3.7
•7
.6
.3
•0
.0
•0
.9
40
16
0
0
•40
7*0
•3
.0
.0
.0
2.8
2. 1
1.5
•6
232
?3?
232
232
232
Al
B2
B3
Cl
C2
67.
93.
325.
282.
108.
I.
0.
I.
2.
0.
0.
18.
5.
6.
9.
20.5
36.3
34.1
34.1
33.5
8.3
I R. 4
94.3
75.7
24.1
4.9
14.8
16.2
20.6
14.0
.2
.4
.6
.8
I .4
2.2
.0
.1
.1
.2
.2
.9
1.4
1.8
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
14
4
0
4
2
990
1.4
2.1
1.8
1.0
1.4
.8
.6
•4
4.8
1.8
.8
•6
.3
87
87
87
87
87
87
Al
A3
Cl
C2
CS
CA
56.
162.
527.
618.
412.
300.
0.
0.
I.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
Ue
0.
0.
34.
25.1
19.0
14.5
15.5
10.4
13.9
13.3
29.4
75.7
94.3
39. 1
12. 8
1.9
2.?
2.0
2. 1
3. 9
9.9
.0
.0
.1
.0
•1
.7
.5
.3
•2
.2
•2
ei
1.5
1.2
1.5
.0
.1
.0
.0
•0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.7
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
21
9
6
0
4
4
1370
760
4.3
2.8
2. 0
.7
.2
.3
2 J Al
23 B2
23 B3
Cl
23 C2
81.
70.
95.
108.
166.
I.
I.
I.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
14.5
16.0
14.7
21.0
26.1
9. 1
8.3
10.6
18.8
38.7
2.0
2.7
3. 1
4.4
5.9
.2
•1
.?
.1
.1
1.1
.5
.5
.4
.2
.4
.4
.1
l.A
.1
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
9
4
4
2
2
6*0
.9
.0
.0
.0
.0
A• 0
1.0
•4
•3
.1
77.
95.
0.
0.
0.
0.
2.
0.
0.
0.
Oe
Oe
13.9
10.9
12.4
12.9
12.4
4.7
7.9
8.7
1.4
2.0
2.9
.0
.0
•0
.0
.3
1.3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
•0
•I
.0
.0
.0
•0
61
35
46
4*
11
1220
610
4.A
1. 7
.9
•4
•3
9
9
9
9
105
105
105
105
105
All
Al 2
B2
B3
C
96.
69.
166.
28.2
6.4
2.4
16.S
Iel
.0
1.6
1.2
.7
.9
.5
.2
.9
.7
.5
•3
•3
.4
.6
.3
.0
.1
.0
.1
• 1
•1
3.7
.0
8
1.3
.8
A
.3
Ele­
vation
Soil
Temp.
Grow­
ing
Season
(m)
(0C)
(da)
(cm)
(%)
(%)
(°)
(cm)
Elevation (m)
Soil Temp. (C)
Growing Season (da)
A-Hor. Thick, (cm)
O M - A Hor. (%)
O M - B Hor. (%)
Corr. Aspect ( )
Precip. (cm)
1.00
-.75
— .86
.62
.64
.70
.15
.63
1.00
.71
-.67
-.52
-.30
.23
-.66
1.00
-.61
-.51
-.23
-.09
-.44
1.00
.12
-.18
-.23
.41
1.00
.82
.05
.65
1.00
.04
.50
1.00
.02
1.00
Wt. O M - A Hor. (kg/ha)
W t . OM - Total (kg/ha)
Total K (kg/ha)
Total N (kg/ha)
C.F. - A Hor. (%)
Solum Thick, (cm)
Total K/Total Ca
Avail. HgO (cm)
Potential E.T. (cm)
B-Hor. Thick, (cm)
Total Ca (kg/ha)
.75
.66
— 18
.68
-.07
.57
.46
-.29
-.85
.33
-.40
-.73
-.64
.12
-.67
.45
-.55
-.46
.03
.83
-.28
.34
-.75
-.63
.18
-.65
.20
-.46
-.70
.31
.85
-.20
.37
.58
.67
-.29
.53
— .06
.19
.34
-.19
-.56
.17
-.32
.21
.43
-.16
.17
-.07
.09
.14
-.07
-.25
.23
-♦21
-.23
-.24
-.01
— .16
.47
-.05
-.15
-.39
-.12
.08
.10
.62
.63
-.23
.62
-.12
.63
.21
-.12
-.54
.54
-.45
.83
.59
.06
.81
-.34
.61
.47
-.06
-.60
.15
-.20
OM - B . Corr.
Horizon
Aspect
Precip
105
APPENDIX V: CORRELATION MATRIX FOR SIGNIFICANT
REGRESSION VARIABLES (ALL REGRESSIONS)
,
c
A Horizon
Thick­
ness
OM
Wt. OM
A
Total
Horizon
Total K
— (kg/ha)—
(kg/ha)
Avail. HgO (cm)
Potential E.T. (cm)
B-Hor. Thickness (cm)
Total Ca (kg/ha)
1.00
.83
-.03
.93
-.34
.61
.64
-.12
-.70
.25
-.36
1.00
.00
.80
-.47
.59
.40
.17
— .66
.37
-.05
Solum
Thick­
ness
(kg/ha)
(%)
(cm)
1.00
-.28
-.22
-.42
.14
-.14
— .18
1.00
.34
.09
— .48
.57
-.27
1.00
-.01
-.25
.26
.00
.49
.11
.29
.52
1.00
-.32
.57
.44
-.09
-.67
.22
— .21
B-Hor„
Thickness
Total K/
Total Ca
1.00
-.29
-.45
.44
-.51
Avail.
H,0
Potential
E.T.
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
(kg/ha)
1.00
.10
.15
.50
1.00
-.24
.23
1.00
-.21
1.00
Total Ca
106
Wt. OM-A Hor.(kg/ha)
Wt. OM-Total (kg/ha)
Total K (kg/ha)
Total N (kg/ha)
C F - A Hor. .(%)
Solum Thick, (cm)
Total K/Total Ca
Avail. HgO (cm)
Potential E.T.
B-Hor. Thick", (cm)
Total Ca (kg/ha)
Total N
CF-A
Horizon
107
KEY TO VARIABLES
Elevation =.Plot elevation in meters
Soil Temp. = Summer soil temperature at 50 cm (0C)
Growing Season = Estimated growing season in days
A-Hor. Thick. = Thickness of A horizon in cm .
OM-A
Hof. = % organic matter in fine earth fraction
of A horizon
OM-B
Hor. = % organic matter in fine earth fraction
of B horizon
Corr. Aspect = Corrected site aspect (minor angle, from the southwest)
Precip. = Estimated average annual precipitation (cm)
Wt. OM - A Hor. = Weight of organic matter in A horizon (kg/ha)
■ corrected for coarse fragments
Wt. O m - Total = Weight of organic matter in solum (kg/ha)
corrected for coarse fragments
Total K = Weight of extractable K (kg/ha) in solum corrected for
coarse fragments
Total N = Weight of total N ' (kg/ha) in A horizon (and B horizon if part
of Mollic epipedon) corrected for coarse fragments
C F - A Hor. '.= % coarse fragments in A horizon (by volume)
Solum Thick. = Combined thickness of A and B horizons in cm
Total K/Total Ca = Ratio of total extractable K in solum divided by
total extractable Ca in solum
Avail. HgO = Estimated plant available water retained by solum at field
capacity in cm
Potential E.T. = Potential evapotranspiration in cm/year
B-Hor. Thick. = Thickness of B horizon in cm
Total Ca = Weight of extractable Ca (kg/ha) in solum corrected for
coarse fragments
108
.APPENDIX VI
CLASSES OF SOIL TEMPERATURE REGIMES1
The following soil temperature regimes are used in defining
classes at various categoric levels in the taxonomy.
Pergelic (L. -per, throughout in time and space, and L. gelave,
to freeze; connoting permanent frost).— Soils with a pergelic tempera­
ture regime have mean annual temperature lower than 0°C (32°F). These are
soils that have permafrost if they are moist or dry frost if excess
water is not present. Ice wedges and lenses are normal in such soils
in the United States.
Cryic (Cr. kryos, coldness; connoting very cold soils).— In this
regime soils have a mean annual temperature higher than O0C (32°F)
but lower than 8°C (47°F).
In mineral soils, the mean summer temperature for June, July, and
August at a depth of 50 cm or at a lithic or paralithic contact,
whichever is shallower, is as follows:
a.
If the soil is not saturated with water during some part .
of the summer and
(1) There is no 0 horizon,
(2) There is an 0 horizon,
b:
lower than 15°C (59°F);
lower than 8°C (47°F);
If the soil is saturated with water during some part
of the summer and
(1) There is no 0 horizon, lower than 13°C (55°F);
(2) There is an 0 horizon or a histic epipedon, lower
than 6°C (43°F).
Cryic soils that have an aquic moisture regime commonly are
churned by frost.
I
Soil Survey Staff. 1975. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of
soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. Agric.
Handbk.. N o . 436. SCS/USDA. U. S. Government Printing Office,
Washington, D. C. 754 p.
109
Frigid.— In the frigid regime the soil is warmer in summer than
one in the cryic regime, but its mean annual temperature is lower
than S0C (47°F), and the difference between mean winter and mean
summer soil temperature is more than 5°C (9°F) at a depth of 50 cm
or at a lithic or paralithic contact, whichever is shallower.
Mesic.— The mean annual soil temperature is 8°G or, higher but
lower than 15°G (59°F), and the difference between mean summer and
mean winter soil temperature is more than S0C at a depth of 50 cm or
at a lithic or paralithic contact,,whichever is shallower.
no
APPENDIX VII
MONTANA SOIL TEMPERATURE PROJECT PARTICIPANTS
Name
Agency
Name
Basko, B .
Berg, M.
Bingham* M.
Bishop, M.
Boast, B.
Braker, W.
Brownfield, S.
Cassidy, E.
Ciliberti, V.
Claassen, J.
Clark, C .
Cohn, B.
Davis, C.
Davis, N.
Dutton, B.
Edson, G.
Forcella, F.
Ford, G.
Gariglio, F.
Gordon, D.
Graham, D.
Grant, B.
Gray, L.
Gregory,f S.
Hahn, J.
Haigh, E.
Hagan, E.
Haney, J.
Harrison, D.
Harvey, S.
Haub, M.
SCS
SCS
SCS
SCS
SCS
SCS
SCS
FS
UM .■
FS .
SCS
SCS
FS
. FS
UM
UM
MSU
MSU
SCS
SCS
MSU
SCS
SCS
FS
UM
SCS
SCS.
FS
SCS.
MSU
SCS
Hilts, G.
Holdorf, H.
Johnston, B.
Kuennen, L .
Loken, S.
Long, H.
Marrett, D.
Martinson, A.
McLean, D.
Montagne, C .
Munn, L.
Nielsen, G.
Plantenberg, P.
Phenninger, R.
Poff, R.
Richardson, G.
Richlen, E.
Rogers, J.
Ross, L.
Ruppert, D.
Schafer, W.
Shephard, B .
Sirucek, D.
Smith, P.
Svendsen, N.
Tippy, D.
Van Fossen, S.
Walter, C.
Weaver, T.
Weeks, G.
ES = USDA Forest Service
MAES = Montana Agricultural Experiment Station
MSU = Montana State University
SCS = USDA Soil Conservation Service
UM = University of Montana
Agency
SCS
FS
SCS
FS
FS
SCS
SCS
FS
SCS
MSU/FS
MSU
MSU
MSU ■
SCS
FS
FS
FS
SCS
FS
FS
MAES
FS
FS
FS
SCS
UM
SCS
SCS
MSU
UM
in
APPENDIX VlII
RAW SOIL TEMPERATURE DATA
Key To Variables
Number
H c\i co <h tn vo
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
Variable
sample number
date
soil temperature at 50 cm in degrees centigrade
site latitude in degrees and minutes, North latitude
site longitude in degrees and minutes, West longitude
county code (alphabetical)
site elevation in meters
site aspect in degrees
vegetation code
overstory cover code
understory cover code
soil drainage class code
slope shape code
.0 horizon code (I = present, 0 = absent)
0 horizon thickness in centimeters
soil textural class code
estimated percent coarse fragments
estimated depth to bedrock in centimeters
percent slope
VARIABLE
I
2
10
30
150
ItoO
190
210
130
I
11
91
131
151
161
191
201
211
231
181
2
12
32
142
15?
162
19?
212
22?
272
3
13
113
143
153
163
72076
72076
72176
72076
71576
72076
31276
7 2 1 7to
72076
72076
72076
7 2076
72076
71576
71676
7207o
71676
80376
72176
72 07 o
72076
72276
72076
720 76
71576
72 o 7 6
72076
72276
72176
71976
72076
720/6
72076
72076
J
19.5
15.7
17.0
16. 5
16.0
17.0
14.0
1 4 .C
14.0
13.0
14.5
17.5
19. 0
13.9
15.2
18.0
11.0
10.0
16.5
15.5
19.2
13.5
I 3.0
19.0
I 2.5
14.0
17.0
9.6
17.0
19.0
11.0
14.6
14.0
12.5
4
45 J
4745
4625
47 0
4657
4528
4850
4540
45 5
4825
4726
4625
47 u
4651
47 U
4519
45 8
4750
4541
45 5
4746
4550
4642
4/ 4
46 4 i
4517
4538
4455
4555
4546
4656
455 3
4634
47 4
5
1.310
11417
11249
11310
10941
11142
116 3
11351
113 8
11530
11036
11243
11312
10935
10914
1.1 4 6
111 3
11 3 3 3
11321
11 3 8
11415
11319
11236
11314
10935
11153
11122
11150
11321
11416
H 216
11311
11234
11313
6
I
24
39
39
14
29
27
I
I
27
3
39
39
14
14
29
16
15
I
I
24
12
39
39
14
29
29
29
I
24
25
12
39
39
NUlBER
7
6
9
13
1798.
1402.
1585.
1262.
1295.
1622.
1311.
2121 .
2137.
732.
1402.
1387.
1256.
1631.
1463.
1615.
2316.
1311.
2123.
2134.
1372.
1920.
1682.
1268.
.577.
2111.
1484.
2755.
2076.
1539.
2103.
1890.
1622.
1286.
225
265
9u
HO
360
230
225
330
20
360
.CO
360
180
200
40
90
.80
135
154
180
90
340
180
105
25
90
200
C
172
175
180
195
360
10
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
?
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
0
O
I
I
O
I
I
5
3
I
I
I
I
0
0
0
I
I
4
3
O
I
I
I
O
0
I
I
3
0
I
I
I
I
11
I
5
4
5
O
5
5
5
3
4
5
5
5
0
O
4
5
5
4
3
3
5
5
5
O
5
5
4
3
2
5
5
5
5
12
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
7
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
7
5
5
5
5
I 3 14
2
4
2
?
2
2
2
4
4
2
4
5
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
I
2
2
2
■»
2
2
2
I
4
2
2
I
2
4
U
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
15
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
U
O
O
O
(I
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
16
17
18
4
3
4
4
5
8
3
8
4
3
4
3
3
5
5
8
6
2
9
4
3
6
I
4
5
4
5
4
4
3
4
I
4
5
3
45
5
O
I
O
20
38
15
50
25
80
20
5
300
125
150
150
180
ISO
O
450
60
O
88
150
150
90
90
150
75
600
450
60
100
150
150
150
150
150
150
120
600
75
75
150
150
150
2
10
40
95
36
40
65
10
5
45
I
10
O
40
40
55
70
20
10
2
19
3
21
3
20
I
4
5
14
16
30
35
I
17
20
4
2
53
6
22
30
46
7
5
37
22
2
2
O
20
34
18
8
8
10
VARIABLE
I
2
216
276
306
23b
7
27
37
97
137
147
157
187
197
267
277
217
127
2 37
6
118
138
146
158
178
218
268
278
298
238
9
29
89
119
139
149
77076
72276
72076
81576
72276
72076
72176
720/6
72076
72076
72176
72676
71676
72276
72276
72076
8117b
81576
72076
72076
72076
72076
72176
726 76
72076
72276
72276
71876
8157b
72076
72076
72076
71976
72076
72176
3
16.5
I b. 0
12.5
lb .5
16.5
16.7
15.2
21.0
12.0
15.5
16.5
19.5
12.5
14.2
16.3
16.0
12.0
1 7 .C
16.5
16.0
14.0
15.5
15.3
12.0
14.5
17.0
17.6
14.0
19.5
17.5
17.7
21.0
21.0
I 2.5
17.0
4
5
45 6
4457
4813
4526
4558
4746
4745
4825
4 7 26
4610
4622
4 7 49
4645
4452
4457
45 6
4 8 59
4522
45 0
4654
4726
4625
4631
481?
4510
4452
45 3
48 4
4523
45 U
4746
4825
4650
4726
4619
1122 I
11158
11356
10955
11313
11416
11418
11 5 3 0
11034
113 1
11320
11234
10933
11136
11158
11223
11521
10953
11313
I l 21 R
11034
11251
il312
114 2
11221
11135
112 0
11356
10952
11313
11416
11530
11212
11034
11 242
6
29
29
15
48
I
24
24
27
23
12
20
50
14
29
29
29
27
48
I
25
23
39
20
15
29
29
29
15
48
I
24
27
25
23
39
NUMBER
7
8
9
2030.
2024.
1338.
1725.
1905.
1372.
1097.
732.
1646 .
1673.
1640.
1494.
1796.
1926.
1987.
2054.
1372.
1547.
1798.
1 768.
1707.
1646.
1402.
1372.
2316.
1980.
1832.
1201.
1494.
1798.
1372.
732.
1311.
1707.
1588.
45
0
265
839
36
275
290
190
90
360
HO
140
120
56
206
45
60
96
290
45
270
90
270
173
180
186
224
268
234
HO
190
180
IBU
180
360
O
2
3
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
0
2
2
3
3
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
10
3
O
O
I
I
0
O
I
I
I
I
I
O
I
0
3
I
I
2
I
I
I
I
I
I
2
O
O
I
2
O
I
I
I
I
11
C
3
3
4
2
5
5
2
5
6
4
4
O
4
3
O
I
3
2
4
5
4
4
5
3
4
4
4
I
2
4
2
4
5
4
18
13
I 4
5
5
4
5
7
6
4
6
5
3
5
4
5
4
5
5
4
5
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
S
7
5
7
6
5
5
5
2
2
4
2
2
I
4
2
2
2
2
3
2
4
2
2
I
2
2
2
2
2
2
I
2
I
2
2
2
4
I
2
2
2
I
O
O
O
O
O
O
0
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
15
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
U
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
O
16
4
2
4
4
5
3
5
3
4
2
8
8
9
3
9
4
5
3
4
4
4
3
4
O
6
3
8
3
3
4
3
3
4
4
4
17
18
19
10
5
55
2
10
75
25
60
15
80
C
15
10
35
25
10
15
20
10
40
20
30
5
55
50
45
20
60
55
5
35
60
60
5
5
150
360
360
80
O
100
I CO
O
150
150
150
242
150
360
360
150
0
150
150
75
75
150
150
242
150
O
360
180
180
300
90
0
50
150
150
2
O
20
14
5
42
15
30
21
I
4
18
23
30
44
6
15
11
8
18
37
10
5
63
20
36
9
50
2
9
58
30
35
27
10
VARIABLE
I
401
402
407
113
115
116
119
125
158
190
191
192
201
240
241
242
248
267
268
272
273
274
27)
276
2 1 1
278
292
293
294
295
295
296
29o
297
2
101876
101876
101476
1015/6
101576
101576
I C l 576
101576
101576
101576
101576
111576
101576
101576
101576
101576
101576
101976
101976
101976
101976
101976
101976
I C l 976
I O l 0 Zti
101976
101576
101576
101576
101576
101576
I Cl 5 76
1015/6
101576
3
9.5
9.0
12.0
7.2
8.8
5.0
13.0
11.0
10.5
9.6
1 0 .C
°.C
9.5
10.0
7.5
12.0
9.5
4.4
7.9
2.6
2.7
1.1
5.7
5.5
5.7
6. I
8.5
10.5
9. 3
8.0
7.5
i v.C
9.5
9.0
4
4749
4749
4754
465/
4643
4657
4650
4636
46)1
4657
4652
4652
4734
4519
4517
4512
45 Z
4452
4452
4455
4455
4456
4456
4457
445/
45 I
47 5
47 Z
4655
4632
4726
4726
4 6 3b
46* 5
5
11234
11234
11230
11217
11216
11216
11213
11159
11)12
10941
10935
10935
10914
11146
11153
11215
112 5
111)6
11135
11150
11150
11151
11155
11 1 5 8
IilS fl
11* 0
11 3 1 3
113 6
11311
112)2
11034
I l C34
11236
11252
6
50
50
50
25
25
25
25
25
20
14
14
14
14
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
29
39
39
39
39
23
23
39
39
SU*BER
I
R
9
1463.
1463.
1372.
2103.
1859.
2103.
1311.
1189.
1402.
1*95.
1631.
1577.
I486.
1615.
2111.
2134.
1981.
1926.
i 920 •
2755.
2743.
2917.
2393.
2024.
1987.
1832.
1286.
1234.
I 320.
1622.
1646.
1707.
1451.
1646.
90
270
0
180
180
360
180
)6ti
270
36 0
2C0
25
40
90
90
180
36 0
56
186
0
0
62
0
C
206
224
10
160
? 9Q
)60
90
i"G
210
90
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
2
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150
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2
203
213
273
4
14
34
94
124
114
144
154
164
194
204
214
274
104
234
5
115
125
135
145
155
165
195
215
275
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6
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116
156
166
186
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19.5
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16.0
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10.7
18.5
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112 I
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1204.
1274.
1869.
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1615.
1 783.
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1859.
1189.
1237.
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1341.
1320.
1288.
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2193.
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1917.
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2103.
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180
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170
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5
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6
6
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6
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65
50
5
10
55
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70
30
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17
150
150
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H
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I
2
179
I P9
199
209
219
229
129
17
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15
38
171
220
224
230
312
346
327
339
126
76
96
107
107
77
108
128
78
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188
98
109
79
99
72076
72676
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71476
72876
81176
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7z676
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11.0
14.0
48 7
4746
4718
4512
4518
45 38
4850
4757
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4746
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4516
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11416
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114 2
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11538
11548
11521
11517
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11 5 4 9
11517
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6
15
50
14
29
29
16
27
24
24
24
24
15
29
29
16
15
15
15
15
25
45
27
27
27
45
27
27
45
27
50
27
27
45
27
NUFf l ER
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1250.
1494.
1533.
2134.
2377.
1564.
1311.
1600.
1372.
1090.
1082.
1219.
2377.
2225.
1545.
1372.
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1109.
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270
300
215
180
206
260
225
260
280
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310
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5
5
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6
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5
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50
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20
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20
75
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60
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150
150
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100
180
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24
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63
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40
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40
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26
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315
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115
180
180
70
270
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90
90
3
3
2
3
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7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
3
3
5
5
3
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5
5
4
3
3
4
2
4
3
2
3
I
VARIABLE
I
140
24 3
266
271
282
287
2 99
30 U
3C2
307
308
311
314
316
317
318
319
321
322
326
343
36 0
364
365
366
367
368
369
386
392
393
394
344
337
338
2
10576
101576
101976
101976
10976
101974
101876
101676
101876
101976
101976
102076
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102076
102076
102076
102976
101576
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I G l 576
1 0 1 57o
101476
101576
90976
9v276
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7.0
6.0
3.6
1.2
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8.5
7.0
8.5
6.0
5.0
7.0
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6.0
6.0
5.0
7.0
4.0
6.5
5.5
7.5
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3.5
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11.0
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4512
4451
4455
4453
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48 4
49 6
43 5
4813
4813
4831
4811
4811
4812
4817
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4823
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4712
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4746
4747
4753
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11437
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11435
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11036
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11416
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11240
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11433
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6
23
29
29
29
29
29
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
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32
32
32
32
32
27
24
24
50
24
15
15
15
NUP9ER
7
G
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
19
19
1/07.
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1939.
2769.
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60
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55
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150
360
120
360
360
180
360
600
360
300
360
300
300
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35
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180
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180
125
200
200
200
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120
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31
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250
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51
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52
52
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53
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53
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54
254
54
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54
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9.0
6.5
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32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
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32
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45
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315
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315
315
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68
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68
270
68
270
68
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135
360
135
360
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
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3
3
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3
3
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4
4
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5
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5
5
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5
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4
5
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5
8
5
6
5
6
5
6
5
3
3
4
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2
3
2
3
4
3
4
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
40
40
65
40
75
55
75
55
75
55
50
50
50
40
45
40
45
40
45
70
65
70
65
70
65
40
50
40
50
40
50
30
40
30
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125
125
100
125
100
150
100
150
100
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
200
150
200
150
200
150
113
150
113
150
113
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175
150
175
65
65
38
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55
43
55
43
55
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45
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44
55
44
55
44
55
18
60
18
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50
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20
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3
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VAt IASLF NUt aER
I
271
71
172
72
173
174
175
75
176
177
180
16?
183
196
198
299
100
410
70
80
90
101
61
102
262
92
103
93
1 04
84
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415
85
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106
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2.4
72276
80476
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4754
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4753
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4325
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4742
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4612
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5
11150
11558
11358
11557
11357
11355
11 3 5 9
11557
114 C
114 I
11335
11 j 3 5
11334
10932
10931
11356
11 5 5 6
11353
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11517
11530
11556
11517
11566
1134 2
11 5 3 0
11556
11530
11556
11536
11556
1135 2
11538
11530
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6
29
45
15
45
15
15
15
45
15
15
15
15
15
14
14
15
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41
45
45
27
27
45
27
32
27
27
27
27
45
27
41
45
27
27
7
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9
10
11
12
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1615.
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1862.
975.
1341.
1356.
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1667.
1262.
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1774.
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1201.
1463.
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1463.
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240
140
187
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226
70
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135
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315
160
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315
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135
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135
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5
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7
7
7
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7
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7
7
7
7
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5
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5
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17
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19
15
80
80
60
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35
70
60
30
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50
5
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65
65
60
25
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25
20
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25
20
25
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50
25
60
25
20
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55
20
60
25
120
125
600
30
600
600
625
250
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600
600
600
600
150
150
180
0
25
100
0
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50
40
8
70
45
30
8
VARIABLE NUM3E9
I
2
56
256
57
257
57
257
57
257
54
58
258
58
59
59
259
59
260
61
261
62
63
263
64
264
65
265
66
266
167
68
168
169
269
69
270
81776
8?476
62276
62576
71976
72176
81776
62476
62176
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72276
81776
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72276
72276
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72276
72276
71576
72276
71576
72276
71676
72276
72276
71476
72276
71476
71376
72276
80376
72276
->
1 0 .C
9.5
6.5
8.5
7.5
10.0
8.0
12.0
7.0
8.0
6.0
9.0
4.5
6.0
10.5
7.0
10.0
9.5
6.0
7.3
6.2
9.5
5.6
9.5
7.8
9.5
6.2
9.0
9.5
9.9
3.9
5.6
8.9
11.0
7.1
4
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11 3 5 5
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11 3 5 4
11433
11433
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11433
11422
11422
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11 3 3 3
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6
32
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32
32
32
37
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
32
30
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JO
4
32
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32
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32
4
29
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4
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9
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1804.
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1804.
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2012.
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1920.
1920.
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1981.
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1939.
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225
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360
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360
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270
180
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139
36 0
160
93
315
322
300
287
45
29 3
16
20
319
HO
45
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20
32
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
10
4
4
4
O
4
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4
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3
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
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a
3
3
3
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3
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2
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11
2
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4
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4
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2
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2
2
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2
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4
4
3
3
3
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5
4
4
5
5
5
4
4
5
5
5
12
13
14
15
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
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5
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4
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2
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2
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5
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3
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6
6
5
6
4
4
5
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3
8
3
5
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4
5
3
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5
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5
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5
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5
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5
5
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5
5
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I
I
I
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16
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
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3
3
8
3
5
5
6
5
6
8
3
4
3
7
4
O
O
3
5
3
17
18
19
30
40
50
55
50
55
50
55
40
40
75
40
15
15
40
15
50
60
60
10
10
40
20
60
30
60
60
25
60
JO
40
80
0
65
15
150
175
150
100
150
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150
100
150
150
150
150
150
150
200
150
200
63
200
150
190
200
63
200
100
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50
360
125
50
50
60
360
250
360
20
45
35
50
35
50
35
50
30
30
12
30
18
18
9
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8
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35
34
12
13
5
39
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62
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VAR I A B L E
I
2
3
Cf.
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328
329
130
330
31
331
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332
33
233
323
334
335
36
I 36
336
39
40
140
340
41
341
42
342
47
47
47
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48
48
49
49
49
72174
72076
83076
82576
71576
82576
72076
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71876
82576
72076
71876
82476
82476
82476
72176
72076
82476
72176
72176
72076
82776
72176
92676
72176
82676
70176
71676
82076
70176
71676
81776
62 J 76
7167c
82C76
1«. • U
9.0
12.0
I L. 0
9.5
10.0
12.2
12.5
11.0
12.0
12.2
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11.0
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9.0
12.2
11.5
8.0
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11.7
10.5
1 1 .U
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11.2
12.0
9.0
10.0
10.5
8.5
9.0
9.0
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4
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4518
4831
483J
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4831
4 746
4931
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11124
11435
11434
10937
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1 . 4 35
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11433
11415
111 3
11437
11434
11437
11418
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11436
11415
11415
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11 4 4 0
11415
11438
11416
11438
11412
11412
11412
11417
11417
11417
11413
11413
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24
29
15
15
14
15
24
18
16
15
24
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15
15
15
24
8
15
24
24
23
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24
15
24
15
32
32
32
32
32
32
3?
32
32
NUWBER
7
3
9
1082 .
2406.
991.
96 3 .
1786.
945.
1204.
945.
2316.
945.
1372.
2 31 o .
1061.
960.
1036.
1090.
1417.
1113.
1097.
1097.
1707.
1109.
1097.
1073.
1372.
1036.
1021 .
IOcl .
1021.
1265.
1265.
1265.
1189.
1189.
1199.
170
208
74
34
25
0
15
60
i80
0
100
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50
0
275
360
40
62
7
ioo
275
90
20
180
135
360
182
360
360
360
23
23
23
45
45
45
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
10
12
Ii
3
4
5
4
4
3
3
4
2
4
2
3
4
4
3
3
3
5
5
4
3
I
4
2
5
*»
4
4
4
5
5
5
3
3
3
I
4
4
4
2
5
5
5
5
3
5
5
5
5
4
5
4
5
2
5
5
S
4
4
3
5
4
4
4
I
I
I
2
2
?
5
6
5
4
5
5
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
4
5
5
4
4
5
5
4
7
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
13
2
I
I
I
I
2
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2
4
2
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4
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2
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2
3
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2
2
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15
5
3
4
5
8
4
0
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2
3
5
5
5
2
5
5
2
11
6
8
2
8
4
7
8
5
8
8
8
7
7
7
4
4
4
16
4
3
5
5
8
2
4
I
6
I
3
6
8
2
5
5
4
4
3
3
3
5
3
2
3
3
4
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
17
1«
19
20
40
35
40
70
65
15
85
30
90
40
65
35
85
35
10
20
40
15
25
40
15
60
75
50
40
60
60
60
40
40
40
60
60
60
150
150
360
300
150
360
150
36 0
90
360
125
120
36 0
360
360
150
125
300
200
200
63
12
100
200
125
360
150
I 5U
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
10
15
5
8
40
0
19
3
57
O
29
70
12
0
e
29
21
25
26
10
31
52
11
65
23
3
54
54
54
29
29
29
49
49
49
H
M
H
VflPlflflLE
I
2
3J8 102076
371 1 0 1 4 7 6
372 1 0 1 3 7 6
378 1 0 1 5 7 6
379 101576
380 1 0 1 5 7 6
381 1 0 1 5 7 6
387 101576
383 101576
198 101576
200 101576
301 1 0 1 8 7 6
60
72076
400 101576
370 1 0 0 7 7 6
252
62 4 7o
252
72076
252
82376
132 101576
132
72276
133 1 0 1 5 7 6
133
72276
403 101 8 7 6
193 101576
I 14
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404 1 0 1 8 7 6
305
72076
305
81076
405 101876
406 101676
357 1 0 1 0 7 6
387 101476
358 1 0 1 0 7 6
388 101576
399 1015 7 6
3
6.5
7.5
7.0
4. R
5.8
1 0 .U
4.5
7.0
7.4
6.5
7.e
8.5
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10.0
3.6
8.5
15.5
15.0
12.5
18.5
13.0
18.5
7.5
6. 3
19.0
7.5
10.0
6.0
7.5
8.0
10.0
11.5
11.7
6.0
7.2
4
4832
4850
4859
4712
4712
4712
4713
4711
4711
4648
4711
48 5
4650
4810
4837
4646
4643
464o
48 3
48 3
48 d
48 6
4746
4643
464 3
4743
48 7
48 7
4741
4744
4536
4754
4538
4747
4816
5
11438
116 3
i l 521
10913
10913
10913
1091 I
1091 Z
109x2
10931
10929
11 1 5 6
11042
11252
115 4
11358
1115 8
11358
11028
11028
11028
1102 8
11236
10937
11213
11239
11353
i l 353
11>39
11239
11055
11237
11055
11416
11 2 5 2
6
15
27
27
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
14
15
30
37
27
32
32
32
8
9
8
a
50
14
25
50
15
15
50
50
16
50
16
24
37
NUMBER
7
6
9
13
11
12
11
1106.
1646.
1372.
1807.
1786.
1763.
1990.
1600.
1606.
1856.
1533.
933.
2258.
1463.
1274.
1 707 .
1707.
1707.
904.
904.
904.
904.
1539.
I 7Po.
1676.
1600.
1280.
1290.
1615.
1631.
1524.
1490.
1524.
1402.
1463.
150
225
115
330
350
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
5
5
5
5
5
5
4
4
4
4
5
5
2
3
5
5
5
5
4
5
4
5
5
4
3
5
0
0
3
3
I
3
4
3
4
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
4
I
2
3
3
I
2
I
2
I
I
I
4
3
3
0
0
2
2
4
4
I
I
4
5
3
5
2
2
2
I
I
4
4
5
2
5
3
5
5
I
3
5
5
5
5
5
5
S
5
5
5
5
4
5
0
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
0
5
I
I
4
2
2
I
I
2
I
I
2
2
2
3
I
2
2
2
2
Z
Z
Z
2
I
Z
3
2
Z
?
Z
Z
Z
Z
Z
3
220
338
350
60
255
360
0
IGO
270
80
225
o2 5
225
75
75
75
75
270
25
0
0
0
3
0
180
360
G
360
360
90
2
I
3
I
5
4
14
0
G
0
0
C
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
0
0
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C
I
0
0
I
I
0
0
0
0
0
I
0
15
16
17
U
C
0
0
0
5
5
3
5
5
5
3
0
0
5
0
0
0
0
U
0
U
G
9
0
0
3
3
0
3
C
0
0
4
0
4
3
5
0
0
0
0
3
0
0
0
I
8
4
0
3
J
3
8
8
8
8
4
0
4
4
2
2
4
4
5
4
2
4
4
33
15
15
65
70
75
70
50
50
65
75
80
5
50
0
65
65
65
5
5
5
5
3
70
70
15
35
35
45
60
20
60
5
0
10
18
360
C
C
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
600
200
63
300
100
100
100
150
150
150
150
150
150
0
150
600
600
150
100
195
ISO
215
120
75
19
5
IC
30
32
41
41
59
48
2x
53
65
0
9
23
Iti
55
55
55
2
I
Z
2
21
40
Jti
0
0
0
0
37
7
0
7
42
52
VARIABLE
I
2
?co
71676
7 I b 76
71976
71676
71976
72076
81976
71t76
71676
71676
72076
72076
72076
71 8 7 6
72176
72176
71676
72176
72176
72176
72176
71976
77076
7207b
72076
71976
72076
72176
71976
72176
71976
72076
72176
72176
300
301
20?
302
303
303
205
206
207
307
208
308
309
HO
111
*11
112
*12
*13
*14
15
16
19
20
120
221
22
122
23
1?-»
223
25
225
3
11.0
12.0
9.5
11.0
10.0
6.0
10.5
1C .I
8.2
9.0
8.0
1C .O
11.0
10.0
8.5
8.8
9.5
13.8
7.2
10.0
10.5
9.5
10.0
10.0
14.0
10.5
11.0
9.2
i2 .0
10.7
8.5
10.0
7.0
4
471b
*8 6
*8 5
4713
48 5
4817
4817
4710
4710
*712
481 i
4512
4813
48 5
4546
4648
46 J
4548
46 8
4613
4612
4546
4756
4757
4757
4642
4518
4756
4644
47 5o
4643
4513
4857
4513
5
10929
11 3 5 6
11356
10911
11357
114 2
114 2
10912
10912
10912
11356
i.1216
11356
11356
11229
11232
11350
11232
11349
11 3 4 7
11346
11416
11425
11426
11426
11214
111?'
11429
11215
11429
11214
11123
11421
11123
6
14
15
*5
14
15
15
15
14
14
14
15
29
15
15
47
47
41
47
41
41
41
24
24
24
24
25
29
24
25
24
25
29
24
29
NUMBER
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
1533.
1219.
933.
1890.
975.
1262.
1262.
1606.
1600.
1786.
1338.
2134.
1359.
1073.
2652.
2195.
2237.
2195.
1707.
2316.
2271.
1539.
1204.
1600.
1600.
1524.
2438.
1394.
1829.
1341.
1707.
2530.
1402.
2225.
3b U
360
O
338
266
187
187
80
150
350
265
360
74
240
75
240
270
SC
230
280
26C
255
20
220
90
180
34 0
85
360
175
45
226
10
300
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
O
7
O
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
7
i
4
4
3
5
4
4
3
3
3
3
3
I
4
4
4
3
3
4
4
2
5
4
4
4
4
2
5
I
5
5
4
3
4
3
3
4
4
I
I
2
2
3
5
3
5
2
5
I
I
I
5
5
5
5
2
5
5
5
5
5
4
5
5
5
7
5
4
5
6
5
5
5
5
5
O
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
2
I
2
I
2
4
4
I
2
I
4
2
4
I
I
4
I
I
I
I
I
2
4
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
5
2
3
5
9
2
2
5
3
5
3
6
5
2
2
3
3
2
4
5
5
O
4
6
3
3
3
7
3
5
3
5
5
5
4
2
I
4
3
4
4
4
4
8
4
6
5
2
5
3
3
3
3
4
3
4
3
3
3
4
3
3
4
4
4
3
3
a
75
45
80
70
50
60
60
50
SO
75
55
30
15
60
90
40
10
15
10
40
60
55
45
65
60
65
60
60
50
35
50
40
65
50
150
360
bOO
150
600
600
600
150
150
150
360
150
300
360
120
30
13
30
15
13
15
120
150
100
75
ICO
150
120
150
150
150
150
120
I OC
65
13
O
58
11
45
45
22
48
41
20
48
24
18
35
25
10
45
15
15
15
29
25
29
35
20
20
30
16
30
14
44
45
40
i
2
i
2
4
5
3
3
3
3
4
5
I
5
S
5
5
V 6* I I H L E
I
i98
306
313
320
323
356
362
36 3
374
375
384
385
389
391
396
397
396
195
395
120
123
239
245
246
310
312
324
373
376
345
73
311
325
326
122
j
101876
101976
101876
101976
102076
101576
101576
101576
101376
101476
101576
101476
101476
101476
101576
101576
101576
101576
101576
101576
101576
101576
101576
101576
102076
101676
1C2C76
100876
100776
9097b
90376
90276
90276
90276
101576
10.0
6.5
8.0
4.0
9.0
7.0
8.5
6.0
8.8
8.5
13.0
11.5
12.0
9.0
10.8
9.5
10.0
11.7
11.3
10.0
6.5
8.0
1C.5
I 0. 0
7 .u
7.0
7.0
P.5
9.7
10.3
11.0
13.0
I 2 .0
il.C
5.0
4
48 4
4813
4811
4316
4 829
4553
4550
4551
4859
4850
4746
4754
4753
4753
4811
4810
4811
47 3
4718
4643
4644
4529
4532
4540
4381
4812
4832
4840
4 8 4 t'
4830
48 I
4831
4831
4832
4644
5
11356
11356
114 I
11355
11449
11311
11319
11319
11521
116 3
11416
11234
11240
11240
11244
11242
11249
10935
10929
11215
11214
11143
11143
11145
11436
114 2
11436
115 8
11457
11433
116 2
11437
11437
11435
11 ? i 5
U
15
15
15
15
15
12
12
I 2
27
27
24
50
50
50
37
37
37
14
14
25
25
29
29
29
15
15
15
27
27
15
45
15
15
15
25
NUMBER
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
1201 .
1338.
1323.
1661.
1524.
1777.
1869.
1920.
1372.
1646.
1524.
1433.
1414.
1554.
1341.
1402.
1439.
1288.
1533.
1524.
1707.
1646.
1554.
1494.
1003.
1372.
981 .
1707.
1024.
957.
1417.
1049.
1049.
991.
1329.
268
265
150
90
195
160
170
340
60
225
175
0
180
0
0
0
270
260
215
180
45
185
215
130
315
173
C
360
90
94
145
0
75
0
360
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
2
3
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
7
7
7
7
7
7
U
0
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
5
I
I
I
I
I
I
3
I
4
5
5
5
I
S
4
3
3
5
I
4
4
4
I
5
Z
2
5
5
4
5
5
4
0
3
5
4
5
5
2
5
I
3
2
4
2
4
5
3
5
5
4
5
4
5
5
5
5
4
5
0
6
S
5
S
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
I
2
4
I
I
I
2
I
2
I
2
2
2
3
2
2
2
I
2
I
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
O
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
7
3
6
6
I
I
0
I
8
5
2
5
9
5
I
3
3
4
4
4
5
3
I
6
5
3
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
0
0
4
4
8
6
5
3
5
3
4
8
3
5
4
4
4
4
60
55
35
30
30
50
10
5
15
20
0
60
35
45
10
35
8
55
70
65
50
20
10
0
45
55
75
40
40
45
40
30
30
80
50
180
360
300
180
180
150
150
150
0
0
90
150
150
150
150
150
150
150
ISO
100
150
150
150
150
600
240
bOO
O
O
360
150
360
360
360
150
4
5
5
5
4
6
5
2
2
I
2
2
I
2
3
3
3
2
2
4
2
2
19
50
20
36
20
32
19
6
7
15
5
46
O
30
O
O
O
4
3
25
20
14
3
5
O
3
63
0
20
5
10
9
O
7
0
16
125
APPENDIX IX
COUNTIES REPRESENTED IN THE SOIL TEMPERATURE STUDY DATA BASE
Beaverhead
Broadwater
Chouteau
Deer Lodge .
Fergus
Flathead
Gallatin
Granite
Judith Basin
Lake
Lewis and Clark
.Lincoln
Madison
Meagher
Missoula
Pondera
Powell
Ravalli
Sanders
Silver Bow
Stillwater
Teton
APPENDIX X
DEVIATION OF 1 9 7 6 MEAN MONTHLY AI R TEMPERATURES AND PRECIPITATION FROM THE
30 YEAR AVERAGE ( 1 9 4 1 - 1 9 7 0 )
Region
May
June
July
Mo n t h
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Average
---------+1.2/-0.99
+1.2/-1.14
+0.1/+0.97
-0.6/+4.06
+1.3/-1.40
-0.2/-2.95
+0.1/-0.24
Southwestern
+1.8/-1.55
- 0 . 1 / + 1 . 37
+0.3/+0.84
-1.0/+1.27
+0.9/+3.28
-0.6/-0.33
+0.2/+0.81
N orthcentral
+2.1/-2.46
-0.8/+1.02
+0.3/+0.10
+0.5/+1.14
+2.4/-1.73
-1.1/-1.09
+0.6/-0.50
Central
+1.8/-3.10
-0.5/+0.20
+0.4/-0.73
+0.1/+0.56
+1.8/4-0.08
-0.7/-1.04
+0.5/-0.67
Southcentral
+1.2/.-2.57
-0.4/+0.48
+0.7/-1.02
-0.3/+0.61
+1.3/-0.15
-1.6/+0.10
+0.1/-0.42
+1.6/-2.13
-0.6/+0.39.
+0.4/+0.39
-0.3/+1.53
+1.5/+0.02
-0.8/-1.10
+0.3/-0.20
Average
"*"U, S . W e a t h e r B u r e a u .
1976.
C l i m a t o l o g i c a l d a t a , M o n t a n a . ■ U. S . D e p a r t m e n t o f A g r i c u l t u r e ,
U. S . G o v e r n m e n t P r i n t i n g O f f i c e , W a s h i n g t o n , D. C.
126
Western
i U
Munn, Larry C
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